Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (Prince of Vladimir). Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich (1190–1246)

Yaroslav (Theodore) Vsevolodovich(February 8, 1190 or 1191 - September 30, 1246), in baptism Fedor is the son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, Prince of Pereyaslavl (1200-1206), Prince of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky (1212-1238), Grand Duke of Kiev (1236-1238, 1243-1246), Grand Duke of Vladimir (1238-1246), Prince of Novgorod (1215, 1221-1223, 1226-1229, 1231-1236).

Early biography

In 1200, Yaroslav was sent by his father to rule in Pereyaslavl. In 1206, after the death of Roman of Galicia and the beginning of the struggle for power in Galich, Yaroslav, at the invitation of the Hungarian king, went to Galich, but Vladimir Igorevich, a representative of the Chernigov Olgovichi, managed to go there before him. In response, Vsevolod Chermny, who occupied Kyiv, expelled Yaroslav from Pereyaslavl in 1206 and planted his son Mikhail there. In 1208, Yaroslav participated in the campaign against Ryazan and temporarily became his father's viceroy in the Ryazan principality, with the exception of Pronsk.

In 1215, when Mstislav Udatny left for the south, Yaroslav was called to reign in Veliky Novgorod. A struggle began between the princes of Vladimir and Smolensk, which continued intermittently until 1216. During one of the reconciliations, Yaroslav married a second marriage to the daughter of Mstislav Udatny.

Already being mortally ill, Vsevolod gave him Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. In the conflict that arose after the death of his father between his older brothers, Konstantin and Yuri, Yaroslav supported Yuri and was defeated along with him in the Battle of Lipitsa (1216).

Reigning in Novgorod and Kyiv

In 1222, after a campaign near Kes of a 12,000-strong army led by Yaroslav's younger brother Svyatoslav (in alliance with the Lithuanians), Yaroslav's nephew Vsevolod left Novgorod for Vladimir, and Yaroslav was invited to reign in Novgorod.

The period of 1222-1223 includes mass uprisings of Estonians against the power of the crusaders and their suppression. On August 15, 1223, the crusaders took Viljandi, where the Russian garrison was located. Henry of Latvia writes: As for the Russians who were in the castle, who came to the aid of the apostates, after the capture of the castle they were all hanged in front of the castle for the fear of other Russians ... Meanwhile, the elders from Sakkala were sent to Russia with money and many gifts to try to see if it would be possible to summon the Russian kings to help against the Teutons and all Latins. And the king of Suzdal sent his brother, and with him a lot of troops to help the Novgorodians; and the Novgorodians and the king of Pskov with his townspeople went with him, and there were about twenty thousand people in the army The Novgorod-Vladimir army, which set out from Novgorod not earlier than July, led by Yaroslav, did not have time to help the Viljandi garrison, but conducted a campaign near Revel, after which Vsevolod Yuryevich again became the prince of Novgorod.

In 1225 Yaroslav replaced Mikhail of Chernigov in Novgorod. In the same year, 7,000 Lithuanians devastated the villages near Torzhok, only three miles before reaching the city, killed many merchants and captured the entire Toropets volost. Yaroslav overtook them near Usvyat and defeated them, destroying 2000 people and taking away the booty. In 1227, Yaroslav went to the pit with the Novgorodians and repelled a retaliatory attack the following year. In the same year, 1227, he carried out the baptism of the Korela tribe.

After being approved for the reign of Chernigov (1226), Mikhail Vsevolodovich entered into a struggle with Yaroslav for Novgorod. Yaroslav suspected Yuri, who was married to Mikhail's sister, in alliance with him, and entered into negotiations with the nephews Konstantinovich, but the conflict did not flare up: Yaroslav and his nephews recognized Yuri father and master(1229). In 1231, Yaroslav and his brother Yuri of Vladimir invaded the Chernigov Principality, burned Serensk and besieged Mosalsk, after which the throne of Novgorod was occupied for a century only by the descendants of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

In 1228, Yaroslav brought regiments from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, intending to go to Riga, but the plan was upset because the Pskovites made peace with the order and feared that Yaroslav was actually planning to go to Pskov, and the Novgorodians refused to go without the Pskovians. In 1232, Pope Gregory IX called on the knights of the Order of the Sword to fight the Novgorodians, who were preventing the Catholicization of the Finnish tribes. In 1234, Yaroslav invaded the possessions of the Order near Dorpat and defeated the crusaders in the battle on Omovzha. As a result, a peace treaty was signed between Novgorod and the Order, according to which the eastern and southern parts of the Derpt bishopric went to Pskov.

In 1236, Yaroslav, with the help of the Novgorodians, established himself in Kiev, which stopped the struggle between the Chernigov-Seversky and Smolensk princes for him and concentrated, together with his elder brother Yuri Vsevolodovich Vladimirsky, two key princely tables at the time when the Mongols invaded Volga Bulgaria. In Novgorod, Yaroslav left his son Alexander (the future Nevsky) as his representative.

