Биографии Характеристики Анализ

Петр 1 краткая биография на английском. Peter I the Great

Ответ оставил Гость

Пётр I Алексе́евич, прозванный Вели́кий(30 мая 1672 год - 28 января 1725 год) - последний царьвсея Руси (с 1682 года) и первыйИмператор Всероссийский (с 1721 года).

Как представитель династии Романовых, Пётр был провозглашён царём в 10-летнем возрасте, стал править самостоятельно с 1689 года. Формальным соправителем Петра был его брат Иван(до своей смерти в 1696 году).

С юных лет проявляя интерес к наукам и заграничному образу жизни, Пётр первым из русских царей совершил длительноепутешествие в страны Западной Европы. По возвращении из него, в 1698 году, Пётр развернул масштабные реформыроссийского государства и общественного уклада. Одним из главных достижений Петра стало решение поставленной в XVI веке задачи: расширение территорий России в Прибалтийском регионе после победы в Великой Северной войне, что позволило ему принять в 1721 году титулроссийского императора.

В исторической науке и в общественном мнении с конца XVIII века по настоящее время присутствуют диаметрально противоположные оценки как личности Петра I, так и его роли в истории России. В официальной российской историографии Петра было принято считать одним из наиболее выдающихся государственных деятелей, определившим направление развития России в XVIII веке. Однако многие историки, в том числе Н. М. Карамзин,В. О. Ключевский, П. Н. Милюков и другие, высказывали резко критические оценки. Peter I Alekseevich, nicknamed the Great(may 30 1672 - 28 January in 1725) - the last of caribsea Russia (1682) and parfyumerii all-Russia (since 1721).

As the representative of the Romanov dynasty, Peter was proclaimed Tsar at the age of 10, began to rule independently from 1689. Formal co-Regent of Peter was his brother, Ivan(until his death in 1696).

From a young age showing an interest in the Sciences and foreign way of life, Peter was the first of the Russian tsars made dlitelnosti in the countries of Western Europe. Upon returning from it, in 1698, Peter launched a large-scale reformatorische the state and the social order. One of the main achievements of Peter was the solution to set in the XVI century challenges: the expansion of Russian territories in the Baltic region after the victory in the great Northern war, which allowed him to take in 1721 mitorosecho of the Emperor.

In historical science and in public opinion since the end of XVIII century up to the present time, there are diametrically opposed assessments as of the personality of Peter I and his role in the history of Russia. In the official Russian historiography of Peter was considered to be one of the most prominent public figures that determined the direction of Russias development in the eighteenth century. However, many historians, including N. M. Karamzin,V. O. Kliuchevskii, And P. N. Milyukov and others, have expressed sharply critical assessment.

Peter I (30.05.1672 - 08.02.1725) - Russian Tsar.

Peter I was born on 30 May 1672. When Peter was a child several teachers were delegated to teach him. Among Peter’s tutors were Patrick Gordon, Nikita Zotov and Paul Menesius. This process was commissioned by Tsar Alexis I.

In 1676 Tsar Alexis I died. As a result the power was left to Feodor III who was Peter’s elder half-brother. He died in 1682 and there were not his descendants. Consequently there was a conflict for power between the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin families. Other half-brother of Peter, Ivan V, was heir to the throne but his health declined. As a result at the age of ten Peter became Tsar chosen by the Boyar Duma.

Peter was interested in shipping and shipbuilding. He was a tall man and his height was about 200 cm. He did not have square shoulders and his feet and hands were small. Moreover Peter’s head was small for his figure. In accordance with his mother’s desire Peter married. The marriage was in 1689 and Eudoxia Lopukhina became his wife. 10 years later the marriage broke down and Peter’s wife became a nun.

In 1689 the power was in the hands of Peter’s half-sister Sophia. Because of two ineffective Crimean campaigns her authority was undermined and Peter planned to take power. Peter could become an independent ruler only in 1694 when his mother died. Officially there were two rulers: Peter and Ivan V. In 1696 Peter became the absolute ruler when Ivan V died.

On 19 August 1700 Peter declared war on Sweden. The main aim of the war was to acquire control of the Baltic Sea. At that time it was under Swedish Empire control. Denmark-Norway, Saxony and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth supported Peter. In 1721 the Treaty of Nystad ended and the Russian Empire acquired control of the Baltic Sea. This war went down in history as Great Northern War.

In October 1721 Peter was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia. Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia, and Frederick I of Sweden recognized this title. Other monarchs did not agree with it. Some rulers were afraid that Peter would claim authority over them.

