Early modern presentation for a history lesson (grade 10) on the topic. Modern time Early modern time

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

EARLY MODERN TIMES: FROM TRADITIONAL SOCIETY TO INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Lesson No. 1 D/Z: notes in notebooks; table "VGO"; messages

Lesson plan EARLY MODERN TIMES AND THE BEGINNING OF MODERNIZATION. GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES. WEST AND EAST IN EARLY MODERN TIMES. MANUFACTURING CAPITALISM: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY.

EARLY MODERN TIMES AND THE BEGINNING OF MODERNIZATION The end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries is recognized in modern historical science as the boundary separating the Middle Ages from the Modern Age. It was these decades that marked the first successes of modernization. Modernization is understood as the process of updating a traditional society, embarking on the path of movement towards a modern type of society and improving the latter.

EARLY MODERN TIME AND THE BEGINNING OF MODERNIZATION XVI-XVIII centuries. – early modern time Main processes: Great geographical discoveries. Bourgeois revolutions. Industrial revolution. Industrial society

EARLY MODERN TIMES AND THE BEGINNING OF MODERNIZATION Francis Bacon, philosopher and statesman of England, at the beginning of the 17th century. argued that “the appearance and state of the whole world” was changed by three discoveries unknown to the ancients: the invention of the compass, gunpowder and the printing press.

GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES Trade routes moved from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic (one of the reasons for the decline of Spain and Italy at the beginning of the 17th century). The European market had emerged, and European countries were now covered by strong economic and trade ties. The contours of the world market were outlined. Enrichment of social classes and individuals who received entrepreneurial profits from trade or production. “Price Revolution” (40s of the 16th century) The reverse side of the civilizational influence of Europe was the disruption of the natural course of historical development of countries that became the object of European colonization

WEST AND EAST IN THE EARLY MODERN TIMES “The West” came to the “East” in the 16th century. and, having subjugated it over the following centuries, could no longer exist without close ties with it. Constant interaction with the colonized periphery already by the 17th - 18th centuries. became a condition for the economic well-being of Western Europe. The influence of the modernizing West on the countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America was contradictory. Introduction to technical, economic, and political achievements led to a disruption of the natural course of historical development of countries that became the object of European colonization and were drawn into the emerging world market.

Read an excerpt from the work of historian L. S. Vasiliev: “Colonialism during the 16th - 18th centuries. did a lot to decisively break the traditional East. Invading eastern markets, imposing his own views and principles of social and ethical behavior, imperiously dictating the law of profit, he achieved something. But overall, not much. Some eastern states have almost completely closed their borders from its predatory clutches. Others were his victims. But they were in no hurry to adapt to his standards, accept his demands and change the usual norm.” How does a historian assess the extent and consequences of European colonization in the 16th - 18th centuries?

MANUFACTURING CAPITALISM: ECONOMY The 16th century was also the century of the first manufactures. Manufacture is an enterprise based on the division of labor and handcraft techniques. Centralized Scattered Craftsmen worked in their workshops, cut off by the merchant-entrepreneur from purchasing raw materials and marketing products. Large enterprises in which the production process was carried out by workers located in the same room.

MANUFACTURING CAPITALISM: ECONOMY The purpose of production was to make a profit. It was no longer “blood-ennobling land ownership,” but “despicable money” (M.A. Barg) that was the object of desire, the true nerve of social activity.

MANUFACTURING CAPITALISM: SOCIETY Society was going through dramatic, painful processes: Highwaymen felt quite at ease - a sure symptom of the transitional state of society. The reason for this was complex economic processes that separated a large number of people from their usual occupations and means of production.

MANUFACTURED CAPITALISM: SOCIETY The nobility experienced difficult times. Its importance as a military class fell due to the introduction of firearms, and the real value of fixed land rents also decreased under the price revolution. Part of the nobility saw a way out in agricultural entrepreneurship, participation in trading companies, and the introduction of short-term rentals on their lands. This was the so-called new nobility.

