Look at the life cycles of plants in Figures 97-99. Remember from the 6th grade textbook how these plants reproduce. What is the essence of double fertilization in angiosperms (flowering) plants?

In plants, the formation of germ cells and individual development proceed differently than in animals. In the plant kingdom, there is an alternation in the life cycle of sexual and asexual generations. In addition, in plants, meiosis occurs not during the formation of germ cells, but during the maturation of spores.

Alternation of generations in plants. Sporophyte (from the Greek spore - seed and phyton - plant) is an asexual generation of plants with a double set of chromosomes. Spores are formed on the sporophyte during meiosis. From the spores a gametophyte develops (from the Greek gametes - spouse and phyton - plant) - a sexual generation with a single set. It produces gametes in mitosis. After fertilization, the zygote again forms a sporophyte. Then the process is repeated. Depending on the type of plant, an adult organism can be a gametophyte or a sporophyte (Fig. 96).

Rice. 96. Alternation of asexual (sporophyte) and sexual (gametophyte) generations in the life cycle of plants

In green algae, the life cycle is dominated by the sexual generation - the gametophyte (Fig. 97). It reproduces asexually and sexually. At a certain period, gametes develop on the gametophyte, different or identical in size. After the fusion of gametes, a zygote is formed, from which spores are formed as a result of meiosis. They give rise to new gametophytes. In the life cycle of green algae, the sporophyte is represented by only one cell - the zygote.

Rice. 97. Life cycle of green algae (ulotrix)

In mosses, the gametophyte also predominates in the cycle (Fig. 98). It develops when a spore germinates. This is a leafy plant, on the shoots of which male and female reproductive organs are formed. The sporophyte - a thin stalk with a capsule - develops on the gametophyte and is not capable of independent existence.

Rice. 98. Life cycle of green moss cuckoo flax

In sporangia, spores are formed as a result of meiosis. After ripening, the spores spill out and germinate in a humid environment, giving rise to a branching thread (pregrowth). On it, gametophytes develop from the buds.

In ferns, mosses and horsetails, on the contrary, the sporophyte predominates in the life cycle (Fig. 99). Spores are formed on it in special organs - sporangia as a result of meiosis. After ripening, the spores spill out and germinate. When germination occurs from the spore, the sexual generation develops - the gametophyte, which is a small outgrowth. During the process of mitosis, male and female gametes are formed.

Rice. 99. Life cycle of the male shield fern

In the presence of water, fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed. An embryo develops from it, and then a young plant - a sporophyte.

Reproduction and development of seed plants. In seed plants, reproduction occurs by seeds. The life cycle is dominated by the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is greatly reduced in size (reduced), develops on the sporophyte and is represented by only a few cells. Let us consider the development of seed plants using the example of the life cycle of angiosperms, or flowering plants.

Rice. 100. Cone - organ of family reproduction of gymnosperms

An adult plant is a sporophyte and has a double set of chromosomes. A sporophyte develops from a seed. The reproductive organ is the flower (Fig. 101). A flower develops a female organ, the pistil, and a male organ, the stamen. In the ovary of the pistil, 4 spores are formed in the ovules as a result of meiosis. Division occurs unevenly - one large spore and three small ones are formed. Three small spores die, and one large one develops into a female gametophyte. The spore divides three times by mitosis and an eight-nucleate embryo sac is formed: 8 nuclei in which are distributed as follows. Closer to the pollen entrance there is a large nucleus - the egg cell; nearby there are two smaller nuclei - accompanying ones. At the opposite pole of the bag there are three nuclei, and in the center there are two central nuclei. All nuclei have a single set of chromosomes (n). Thus, the female gametophyte in angiosperms is represented by an eight-nucleate embryo sac.

Rice. 101. Organs of seed reproduction of flowering plants: 1 - flower; 2 - fruit

In the pollen sacs of the stamens, 4 small spores are formed from the sporangium cells as a result of meiosis. All spores develop and give rise to male gametophytes. Each spore divides by mitosis and forms a vegetative and generative cell. The vegetative and generative cells are covered with a double membrane - a pollen grain is formed. Thus, the male gametophyte in angiosperms is represented by two cells with a shell - a pollen grain.

When a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower, the vegetative cell begins to germinate, forming a pollen tube. Thanks to the flow of the cytoplasm of the pollen tube, the generative cell moves towards the pollen opening of the embryo sac (Fig. 102). The nucleus of the generative cell divides by mitosis and two sperm are formed - immobile male gametes. They enter the embryo sac through the pollen passage. One sperm (n) fuses with an egg (n) to form a zygote (2n). The seed embryo develops from the zygote. The second sperm (n) fuses with the two nuclei of the central cell (2n), resulting in the formation of the endosperm of the seed, in which nutrients are stored. The nuclei of endosperm cells in angiosperms have a triple set of chromosomes (3n).