Reigning in Vladimir

In the spring of 1238, after the defeat of North-Eastern Rus' by the Mongol-Tatars and the death of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich, Yaroslav returned to the Vladimir-Suzdal land, and, as the next brother in seniority, took the Vladimir Grand Duke's table. In 1239, he went near Smolensk to drive out the Lithuanian regiments, almost simultaneously with the Chernigov-Galician campaign against Lithuania. The representative of the local dynasty, Vsevolod Mstislavich, returned to the throne. Around the same time, the Mongols ravaged Ryazan (secondarily), Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and Pereyaslavl-Russian. Yaroslav did not oppose them.

Chorikov B. Grand Duke Yaroslav, after the devastation of Rus' by the Tatars, resumes cities

After the capture of Chernigov by the Mongols in the autumn of 1239, the Laurentian Chronicle records the capture Yaroslav family of Mikhail of Chernigov in Kamenets on the Kiev-Volyn border. Gorsky A.A. connects this with the campaign of Yaroslav to the south, as a result of which Kyiv was occupied by the representative of the Smolensk dynasty, Rostislav Mstislavich. According to another point of view (Grushevsky M.S., Mayorov A.V.), the capture of Mikhail's family was carried out by Yaroslav Ingvarevich, assistant of Daniil Galitsky.

In 1242, Yaroslav sent an army led by his son Andrei to help the Novgorodians against the Livonian knights (Battle on the Ice).

In 1243, Yaroslav was the first of the Russian princes to be summoned to the Golden Horde to Batu. It was approved in the Vladimir and, apparently, Kiev principalities and was recognized " grow old with all the prince in the Russian language". Yaroslav did not go to Kiev (putting Dmitri Yeikovich as governor there), but chose Vladimir as his residence, thereby completing the long process of moving the nominal capital of Rus' from Kiev to Vladimir, begun by Andrey Bogolyubsky.

Yaroslav's son Konstantin remained in the Horde. In 1245 he was released and told that the khan demanded Yaroslav himself. Yaroslav with his brothers and nephews came to Batu. Some of the cases were resolved in the Horde, Svyatoslav and Ivan Vsevolodovich and their nephews went home, and Batu sent Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum. Yaroslav set off on a long journey and in August 1246 arrived in Mongolia, where he witnessed the accession of the great Khan Guyuk.

Death

Yaroslav confirmed the label in 1246 with Khan Guyuk. Yaroslav was called to the mother of the Great Khan - Turakina, who, as if wanting to honor the Russian prince, gave him food and drink from her own hands. Returning from the khansha, Yaroslav fell ill and died seven days later on September 30, and his body turned blue in an amazing way, which is why everyone thought that the khansha had poisoned him. Almost simultaneously (September 20), the second of the three most influential Russian princes was killed in the Volga Horde - 67-year-old Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky, who, according to legend, refused to undergo the rite of pagan worship (almost a year earlier, Daniil Galitsky, during a personal visit to Batu, admitted dependence on the khans).

Marriage and children

First wife: since 1205, daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Yuri Konchakovich.
Second wife: from 1214, Rostislav-Feodosiya, in tonsure Euphrosyne (? -1244), daughter of Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny, Prince of Toropetsk. When Yaroslav failed in the fight against the princes, including his father-in-law, he took his daughter to him and did not give it away, despite the pleas of her husband. She did return soon after. It was she, apparently, who was the mother of all his sons.
Some researchers believe that Yaroslav divorced his second wife by 1216. And by 1218 he married for the third time Theodosius / Efrosinya, the daughter of Igor Glebovich, from whom all the children were born.

Fedor(1220-1233), Prince of Novgorod, died before his wedding at the age of 13
Alexander Nevskiy(1221-1263), prince of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Vladimir
name unknown(1222-1238), prince of Tver
Andrey(1225-1264), Prince of Suzdal, Grand Duke of Vladimir
Michael Horobrit(1226-1248), Prince of Moscow, Grand Duke of Vladimir
Daniel (1227-1256)
Yaroslav(1229-1271), Prince of Tver, Grand Duke of Vladimir
Konstantin(1231-1255), prince of Galich-Mersky
Athanasius(born and died 1239)
Maria(born and died 1240.)
Vasily Kvashnya(1241-1276), Prince of Kostroma, Grand Duke of Vladimir
Ulyana (Evdokia)(born and died 1243)

The five sons of Yaroslav (Mikhail - Andrei - Alexander - Yaroslav - Vasily) were the great princes of Vladimir in the period from 1248 to 1277. Fedor, Alexander and Yaroslav were also princes of Novgorod.

Yaroslav II (Theodore) Vsevolodovich

Yaroslav II (Theodore) Vsevolodovich (February 8, 1191 - September 30, 1246) - the son of Vsevolod the Big Nest and the Czech princess Maria Shvarnovna, father of Alexander Nevsky.
Wives:
1) from 1205, the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Yuri Konchakonich;
2) from 1214, the daughter of Prince. Smolensky Mstislav Mstislavich Udaly, Prince. Rostislav († 4 May 1244). Children from this marriage: Yaroslav Tverskoy and Vasily Mizinny.
Father . Prince Pereyaslavsky: 1201 -1206

In 1201, Yaroslav was appointed father () prince of southern Pereyaslavl.
In 1203 he went to the Polovtsians.
In 1206, after the death of Roman of Galicia and the beginning of the struggle for power in Galich, Yaroslav, at the invitation of the Hungarian king, went to Galich, but Vladimir Igorevich, a representative of the Chernigov Olgovichi, managed to go there before him. In response, Vsevolod Chermny, who occupied Kyiv, expelled Yaroslav from Pereyaslavl in 1206 and imprisoned his son Mikhail there.

