All bacteria are autotrophic organisms. Autotrophic organisms: features of the structure and life

organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic

AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS, autotrophs (from auto… And trophy), organisms that use carbon dioxide as the only or main source of carbon to build their body and have both an enzyme system for assimilation of carbon dioxide and the ability to synthesize all components of the cell. Some autotrophic organisms may require exogenous (from outside) vitamins or growth factors. Autotrophic organisms are contrasted with heterotrophic organisms that use organic matter. Autotrophic organisms include terrestrial green plants, algae, phototrophic bacteria capable of photosynthesis, as well as some bacteria that use the oxidation of inorganic substances - chemoautotrophs. The vast majority of autotrophic organisms assimilate carbon dioxide through the reductive pentose phosphate pathway. In some bacteria, such as methane-producing bacteria, carbon dioxide is assimilated in a different way. The possibility of classifying bacteria that use methane as a carbon source as an autotrophic organism is discussed. Autotrophic organisms are the primary producers of organic matter in the biosphere, forming the first trophic level in communities. The role of photosynthetic autotrophic organisms in nature is decisive, since they form the bulk of organic matter in the biosphere. The activity of autotrophic organisms determines both the existence of all other organisms and the course of biogeochemical cycles in the circulation of substances in nature.

See also:

Chemosynthesis

CHEMOSYNTHESIS(from chemo... and Greek synthesis- compound), a type of bacterial nutrition based on the assimilation of CO 2 due to the oxidation of inorganic compounds. Aerobic bacteria capable of chemosynthesis (hydrogen, nitrifying, thionic, etc.) assimilate CO 2 in the same way as during photosynthesis (Calvin cycle) ...

Trophic level

TROPHIC LEVEL, a set of organisms united by the type of food. The concept of the trophic level allows us to understand the dynamics of energy flow and the trophic structure that determines it ...

All living things according to the type of nutrition can be divided into two types: autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Every organism needs food to maintain its life. It is autotrophs that form the basis of the food pyramid, providing nutrients to heterotrophs.

Nevertheless, such a division in biology is very conditional - there is not always a clear line between them. Some organisms are able to feed in both ways. They are called mixotrophs.

Who are autotrophs

Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic matter from inorganic compounds. All the substances necessary for development and life, they are able to obtain from the environment.

The most important element that is part of the cells of any life form is carbon and its compounds. For organisms that use the autotrophic type of nutrition, its source is carbon dioxide.

Characteristics of autotrophs

For the flow of metabolic processes, a living being needs energy received from outside. This source must be available, because due to their structure, most autotrophs are practically immobile.

Thus, the source of energy for them is sunlight or the effect of chemical reactions. On this basis, all autotrophs are divided into phototrophs and chemotrophs.

Phototrophs need light to create organic compounds. Due to the presence of chloroplasts in the cells, this type of autotrophs is able to photosynthesize. In this process, light quanta are converted into nutrients through a complex chemical interaction.

Chemotrophs obtain energy in a different way - from the oxidation reactions of certain chemical compounds.

What organisms are autotrophs

The energy of light and carbon dioxide ensures the life of the vast majority of autotrophs - plants, which also include mosses.

Algae, which are the most ancient and simple type of plants, are diverse, and many of them can only be seen with a microscope. Even single-celled algae such as chlorella are capable of photosynthesis.

Cyanobacteria are one of the oldest microorganisms that feed in this way and release oxygen. Perhaps thanks to them, the atmosphere of the young Earth was filled with oxygen billions of years ago.

Microscopic algae and green bacteria are able to enter into symbiosis with fungi. As a result of this interaction, a symbiotic organism is formed - a lichen.

Each participant in the symbiosis contributes - algae and cyanobacteria extract nutrients through photosynthesis, and the fungus absorbs ready-made elements.

The combination of different types of nutrition is found not only in lichens. Some plants, in addition to autotrophic nutrition, absorb useful substances from the bodies of other organisms - insects, small animals.

Such plants are called carnivores and use various types of traps to capture prey.

Venus flytrap

For example, the sundew uses sticky hairs at the tips of the leaves, the leaves of the Venus flytrap slam shut, and the nepenthes trap looks like a jar with a lid.

Some unicellular algae are also mixotrophs. For example, the cell surface of chlamydomonas is able to absorb liquid with all the microorganisms that are there.

