The appeal of researchers to the study of the speech behavior of communicants is determined by the peculiarities of the modern language situation, which was formed at the turn of the century, during a change in economic civilization, major social upheavals.

The undoubted result of the democratization of our society was the aggravation of interest in the problems of national self-consciousness, spiritual revival, accompanied by the formation of a new "paradigm of existence", which is an invisible and intangible reality - a system of human values. Human values ​​are the world of meanings, attitudes, ideas, constituting the core of the spiritual culture of the human community, developed over generations1. There are different types of cultures, characterized by the fact that they have different value dominants, and in the interaction of people who profess different spiritual values, conflicts of cultures and values ​​arise.

Epochs of social revolutions are always accompanied by a breaking of public consciousness. The clash of old ideas with new ones leads to a tough cognitive conflict that spreads to the pages of newspapers and magazines, to TV screens. Cognitive conflict spreads

1 See different definitions of values: “This is a world of meanings, thanks to which a person joins something more important and permanent than his own empirical existence” [Zdravomyslov 1996: 149]; “These are social, psychological views shared by the people and inherited by each new generation” [Sternin 1996: 17]; “They arise on the basis of knowledge and information, a person’s life experience and represent a personally colored attitude to the world” [Gurevich 1995: 120]. and the sphere of interpersonal relations. Researchers assess the period we are experiencing as revolutionary: evaluative correlates of good-bad, structuring our experience and turning our actions into deeds, are blurred; psychological discomfort and cognitive processes specific to the revolutionary situation are born: the mobilization of new values, the actualization of the values ​​of the immediately preceding socio-political period, the actualization of culturally determined values ​​that have deep roots in the public consciousness of society [Baranov 1990a: 167].

This process is accompanied by an increase in social tension, confusion, discomfort, stress, and, according to psychologists, the loss of integrating identification, the loss of hope and life perspective, the emergence of feelings of doom and lack of meaning in life [Sosnin 1997: 55]. There is a resuscitation of some cultural values ​​and devaluation of others, the introduction of new cultural values ​​into the cultural space [Kupina, Shalina 1997: 30]. Such a psychological state gives rise to various negative emotions: “For today's Russians, it is 'despair', 'fear', 'embarrassment', 'disrespect'” [Shakhovsky 1991: 30]; there is a certain reaction to the source of disappointment, which is realized in the search for those responsible for this state; there is a desire to release the accumulated negative emotions. This state becomes an incentive mechanism for generating conflicts. As V. I. Shakhovsky notes, emotions, being an important element of culture, “are verbalized both in the social and emotional index, consonant with chronotopic national trends, through the corresponding emotive signs of the language” [Shakhovsky 1991: 30]. Thus, the mental state and mood of a person are reflected in his linguistic consciousness and take on verbalized forms of existence.

The communicative behavior of a person is determined by social (economic and political) factors, they affect the psychological state of the individual and affect the linguistic consciousness of the communicant. The description of the factors that determine the speech behavior of a person in the conflict zone, the study of the linguistic, social and psychological nature of the speech conflict belongs to the priority and promising direction of various fields of knowledge and is at the initial stage of study. With all the breadth and variety of studies of effective communicative behavior, this problem has not received full coverage. The need to study the optimal ways of teaching corporate, harmonious speech behavior, speech tactics for regulating behavior in conflict situations determines the appeal to the study of social and communicative interaction in a speech conflict.

The dissertation work is devoted to a comprehensive study of speech conflict, the identification of its linguistic specificity.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to develop theoretical foundations and practical methods for linguistic research of conflict and harmonious social and communicative interaction and the unresolved nature of this most important problem in relation to the modern language situation. Today, the interaction of linguistics with other sciences, the multidimensionality and complexity in the study of both the process of speech activity itself and its result are relevant. It is this integrated approach that is implemented in the dissertation research. The focus of the author's attention is on a "speaking person", whose speech activity cumulates certain socio-cultural states. The study of speech conflict is carried out within the framework of all the leading areas of modern linguistics: linguocognitive, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic and linguocultural. The heightened interest in the problems of speech conflict and the harmonization of speech communication was also expressed within the framework of a new branch of anthropocentric linguistics - speech conflictology.