Rice. 102. Life cycle and double fertilization in flowering plants: 1 - fusion of sperm with the central cell; 2 - fusion of sperm with egg; 3 - seed peel; 4 - embryo (2n); 5 - endosperm (3n)

The process of fusion of sperm with an egg and a central cell is called double fertilization. It was discovered in 1898 by the Russian scientist Sergei Gavrilovich Navashin (Fig. 103). As a result of double fertilization, a seed is formed from the ovule of a flower, and the seed coat is formed from the integument of the ovule. Around the seed, the walls of the fruit develop from the ovary or other parts of the flower. When the wall of the fruit is opened or destroyed, the seed is exposed. Under certain conditions, it germinates and a new plant, a sporophyte, develops from the embryo of the seed.

Rice. 103. Sergei Gavrilovich Navashin (1857 - 1930)

So, in plants from lower to higher, there is a gradual increase in the life span of the sporophyte. Starting with pteridophytes, the life cycle is dominated by the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is gradually reduced to one or a few cells.

Exercises based on the material covered

1. What is the peculiarity of the individual development of plants compared to animals?
2. How do plants alternate generations?
3. Which generation predominates in the life cycle of algae, mosses, ferns and seed plants?
4. How does the development of female and male gametophytes occur in angiosperms, or flowering plants?
5. Why is fertilization in angiosperms or flowering plants called double fertilization?
6. How does the gametophyte change from lower to higher plants? Explain what advantage this gives to the plant organism.

Today everyone is discussing the generations of the future -Y,Z andA, while the most economically active people of the generation remain X. Little is said or written about them, but they are the ones who shape the future of the world economy and politics. About who the people of this generation are X, and how they differ from representatives of other generations, read our article.

The most active economically today are representatives of the so-called generationsX. It largely influenced the formation of modern business conditions and made an invaluable contribution to the development of the global economy. Representatives of Generation X have a unique value system that allows them to achieve high results in all areas of life.

The value system of representatives of generation X

This system is a set of behavioral and social attitudes that have developed under the influence of many factors. The system has a direct influence on a person’s opinion regarding certain phenomena and things that he encounters throughout his life. It is she who is the main guideline in the process of making important decisions. Changing the value system during life is possible, but it is extremely rare.

Due to the huge variety of values, they are usually divided into several main categories. Most often, researchers identify 2 types of values :

Value #1

Spiritual

This category is one of the fundamental ones. This includes all attitudes and ideals, under the influence of which an individual’s ideas about good, justice, beauty, goodness, evil, and so on are formed. It is on the set of spiritual values ​​that ideas about what is necessary and proper, preferences and desires, aspirations and attractions depend;

Value #2

Material

Material values ​​include consumer values ​​expressed in material form: basic necessities, private property, availability of goods and services.

Each person's final set of values ​​is individual and unique. It is quite difficult to take into account every element of this system. However, there are certain combinations of values ​​(gender, family, national, professional) that are inherent in representatives of certain “generations”.

Generation theory

For the first time, several scientists started talking about this theory in the first half of the 90s. According to this theory, approximately every 20 years a new generation of people is born whose value system is radically different from the value system of their parents or grandparents. The formation of the value system of a representative of each new generation actually ends by the age of 11-15, after which it is only supplemented and strengthened. Already at this age, you can notice the first differences: attitude towards other people, money, material and spiritual goods, style of consumption and behavior in general.

The calculation and description of “generations” begins at the end of the 19th century. Each generation has its own unique values, which were formed under the influence of many factors. The activities of representatives of each generation provoked the creation of new conditions, which, in turn, began to influence the formation of the value system of the next generation.

The Lost Generation (1890 - 1900)

The first generation discussed in the mentioned theory are people born in 1890-1900. This era is characterized by social inequality, stratification of society, disappointment in civilization, cultural decline and decadence. Representatives of the “lost generation” grew up and were formed under conditions of despotism and monarchism, and the most important event of that era was an unprecedented global military conflict - the First World War and the collapse of the imperialist state. As a response, representatives of the generation took an active part in revolutionary events, the formation of modern states, the creation of new ideas, the development of science and a new culture.