Euglena green bacteria, whose behavior pattern depends on illumination, may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

The chemotrophic type of nutrition is much less common. The energy released as a result of the oxidation reaction can be absorbed by the simplest microorganisms. Their uniqueness lies in their independence from the energy of the Sun.

These microorganisms can adapt to extreme living conditions - at the bottom of the ocean, where light does not penetrate, in the bodies of living beings, in hot geysers.

Autotrophs and heterotrophs - similarities and differences

Due to differences in the ways of nutrition, organisms differ greatly from each other externally and at the cellular level. They occupy different places in the food chain, using different substances from each other to support their lives.

Table 1

Comparative characteristics of autotrophs and heterotrophs

sign	Autotrophs	Heterotrophs
Place in the food chain	Producer - produces nutrients on its own.	Consumer - consumes ready-made substances. Reducer - processes organic elements to inorganic ones.
Energy source for metabolic reactions	solar energy. The energy that is released as a result of a chemical reaction.	organic matter
Stock of carbohydrates	Starch	Glycogen
The presence of a cell wall - a cell membrane that performs the functions of protection.	Eat	No
Reaction to external stimuli	Absent	Present
Organ systems	Vegetative and reproductive	Somatic and reproductive

Nevertheless, being closely related representatives of life on planet Earth, autotrophs and heterotrophs also have similar features - the need for food, water, oxygen, and sunlight.

The role of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms in the biosphere

Providers of wildlife is a fitting term for autotrophs. It is they who create organic matter from inorganic elements and thereby provide food for heterotrophs - humans, animals, fungi, bacteria.

Some microscopic organisms are active predators: the amoeba is able to capture prey with its pseudopods.

Nature exists based on the principle of balance - the existence of all forms of life is closely interconnected.

Autotrophs feed heterotrophs by creating nutrients. Consumers, as a result of their vital activity, contribute to the reproduction of the former, carrying spores and seeds, pollinating the flowers of plants.

The chain is completed by decomposers that decompose dead organic matter into inorganic elements. This is done by fungi, including microscopic ones - penicillium, yeast, some bacteria. They return nutrients back to the biosphere.

This is how the circulation of substances and elements occurs in nature, where each organism performs its function in the food pyramid.

Autotrophs- living organisms that produce (synthesize) all the organic substances necessary for life from inorganic ones. Autotrophs include most of the higher plants (except for those lacking chlorophyll, which feed on other plants), algae, and some bacteria. Green algae and higher plants contain chlorophyll, with which they can use the energy of the sun to synthesize organic substances from carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophic bacteria form organic matter due to the energy of chemical oxidation reactions - chemosynthesis.

It is difficult to overestimate the role of autotrophs in nature: they are the primary producers of organic matter, which is then used by all other living organisms - heterotrophs.

Although there is a fundamental difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs, sometimes it is not possible to draw a sharp boundary between them (as is often the case in nature in general). It turns out that many plants - typical autotrophs - for normal life can use organic substances that come to them through the roots from the soil or from other sources (insectivorous plants, such as sundew). Unicellular euglena is green and autotrophic in the light, and colorless and heterotrophic in the dark.

Autotrophs

AUTOTROPHS [from auto... And ...trophy(s)], self-feeding, 1) living organisms that themselves produce the substances they need; 2) living organisms in terms of the functions they perform in the process of matter and energy exchange in ecosystems. Some A. (helioautotrophs - green plants, blue-green algae) create organic matter necessary for growth and reproduction from inorganic, using solar radiation as an energy source, others (chemoautotrophs - some bacteria) - due to the energy of chemical reactions (chemosynthesis). Constituting a link of producers in the food (trophic) chain, A. serve as the only source of energy for heterotrophs, which, therefore, are completely dependent on the former. Sometimes A. is called lithotrophs; it means that the “food products” for A. come entirely from the mineral world in the form of carbon dioxide (CO 2), sulfate (O 4 , NO 3 nitrate) and other inorganic components (“stones”). see also Heterotrophs, Consumers.

Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989

Autotrophs

organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic compounds (usually from carbon dioxide and water), ecosystem producers that create primary biological products. A. are at the first trophic level in ecosystems and transfer organic substances and the energy contained in them to heterotrophs - consumers and decomposers. Most A. are photoautotrophs that have chlorophyll. These are plants (flowering, gymnosperms, ferns, mosses, algae) and cyanobacteria. They carry out photosynthesis with the release of oxygen, using inexhaustible and environmentally friendly solar energy. A.-chemoautotrophs (sulfur bacteria, methanobacteria, iron bacteria, etc.) use the energy of oxidation of inorganic compounds for the synthesis of organic substances. The contribution of chemoautotrophs to the total biological production of the biosphere is insignificant, but these organisms form the basis of chemoautotrophic ecosystems in hydrothermal oases in the oceans.

Edwart. Glossary of environmental terms and definitions, 2010

See what "Autotrophs" are in other dictionaries:

Modern Encyclopedia

- (from auto ... and Greek trophe food nutrition) (autotrophic organisms), organisms that synthesize from inorganic substances (mainly water, carbon dioxide, inorganic nitrogen compounds) all the organic substances necessary for life, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Autotrophs- (from auto ... and Greek trophe food, nutrition) (autotrophic organisms), organisms that synthesize from inorganic substances (mainly water, carbon dioxide, inorganic nitrogen compounds) all the organic substances necessary for life ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Organisms capable of using carbon dioxide as the sole or main source of carbon and possessing a system of enzymes for its assimilation, as well as capable of synthesizing all components of the cell. Some A. may need ... ... Dictionary of microbiology

Abbr. name autotrophic organisms. Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al. 1978 ... Geological Encyclopedia

autotrophs- - organisms that synthesize all organic substances necessary for life from inorganic substances ... Concise Dictionary of Biochemical Terms

- (from auto ... and Greek trophē food, nutrition) (autotrophic organisms), organisms that synthesize from inorganic substances (mainly water, carbon dioxide, inorganic nitrogen compounds) all the organic substances necessary for life, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (other Greek αὐτός itself + τροφή food) organisms that synthesize organic compounds from inorganic ones. Autotrophs make up the first tier in the food pyramid (the first links of food chains). They are the primary ... ... Wikipedia

autotrophs- autotrofai statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Organizmai, sintetinantys organines medžiagas iš neorganinių junginių (anglies dioksido ir vandens). atitikmenys: engl. autotrophic organisms; autotrophics vok. autotroph… … Ekologijos terminų aiskinamasis žodynas

Organisms that synthesize the organic substances they need from inorganic compounds. Autotrophs include terrestrial green plants (they form organic substances from carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis), algae, photo- and ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Heterotrophs Organisms that use ready-made organic matter (usually plant or animal tissue) for their nutrition through a process known as heterotrophic nutrition. It is difficult to overestimate the role of autotrophs in nature: they are the primary producers of organic matter, which is then used by all other living organisms - heterotrophs.

Heterotrophic organisms (animals, fungi, part of prokaryotes) cannot create organic compounds directly from inorganic ones. Consumers are predominantly animals, including, of course, humans. Decomposers are the final link in the food chain and ecological pyramid.

All other living beings that inhabit our planet are not able to use solar energy and synthesize organic substances from inorganic compounds. In plants, photosynthetic bacteria, this pathway is used after dark, with the cessation of photosynthesis. Organisms that are able to synthesize organic substances necessary for life from inorganic compounds are commonly called autotrophs.

Autotrophic organisms are able to absorb carbon dioxide from the air and convert it into complex organic compounds. Thus, autotrophs build their "body" from inorganic compounds.

According to the method of obtaining energy, autotrophs are divided into photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs. Photoautotrophic bacteria use the energy of sunlight in the synthesis of organic substances from carbon dioxide, similar to photosynthesis in plants.

Chemoautotrophs can only exist in the presence of inorganic compounds, while certain types of bacteria are able to oxidize certain minerals. However, among autotrophs, microorganisms have been found that are able to assimilate carbon not only from CO2 in the air, but also from organic compounds.

Depending on the method of nitrogen absorption, microorganisms can be divided into aminoautotrophs and aminoheterotrophs. Amino autotrophs synthesize protein from mineral compounds and from the air; these are mainly soil bacteria. In green plants, the autotrophic type of nutrition is based on the process of photosynthesis.

In 1905, a hypothesis appeared that photosynthesis could also take place in the dark. Thus, the process of photosynthesis consists of light and shadow phases. However, biochemical evidence for this assumption was obtained only in 1937 by the English researcher Hill. Organisms that use ready-made organic compounds for their nutrition are commonly called heterotrophic. Some autotrophs - photosynthetic green plants - can absorb small amounts of organic compounds.