However, despite the intensification of research in the field of linguistic conflictology [Andreev 1992, Speech aggression. 1997, Aspects of speech conflictology 1996,

Shalina 1998 and others], many questions concerning the nature and typology of speech conflicts cannot be considered finally resolved. In particular, questions about markers of disharmony and speech conflict in a communicative act, cooperative and confrontational strategies and tactics of speech, and functional models of harmonizing speech behavior remain open.

The relevance of the work is also connected with the need for general linguistic education of the society and education of communication tolerance among native speakers, which requires, firstly, a complete consistent theory of discursive harmony / disharmony, and secondly, a description of strategies and tactics of this kind within the boundaries of Russian communication traditions and communicative norms of this linguistic culture. noah community.

The subject of research in the dissertation is the semantic structure of conflict and harmoniously marked communicative acts (conversational dialogues) as a set of speech actions performed by communicants. They are holistic dialogic units, characterized by the unity of form and content, coherence and completeness, and ensuring the realization of the author's intention. At the same time, the focus is on linguistic and speech activity means of expressing the conflict and harmonious speech behavior of communicants. The subject of attention is also cognitive structures (knowledge about a fragment of the world, including a communicative situation) as a source of verbalized conflict.

The studied materials are dialogues reproduced in fiction and periodical literature, as well as live conversational dialogues of Ural townspeople, recorded by the author, teachers; graduate students and students of the Ural State Pedagogical University. The volume of the studied material is 400 text fragments, which in written fixation is more than 200 pages of printed text. The collection of live conversational material was carried out in the natural conditions of communication by the method of participant observation, by the method of covert recording.

In the process of selecting material for research, the author was guided by the methodological position on the national and cultural specifics of communication. The author's attention was drawn to colloquial dialogues, in which Russian verbal communication is reflected extremely reliably. The source of the material was the realistic prose of modern Russian writers and the speech of native speakers of the Russian language in casual speech communication. The texts of Russian classical literature are sometimes used for comparison.

Goals and tasks of the work. The main goal of the work is to build a holistic, consistent concept of speech conflict and harmonization of communication, to identify the features of their manifestation in Russian linguistic culture. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following main tasks:

1) justify the concept of "speech conflict";

2) to determine the essence and main features of a speech conflict as a cognitive and linguocultural phenomenon, verbally framed in the type of text built according to the canons of Russian society;

3) to establish the denotative space of the speech conflict and the factors that determine the origin, development and resolution of the speech conflict;

4) identify and describe linguistic and pragmatic indicators (markers) of communicative failure and speech conflict in recorded texts;

5) create a classification of speech strategies and tactics according to the type of dialogic interaction (conflict and harmonious);

6) to determine the role of the individual's personal qualities in the development and resolution of a conflict-generating communicative situation, to create a unified classification of linguistic personalities according to the ability to cooperate in dialogical interaction;

7) develop parameters and identify components of cultural and communicative scenarios, build scenarios that are most indicative from the standpoint of the conflict of speech genres;

8) to build basic models of harmonizing speech behavior in various conflict-type situations.

The dissertation research is based on the hypothesis of a speech conflict as a special communicative event that takes place in time, has its own stages of development, and is realized by specific multi-level linguistic and pragmatic means. Speech conflict proceeds according to typical scenarios of speech communication, the existence of which is due to linguocultural factors and individual experience of speech behavior.

Methodological basis and research methods. The concept of speech conflict as a communicative, social and cultural phenomenon, due to linguistic and extralinguistic factors, is based on the general provisions of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics and the theory of language communication [L. S. Vygotsky, N. I. Zhinkin, L. P. Krysin, A. A. Leontiev, A. N. Leontiev, E. F. Tarasov, etc.].

The methodological basis of the work is the position postulated in modern linguistics about the need for a communicative approach to linguistic material, the transition from the primacy of taxonomy to the primacy of explanation [Yu. N. Karaulov, Yu. A. Sorokin, Yu. S. Stepanov and others].