Winners (Greatest) (1901 - 1925)

According to various versions, representatives of this generation were born from 1901 to 1925. These people grew up in an era of global changes in the social and political world order. Bold ideas, new directions in science and technology, the strengthening of totalitarian and authoritarian societies - all this influenced the value system of representatives of the “generation of winners”. People born at this time were participants or witnesses of the Second World War, the creation of the UN, and the post-war restoration of world order.

Silent (1925 - 1945)

People born before and during the Second World War (1925-1945) are usually called the “silent generation”. They had to grow and live in the post-war era, restore the destroyed economy and industry. The period of their activity saw the beginning of the Cold War, slow but steady economic growth, a gradual improvement in living conditions and quality of life, the absence of global upheavals, and the strengthening of power structures. However, these people had an extremely difficult childhood, which could not but leave an imprint on their entire lives.

Baby boom (ME) (1946 - 1964)

Representatives of the silent generation and the “winners” produced a huge number of children, resulting in a population explosion (1946-1964). The baby boom era marks the beginning of the sexual revolution, the rise of rock music and hippie culture. Authoritarian rulers no longer suited society, which often led to unrest and local conflicts. Demonstrations, rallies, public performances and protests became typical of this era.

At the same time, protest sentiments and narcissism begin to prevail. People of the “Me Generation” gave preference to self-realization, abandoning generally accepted social responsibility. This generation was one of the first to begin to say that the main thing in life is to have fun and change the world. Baby boomers actively promoted ideas of equality, non-violence, democracy and tolerance.

Generation X (1965 - 1979) (according to some researchers - according to 1982)

The socially active and freedom-loving baby boomers were replaced by representatives of Generation X, born from 1965 to 1979 (according to some researchers - 1982). In some cases, all children born before the 1990s and even 2000s are included here, but this is incorrect.

The formation of the “X” value system was influenced by: the war in Afghanistan, the Chechen war, the stagnation and fall of socialist regimes, the end of the Cold War, the opening of borders, freedom of movement, globalization, the increase in the number of emigrants, the fall and subsequent rapid growth of the economy.

Representatives of the unknown became even more independent from the official authorities. However, in contrast to the worldview of the baby boomers, attempts to change the world have been replaced by the absolute or partial indifference of the “Xers” to what is happening in the political arena. Sexual relations outside marriage became the norm, as did a lack of religiosity and patriotism. Representatives of Generation X have become more likely to get divorced, but family values ​​still play a primary role for them.

These people are not used to stability. Before their eyes, the entire system of the world was changing radically, and they became accustomed to the difficulties associated with these changes. Infantilism and decadence are alien to them; they are active, smart, and can be called “punchy.” They rely only on themselves, always have a plan “B”, do not get lost in the face of difficulties and are ready for any difficult situations.

"X" changed the world beyond recognition. These people are characterized by high efficiency and productivity, they are persistent and diligent. For “X people,” career, level of education, and material wealth play an important role. They strive to be successful, but often do not look for new paths, but use long-proven routes.

Aigun KURBANOVA,
HR director at Relief company

People over 45 are professional and efficient, without unnecessary ambitions. Explain this to company management

Sometimes employers are afraid that subordinates will be older than the manager. But it's not scary! The main thing is to entrust older employees with suitable work that is not associated with high pace and constant stress. And there is always enough such work at the enterprise. For example, we have many employees in our company who are turning 50 this year. Just a year of anniversaries. And all these specialists work productively. Therefore, I am happy to hire people over 45 years old into my department. They are more efficient, reliable, professional, and at the same time they do not have excessive ambitions (like a university graduate who can’t do anything, but wants a lot). I can rely on such an employee, as I am sure that everything will be completed 100%. After all, he has both responsibility for the result and an unwillingness to lose his job. This is exactly what HR directors should explain to the company’s top managers.

Millennials (Y, YAYA) (early 80s - late 90s)

Most economic models and incentive systems were created specifically for Xers. Thanks to this, the HR director can quite quickly achieve an increase in labor productivity, using a “standard” set of motivators, both tangible and intangible.

“Xers” are used to achieving everything themselves. Career and life in general for them is a kind of step-by-step strategy. First you need to graduate from school, then go to college or university, get a profession and “credentials”. After this, the newly minted specialist comes to the enterprise and starts from the “bottom” - working as line or junior office staff with the prospect of slow but sure career growth. “Xers” achieved (and still achieve) managerial or expert positions at the age of 30-40 years.

Employee motivation X

In most cases, rapid career growth is impossible for them. Representatives of the “Xers” try to “sell themselves” more profitably, but at the same time they understand that in order to implement such a plan they need to meet the stated price. Empty ambitions are rare for them; they know their worth well and demand adequate remuneration for their labors.