Some autotrophs need vitamin-like substances. Of the microorganisms, heterotrophs are the causative agents of fermentation (alcohol, propionic acid, lactic acid and butyric acid), putrefactive and pathogenic bacteria. Depending on the substrate used, heterotrophic microorganisms are divided into two broad groups: meta- and paratrophs.

This group includes mainly putrefactive bacteria. Paratrophs use organic compounds of living organisms. It is these microorganisms that usually cause infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants. Heterotrophs use ready-made amino acids as a source of nitrogen: this way of feeding is called aminoheterotrophic. Higher animals have a strictly differentiated and complexly organized digestive system.

The structure and function of the oral apparatus in animals is varied and depends on the type of food; basically distinguish between gnawing, grinding, sucking types of oral apparatus. Animals are conventionally divided into phytophages (herbivores) and zoophages (carnivores). However, there are also intermediate or mixed forms. In relation to animals, it is more appropriate to use the term "digestion".

Heterotrophs (heterotrophic organisms)

Distinguish between oral, gastric and intestinal digestion. The nervous system and endocrine glands play an important role in organizing the process of digestion of food in animals and food in humans. Thus, the nervous and humoral regulation of digestive processes is carried out. In the oral cavity, food undergoes mechanical processing and the action of a number of enzymes, mainly amipase and maltase.

Under the influence of hydrochloric acid and a large number of enzymes, most of the complex organic substances are broken down. Further chemical transformation of nutrients and their absorption takes place in the intestine.

All animals and fungi are heterotrophs. All plants are divided into two groups according to the type of nutrient use - autotrophs and heterotrophs. Unicellular euglena is green and autotrophic in the light, and colorless and heterotrophic in the dark. Animals and humans are strict heterotrophs. Although there is a fundamental difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs, sometimes it is not possible to draw a sharp boundary between them (as is often the case in nature in general).

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Online biology textbook
Grade 9

§14.

Autotrophic nutrition

Remember from the textbook "Plants. bacteria. Mushrooms and lichens”, what is the essence of photosynthesis. In what organelles of the cell does it occur? What substances are involved and what are synthesized during photosynthesis?

What conditions are necessary for photosynthesis?

Life on Earth depends on autotrophic organisms. Almost all organic substances necessary for living cells are produced in the process of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis (from Greek photos - light and synthesis - connection, combination) - the conversion of inorganic substances (water and carbon dioxide) into organic substances by green plants and photosynthetic microorganisms due to solar energy, which is converted into the energy of chemical bonds in the molecules of organic substances.

Rice. 55. J. Priestley (1783-1804) and his experience

The history of the discovery and study of photosynthesis. For several centuries, biologists have tried to unravel the mystery of the green leaf. For a long time it was believed that plants create nutrients from water and minerals.

The discovery of the role of the green leaf belongs not to a biologist, but to a chemist - the English scientist Joseph Priestley (Fig. 55).

In 1771, studying the importance of air for the combustion of substances and respiration, he set up the following experiment. He placed a mouse in a sealed glass vessel and after a while made sure that it, having used up all the oxygen in the air for breathing, died. But if a live plant was placed next to it, then the mouse continued to live. Therefore, the air in the vessel remained good. Priestley made an important conclusion: plants improve the air by saturating it with oxygen - making it breathable.

Thus, for the first time, the role of green plants was established. Priestley was the first to suggest the role of light in the life of plants.

A great contribution to the study of photosynthesis was made by the Russian scientist K.A. Timiryazev (Fig. 56). He studied the influence of different parts of the spectrum of sunlight on the process of photosynthesis and found that photosynthesis is most effective in the red rays. Timiryazev proved that, assimilating carbon in the presence of sunlight, a plant converts its energy into the energy of organic substances.

In his work “The Sun, Life and Chlorophyll”, K. A. Timiryazev described in detail and scientifically substantiated his experiments. His laboratory research methods were used by other scientists for subsequent work on the study of photosynthesis. An act of authoritative recognition of the scientific merits of the scientist was the invitation of Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev in 1903 to the Royal Society of London to read the famous lecture "The Cosmic Role of Plants". For his work on the study of photosynthesis, he was elected an honorary doctor of a number of Western European universities.