Prince of Galich: 1206 - 1212

In 1206, the inhabitants of the city of Galich (in Chervonnaya Rus) elected him a prince, but Yaroslav was expelled from there by Prince Rurik Rostislavich and his allies, who decided to give Galich to Vladimir Igorevich, the prince of Seversk.

Prince Pereyaslavl-Zalessky: 1212 - 1208

Yaroslav returned to his Pereyaslavl, but from there he was soon expelled by Vsevolod Chermny, the prince of Chernigov.

Prince-viceroy of Ryazan - 1208

In 1208, Yaroslav was sent by his father to reign in Ryazan after Prince Roman Glebovich, after the campaign of Vsevolod III against the Ryazan principality, in which Yaroslav also took part. Ryazanians soon rebelled against Yaroslav, for which Ryazan was burned by Vsevolod, and Yaroslav retired to the Vladimir principality. Gleb Vladimirovich becomes his successor in Ryazan.
In 1209, Yaroslav was sent by his father along with his older brothers against Novgorod, who wanted to install Mstislav Mstislavich as his prince, which Vsevolod III did not like; the matter ended with the reconciliation of the parties.
After the death of Vsevolod III (1212), in the struggle of his elder brothers over the great reign, Yaroslav took the side of Yuri against Constantine.

Prince of Novgorod: 1215, 1222 - 1223, 1225 - 1228, 1230 - 1236

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Fresco of the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa near Novgorod. About 1246.

Prince Torzhsky: 1215 - 1216

In 1215, Yaroslav was invited to the princely table by the Novgorodians, where he was solemnly received by Archbishop Anthony and the inhabitants. Prince Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy, who had just left Novgorod, left many of his supporters here. He began to reign with incredible severity and autocracy, seized the Novgorod thousand (Yakun Zubolomich) and Novotorzhsky posadnik and sent them in chains to Tver. Then he gathered a veche against Tysyatsky Yakun Namnezhich. In the evening, the people rushed to rob Yakunov's yard, and the inhabitants of Prusskaya Street killed the boyar Ovstrat and his son. Yaroslav did not like such self-will, he did not want to stay further in Novgorod, went to Torzhok, sat down to reign here, and planted a governor in Novgorod, following in this case the example of his grandfather, uncle and father, who left the old one and approved their stay in new cities.
Soon a favorable opportunity presented itself for him to constrain Novgorod and bring it completely into his own will: the frost beat all the bread in the Novgorod volost in the fall, only in Torzhok everything was intact. Yaroslav ordered that not a single cartload of bread from the Lower Land be allowed to enter Novgorod; in such need, the Novgorodians sent three boyars to him with a request to move in with them again. Yaroslav detained the messengers. And meanwhile, hunger intensified, poor people ate pine bark, linden leaves, moss, gave their children to eternal servitude; the corpses of the dead lay everywhere - in the market, along the streets and across the field, the dogs did not have time to eat them; most of the warriors died of hunger, the rest fled to foreign countries. Novgorodians sent the posadnik Yuri Ivanovich and other noble people to Yaroslav to call him again, he ordered them to be detained, and instead of answering, he sent two of his boyars to Novgorod to bring his wife out of there. Then the Novgorodians sent to him with the last speech: “Go to your homeland, to St. Sophia, but you won’t, so tell me straight. Yaroslav detained the ambassadors, detained all the guests of Novgorod, and there was sadness and a cry in Novgorod, says the chronicler. Yaroslav's calculation was correct: it was difficult for the Novgorodian antiquity to resist under such circumstances, but old Rus' was still strong with its Mstislav.
Having learned what evil was being done in Novgorod, Mstislav Udaloy, on February 2, 1216, arrived there, grabbed Yaroslav's mayor Khot Grigorievich, reforged all his nobles, drove into Yaroslav's court and kissed the cross to the Novgorodians, and Novgorodians to him - not to part either in the stomach or in death .

Yaroslav, having learned about the Novgorod news, began to prepare for war, ordered to make notches along the Novgorod road to the Tvertsa River, and sent 100 people from his inhabitants, who seemed to him loyal, to Novgorod with instructions to raise a rebellion against Mstislav and escort him out of the city. However, these 100 people, as soon as they arrived in Novgorod, so unanimously went over to the side of Mstislav, who sent a priest to Torzhok to say to Yaroslav: “Son! I bow to you: let your husbands and guests go, come out of Torzhok and take love with me!