MANUFACTURE CAPITALISM: SOCIETY A special bourgeoisie was emerging in the 16th - 17th centuries. Its composition was varied and heterogeneous: traders, successful guild foremen, large merchants, bankers, representatives of the nascent state bureaucracy, industrialists and entrepreneurs. The incomes of these strata grew, they participated in domestic and overseas trade, farmed out state taxes, and acquired government positions for money, which provided both prestige and profit.

MANUFACTURING CAPITALISM: SOCIETY The lot of the peasantry was not easy. The increase in rents and the amount of state taxes placed a heavy burden on the peasant economy. The number of hired workers also increased; their social position was unenviable.

MANUFACTURED CAPITALISM: SOCIETY The most important feature of the social processes taking place in European society of the 16th century should be recognized as the social mobility (mobility) of the population, incomparable with the Middle Ages. The social status of individuals changed overnight: huge fortunes arose, aristocratic titles and titles became available.

MANUFACTURING CAPITALISM: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY The 16th century is the initial phase of the transition to capitalism, which became established throughout Europe only by the 19th century. The word “capital”, which appeared in the 12th - 13th centuries, meant: “value”, “stock of goods”, “mass of money”, “interest-bearing money”. In the 17th century began to use the word “capitalist” - the owner of monetary capital.

MANUFACTURED CAPITALISM: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY The concept of “capitalism” first entered science only in the second half of the 19th century. Some scientists see the main property of capitalism in the emergence of a market for goods, labor and capital, free from restrictions. Others consider its defining feature to be a high degree of rationality, which manifests itself both in the organization of production and in attitude to labor and allows economic life to be subordinated to norms that meet the requirements of efficiency and profitability. In domestic historiography, capitalism is often defined, based on the sociological concept of K. Marx, as a formation based on the private ownership of the means of production by the bourgeois class, the exploitation of hired workers, deprived of the means of production and forced to sell their labor power. Let us also note that in modern science, instead of the term “capitalism”, the term “industrial society” is often used.

New time

Slides: 33 Words: 1414 Sounds: 0 Effects: 57

Multimedia lesson project. Lesson on the topic: “Modern times: the meeting of Europe and America.” Equipment. The lesson project is presented using Microsoft PowerPoint. Lesson objectives: To develop cognitive activity, oral speech, and the ability to draw conclusions. Foster love and interest in the subject and history. Questions for the crossword puzzle Where did the knights live? Muslim prayer building? Metal letter in the first printing press. Building for prayer in Buddhism? Where could you keep warm in the castle? A building for Christian prayer? What was the name of a warrior clad in armor, wearing a helmet, with a sword and shield? Topic: New times: the meeting of Europe and America. - New time.ppt

Early Modern

Slides: 55 Words: 1812 Sounds: 0 Effects: 4

State and power in the era of transition to industrial civilization. Magellan. Plan. Monarchism and absolutism in Europe. In all countries in modern times, the form of government was monarchy. Absolutism. The meaning of absolutism. Effective management system. Parliament. Similarities and differences between absolute monarchies in Russia and Western Europe. The fate of class-representative institutions in conditions of absolutism. English bourgeois revolution. New classes of population. English revolution of the 17th century. The king's opponents are the Puritans. Royalists. Main events of the revolution. On July 6, parliament decided to recruit a 10,000-strong army. - Early Modern.ppsx

New time in Europe

Slides: 5 Words: 90 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Europe at the beginning of modern times. Story. Chronological framework of modern times. 1st point of view: mid-17th century. – 1917 2nd point of view: end of the 15th century. – 1918 New features in the economy. Great geographical discoveries. Task: fill out the table based on §24. Consequences of VGO. Make a plan to answer the question: “Consequences of VGO.” - New time in Europe.ppt

Modern era

Slides: 23 Words: 377 Sounds: 0 Effects: 4

Meeting of Europe and America. Leonardo da Vinci. Rafael Santi. Madonna Conestabile. Columbus Christopher. Christopher Columbus. Caravels of Christopher Columbus. Magellan Fernand. Ferdinand Magellan. Around the world expedition. Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich. Continent. Antarctica. Summer. Technical inventions of the New Age. Pleasure paddle steamer on the Neva. Model of the first Russian steam locomotive. Steam locomotive "Jupiter". The founders of photography. Automobile. Panhard-Levassor cars. - The New Age.ppt