Material motivation plays a huge role in stimulating Generation X workers. Advancement up the career ladder, obtaining new powers or responsibilities, solving assigned tasks, fulfilling a production plan - all this should be noted not only in the form of praise or recognition of merit from management, but also with quite tangible material rewards. The increase or bonus itself may even be insignificant, but it must be there.

The most effective way of non-material motivation for X employees is the opportunity to gain new knowledge and improve their skills. Courses, seminars, business trips, webinars - all this will be appreciated by representatives of generation X.

An equally important role is played by recognition of merit - public awards, provision of a personal workplace, personal benefits, and so on. An excellent way to recognize the merits of such an employee is to appoint him as a mentor who should train newcomers to the team. With this technique, the HR department can decide immediately 3 problems:

Problem #1

Increase mentor motivation

By appointing an employee as a “teacher,” management demonstrates its loyalty and trust, which in turn encourages the mentor to perform his own work better;

Problem #2

Reduce newcomer adaptation time

It will be easier for a new employee to join the team and get involved in work processes if adaptation and training are carried out by an experienced employee, and not a representative of the personnel service;

Problem #3

Reduce the workload of the HR department

How to use X's human resources

The “Unknown Generation” was formed at the dawn of the era of media communications, when the Internet and other types of mobile communications were rare rather than the norm. For this reason, for many Xers, live communication and real human relationships are of fundamental value. They are not so dependent on social networks and the Internet in general, so their picture of the world is much more realistic than that of representatives Y and Z.

Characteristics of people from generation X

• have a wealth of life experience,
• have extensive work experience,
• have certain merits
• have a good education
• diversified,
• tactful,
• sociable.

These people are most suitable for stable and responsible work that requires perseverance and a thorough approach.

X's are attentive to people and details, so they make excellent managers at all levels. Consistency and predictability of actions allows them to be appointed as managers of serious projects or developing business areas.

Thanks to their business acumen and ability to build working relationships, “X’s” can be safely sent for negotiations to other companies. They can be trusted to carry out serious projects with pre-planned results.

Disadvantages of employees X

Unlike people Y (YAYA), whose representatives are very ambitious, “Xers” can and will work hard. It was this generation that gave birth to the term “workaholism” - dependence on work. An unfulfilled project, failures at work, missed deadlines - all this is taken very seriously and painfully by them.

Excessive workload and responsibility provoke stressful situations that affect the moral and physical health of these individuals. For this reason, “X” people are more susceptible to nervous breakdowns, moral exhaustion and depression. Damage to physical health manifests itself in the form of headaches, decreased sexual activity, heart attacks, early heart attacks and strokes.

Such consequences can only be avoided by regularly alternating “work” and “rest” modes, creating comfortable working conditions and a favorable atmosphere in the team.

Test yourself

What are the 2 main types of values?

• gender and family;
• professional and national;
• spiritual and material.

What is the name of the generation born from 1946 to 1964?

• lost;
• baby boom;
• millennials.

Which generation is most active in the economy at the moment?

• Baby boom;

What makes Generation X different?

• high efficiency;
• reluctance to grow up;
• protest spirit, active participation in political and social life.

The main disadvantage of generation X is:

• inflated ambitions;
• exposure to stress;
• dependence on modern technologies.

Continuation. See No. 22, 23/2005, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10/2006

Dictionary reference in questions and answers

(grades 6–11)

What set of chromosomes is contained in spores, gametes, and zygotes of bryophytes?

Answer. In spores and gametes there is a haploid set of chromosomes, in the zygote and the sporophyte developing from it there is a diploid set.

Which generation predominates in the development cycle of bryophytes?

Answer. The predominant gametophyte, or sexual generation, is represented by a leafy plant. The sporophyte cannot exist independently.

MUTAGENESIS - the occurrence of mutations under the influence of physical factors or chemical substances - mutagens.

What physical factors can cause mutations?

Answer. High-frequency radiation - radiation, x-rays and ultraviolet radiation.

Why is artificial mutagenesis used in breeding?

Answer. In breeding, artificial mutagenesis is used to obtain mutants of plants, animals, and microorganisms, from which the desired forms with the desired properties are selected for further breeding.

MUTATIONS (from lat. mutatio- change) - sudden, natural or artificially caused, inherited changes in genetic material, leading to changes in certain characteristics of the body.

Which scientist is considered the founder of the theory of mutations?

Answer: Hugo De Vries (1901).

What types of mutations do you know?