Yaroslav did not like this proposal; he released the priest without an answer, and called all the Novgorodians detained in Torzhok, numbering more than 2000, to the field outside the city, ordered them to be seized, put in chains and sent to their cities, and distributed their property and horses to the squad. This move had the opposite effect.
All the remaining Novgorodians on March 1, 1216, together with Mstislav, opposed Yaroslav. On the Vazuz River, Mstislav joined his cousin Vladimir Rurikovich Smolensky. Despite this, he again sent peace proposals to Yaroslav, but he ordered to answer: “I don’t want peace; let's go - so go; one of yours will have a hundred of ours. Then Mstislav and Vladimir moved to Tver and began to capture and burn the villages. Upon learning of this, Yaroslav left Torzhok for Tver. Mstislav went further and began to ruin the Pereyaslav volost, and sent to Konstantin Rostov with a proposal of an alliance. Konstantin immediately connected with him, Yaroslav came to the aid of the brothers Yuri, Svyatoslav and Vladimir. Together with them was all the power of the Suzdal land; they drove everyone - townspeople and villagers - who did not have a horse, he walked. It was a terrible miracle and wondrous, says the chronicler: sons went against fathers, fathers against children, brother against brother, slaves against master, and masters against slaves. Vsevolodovichi stood on the Kze River, and Mstislav sent a message to Yaroslav: “Let the Novgorodians and Novotorzhians go, return the Novgorod volosts that you captured; reconcile with us and kiss the cross, and shed no blood. Yaroslav refused: “I don’t want peace, I don’t let Novgorodians and Novotorzhets go; you went far, but you came out like a dry fish.

Vsevolodovichi, confident in their strength, led the way to battle. Mstislav retreated to the Lipitsa River (near the city of Yuryev-Polsky), and here on April 21 a big battle took place.
The Novgorodians hit Yaroslav's regiments with such force that the Pereyaslavites could not stand it and fled, and after a fierce battle, the entire army also fled. Yaroslav ran to Pereyaslavl on the fifth horse, driving four, and closed himself in the city. The first evil was not enough for him, says the chronicler, he was not satisfied with human blood, having beaten many people in Novgorod, both in Torzhok and on Voloka, this was not enough for him; running to Pereyaslavl, he ordered to intercept all the Novgorodians and Smolensk people who had entered his land for trade, and ordered them to be thrown into the cellar, others into a cramped hut, where they all died to the death of a hundred and fifty.

The helmet of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, lost by him in 1216 and found in 1808

In the meantime, Yuri surrendered Vladimir to the Mstislavichs (his brother Konstantin sat here), and he himself went to Radilov on the Volga. But Yaroslav did not want to submit, locked himself in Pereyaslavl and thought that he would sit here, but when Mstislav and Konstantin moved to Pereyaslavl, he got scared and began to send them asking for peace, and then he himself came to his brother Konstantin, hit him with his forehead and said, "Sir! I am in your will: do not betray me to my father-in-law Mstislav and Vladimir Rurikovich, but feed me bread yourself. Konstantin reconciled him with Mstislav on the road, and when the princes came to Pereyaslavl, Yaroslav endowed them and the governor with rich gifts. Mstislav, taking gifts, sent to the city for his daughter, his wife Yaroslavova. Yaroslav more than once sent to him with a request to return his wife to him, but Mstislav did not agree.
In 1218 Mstislav left Novgorod and went to Galich. Troubles began again among the Novgorodians, and in order to stop them, they were forced to again ask the prince from Yuri Vsevolodovich.
In 1222, after a campaign near Kes of a 12,000-strong army led by Yaroslav's younger brother Svyatoslav (in alliance with the Lithuanians), Yaroslav's nephew Vsevolod left Novgorod for Vladimir, and Yaroslav was invited to reign in Novgorod.
Novgorodians were glad to Yaroslav, says the chronicler.
By the period 1222-1223. include mass uprisings of Estonians against the power of the crusaders and their suppression. On August 15, 1223, the crusaders took Viljandi, where the Russian garrison was located. Henry of Latvia writes: As for the Russians who were in the castle, who came to the aid of the apostates, after the capture of the castle they were all hanged in front of the castle for the fear of other Russians. Meanwhile, the elders from Sakkala were sent to Russia with money and many gifts to see if it would be possible to call on the Russian kings for help against the Teutons and all the Latins. And the king of Suzdal sent his brother, and with him a lot of troops to help the Novgorodians; and the Novgorodians and the king of Pskov with his townspeople went with him, and there were only about twenty thousand people in the army. In 1223, Yaroslav led the 20,000th Novgorod-Vladimir army in a campaign near Revel, after which Vsevolod Yuryevich again became the prince of Novgorod.
Yaroslav devastated the entire Peipsi land, took a lot of booty and was full, but he could not take the city. Soon Yaroslav voluntarily left Novgorod (about 1224).
In 1225, Yaroslav replaced Mikhail of Chernigov in Novgorod.
In the same year, 7,000 Lithuanians devastated the villages near Torzhok, only three miles before reaching the city, killed many merchants and captured the entire Toropets volost. Yaroslav caught up with them near Usvyat, defeated, destroyed 2000 people and took away the booty.
In the winter of 1227, Yaroslav went to Finland to Em (Yam), "where, according to the chronicle, not a single Russian prince can be, and their whole land is captured."
In 1227, without any violence on his part, he baptized the Korels, the neighbors of Yemi.
In the same year, Yaroslav quarreled with the Novgorodians over Pskov, which he wanted to completely subordinate to his will; he demanded that the Novgorodians go with him to Pskov, but they refused.
Yaroslav left for Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, leaving his sons (Fyodor and Alexander) in Novgorod.
In 1228, Yaroslav brought regiments from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, intending to go to Riga, but the plan was upset because the Pskovites made peace with the order and feared that Yaroslav was actually planning to go to Pskov, and the Novgorodians refused to go without the Pskovians.
In the same 1228, Yaroslav participated in the campaign of his brother Yuri against Mordva, then captured the Novgorod volost Volok; Novgorodians sent ambassadors demanding the return of Volok; Yaroslav not only did not give him up, but kept the ambassador in captivity.
In 1230, Yaroslav was again called to reign by the Novgorodians.
In 1232, Pope Gregory IX called on the knights of the Order of the Sword to fight Orthodoxy. In 1234, Yaroslav invaded Derpt and won the battle on Omovzha. A peace treaty was signed between Novgorod and the Order, according to which the eastern and southern parts of the Derpt bishopric went to Pskov.