The choice of a strategic direction of research was predetermined by promising results in new areas of linguistic knowledge: linguopragmatics, cognitive linguistics, the theory of speech acts and speech genres [G. I. Bogin, V. I. Gerasimov, M. Ya. Glovinskaya, T. A. van Dijk,

B. 3. Demyankov, V. V. Dementiev, E. S. Kubryakova, J. Lakoff, T. V1 Matveeva, J. Austin, V. V. Petrov, Yu. S. Stepanov, J. Searle, I P. Susov, M. Yu. Fedosyuk, T. V. Shmeleva, etc.], as well as speech conflictology [B. Yu. Gorodetsky, I. M. Kobozeva, I. G. Saburova, P. Grice, N. D. Golev, T. G. Grigoryeva, O. P. Ermakova, E. A. Zemskaya,

S. G. Ilyenko, N. G. Komlev, Culture of Russian speech.,. T. M. Nikolaeva, E. V. Paducheva, G. G. Pocheptsov, K. F. Sedov, E. N. Shiryaev, etc.].

Essential for the construction of a scientific hypothesis and the development of research issues were modern works on linguistic conceptology and the linguistic picture of the world [N. D. Arutyunova, A. N. Baranov, T. V. Bulygina,

A. Vezhbitska, G. E. Kreidlin, A. D. Shmelev and others].

The implementation of the methodological position, important for the author, about the national and cultural specificity of language and speech, the linguistic consciousness of native speakers was carried out based on research in the field of the history of Russian linguistic culture [M. M. Bakhtin, V. I. Zhelvis, Yu. N. Karaulov,

V. G. Kostomarov, Yu. M. Lotman, S. E. Nikitina, I. A. Sternin, A. P. Skovorodnikov, R. M. Frumkina, R. O. Yakobson, etc.].

The dissertation research uses, first of all, those methods of analysis of linguistic material that have been developed and shown to be effective in the framework of communicatively oriented studies of the language and style of the text [M. N. Kozhina, N. A. Kupina, L. M. Maidanova, T. V. Matveeva, Yu. A. Sorokin, etc.]. A comprehensive study of conversational dialogue (interpersonal communication) is based on the methods of scientific observation and linguistic description, variants of which are the methods of discursive and textual analysis. Discourse analysis is carried out based on the main provisions of the theory of speech activity [L. S. Vygotsky, N. I. Zhinkin, A. A. Leontiev, A. N. Leontiev, etc.].

At certain stages of the study, special methods of distributive, transformational, and contextual analysis were used. A special role in the work is given to methods of predictive modeling of cognitive structures (intention and communicative presupposition) and expert opinions.

The complex application of these methods is designed to ensure the multidimensionality of the linguistic analysis of the material under study.

Theoretical significance and scientific novelty of the study. The dissertation carried out a comprehensive systematic approach to the study of one of the most important manifestations of interpersonal communication - speech conflict against the background of harmonic speech communication. This approach makes it possible to understand the nature and mechanisms of the functioning of this phenomenon, to reveal its deep cause-and-effect relationships, to argue the functional features of a conflict statement, due to the unity of the linguistic, psychological (personal) and social.

The novelty of the work lies in the development of the concept of Russian speech conflict as a speech activity phenomenon that embodies interpersonal dialogical interaction in Russian linguistic culture; in creating a theory of harmonization of potentially and actually conflict communication; in the development of a mechanism for the study of speech behavior in the procedural and productive aspects, which is applicable to the analysis of not only conflict and harmoniously marked communicative acts, but has explanatory power for other types of statements; in determining the principles of cognitive-pragmatic analysis of conflict texts.

The conducted research shows the degree of connection of language / speech with thinking, especially in terms of the dependence of the cognitive and pragmatic attitudes of individuals and their implementation in speech activity (the act of communication), which plays an important role both for the theory of language and for linguistic confirmation and concretization of many non-linguistic ( epistemological, social, psychological) explanations of the specifics of cognition.

From a descriptive point of view, the dissertation systematizes a variety of speech material, including, in addition to conflict texts that are not sufficiently described in the scientific literature, also texts that have recorded such communicative situations in which there are no obvious prerequisites for the emergence of a conflict, but due to certain circumstances, communication develops as a conflict.

The following main provisions are put forward for defense:

1. Speech conflict is the embodiment of the confrontation of communicants in a communicative event, due to mental, social and ethical factors, the extrapolation of which occurs in the speech fabric of the dialogue. The systematization of various factors makes it possible to describe the speech conflict in a multifaceted and broad context.