Answer: Somatic - do not affect germ cells and are inherited only during vegetative propagation; and generative - occur in germ cells and are passed on to subsequent generations. Genetic - mutations of individual genes, chromosomal - occur when chromosomes are rearranged, broken, and genomic - a change in the number of chromosomes in cells.

What is the role of mutations in the evolution of the organic world?

Answer: Mutations cause a variety of changes in traits. Phenotypically manifested mutations are subject to the action of natural selection. Those of them that turn out to be the most adaptive in specific environmental conditions are preserved, while harmful ones are eliminated by selection.

MUSCLES, MUSCLES - organs of the body of animals and humans, consisting of muscle tissue capable of contracting under the influence of nerve impulses.

What types of muscles are distinguished in the human body?

Answer. Skeletal, or striated, muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.

How is muscle activity regulated?

Answer. Muscle contractions are regulated and controlled by the nervous system. Each muscle is equipped with the endings of sensory and motor neurons that perceive and transmit excitation.

Why are muscle movements normally coordinated, but in some pathologies the coordination of movements is impaired?

Answer. Muscle contractions of skeletal muscles are controlled by the cerebral cortex. Coordination of movements is impaired due to temporary or permanent inhibition of the functions of the cerebral cortex.

What chemical compounds provide the ability of muscles to contract?

Answer. First of all, these are the proteins actin and myosin - the main structural components of muscles.

Why does muscle fatigue gradually go away?

Answer. Fatigue occurs when there is a lack of ATP energy, therefore, when energy reserves are replenished, fatigue goes away.

N

INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS are autotrophic plants capable of capturing and partially digesting insects with the help of enzymes and organic acids. In this way they make up for the lack of nitrogen.

Name the representatives of insectivorous plants.

Answer. Insectivorous plants include Venus flytrap, nepenthes, bladderwort, etc. There are about 500 species in total, distributed mainly in warm regions of the Earth.

What devices do insectivorous plants have for catching insects?

Answer. These may be sac-like organs in the form of a pitcher, like those of Nepenthes; the leaves of some plants are covered with sticky hairs. Sundew leaves close when insects stick to them.

INSECTS – a class (according to some modern classifications, a superclass) of animals of the Arthropod type.

Name the main characteristics of insects that ensured their flourishing and spread on Earth.

Answer. Chitinous coverings of the body, providing protection, thermal insulation, support; the ability to fly associated with the development of wings; variety of mouthparts; development with metamorphosis, allowing adaptation to different habitats; adaptability to pollinating flowering plants and feeding on their juices; tracheal breathing; care of offspring in social insects.

What is the significance of insects in nature and their practical significance for humans?

Answer. Insects, due to their numbers (about 1 million species are known, the true number is probably 1.5–2 million species) are a powerful biological environmental factor. The benefits of insects are associated with their functions as plant pollinators and participation in soil formation. Insects loosen the soil and enrich it with humus. Insects perform sanitary functions by destroying rotting plant debris, animal corpses, and their excretions. Insects and their larvae serve as food for many vertebrates.
The harmful effects of insects are associated, first of all, with the damage they cause to plants, especially during mass reproduction. Many insects are carriers of pathogens of dangerous diseases, for example the malaria mosquito, tsetse fly, mosquitoes, fleas, and bedbugs.

INHERITANCE – the transfer of genetic information from one generation of organisms to another.

On what processes do the patterns of inheritance depend?

Answer. These patterns depend on the characteristics of doubling, combining and distribution of genetic material.

What types of inheritance are found in the organic world?

Answer. Depending on the location of DNA in the cell, nuclear and cytoplasmic inheritance are distinguished. There are various options for the inheritance of traits: linked, completely sex-linked, not completely sex-linked, and many other options.

HERITANCE is the ability of organisms to pass on their characteristics and functions to subsequent generations.

What are “heredity factors”?

Answer. The material carriers of heredity are genes - sections of DNA or RNA molecules.

What is cytoplasmic inheritance?

Answer. This is heredity associated with the nucleic acids of cellular organelles - mitochondria and plastids.

What does the term “mitochondrial inheritance” mean?

Answer. This heredity is associated with mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are capable of reproduction, and in higher organisms, traits due to mitochondrial inheritance are transmitted only through the female line. This is explained by the fact that during fertilization, the cytoplasm of the sperm does not penetrate the egg, and therefore the male mitochondria do not penetrate.

NATIONAL PARKS are protected natural areas (water areas) in which natural complexes of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value have been preserved.

NEURON (from Greek. neuron– vein, nerve) – a nerve cell, neurocyte, the main structural and functional unit of the nervous system, which has specific manifestations of excitability.

What parts does a neuron consist of?