Grand Duke of Kiev: 1236 - 1238

In 1236, having learned that Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigov was engaged in a difficult war with the Galician princes Daniil and Vasilko Romanovich, Yaroslav left his son Alexander in Novgorod, took with him several noble Novgorodians, 100 Novotorzhan people, Pereyaslav and Rostov regiments, moved south, devastated Chernihiv volost and sat on the great reign in Kiev.
Having established himself in Kiev, he stopped the struggle between the Chernihiv-Seversky and Smolensk princes for him and concentrated, together with his elder brother Yuri Vsevolodovich Vladimirsky, two key princely tables at the time when the Mongols invaded Volga Bulgaria.
For more than a year he quietly reigned here, when suddenly the news came of the Tatar invasion and the terrible devastation of the Vladimir-Suzdal land. Leaving Kyiv, Yaroslav hurried to the north, but did not have time to arrive on time. Yuri Vsevolodovich was defeated in the City and died in the battle.
In 1238, Mikhail Vsevolodovich left his successors in Kyiv.

In 1238 formed Belozersk Principality(1238 - 1486) - the capital of Beloozero (now Belozersk), since 1432 Vereya.
Destinies:
- Sogozh principality around 1345 - 1375);
- Sheleshpan principality (c.1375 - 1410);
- Kem principality (c.1375 - 1430) - the capital is the village of Kem;
- Kargolom principality (c.1375 - 1430) - the capital is unknown;
- Debrinsky principality - the capital is unknown;
- Ukhtom principality (c.1410 - 1450) - the capital is unknown;
- Andoga Principality (c.1385 - 1430) - the capital is unknown;
- Vadbol principality (c.1410 - 1450) - the capital is unknown;
- Beloselsky principality (c.1385 - 1470) - the capital of the White Village;
In 1238 formed (1238 - 1460) - the capital of Starodub.

Grand Duke of Vladimir: 1238 - 1246

On March 4, 1238, Yuri, the Grand Duke of Vladimir, fell in a battle with the Tatars on the City River. Yaroslav, having learned about the death of his brother, came to reign in Vladimir.

The return of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to Vladimir after the invasion of Batu

Chorikov B. Grand Duke Yaroslav, after the ruin of Rus' by the Tatars, resumes the city

At this time, his capital city was a heap of ruins.
“Having ascended the throne of the Grand Duke in order to rule over the ruins, he took care, first of all, of the restoration of the cathedral church of the Assumption.
Having cleansed the temple of the body of the new Christian martyrs, he buried here, under the arches, in one chamber, all the dead grand-ducal family and St. Mitrofan, and then, not wanting to separate the remains of his valiant brother from the remains of his family, Grand Duke Yaroslav decided to transfer the relics to Vladimir St. Blessed Grand Duke George, who repented in the Rostov Cathedral, transferred there from the battlefield by Bishop Kirill of Rostov. Thus, under the ancient vaults of the cathedral church, the sufferers of the Russian land found temporary rest.
In difficult times of the Tatar yoke, the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral served as a unifying center for fragmented and captive Rus'. With its main shrine - the miraculous icon of the Mother of God, twice saved from fires, it attracted the archpastors of the Russian Church and for about a hundred years had a very important historical significance, as the main temple of the capital of the Grand Duke, as the cathedral church of the metropolitans of All Rus'. Georgievsky V., 1896 - The city of Vladimir on the Klyazma and its sights.
Yaroslav took care of putting the capital in order, of cleansing it of the corpses that filled not only courtyards and streets, but even temples; then he tried to gather and encourage the inhabitants who had fled from the Tatar invasion, consoled them and, as a senior, began to dispose of the volosts.
The Lithuanians, taking advantage of the cramped position of the north-east of Rus', disturbed Smolensk. Yaroslav went against them, defeated and captured their prince.
In 1239 he went near Smolensk to drive out the Lithuanian regiments.