New time in history

Slides: 33 Words: 432 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

History of modern times. Repeating and generalizing lesson in 7th grade. Policy. Religion. Culture. Draw of lots. Who is the author of the religious doctrine called “salvation by faith”? What religious teaching (Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodoxy) does not recognize monasticism? Name the first European country where freedom of religion was achieved. Who, under the terms of the Augsburg Religious Peace, determined which religion to profess in Germany? Who owns the words: “I would rather have no subjects at all than to have heretics as such”? Who owns the words: “Paris is worth a mass”? - New time in history.pps

From the Middle Ages to the Modern Age

Slides: 16 Words: 353 Sounds: 0 Effects: 7

Story. Lesson topic: From the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. The concept of New Time. Crisis of traditional society. Features of the new society. Lesson plan: The period that we are about to study is called the New Age. The previous period of history was called the Middle Ages. The concept of New Time. Antiquity. Middle Ages. New time. The study of history from the standpoint of science began in the 16th - early 17th centuries. Assignment: Remember what kind of economy dominates in the “traditional society” of the Middle Ages? What has changed in economic life? Subsistence farming Hand craft. - From the Middle Ages to the Modern Age.pptx

Europe in the 15th century

Slides: 20 Words: 830 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Everyday life. To consolidate students' knowledge about the main segments of the European population in the 15th and 16th centuries. Plan for new material. There is manure everywhere on the streets. Questions to consolidate previously studied material. What new classes appeared in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries? On the streets of small European cities. Numerous European cities were not much different from the countryside. The streets were crooked and dirty. Pigs, sheep, and chickens roamed freely on the streets. There were no sewerage systems in the cities. The slop poured directly onto the roadway. In the summer there was a terrible stench in the cities. In spring and autumn, carriages sank in the streets. - Europe in the 15th century.ppt

16th century in Europe

Slides: 15 Words: 401 Sounds: 0 Effects: 108

Presentation for a history report. RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICA COUNTRIES XV - XVIII centuries. Trading area Grote Markt Town Hall 1561 – 1565. architect K. Floris. Raphael "School of Athens" fresco. Chateau de Chambord 1519 – 1559 Wing of the Louvre Palace. Part of a building built by Pierre Lescaut in the mid-16th century. Santa Maria del Fiore. Florence. Revival or renaissance. “Madonna of the Catholic Kings” by F. Gallego. King Ferdinant of Spain and Isabella With children in front of Our Lady. Europeans in a new world. English army. Political changes. The French Revolution. Great geographical discoveries. - 16th century in Europe.ppt

Europe in the 15th-17th centuries

Slides: 23 Words: 894 Sounds: 0 Effects: 54

The life of European society in the 15th – 17th centuries. Travel plan. Learning tasks. The appearance of a European city. The appearance of a European city at the turn of the 15th – 17th centuries. Numerous European cities. A European at home. The house of a wealthy citizen. In the palaces of the nobility. Common people's meal. Royal feast. "Breakfast" by Diego Velazquez. The vagaries of fashion. Women's fashion of the XV-XVI centuries. In this picture we see representatives of the city. In these paintings we see a representative of the upper class. Men's fashion of the XV-XVI centuries. Representative of the bourgeoisie. Balls. The vagaries of fashion had the greatest impact on the costume. - Europe in the 15th-17th centuries.ppt

Society in Modern Times

Slides: 11 Words: 253 Sounds: 0 Effects: 14

Society in modern times. Story. Structure of society. Bourgeoisie. Peasantry. Nobility. Wage-earners. Tramps. Entrepreneurs who had their own business in trade, industry or banking. Aristocracy. The new nobility (gentry) were nobles who were engaged in business. Work in pairs. Option 1: tell us the definitions of the concepts: bourgeoisie and new nobility. 2nd option: tell the definitions of the concepts: farmers and farm laborer. 2. Group according to certain characteristics. 3. Indicate which of the following segments of the population belonged to the bourgeoisie: Merchants Bankers Hired workers Factory owners Farm laborers Tax farmers. - Society in Modern Times.ppt