Answer. A neuron consists of a body, an axon, and one or more dendrites.

Name the main types of neurons in the body.

Answer. Neurons are distinguished by function and structure. Based on their functions, neurons are divided into sensory, motor and intercalary (associative). By structure there are unipolar (with one axon), bipolar (there is an axon and a dendrite) and multipolar (an axon and several dendrites). Based on the nature of the effect, excitatory and inhibitory neurons are distinguished.

What makes up a system of sensory, intercalary and motor neurons?

Answer. This system forms a reflex arc of an unconditioned reflex.

What is the place of contact between two neurons called?

Answer. Synapse. It transfers excitation from neuron to neuron through a mediator.

NERVOUS SYSTEM is a collection of individual neurons and other structures of the nervous tissue of animals and humans, uniting the activities of all organs and systems of the body in its constant interaction with the external environment.

What underlies the activity of the nervous system (NS)?

Answer. The activity of the NS is based on a reflex. Any reaction of the body is associated with the conduction of excitation along reflex arcs and inhibition of this process.

How did the NS become more complex during evolution?

Answer. As organisms developed and became more complex, the nervous system developed in the direction of improving the forebrain and especially its cerebral hemispheres. From the diffuse type NS (in coelenterates), a transition was made first to diffuse-nodular and nodular (flat and annelid worms, insects), and then to a centralized NS, under the control of the brain.

What do somatic NS and autonomic NS control?

Answer. The somatic nervous system controls the activity of skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of internal organs.

What departments is the autonomic nervous system divided into and how do these departments function?

Answer. The autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. They have the opposite effect on internal organs. While the sympathetic system speeds up the heart, the parasympathetic system slows it down.

NOOSPHERE is a new state of the biosphere, in which intelligent human activity becomes the main, determining factor in its development.

Which scientist introduced the concept of “noosphere”?

Answer. P. Teilhard de Chardin and E. Leroy. They associated this concept with the emergence and development of humanity. They understood the noosphere as the “thinking shell of the Earth.”

What meaning did V.I. put into this concept? Vernadsky?

Answer. Vernadsky believed that humanity has a decisive influence on the biosphere. By developing and improving science, culture, and technology, man influences all the shells of the biosphere, changing them. Vernadsky argued for the need for intelligent human activity in interaction with nature, and not against it.

REACTION NORM – limits of modification variability determined by the genotype of the individual.

Is it correct to say that a trait is inherited?

Answer. In fact, genes are inherited. Their combination determines the phenotype of the organism and the possibility of manifestation of changes.

What do the terms “broad reaction rate” and “narrow reaction rate” mean?

Answer. The concept of “broad reaction norm” means that the degree of expression of a trait can vary within fairly wide limits. For example, the height of a particular person, depending on nutritional conditions, lifestyle, and sports, can fluctuate within a few centimeters. A “narrow reaction norm” means that a given trait has a small range of variability.

NUCLEIC ACIDS - polynucleotides, phosphorus-containing biopolymers, which have a universal distribution in living nature (see DNA).

What types of nucleic acids (NA) do you know?

Answer. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA - ribonucleic acid.

How are nucleotides connected in NA molecules?

Answer. Linearly, the nucleotides in the NA molecule are linked by ester bonds between the phosphoric acid residue of one nucleotide and the carbohydrate residue of the next nucleotide.

What is the size of a DNA molecule?

Answer. The length of various DNA reaches several hundred microns, the width of the molecule is 2 nm, the length of one turn is 3.4 nm.

How is DNA different from RNA?

Answer. RNA is a single-stranded molecule, containing ribose and uracil instead of deoxyribose and thymine.

NUCLEOTIDES are monomers of DNA and RNA molecules, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar and a phosphoric acid residue.

What types of nucleotides are found in DNA and RNA?

Answer. DNA contains adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine, and RNA contains the same nucleotides, but instead of thymine there is uracil.

How can nucleotide complementarity be explained?

Answer. The distance between the carbohydrate components of two paired nucleotides is strictly fixed (1.1 nm). Therefore, a purine base can combine with a pyrimidine base; in addition, the geometry of the base molecules is such that hydrogen bonds can only form between purines and pyrimidines. There are 2 bonds between adenine and thymine, and 3 bonds between guanine and cytosine.

If one strand of DNA is represented by the nucleotides AAT THC TAT, then what will the second strand look like?

Answer. TTA ACG ATA.

ABOUT

METABOLISM – metabolism, a set of chemical transformations occurring in living organisms that ensure their growth, vital activity, reproduction, constant contact and exchange of matter and energy with the environment.