2. In the mind of a native speaker, a speech conflict exists as a kind of typical structure - a frame that includes mandatory components (slots): participants in the conflict; contradictions (in views, interests, points of view, opinions, assessments, value ideas, goals, etc.) among communicants; cause-reason; damage"; temporal and spatial extent.

3. Conflict is a communicative event taking place in time, which can be presented in dynamics. The methods of such representation include, firstly, a scenario that reflects the development of the “main plots” of interaction within the framework of a stereotypical situation, and, secondly, a speech genre with typical linguistic structures. Scenario technology makes it possible to trace the stages of conflict development: its inception, maturation, peak, decline and resolution. An analysis of the conflict speech genre shows which language means the conflicting parties have chosen depending on their intention. The scenario reinforces a standard set of methods of action, as well as their sequence in the development of a communicative event; the speech genre is built according to well-known thematic, compositional and stylistic canons, enshrined in linguistic culture. This ensures the predictability of speech behavior in various situations of communication. Dynamic conflict structuring on the basis of these terms has explanatory power for recognizing potentially conflict situations, risk situations and conflict situations proper, as well as for predicting and modeling by communicants both the situation itself and their behavior in it.

4. A native speaker - a linguistic personality, has his own repertoire of means and methods for achieving communicative goals, the use of which is not completely limited by scenario and genre stereotypes and predictability. In this regard, the development of communicatively conditioned scenarios is diverse: from harmonious, cooperative to disharmonious, conflict. The choice of one or another version of the scenario depends, firstly, on the type of linguistic personality and communicative experience of the participants in the conflict, their communicative competence, psychological attitudes, cultural and speech preferences, and secondly, on the traditions of communication and norms of speech behavior established in Russian linguistic culture. .

5. The outcome (result) of the communicative situation - the post-communicative phase - is characterized by the consequences arising from all previous stages of the development of the communicative act, and depends on the nature of the contradictions that were determined in the pre-communicative stage between the participants in the communicative act, and the degree of "harmfulness" of the conflict means used in the communicative stage .

6. Among linguistic means, lexico-semantic and grammatical units are especially brightly marked as a conflict communicative act (CCA). They most clearly reflect the national characteristics of the conflict. They form the content and structure of the CCA and are expressive markers of a speech conflict.

7. A special group is formed by pragmatic markers of CCA, which are “calculated” on the basis of a comparison of linguistic and speech structures and the communicative context and are determined by the psychological and emotional effect that occurs among the participants in the communicative act. They are associated with various kinds of inconsistencies, misunderstanding and violation of any rules or intuitively felt patterns of speech communication. These include the discrepancy between the speech action and the speech reaction, negative speech and emotional reactions that create the effect of deceived expectations in the communicative act.

8. The speech behavior of the conflict participants is based on the speech strategies of cooperation or confrontation, the choice of which determines the outcome (result) of conflict communication.

9. The strategic plan of the participant in the conflict interaction determines the choice of tactics for its implementation - speech tactics. There is a strong correlation between speech strategies and speech tactics. To implement cooperative strategies, cooperation tactics are used accordingly: offers, consents, concessions, approvals, praises, compliments, etc. Confrontation strategies are associated with confrontational tactics: threats, intimidation, reproaches, accusations, mockery, barbs, insults, provocations, etc.

10. There are two-valued tactics that can be both cooperative and conflict, depending on which strategy, cooperative or confrontational, this tactic is used. Two-valued tactics include lies, irony, flattery, bribery, remarks, requests, changing the subject, etc.

I. Depending on the type of conflict situation and the stage of the conflict, various models of harmonizing speech behavior are used: the conflict prevention model (potentially conflict situation), the conflict neutralization model (conflict risk situation) and the conflict harmonization model (the actual conflict situation). These models have a different degree of cliché due to the multiplicity of parameters and components of the CCA, reflecting the objective complexity of planning speech behavior in it.