Phases of photosynthesis. In the process of photosynthesis, energy-poor water and carbon dioxide are converted into energy-intensive organic matter - glucose. In this case, solar energy is accumulated in the chemical bonds of this substance. In addition, during photosynthesis, oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is used by organisms for respiration.

56. Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev (1843 - 1920)

It has now been established that photosynthesis proceeds in two phases - light and dark (Fig.

Rice. 57. General scheme of photosynthesis

58. The intensity of photosynthesis in different light spectra

In the light phase, thanks to solar energy, chlorophyll molecules are excited and ATP is synthesized. Simultaneously with this reaction, under the action of light, water (H20) decomposes with the release of free oxygen (02).

This process was called photolysis (from the Greek photos - light and lysis - dissolution). The resulting hydrogen ions bind to a special substance - the carrier of hydrogen ions (NADP) and are used in the next phase.

The presence of light is not necessary for the reactions of the temperature phase to proceed.

ATP molecules synthesized into the light phase serve as the energy source here. In the temp phase, carbon dioxide is assimilated from the air, it is reduced by hydrogen ions, and glucose is formed due to the use of ATP energy.

Influence of environmental conditions on photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses only 1% of the solar energy falling on the leaf. Photosynthesis depends on a number of environmental conditions. First, this process proceeds most intensively under the influence of the red rays of the solar spectrum (Fig.

58). The degree of intensity of photosynthesis is determined by the amount of oxygen released, which displaces water from the cylinder. The rate of photosynthesis also depends on the degree of illumination of the plant.

An increase in the length of daylight hours leads to an increase in the productivity of photosynthesis, i.e., the amount of organic substances formed by the plant.

The meaning of photosynthesis. The products of photosynthesis are used:

• organisms as nutrients, a source of energy and oxygen for life processes;
• in human food production;
• as a building material for buildings of dwellings, in the production of furniture, etc.

Mankind owes its existence to photosynthesis. All fuel reserves on Earth are products formed as a result of photosynthesis. Using coal and wood, we get the energy that was stored in organic matter during photosynthesis. At the same time, oxygen is released into the atmosphere. According to scientists, without photosynthesis, the entire supply of oxygen would be used up in 3000 years.

Chemosynthesis. In addition to photosynthesis, another method is known for obtaining energy and synthesizing organic substances from inorganic ones.

Some bacteria are able to extract energy by oxidizing various inorganic substances. They do not need light to create organic substances.

The process of synthesis of organic substances from inorganic substances, which takes place due to the energy of oxidation of inorganic substances, is called chemosynthesis (from Latin chemia - chemistry and Greek synthesis - connection, combination).

Chemosynthetic bacteria were discovered by the Russian scientist S.N. Vinogradsky. Chemosynthetic iron bacteria, sulfur bacteria and azotobacteria are distinguished depending on which substance is oxidized during the oxidation of which energy is released.

Lesson learned exercises

1. Define photosynthesis.

   What is the significance of this process for life on Earth?

2. What substances are produced during the light phase of photosynthesis?
3. Name the main reactions of the tempo phase. What energy is used to synthesize glucose?
4. What is the main difference between chemosynthesis and photosynthesis?
5. Explain why, in the process of the historical development of the organic world, photosynthetic organisms occupied a dominant position compared to chemosynthetic ones.

Autotrophs are those living organisms that are able to obtain food from inorganic compounds, that is, organic substances from inorganic substances, for example, from oxygen or sunlight.

Autotrophs are living creatures that make up the first facet in the overall pyramid of the food chain.

In nature, autotrophs provide food for heterotrophs - those living organisms that already feed on organic compounds.

Lifestyle

All autotrophs are the simplest plants and bacteria living either on the surface of the globe or in the bowels of the seas, oceans, lakes, rivers, etc.

In the way of life of plants, everyone already knows, as in principle, bacteria, so this issue can not be deeply considered.

Nutrition

Autotrophs and heterotrophs are distinguished only by the mode of nutrition.

As already mentioned, autotrophs are able to feed on inorganic compounds, and autotrophs can only eat what autotrophs have prepared for them. Not all autotrophs are the same, this is how phototrophs and chemotrophs are distinguished. What is the difference?

The fact is that phototrophs receive energy from sunlight, and chemotrophs from chemical reactions (hydrocarbon, sulfur, metals, and others).

The mode of nutrition of phototrophs is called photosynthesis.