1212-1216 and 1219-1238. - Grand Duke of Vladimir.
. mind. 1226
1238 - the capture of Suzdal and Vladimir by the troops of Batu Khan.

1238-1246 - Grand Duke of Vladimir.
. 1246-1248 - Grand Duke of Vladimir.
. 1248 - Grand Duke of Vladimir.
. 1249-1252 - Grand Duke of Vladimir.

Years of life: 1190-1246
Reign: 1236-1238

Yaroslav (Theodore) Vsevolodovich.
The third son of the Vladimir-Suzdal prince Vsevolod the Big Nest (mother - the Czech princess, Princess Maria), the grandson of the Kyiv prince Yuri Dolgoruky, was born on February 8, 1190.
From the family of Vladimir-Suzdal princes.

Prince Pereyaslavsky in 1201 - 1206
Prince Pereyaslavl-Zalessky in 1212 - 1238
Prince of Novgorod in 1215, 1221 - 1223, 1224 - 1228, 1230 - 1236
Prince Torzhsky in 1215 - 1216
Grand Duke of Kiev in 1236 - 1238
Grand Duke Vladimirsky in 1238 - 1246

In the Laurentian Chronicle under 1201 it is written that Vsevolod Yuryevich put his son Yaroslav to reign in Pereyaslavl-Russian and he reigned for 7 years. Upon returning to North-Eastern Rus' Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received from his father Pereyaslavl-Zalessky.

In 1209 Vsevolod the Big Nest sent Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to reign in Ryazan, where all the cities took the oath of allegiance to Yaroslav, and in them he planted his governors. But he did not reign there for long. Soon the Ryazanians seized and arrested his posadniks, and they wanted to extradite Yaroslav himself to the Chernigov princes. Upon learning of this, Vsevolod came to Ryazan and burned the city. After that, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich again returned to reign in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky.

In 1212, after the death of his father, Yaroslav got Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Volokolamsk and Tver, Nerokhot (Nerekhta?) and Dmitrov. Civil strife began between the sons of Vsevolod Yuri and Konstantin. Yaroslav took the side of Yuri and twice in 1213 and 1214. helped him in disputes, but there were no battles.

In 1215, Yaroslav was invited by the Novgorodians to reign. There he immediately began to crack down on boyars who were objectionable to him. The townspeople expelled him from Novgorod. He left for Torzhok, from where he tried to create a kind of blockade of Novgorod in order to subjugate its inhabitants. At the invitation of the Novgorodians, the squads of Mstislav and his allies inflicted a crushing defeat on the squads of Yuri, Yaroslav and Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich in the Battle of Lipetsk. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich went to reign in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Thus, he temporarily had to give up his claims to Novgorod.

The second time Yaroslav received the reign in Novgorod in the spring of 1223 and lived there for about a year.

In 1226, the Novgorodians called him to reign for the third time. This time he stayed there until the winter of 1228.

In 1225, the Lithuanians devastated the villages near Torzhok, killed the merchants and captured the Toropets volost. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich defeated them near Usvyat and took away the booty. In 1227, Yaroslav went to the pit with the Novgorodians and brought with him many prisoners. The next year he went to Pereyaslavl, leaving his sons in Novgorod. In 1230, on December 30, the Novgorodians again sent for Yaroslav, who immediately arrived, but still did not live permanently in Novgorod. Despite this, he remained the chief prince of Novgorod and later (until 1236) actively participated in Novgorod affairs.

In 1234 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich with his regiments and Novgorodians opposed the Germans under Yuryev. The Russians were victorious. Yaroslav made peace with them on favorable terms.

Around 1236, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich succeeded in capturing Kyiv and became the Grand Duke. However, he failed to hold the throne and left for North-Eastern Rus'.

In 1238, after the death of his brother Yuri in a battle with the Tatars, Yaroslav occupied the throne of Vladimir. He began to take care of restoring order and prosperity in the Russian land devastated by the Tatars, and also tried to repel the Lithuanian attack on the Smolensk land, where Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich was imprisoned.

In the early 40s of the XIII century, Yaroslav again made an attempt to subjugate Kyiv with the help of Batu. When Batu returned from his campaign to the southwest and settled in Saray, Yaroslav in 1243 was the first to fulfill the Khan's demand and came to bow to him.

In 1245 Yaroslav's son Konstantin was sent by his father to Mongolia to the Great Khan. Konstantin returned and said that Ogedei demanded to himself Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Yaroslav went on a long journey and in August 1246 arrived in Mongolia, where he witnessed the accession of Kayuk, the son of Ogedeev.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was called to the mother of the great khan, who, allegedly wanting to honor the Russian prince, gave him food and drink from her own hands. Returning from her, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich fell ill and died after 7 days, while his body turned blue, which is why a version of poisoning arose.
He died in 1246 on September 30.
The body of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was brought to Rus' and laid to rest in the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was married twice:
1) from 1205 to the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Yuri Konchakonich and the granddaughter of Khan Konchak;
2) from 1214 to the daughter of the Prince of Smolensk Mstislav Mstislavich Udaly, Princess Rostislav (+ May 4, 1244). Children from this marriage: Yaroslav Tverskoy and Vasily Mizinny. And also Fedor, Alexander, Andrey, Mikhail, Daniel, Konstantin, Athanasius, Maria, Evdokia, Ulyana.