The practical significance of the study is related to the possibility of using speech material and the results of its description in teaching courses on the culture of speech, rhetoric, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, as well as special courses on communication theory and functional linguistics. The patterns of dialogic communication described in the work can serve as a theoretical basis for the formation of communicative competence and speech culture of a linguistic personality, they are also essential for teaching Russian colloquial dialogue to foreigners. The developed models of harmonizing speech behavior in conflict situations of various types can be used in the practice of speech behavior, as well as in the method of teaching conflict-free communication.

Approbation of the research results. The results of the study were presented at international, all-Russian, regional scientific conferences in Yekaterinburg (1996-2003), Smolensk (2000), Kurgan (2000), Moscow (2002), Abakan (2002) and others. The main provisions of the work were discussed at the Department of Russian, language of the Ural State Pedagogical University (USPU), at scientific seminars and meetings of the Department of Linguistics and Methods of Teaching the Russian Language, USPU.

Dissertation structure. The text of the dissertation research consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources of research materials and a bibliographic list.

The revealed models of speech behavior are structures that reflect in a generalized form the individual communicative experience of native speakers, members of a given ethnocultural community in specific situations of communication. They are abstracted from specific situations and personal experience, and due to "decontextualization" they allow to cover a wide range of situations of the same type that have a number of paramount parameters (it is impossible to take into account everything). Models of speech behavior have a different degree of cliche, depending on the type of conflict situation. The simplest in structure are models of communication harmonization of the first type of situations - potentially conflict situations. They can be presented in the form of cognitive and semantic cliches: the actual motivation + the reason for the motivation + the rationale for the importance of the motivation + etiquette formulas (Please do (don't) do this because.).

In other situations - in situations of conflict risk and conflicts proper - the models are more variable, since they are determined by the context of the situation and represent various kinds of creative combinations of communication tactics aimed at neutralizing the conflict and harmonizing communication. Nevertheless, it is possible to build a typology of communicative tactics (basic, supporting) used in situations of this kind, and a typology of the compositions of these tactics, taking into account the most important parameters of the communicative situation. Bringing communicants into situations of this type requires them to possess a rich repertoire of constructive tactics and the ability to use them creatively. Each model contains the basic postulates of communication, in particular, the postulates of communication quality (do not harm your partner), quantity (report significant true facts), relevance (consider your partner's expectations), which represent the main principle of communication - the principle of cooperation. Other leading principles of successful interaction are the principle of politeness and etiquette of communication (improving the "image" of the partner), as well as cooperation (focusing on oneself and on the other).

Like scenarios and frames, models allow the existence of variable parameters aimed at their adjustment in the form of additions or replacements of certain components of the model. In real speech life, a creative approach to the use of this type of model in each specific case is implied.

CONCLUSION

Speech conflictology is a science that studies the speech behavior of a person, projected not only on the field of linguistic, but also cognitive, pragmatic and linguoculturological knowledge. Comprehension and systematization of the features of speech behavior in a conflict type of interaction involves the systematization of features, taking into account the properties of communication, both facilitating communication and preventing effective communication. These signs and properties are realized in communication by speech structures that reflect the action of social, psychological and linguistic factors, as well as the communicative potential of the individual.

At the center of the concept presented in the work is, first of all, the definition of fixed indicators (markers) of a speech conflict - linguistic (lexical, lexico-semantic and grammatical) and pragmatic (speech activity and scenario). These indicators represent different types of individuals in terms of their communicative ability to cooperate in speech behavior and harmonize communication in diverse areas of social interaction. On the basis of the identified markers of speech conflict and personality types of communicants, a plurality of parameters and components of communicative scenarios and speech models for harmonizing potentially and actually conflict communication is determined, the construction of which reflects the objective complexity of planning speech behavior in a conflict communicative act - an individual, creative and, therefore, sometimes difficult predictable process of spontaneous communication. At the same time, it is regulated by society, namely, the norms, rituals, conventions and cultural and communicative traditions established in it. This allows the communicant to recognize situations, predict and model their behavior in them. Thus, speech behavior in a conflict reflects a typical (stereotypical) situational breakdown into its constituent elements; it is framed, scripted.