The era of primitive accumulation of capital

Slides: 16 Words: 626 Sounds: 0 Effects: 118

Economic development of Western European countries. Prerequisites for the Great Geographical Discoveries and their consequences. Economic reasons for great geographical discoveries. VGO chronology. Consequences of VGO. The essence of the initial accumulation of capital. Methods for implementing initial capital accumulation. Sources of initial capital accumulation. Economic consequences. Holland is a leading country of merchant capitalism. Sectoral structure of the Dutch economy. Reasons for Holland's loss of leading positions in the world. England is a classic country of primitive accumulation of capital. - The era of primitive accumulation of capital.ppt

Japan 17th-18th century

Slides: 15 Words: 511 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Japan in the 17th-18th centuries. Political system. Social structure. Unifiers of Japan. Social hierarchy. Feudal structure of the shogunate. Political crisis of the Tokugawa regime. Attempts to stabilize the crisis situation. Peasant performances. Culture of Japan during the Tokugawa era. Architecture. Tea ceremony. Painting. Cloth. -

Modern times (XV-XV centuries) INTRODUCTION The border between New and Contemporary history was the turn of the 19th-20th centuries: - the Spanish-American War of 1898, - the Anglo-Boer War, - the Russian-Japanese War.

In the economies of leading European countries, the most important process was the initial accumulation of capital, which radically changed society. The initial accumulation of capital, the violent process of transforming the mass of direct producers (primarily peasants) into wage workers, and the means of production and monetary wealth into capital.

Modern times (XV-XV centuries) INTRODUCTION The French historian Fernand Braudel () explored the most important details of human existence: housing, food, clothing, technology, finance and other factors that laid the foundation for the industrial revolution. The most important work “Material civilization, economics and capitalism. XV XVIII centuries> Professor of Kyiv University Ivan Luchitsky () * works are devoted to religious wars in France in the second half of the 16th century. and the situation of the French peasantry in the 18th century. “For a historian there should be no interesting or uninteresting peoples. The historian himself may be uninteresting, but history is always interesting.” Outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Kripyakevich () When we turn the pages of ancient descriptions, we notice that their authors rarely paid attention to the beauty of nature... And only with the advent of the New Age, writers began to more actively turn to the beauties of the environment. The most important work “World History” A huge contribution to the study of the history of modern times was made by: Professor of Kyiv University Ivan Luchitsky (18451918) * works are devoted to religious wars in France in the second half of the 16th century. and the situation of the French peasantry in the 18th century. “For a historian there should be no interesting or uninteresting peoples. The historian himself may be uninteresting, but history is always interesting.” Outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Kripyakevich (1886-1967) When we turn the pages of ancient descriptions, we notice that their authors rarely paid attention to the beauty of nature... And only with the advent of modern times did writers begin to more actively turn to the beauties of the environment. The most important work “World History” A huge contribution to the study of the history of modern times was made by: ">

Modern times (XV-XV centuries) INTRODUCTION In 1800, about a million people lived in China. China In 1800, there were a million people living in India. India In the XVI-XVIII centuries. The population of the countries of the East has increased significantly. The average life expectancy there was years.

Modern time (XV-XV centuries) INTRODUCTION SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 1. Explain the meaning of the concept “Modern time”. 2. When and in connection with what did the concept of “New Time” appear? 3. Name the chronological framework of the early modern and modern times. 4. What changes occurred on the world map in early modern times? 5. What changes in social life marked the beginning of the early modern period? 6. What new did Fernand Braudel, Ivan Luchitsky and Ivan Kripyakevich contribute to the study of the history of modern times? 7. What changes took place in the life of society in the modern era? 8. Compare the eras of the Middle Ages and the Modern Age, determine their common features and differences. 9. What processes of world development took place in the early modern era? Did they influence people's consciousness?

Modern times (XV-XV centuries) INTRODUCTION Literature for self-study: 1. Likhtey I.M. World History. Modern times (XV-XV111 centuries): Textbook. for 8th grade. general education textbook head K.: Certificate, with Akopyan A.G. World history. History of Ukraine, grades 8, 9. - Donetsk LLC "Lebed", – pp. 2-3.