Peter imposed new taxes in the Russian Empire. The household tax and the land tax were abrogated. These two taxes were superseded with a poll tax. He also reformed the Russian Orthodox Church.

In 1724 Peter married for a second time to Catherine who was crowned as Empress. However he remained actual ruler of Russia. Peter had 2 wives and 14 children by them. Only 3 of his children survived to adulthood.

In 1723 Peter’s health declined. He had problems with bladder and urinary tract but he was cured. As legend has it in November 1724 while at Lakhta Peter was forced to rescue the soldiers drowning not far from shore.

Consequently his health became worse and these problems caused his death. Peter died on 8 February 1725.

Peter I was born on 30 May 1672. When Peter was a child several teachers were delegated to teach him. Among Peter’s tutors were Patrick Gordon, Nikita Zotov and Paul Menesius. This process was commissioned by Tsar Alexis I.In 1676 Tsar Alexis I died. As a result the power was left to Feodor III who was Peter’s elder half-brother. He died in 1682 and there were not his descendants. Consequently there was a conflict for power between the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin families. Other half-brother of Peter, Ivan V, was heir to the throne but his health declined. As a result at the age of ten Peter became Tsar chosen by the Boyar Duma.Peter was interested in shipping and shipbuilding. He was a tall man and his height was about 200 cm. He did not have square shoulders and his feet and hands were small. Moreover Peter’s head was small for his figure. In accordance with his mother’s desire Peter married. The marriage was in 1689 and Eudoxia Lopukhina became his wife. 10 years later the marriage broke down and Peter’s wife became a nun.In 1689 the power was in the hands of Peter’s half-sister Sophia. Because of two ineffective Crimean campaigns her authority was undermined and Peter planned to take power. Peter could become an independent ruler only in 1694 when his mother died. Officially there were two rulers: Peter and Ivan V. In 1696 Peter became the absolute ruler when Ivan V died.On 19 August 1700 Peter declared war on Sweden. The main aim of the war was to acquire control of the Baltic Sea. At that time it was under Swedish Empire control. Denmark-Norway, Saxony and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth supported Peter. In 1721 the Treaty of Nystad ended and the Russian Empire acquired control of the Baltic Sea. This war went down in history as Great Northern War.In October 1721 Peter was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia. Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia, and Frederick I of Sweden recognized this title. Other monarchs did not agree with it. Some rulers were afraid that Peter would claim authority over them.Peter imposed new taxes in the Russian Empire. The household tax and the land tax were abrogated. These two taxes were superseded with a poll tax. He also reformed the Russian Orthodox Church.In 1724 Peter married for a second time to Catherine who was crowned as Empress. However he remained actual ruler of Russia. Peter had 2 wives and 14 children by them. Only 3 of his children survived to adulthood.In 1723 Peter’s health declined. He had problems with bladder and urinary tract but he was cured. As legend has it in November 1724 while at Lakhta Peter was forced to rescue the soldiers drowning not far from shore.Consequently his health became worse and these problems caused his death. Peter died on 8 February 1725.

Родился Петр Первый 30 мая (9 июня) 1672 года в Москве. В биографии Петра 1 важно отметить, что он был младшим сыном царя Алексея Михайловича от второго брака с царицей Натальей Кирилловной Нарышкиной. С одного года воспитывался няньками. А после смерти отца, в возрасте четырех лет, опекуном Петра стал его сводный брат и новый царь Фёдор Алексеевич.

С возраста 5 лет маленького Петра начали обучать азбуке. Уроки ему давал дьяк Н. М. Зотов. Однако образование будущий царь получил слабое и не отличался грамотностью.

Приход к власти

В 1682 году, после смерти Фёдора Алексеевича, 10-летний Петр и его брат Иван были провозглашены царями. Но фактически управление взяла на себя их старшая сестра – царевна Софья Алексеевна.
В это время Петр и его мать вынуждены были отдалиться от двора и переехать в село Преображенское. Здесь у Петра 1 возникает интерес к военной деятельности, он создает «потешные» полки, которые стали впоследствии основой русской армии. Увлекается огнестрельным делом, кораблестроением. Много времени проводит в Немецкой слободе, становится поклонником европейской жизни, заводит друзей.

В 1689 году Софья была отстранена от престола, и власть перешла к Петру I, а управление страной доверено его матери и дяде Л. К. Нарышкину.

Правление царя

Петр продолжил войну с Крымом, взял крепость Азова. Дальнейшие действия Петра I были направлены на создание мощного флота. Внешняя политика Петра I того времени была сосредоточена на поиске союзников в войне с Османской империей. С такой целью Петр отправился в Европу.