The "conflict" frame represents a special stereotyped situation and includes the obligatory components of the reflecting object (the upper level of the "conflict" frame -): participants in the conflict situation, whose interests are in conflict; collision (goals, views, positions, points of view), revealing their contradiction or inconsistency; speech actions of one of the participants in the conflict situation, aimed at changing the behavior or state of the interlocutor; resistance to the speech actions of another participant through their own speech actions; the damage that is caused by the speech actions of the participant and which is experienced by the other as a result of these speech actions. The optional components of the “conflict” frame (lower level) can be represented by the following slots: temporal length, reflecting violations of the temporal sequence characteristic of a standard description of a communication situation; spatial extension associated with a violation of the spatial representation of the speech situation and introducing deception into the communicative expectations of one of the participants in the communication situation; a third person who may not be a direct participant in the conflict, but be its culprit, instigator, organizer or "arbiter" and significantly influence the outcome of the communicative situation. The described genre scenarios of threats, remarks and unreasonable requests represent the “conflict” frame in its development. They reflect the patterns of speech behavior in a typical communication situation and, embodied in the speech strategies and tactics of the speakers, are framed by the corresponding speech structures. These speech structures are called in this work models of speech behavior. At the same time, the nonrigidity of such models is noted. They allow the existence of variable components that could be creatively comprehended and adjusted by the individual.

Any model is a simpler construct than a reflected object. This fully applies to spontaneous verbal communication. The models developed by us in three types of potentially and actually conflict situations fix such a level of generalization, which, in our opinion, allows us to use them in the practice of speech behavior, as well as in the methodology of teaching conflict-free communication.

Establishing the factors influencing the process of discourse management and determining the nature of interaction in a communicative act made it possible to determine aspects of the analysis of a speech conflict. We have tried to formulate a number of principles and methods for analyzing conflict statements. These are linguo-cognitive, pragmatic-interpretative and contextual principles, the reliance on which made it possible to present the conflict communicative act (CCA) as the intentions, goals and intentions of its participants that are objectively realized in it and to correlate the interpretation of the CCA with a broad linguo-culturological context. The use of complex research methods corresponding to our concept - interpretive, scenario analysis, discourse analysis, the method of expert opinions - made it possible to obtain objective, in our opinion, data on the manifestations of speech conflict considered in the work. They can be applied to other communicative situations encountered in reality, but not analyzed in the work.

The presented linguistic theory of speech conflict, as well as markers, genre scenarios and models of harmonizing speech behavior in it, are of great theoretical and practical importance for explaining the specifics of producing effectively influencing texts, for understanding and expressing the interaction between people, carriers of different positions, views, values, cultural and other ideals. The development of speech conflict problems draws attention to the study of linguistic and rhetorical disciplines that provide linguistic and speech material that allows you to flexibly and diversely express a person's communicative needs, ensuring the adequacy of mutual understanding: and a qualitatively positive result in the process of speech communication.

The perspective of this work can be seen in the use of communication harmonization models as a technology of tolerance in disharmonious communicative acts. However, the list of specific language units and speech structures functioning in the CCA remains open. New types of communicative situations, new ways to achieve communicative goals, identification of new factors that determine the process of managing communication can become the basis for further presentation of the essential features and properties of a speech conflict and the ideal of a speech conflict. communication.

Models and scenarios of conflict-free communication are applicable for linguodidactic purposes. The development and presentation of ways to enrich the social and individual experience of a communicant with models and scenarios, means and methods that allow solving communicative tasks in the zone of communication harmony, provide an opportunity for their motivated and expedient use in training.

The main task of such training is to actualize the social and personal communicative experience of the trainees, adjust it and enrich the individual repertoire with new, most productive models. In this we see one of the ways of forming the linguistic and communicative competence of speakers. The acquisition of behavioral skills is based on knowledge of the theory of harmonious speech communication, which is impossible without a clear understanding of the factors that impede the harmony of communication. This theory should become active knowledge that determines the socio-psychological and communicative attitudes towards cooperation in speech interaction. The systematization of linguistic and pragmatic markers of conflict, communicative scenarios and models of harmonization of conflict communication proposed in this paper is aimed at understanding and mastering ways to respond to verbal aggression, and ultimately to civilized behavior in difficult life situations.

The accumulation of experience in describing scenario types of speech conflict, models of speech behavior in this situation, of course, will allow us to more fully present the object of our study - a conflict communicative act in its speech expression.

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