EUROPE AT THE BEGINNING OF A NEW TIME

Presentation by history teacher
MBOU Secondary School No. 2, Redkino village
Vladislavova Irina Viktorovna

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON

To form students’ ideas about the events that took place in Europe at the beginning of modern times.
Consider economic, political, social and religious changes in a given period.
To develop students' curiosity and interest in the history of modern times

Modern times are a period of human history located between the Middle Ages and Modern times. Chronological framework: from the end of the 15th century. - early 20th century The main achievements of the modern era

Economic:
Development of capitalism
(the emergence of private property, the use of wage labor as the main force and the development of a market economy)

Political:
The emergence of the idea of the rule of law and civil society

New features in the economy

The main feature of this time: searching for new ways of managing and improving existing tools and mechanisms.

Agriculture

Expansion of sown areas;
Introduction of previously unknown fertilizers;
Development of new industrial crops (potatoes, rice, corn);
Expansion of the area of forage crops (turnips, clover).

Industry

The emergence of a new type of enterprise - manufactory (dispersed and centralized);
Use of wind and water energy in production, start of coal mining;
Improvement of mechanisms in mining (mine hoists, pumps for pumping out water; trolleys), in metallurgy and metalworking (use of an overhead water wheel), in weapons (furnaces and presses) in light industry (looms);
The use of wage labor led to the formation of the working class.

Trade

Market growth
The emergence of covered markets with constant trading;
Distribution of shops on the first floors of city houses;
Development of peddling trade.

Development of world trade
Centers – Holland and England;
Creation of large trading companies (East India Company);
Search for new trade routes;
The emergence of exchanges and banks.

Great geographical discoveries

It is a period in human history, beginning in the 15th century and lasting until the 17th century, during which Europeans discovered new lands and sea routes to Africa, America, Asia and Oceania in search of new trading partners and sources of goods that were in great demand in Europe.

Map of great geographical discoveries Great geographical discoveries became possible with the invention by Europeans of caravels - high-speed ships capable of sailing against the wind thanks to an oblique sail.

The first to master new ships were the Portuguese and the Spaniards

Discoveries

1487 - The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias, in search of a sea route to India, was the first European to circumnavigate Africa from the south and discover the Cape of Good Hope;
1492-1493 - The Genoese H. Columbus, at the head of a Spanish expedition to find the shortest sea route to India, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, discovered the Sargasso Sea and reached Samana Island on 10/12/1492 (the official date of the discovery of America), and later the other Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti;
1493-1504 - In the next three expeditions, H. Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea;
1497 - An Italian in the English service, John (Giovanni) Cabot, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and reached the shores of North America near the island of Newfoundland.

1497-1499 - The Portuguese Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon to India, circumnavigating Africa, and back, paving the way from Europe to South Asia for the first time;

1497-1499 - The Portuguese Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon to India, circumnavigating Africa, and back, paving the way from Europe to South Asia for the first time;
1499-1500 - The Spaniards (Alonso de Ojeda) discovered the coast of Guiana, the coast of Venezuela and the islands of Curacao and Aruba, the Gulf of Venezuela, Lake Maracaibo and the Guajira Peninsula. The Spanish expedition (Vicente Yañez Pinzón) discovered the northern coast of Brazil, the mouth of the Amazon River, the coast of Guiana (independent of Ojeda), the mouth of the Orinoco River and the island of Tobago;
1503 - The Portuguese discovered the Seychelles.
1505 - Discovery of the island of Sri Lanka by the Portuguese;
1519-1522 - The Spanish flotilla under the leadership of the Portuguese F. Magellan made a trip around the world. South America south of La Plata, the Strait of Magellan and the Patagonian Cordillera were discovered, Guam and the Philippine Islands were discovered.

Consequences of great geographical discoveries

The contours of inhabited continents have been established;
Indisputable evidence of the sphericity of the Earth is provided;
Collected material for the development of sciences (botany, zoology, ethnography);
The emergence of world trade;
Formation and development of capitalist society.