What types of metabolism in the body do you know?

Answer. A distinction is made between plastic metabolism (assimilation) and energy metabolism (dissimilation). Plastic metabolism is the synthesis of organic substances in the body, which occurs with the absorption of energy. Energy metabolism is the breakdown of organic compounds to final products, accompanied by the release of energy.

What substances are synthesized in the body?

Answer. In the plant body, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are synthesized during photosynthesis. In other organisms the same substances are synthesized, but photosynthesis does not occur.

What is the biological meaning of plastic metabolism?

Answer. In the course of plastic metabolism, complex substances characteristic of a given organism are synthesized from complex substances that are not similar in composition to the complex substances of the body. This is called assimilation, or assimilation.

What is the biological meaning of energy metabolism?

Answer. The meaning of energy metabolism is the extraction and accumulation of energy from substances coming from outside. The extracted energy is accumulated in the form of ATP during glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Then it is used for all vital processes (see Energy metabolism).

OLfactory organs are structures that perceive chemical stimuli present in the environment. Formed by the olfactory epithelium containing receptor cells. The acuity of smell depends on the number of receptors. Shepherd dogs have about 200 million, humans have 10 million.

OVULATION (from ovum- egg) - the release of mature eggs from the ovary into the body cavity.

How does ovulation occur in humans?

Answer. When the follicles rupture, the mature egg is released into the uterine (fallopian) tube, then moves towards the uterus within 7 days.

How is the frequency of ovulation regulated?

Answer. Neurohumoral pathway involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. May occur under the influence of environmental signals, such as changes in daylight hours, temperature, etc.

MONOCOTONS - a class of flowering plants.

Give examples of monocots.

Answer. Monocots include the families of grasses, lilies, and arums (araids). The main representatives are cultivated cereals, sedges, tulips, lilies, onions, garlic, and palm trees.

What are the main characteristics of monocots?

Answer. Monocots usually have a fibrous root system, one cotyledon per seed, arcuate or parallel veining of the leaves, no cambium, and the number of flower parts is a multiple of three.

MONOOCYCY PLANTS - plants in which unisexual flowers - male (staminate) and female (pistillate) - or other male and female reproductive organs (in non-flowering plants) are located on the same plant. Birch, hazel, oak, pine, spruce, corn, many mosses.

What method of pollination is characteristic of monoecious angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Answer. These are wind-pollinated plants.

What adaptations to pollination might such plants have?

Answer. The flowers of angiosperms are collected in inflorescences, often bloom before the leaves appear, and are arranged openly. Under these conditions, pollination is more efficient. In gymnosperms, the cones are open, allowing access to pollen.

ANNUAL PLANTS - plants that complete their development cycle in one year.

BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION – a set of reactions of oxidation of organic substances occurring in living cells.

What is the main result of biological oxidation?

Answer. Providing the body with energy.

What reactions underlie oxidation?

Answer. Donor-acceptor redox reactions involving the transfer of hydrogen atoms or electrons from a donor to an acceptor. Oxygen serves as such an acceptor in plants, animals and some microorganisms. Donors can be both organic and inorganic substances.

Biological oxidation is multistage. How can this be explained?

Answer. Complex organic compounds - proteins, fats, carbohydrates - contain a fairly large supply of energy in their chemical bonds. It is released gradually through a process of stepwise oxidation. If this energy were released immediately, during one reaction, the cells would burn.

How and where is the released energy stored?

Answer. Energy is stored in mitochondria in the form of ATP.

Perianth - a collection of integumentary leaves of a flower surrounding the stamens and carpels.

Which perianth is called simple?

Answer. If the perianth consists of leaves of the same color and shape (lily of the valley, tulip), then it is called simple.

Which perianth is called double?

Answer. Consisting of a calyx and a corolla (clove, rose, bell).

ONTOGENESIS (from Greek. ontos- existing and... genesis) – the individual development of an individual, the entire set of its transformations from birth (division of a single-celled organism or fertilization of an egg) to the end of life (death or a new division of an individual).

To be continued

Remember Vysotsky: “...the one who comes after - let them try”? Really, what will Generation Z be like? If you believe sociologists and grandmothers who scold “today’s youth,” the prospects are not the most rosy. Evil, cruel, infantile “adult children”. Primitive consumers manipulated by the Internet. Details are in the interview with Mark Sandomirsky.