В это время деятельность Петра I заключалась только в создании политических союзов. Он изучает кораблестроение, устройство, культуру других стран. Вернулся в Россию после известия о стрелецком мятеже. В результате путешествия захотел изменить Россию, для чего было сделано несколько нововведений. Например, введено летоисчисление по юлианскому календарю.

Для развития торговли требовался выход к Балтийскому морю. Так что следующим этапом правления Петра I стала война со Швецией. Заключив мир с Турцией, захватил крепость Нотебург, Ниеншанц. В мае 1703 года было начато строительство Санкт-Петербурга. В следующем году – взяты Нарва, Дерпт. В июне 1709 года в Полтавской битве Швеция была разгромлена. Вскоре после смерти Карла XII был заключен мир между Россией и Швецией. К России присоединились новые земли, был получен выход в Балтийское море.

Реформирование России

В октябре 1721 года в биографии Петра Великого был принят титул императора.

Также за время его правления была присоединена Камчатка, завоеван берег Каспийского моря.

Военную реформу Петр I проводил несколько раз. В основном она касалась сбора денег для содержания армии, флота. Проводилась она, кратко говоря, насильственно.

Дальнейшие же реформы Петра I ускорили технико-экономическое развитие России. Он провел церковную реформу, финансовую, преобразования в промышленности, культуре, торговле. В образовании также им были проведены ряд реформ, направленные на массовое просвещение: открыты множество школ для детей и первая в России гимназия(1705).

Смерть и наследие

Перед смертью Петр I сильно болел, но продолжал править государством. Умер Петр Великий 28 января (8 февраля) 1725 года от воспаления мочевого пузыря. Престол перешел к его жене – императрице Екатерине I.

Сильная личность Петра I, который стремился изменить не только государство, но и людей, сыграла важнейшую роль в истории России.

Именем Великого императора после его смерти были названы города.

Памятники Петру I возведены не только в России, а также во многих европейских странах. Один из самых известных – Медный всадник в Санкт-Петербурге.

Peter I was born on 30 May 1672. When Peter was a child several teachers were delegated to teach him. Among Peter’s tutors were Patrick Gordon, Nikita Zotov and Paul Menesius. This process was commissioned by Tsar Alexis I.In 1676 Tsar Alexis I died. As a result the power was left to Feodor III who was Peter’s elder half-brother. He died in 1682 and there were not his descendants. Consequently there was a conflict for power between the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin families. Other half-brother of Peter, Ivan V, was heir to the throne but his health declined. As a result at the age of ten Peter became Tsar chosen by the Boyar Duma.Peter was interested in shipping and shipbuilding. He was a tall man and his height was about 200 cm. He did not have square shoulders and his feet and hands were small. Moreover Peter’s head was small for his figure. In accordance with his mother’s desire Peter married. The marriage was in 1689 and Eudoxia Lopukhina became his wife. 10 years later the marriage broke down and Peter’s wife became a nun.In 1689 the power was in the hands of Peter’s half-sister Sophia. Because of two ineffective Crimean campaigns her authority was undermined and Peter planned to take power. Peter could become an independent ruler only in 1694 when his mother died. Officially there were two rulers: Peter and Ivan V. In 1696 Peter became the absolute ruler when Ivan V died.On 19 August 1700 Peter declared war on Sweden. The main aim of the war was to acquire control of the Baltic Sea. At that time it was under Swedish Empire control. Denmark-Norway, Saxony and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth supported Peter. In 1721 the Treaty of Nystad ended and the Russian Empire acquired control of the Baltic Sea. This war went down in history as Great Northern War.In October 1721 Peter was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia. Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia, and Frederick I of Sweden recognized this title. Other monarchs did not agree with it. Some rulers were afraid that Peter would claim authority over them.Peter imposed new taxes in the Russian Empire. The household tax and the land tax were abrogated. These two taxes were superseded with a poll tax. He also reformed the Russian Orthodox Church.In 1724 Peter married for a second time to Catherine who was crowned as Empress. However he remained actual ruler of Russia. Peter had 2 wives and 14 children by them. Only 3 of his children survived to adulthood.In 1723 Peter’s health declined. He had problems with bladder and urinary tract but he was cured. As legend has it in November 1724 while at Lakhta Peter was forced to rescue the soldiers drowning not far from shore.Consequently his health became worse and these problems caused his death. Peter died on 8 February 1725.