In this way, all the green plants on the planet, as well as a number of algae and bacteria, feed. The source of carbon that is important for life is carbon dioxide.

reproduction

Most often, reproduction occurs with the help of spores, budding, cell division from one to two, by spraying seeds, and so on.

Appearance

Almost all phototrophs look like green plants: trees, bushes, grasses and much more that we are used to seeing in everyday life.

Chemotrophs also include fungi.

And most microorganisms can only be seen under a microscope. To build their body, autotrophs most often use inorganic substances such as air, water and, of course, soil.

Habitat

Autotrophs live not only on the surface of the earth, but also under water, even at the bottom of the ocean.

• euglena green - a unicellular algae, can be both an autotroph and a heterotroph: during the day it feeds on the energy of the Sun, that is, it is an autotroph, and when the Sun sets, it becomes a heterotroph;
• green plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen as a result of photosynthesis;
• carbon dioxide is a waste product, and we can breathe oxygen, like other heterotrophic living organisms.

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All living organisms that live on Earth are open systems that depend on the supply of substances and energy from outside. The process of consumption of substances and energy is called food. Chemical substances are necessary for building the body, energy - for the implementation of vital processes.

There are two types of nutrition in living organisms: autotrophic and heterotrophic.

OverkingdomsKingdomsSubkingdomsAutotrophsHeterotrophsPhototrophs Chemotrophs Biotrophs Saprotrophs

prokaryotes	Drobyanki	bacteria	+	+	+	+
archaebacteria	+	+	+	+
cyanobacteria	+	+	-	-
eukaryotes	Plants	Bagryanka	+	-	-	-
real algae	+	-	-	-
higher plants	+	-	Very rarely	?
Mushrooms	Inferior	-	-	Rarely	+
higher	-	-	Rarely	+
Animals	Protozoa	-	-	+	Very rarely
Multicellular	-	-	+	+

Living organisms, depending on the type of nutrition, are divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Autotrophs(autotrophic organisms).

These are organisms that use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon (plants, some bacteria). In other words, these are organisms capable of creating organic substances from inorganic ones - carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts.

Depending on the source of energy, autotrophs are divided into photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

Phototrophs- organisms that use light energy for biosynthesis (plants, cyanobacteria). Chemotrophs- organisms that use the energy of chemical reactions of oxidation of inorganic compounds for biosynthesis (chemotrophic bacteria: hydrogen, nitrifying, iron bacteria, sulfur bacteria, etc.).

Heterotrophs(heterotrophic organisms).

These are organisms that use organic compounds (animals, fungi, most bacteria) as a carbon source.

According to the method of obtaining food, heterotrophs are divided into phagotrophs and osmotrophs. Phagotrophs (holozoi) swallow solid pieces of food (animals). osmotrophy absorb organic matter from solutions directly through cell walls (fungi, most bacteria).

According to the state of the food source, heterotrophs are divided into biotrophs and saprotrophs.

Saprotrophs use as food organic matter of dead bodies or excreta (excrement) of animals. These include saprotrophic bacteria, saprotrophic fungi, saprotrophic plants (saprophytes), saprotrophic animals (saprophages).

Among them there are detritophages (feed on detritus), necrophages (feed on animal corpses), coprophages (feed on excrement), etc.

Mixotrophs.

Some living beings, depending on habitat conditions, are capable of both autotrophic and heterotrophic (mixed type) nutrition. Organisms with a mixed type of nutrition are called mixotrophs. They can synthesize organic substances from inorganic compounds and feed on ready-made organic compounds (insectivorous plants, representatives of the Euglena algae department, etc.).

autotrophic nutrition. Photosynthesis, its meaning

Autotrophic nutrition, when the body itself synthesizes organic substances from inorganic substances, includes photosynthesis and chemosynthesis (in some bacteria).

Photosynthesis occurs in plants, cyanobacteria.

Photosynthesis is the formation of organic substances from carbon dioxide and water, in the light, with the release of oxygen. In higher plants, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts - oval-shaped plastids containing chlorophyll, which determines the color of the green parts of the plant. In algae, chlorophyll is contained in chromatophores that have a different shape. Brown and red algae, which live at considerable depths, where access to sunlight is difficult, have other pigments.

Photosynthesis provides organic matter not only to plants, but also to the animals that feed on them.

That is, it is a source of food for all life on the planet.