Negative consequences

the beginning of the colonial expansion of the European powers of the open territories;
extermination and destruction of ancient civilizations and peoples (1519-1521 the conquistadors defeated the Aztecs, 1531-1534 the Incas);
the emergence of the slave trade;

Social structure of Western European society

1. Nobility:
Gentry (new nobility)
Old / noble (among them were the so-called “airy” feudal lords)
2. The clergy (losing their position as a class);
3. The bourgeoisie is a new class consisting of capitalist entrepreneurs engaged in trade, industry or banking;
4. Peasants - became personally free, but did not have their own property.
- Farmers (rich peasants who used hired labor and advanced technology)
Farm laborers (poor people)
5. Beggars

Reformation

This is a massive religious and socio-political movement in Western and Central Europe in the 16th - early 17th centuries. for the reconstruction of the Catholic Church.
The Reformation triumphed in Germany, Switzerland, and England.

Reasons for the Reformation

Changing human consciousness (worldliness, search for new truths, desire for new knowledge);
The moral decline of the priesthood, including monasticism;
Corruption of Priests and Papacy;
The obligation of the population to pay tithes;
Sale of indulgences - letters of remission of sins.

Germany is the birthplace of the Reformation

Start: speech by M. Luther, doctor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, with his “95 Theses”, in which he spoke out against the existing abuses of the Catholic Church, in particular against the sale of indulgences.
End: the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, as a result of which every European state could profess any faith recognized by the ruler.

Counter-Reformation

This is the fight of the Catholic Church against the Reformation.
Measures:
1. Creation of the Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus) - founded in 1540 by the Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyola;
2. Activities of the Inquisition - church courts.
3. Public burning of heretics - auto-da-fe.

Resources used:

Story. Russia and the world. Grade 10. Basic level / Volobuev O.V., Klokov V.A., Ponomarev M.V. and others - M.: Bustard, 2010.
History of Europe: from ancient times to the present day: In 8 volumes - M. 1994. Vol.3.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Summer. Automobile. Technical inventions of the New Age. Panhard-Levassor cars. Madonna Conestabile. Pleasure paddle steamer on the Neva. Rafael Santi. The founders of photography. Leonardo da Vinci. Meeting of Europe and America. Continent. Columbus Christopher. Christopher Columbus. Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich. Around the world expedition. Ferdinand Magellan. Magellan Fernand. Model of the first Russian steam locomotive.

“Japan 17-18 centuries” - Political system. Peasant performances. Tea ceremony. Unifiers of Japan. Social hierarchy. Architecture. Cloth. Feudal structure of the shogunate. Culture of Japan during the Tokugawa era. Painting. Japan in the 17th-18th centuries. Attempts to stabilize the crisis situation. Social structure. Political crisis of the Tokugawa regime.

“Europe in the 15th century” - In this picture we see a representative of the upper class. On the streets of small European cities. Spanish blades and daggers. A typical representative of the bourgeoisie: dressed modestly, without frills, but in good quality clothes. Fashion of the new time. There is manure everywhere on the streets. The slop poured directly onto the roadway. Beef, veal, wild meat, poultry. It became fashionable to smoke tobacco - a fashion for snuff boxes and smoking pipes appeared.

“Europe in the 15th-17th centuries” - Men's fashion of the 15th-16th centuries. "Breakfast" by Diego Velazquez. Numerous European cities. The house of a wealthy citizen. Name a major city in Europe. Travel plan. Representative of the bourgeoisie. In the palaces of the nobility. The vagaries of fashion had the greatest impact on the costume. A European at home. Women's fashion of the XV-XVI centuries. The appearance of a European city at the turn of the 15th – 17th centuries. Balls. Learning tasks. In this picture we see representatives of the city.

"Early Modern Time" - Ottoman Sultan - monarch of Turkey. On July 6, parliament decided to recruit a 10,000-strong army. In the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Turks captured Serbia. Suvorov, Saltykov, Rumyantsev. Main events of the revolution. Magellan. The fate of class-representative institutions in conditions of absolutism. Wars of that time. Plan. Turkish threat in Europe. Royalists. Holy League vs Turkey. The meaning of absolutism.

“The era of primitive accumulation of capital” - Reasons for Holland’s loss of leading positions in the world. Sectoral structure of the Dutch economy. Prerequisites for the Great Geographical Discoveries and their consequences. Until the 17th century, cloth production played a leading role in the economy. Economic development of Western European countries. Holland is a leading country of merchant capitalism. Methods for implementing initial capital accumulation. VGO chronology. Consequences of VGO.