Yaroslav's appeal to children before his death:
“O my beloved sons, the fruit of my womb, the brave and wise Alexander, and the hasty Andrei, and the daring Konstantin, and Yaroslav, and the dear Danila, and the good Michael! Awake the true champions of piety, and the majesty of the power of the Russians, approved by God, the patroness. God's grace and mercy and blessing upon you may be multiplied in generations and generations forever. I already don’t have to see you, nor in the land of the judgments of life; already more my strength is exhausted and the death of my life draws near. But you do not despise my two daughters, Evdokia and Ulyaniya, your sisters, even for them this present time is bitterest of bile and wormwood; but both God is an orphan helper and glory to all his righteous destinies.

YAROSLAV

1238-1246

Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1191-1246) - Prince of Vladimir,

Prince Pereyaslav-Zalessky, Prince Pereyaslavsky,

Prince of Novgorod

Prince of Vladimir, Grand Duke of Kiev;

son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, father of Alexander Nevsky.

Participated in the civil strife of the princes, waged an active struggle for power with numerous relatives.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was the first of the Russian princes during the Tatar-Mongol invasion received from the Tatar Khan a label to reign in the new capital of Ancient Rus' - the city of Vladimir.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. short biography

Prince Yaroslav was born in 1191 and was one of the numerous offspring of Vsevolod the Big Nest. In 1212, after the death of his father, Yaroslav became a prince in the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, but he was soon forced to leave it in order to take part in the struggle for power between his two brothers - Yuri (Yaroslav spoke on his side) and Konstantin - in 1213 and 1214.

After the civil strife between the brothers, he took an active part in the struggle for Novgorod, which continued with varying success from 1215 to 1236 (during this period, Yaroslav gained and lost the title of Prince of Novgorod several times). In 1236, he became Prince of Vladimir, appearing to bow to the Golden Horde and receiving a label for reigning there.

Death overtook Yaroslav during his second trip to the Golden Horde, when he was called to bow to the mother of the khan, where he accepted a treat from her hands. A week later, Yaroslav died. The exact cause of death is unknown, but it is believed that the prince could have been poisoned.

The struggle of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for power

In domestic politics, Yaroslav's many years of struggle for the right to reign in Novgorod is especially noteworthy. It was first called by the Novgorodians in 1215, when Mstislav Mstislavich left the city. Yaroslav arrived in the city, but was dissatisfied with the unrest that happened there because of his arrival, so he soon left to reign in Torzhok, accepting, however, the title of Prince of Novgorod. The governor of Yaroslav remained in Novgorod. Some time later, Yaroslav, by cunning and force, tried to seize power in Novgorod during the famine that overtook the city, refusing help and sending messengers back from Novgorod. Mstislav found out about the difficult situation in the city and immediately offered Yaroslav to release all the captured Novgorodians, but he refused. Thus began a long struggle.

On March 1, 1216, Mstislav, dissatisfied with the behavior of Yaroslav and worried about the Novgorodians, gathered the townspeople and moved to Torzhok with an offer of a truce. Yaroslav rejected the offer, and Mstislav's army moved towards Tver, ruining all the cities along the way. Soon Mstislav was joined by the brother of Yaroslav himself Konstantin (against whom Yaroslav fought in his time), Yuri, Svyatoslav and Vladimir sided with Yaroslav. An internecine conflict ensued.

On April 21, 1216, the famous battle took place on the Lipitsa River between the troops of Mstislav and Yaroslav, as a result of which Yaroslav was defeated and was forced to give the title of Prince of Novgorod back to Mstislav.

However, the struggle for Novgorod did not end there. Yaroslav several times became the prince of Novgorod: in 1218 his fathers were sent there, in 1221 and 1224 he was called to reign by the townspeople themselves. Only after being called up in 1224, Yaroslav finally remained in Novgorod for a long time in the title of prince and began to rule the city.

Already, together with the Novgorodians, Yaroslav made several successful military campaigns. In 1225, he opposed the Lithuanians, driving them from the Russian lands back to the Principality of Lithuania, in 1227 a campaign against the Finnish tribes took place on Yam, and in 1228 Yaroslav successfully repelled a retaliatory attack from the Finns.

In 1226, Yaroslav again had to prove his right to rule in Novgorod. This time, Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov opposed him, but the struggle was not crowned with success for Mikhail. Moreover, in 1231, Yaroslav, together with his brother Yuri, gathered an army and invaded Chernigov.

In 1234, Yaroslav opposed the German army near the city of Yuryev, the result of the battle was the defeat of the enemy troops and a peace favorable to Rus'.

In 1236, Yaroslav received the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv and went to Kyiv, leaving his son in Novgorod.