Oxygen released during photosynthesis enters the atmosphere. In the upper atmosphere, ozone is formed from oxygen. The ozone shield protects the Earth's surface from harsh ultraviolet radiation, which made it possible for living organisms to reach land.

Oxygen is essential for the respiration of plants and animals. When glucose is oxidized with the participation of oxygen, mitochondria store almost 20 times more energy than in its absence.

Making the use of food much more efficient has led to high metabolic rates in birds and mammals.

All this allows us to talk about the planetary role of photosynthesis and the need to protect forests, which are called the "lungs of our planet."

characteristics of the animal kingdom. The role of animals in nature. Among ready-made micropreparations of protozoa, find Euglena green. Explain why botanists refer to green euglena as plants, and zoologists as animals.

The animal kingdom includes heterotrophic organisms that are phagotrophs, i.e.

absorbing food in more or less large parts, "pieces". Unlike fungi, which absorb nutrients in the form of solutions (osmotrophs).

Animals are characterized by mobility, although some coelenterates in adulthood lead a sedentary lifestyle.

Also, most animals have a nervous system that provides a response to irritations.

Animals can be herbivores, carnivores (predators, scavengers) and omnivores.

In nature, animals are consumers, consume ready-made organic matter and significantly accelerate the cycle of substances in ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole.

Animals contribute to the prosperity of many plant species, being pollinators, spreading seeds, loosening the soil, enriching it with excrement. Marine animals with a calcareous skeleton, we owe the formation of reserves of chalk, limestone, contributing to a constant concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Euglena green, a unicellular living creature, occupies an intermediate position in taxonomy, possessing features inherent in different kingdoms.

It has chloroplasts and feeds on light through photosynthesis. If there are dissolved organic substances in the water, especially in the dark, it absorbs them, switching to heterotrophic nutrition.

The presence of a flagellum provides mobility, which also makes it related to animals.

Explain the biological significance of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Draw a diagram of a reflex arc (unconditioned reflex) and explain what parts it consists of. Give examples of unconditioned human reflexes.

The doctrine of reflexes is associated with the works of the Russian physiologist Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov.

A reflex is the body's response to irritation, carried out with the participation of the nervous system.

Reflexes are unconditioned - congenital and conditional - acquired during life.

Unconditioned reflexes ensure the survival of the organism and species in constant environmental conditions and in the early stages of life. These include protective (blinking when a mote gets into the eye), indicative (studying the world around), food (sucking in children, saliva production).

Instincts are also innate, they are sometimes considered as a complex sequence of unconditioned reflexes. The most important instinct is procreation.

Conditioned reflexes serve to adapt to new conditions. They are formed under certain conditions and provide the best response. An example of a conditioned reflex is the arrival of birds to a familiar feeder, the recognition of edible and inedible (at first the chick pecks everything), teaching the dog commands.

The reflex arc of the unconditioned knee jerk includes:

receptor is the ending of a sensory neuron

2. nerve pathways through which the signal is transmitted to the central nervous system - a sensitive neuron that transmits a signal to the spinal cord,

3. executive neuron in the anterior roots of the spinal cord, transmitting a response command,

4. the organ that produces the response is the muscle.

Most arcs of other reflexes include additional intercalary neurons.

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According to the mode of nutrition, chemosynthetic bacteria are classified as

Organisms capable of synthesizing organic substances from inorganic compounds using the energy of oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid are classified as

Autotrophic organisms include

1) higher plants 2) animals 3) fungi 4) pathogenic bacteria

Mold fungi according to the method of nutrition are classified as

Establish a correspondence between a group of organisms and the process of transformation of substances that is characteristic of it.

GROUP OF ORGANISMS

A) ferns B) iron bacteria C) brown algae

D) cyanobacteria D) green algae E) nitrifying bacteria

1) photosynthesis 2) Chemosynthesis

Free nitrogen from the atmosphere is able to assimilate

1) herbaceous plants 2) soil microorganisms

3) cap mushrooms 4) soil animals

Decay bacteria according to the type of nutrition are classified as

Nitrifying bacteria are

Organisms feed on ready-made organic substances

1) autotrophs 2) heterotrophs 3) chemotrophs 4) phototrophs

What organisms use the energy of oxidation of inorganic substances to synthesize organic compounds?

The autotrophs are

Eukaryotes that have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition include

1) plants 2) bacteria 3) fungi 4) bacteriophages

30. What type of nutrition is typical for lactic acid bacteria?