In 1238, Yaroslav returned to Vladimir and began to reign there. After several years of successful reign, during which Vladimir finally becomes the capital of Rus', Yaroslav receives an order to appear from Batu Khan. From a trip to the Golden Horde, Yaroslav returns with a label for the Great reign in Vladimir. During this period, Kyiv finally loses the status of the capital of Ancient Rus'.

The results of the reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

During the years of Yaroslav's reign, Vladimir officially becomes the new capital of Rus', Kyiv loses its political and economic power. Also, thanks to the activities of Yaroslav, Rus' was able to recover after the attack of the Western crusaders, while maintaining its statehood and not disintegrating into separate territories.

In foreign policy, Yaroslav tried to regulate relations with the Golden Horde, as well as to protect the country, which was already in a difficult situation, from attacks by the Germans and Lithuanians.

Grand Duke of Vladimir, father of Alexander Nevsky.

Titles: Prince of Pereyaslav, Prince of Pereyaslav-Zalessky, Grand Duke of Kiev, Grand Duke of Vladimir, Prince of Novgorod. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich twice visited the Golden Horde, the first of the princes to receive a label from the Tatar-Mongol to reign in Vladimir, the new capital of Rus'.

Brief biography of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

Yaroslav was born in 1191 and was the fourth son of Prince Vsevolod Yurievich, who had a huge number of heirs. After the death of his father in 1212, Yaroslav occupied Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, but very soon he was forced to leave the city and take part in his brothers - Yuri and Konstantin. Yaroslav stood on the side of Yuri and twice came to his aid with his army - in 1213 and 1214.

From 1215 to 1236, he participated in the struggle for Novgorod, lost and regained the title of Prince of Novgorod several times. From 1236 - Prince of Vladimir.

During his second trip to the Golden Horde in 1246, he was called to bow to the mother of Khan Guyuk. A week after this visit, Yaroslav fell seriously ill and died. The exact cause of death is unknown, but it is believed that Yaroslav could have been poisoned, and one of his own boyars could have been involved in his death.

Domestic and foreign policy of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

In 1215 Prince Mstislav Mstislavich left Novgorod, and the people of Novgorod sent to Yaroslav, urging him to reign. Yaroslav arrived in Novgorod, but the unrest that began there after his arrival did not please Yaroslav, and he left to reign in Torzhok, and left his governor in Novgorod.

A little later, Yaroslav, having learned about the famine in Novgorod, tried to gain power there by cunning, refusing to come to the rescue, sending messengers and detaining all the Novgorodians who came to him in Torzhok. Having learned about what was happening in the city, Mstislav Mstislavich suggested that Yaroslav release all the prisoners. Yaroslav left the message unanswered, gathered all the prisoners, ordered them to be chained and sent to the cities, and their property to be distributed to the squad.

As a result, on March 1, 1216, Mstislav, dissatisfied with such behavior of Yaroslav, gathered the remaining Novgorodians, and they moved to Torzhok with another offer of a truce. Yaroslav again refused, then Mstislav went to Tver, ruining and burning villages along the way. Yaroslav's brother Konstantin joined Mstislav, while Yuri, Svyatoslav and Vladimir supported Yaroslav.

April 21, 1216 on the river. Lipica was a major battle between the two armies. As a result of the battle, Yaroslav's army was defeated, and Mstislav began to rule in Novgorod.

However, several more times Yaroslav went to Novgorod - in 1218 (he was sent by his father), in 1221 and 1224. (Novgorodians themselves called him). The last attempt was successful, and Yaroslav remained in Novgorod.

Together with the Novgorod army, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich made a number of successful campaigns. In 1225, he successfully carried out a defensive operation against the Lithuanians, drove them from the Russian lands and ruined their army. In 1227 he made a campaign against Yam, and in 1228 he successfully repelled a retaliatory attack.

In 1226, Mikhail Vsevolodovich (Prince of Chernigov) entered into a struggle with Yaroslav for Novgorod, but lost. In 1231, Yaroslav and his brother Yuri invaded Chernigov, burned Serensk and besieged Mosalsk.

In 1234, Yaroslav with his army opposed the Germans near the city of Yuryev. After the victory and defeat of the German army, Yaroslav concluded a favorable peace with the Germans.

In 1236, Yaroslav went to reign in Kyiv, leaving his son in Novgorod.

In 1238, after the death of Yuri Vsevolodovich, Yaroslav returned to Vladimir and began to reign there. For several years he successfully runs the city, after which, in 1243, Batu Khan calls him to him to present a label for a great reign. However, Yaroslav does not go to Kyiv, but returns to Vladimir, as a result of which the capital of the state is finally transferred there. Kyiv loses the status of the main city of Rus'.

The results of the reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

As a result of the reign of Yaroslav, the political and economic center of Rus' was finally transferred to Vladimir. In foreign policy, Yaroslav set the main task of settling relations with, from whose hands he received the devastated Kyiv. In addition, Yaroslav made a number of successful campaigns against the Germans and Lithuanians, securing the country, which was already in a difficult situation, from attack.

Although Rus' was under the yoke of the Tatars and became an object, Yaroslav was able to maintain statehood in Rus' and keep the country from disintegration and ruin, which later allowed his descendants to free themselves from the yoke and win independence.