Today it is common to scold young people. Because they don’t read, don’t study, don’t strive for anything, sit for hours in front of the computer, don’t respect their elders... There is some truth in this, no matter how beautiful individual representatives of these youth are, but for the most part they produce not the most pleasant experience. Their interests, goals and aspirations are not clear to their parents - representatives of generations X and partly Y - and cause concern among sociologists and psychologists. What will today's children and teenagers, representatives of Generation Z, be like? What can we expect from those who come after? How will they try themselves in adult life, and what kind of society will they create for us?

E-xecutive talks about the present and future of representatives of generation Z with the author of 17 books on psychology, psychotherapist, candidate of medical sciences Mark Sandomirsky.

E-executive: What are the boundaries of Generation Z?

Mark Sandomirsky: The now popular “theory of generations” arose relatively recently, at the intersection of a number of disciplines: economics, demography, history, psychology ( Neil Howe, William Strauss). Accordingly, the “scaffolding” has not yet been removed in this developing, interdisciplinary theory and there are a number of controversial issues. Thus, there are different estimates of the age limits of “generation Z”. For example, according to one classification, it includes those born since the beginning of the “zero”. On the other hand, those who by the beginning of the 2000s had not yet left adolescence. And in order to combine different approaches, it is appropriate to talk about the transitional generation from the 20th century to the 21st century - those who were born in the 1990s and up to 2010.

On the other hand, within this generation, as a large and rather heterogeneous age group, there are subgenerations. In particular, we need to talk separately about those born from the early to mid-90s. This subgeneration has clear socially significant psychological differences. Its code name is the “Tin” generation. “Tough,” as you might imagine, is something that in youth slang means “wonderful” or “cool,” but is actually a derivative of the word “cruelty.” For this subgeneration, cruelty is not only the norm of behavior, but is also assessed by its representatives as something positive, as a virtue. Accordingly, its representatives are characterized by increased aggressiveness and conflict, their cruelty literally spills out - especially among their own kind, when they unite in groups (“flock together”). It is no coincidence that in the social excesses that have been occurring recently, associated with a surge in violence (for example, Manezhnaya Square), the role of the main “impact force” is played by teenagers 15-17 years old. This is also largely the origin of the increase in juvenile crime noted in our country in the second half of the 2000s.

The described phenomenon of growth in adolescent and youth aggressiveness is completely natural and characteristic not only of Russia, but also of most of the countries of the post-Soviet space. It captures the same age cohort in them - the last “children of perestroika” and the first “post-Soviet” children. Why are these “new young people” increasingly aggressive? There is an “echo” of the social stresses of their distant childhood, which created a kind of socio-psychological “time bomb”, the antisocial effect of which is manifesting itself now, “twenty years later”. Research by American psychologists, designed to answer the question: where do people with aggressive, antisocial behavior, or sociopaths, come from, showed that the cause of such behavioral disorders in an adult lies in his early childhood experience. The more stress a pregnant woman or young mother experiences in the first two to three years of a child’s life, the more likely it is that this child, growing up, in adolescence and beyond, will show aggressiveness and behave inappropriately. He will not cope with his negative emotions, will not sympathize and empathize with other people, because he simply does not know how to do this, and has not absorbed the corresponding stereotypes with his mother’s milk. And since the beginning and first half of the 90s for the entire post-Soviet space were a very difficult time of massive social stress, this was reflected in the children born in those years. Now we are reaping the fruits of the social catastrophe of those distant years - the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Of course, the described patterns of behavior are most characteristic of the early subgeneration of post-Soviet “children of the 21st century.” Those who were born from the late 90s to the present time, it would seem, do not have such early experience of social stress, which in adulthood becomes the basis for aggressive adaptive behavioral strategies “against everyone.” But, alas, “bad” stereotypes of behavior in society, like bad habits, are contagious. A “wave” of such stereotypes in one subgeneration, raised by long-standing social cataclysms, spreads to subsequent age groups and is adopted through the mechanism of imitation, in the image and likeness of the transmission of other aggressive behavioral stereotypes - for example, “hazing” in the army.

Based on the above, we can predict the “difficulties of tomorrow” in working with personnel and managing a team when “new young people” join it. After all, when they become employees, they should behave in a team with increased conflict, since they will consider such behavior natural and correct. For them, aggressiveness may look like the norm of life, both in relation to their own parents, and in relation to each other, and in relation to the manager and employees at work.

E-executive: What will shape the life views of representatives of Generation Z? What will they be like?

M.S.: Of course, the Internet will shape the views of the new generation. And it’s already forming. After all, children now live in a different world than before: they communicate more with computers than with their parents and with each other. Since childhood, they have been immersed in the Internet; it replaces television for them - children watch cartoons online and play online games. Further - more, both learning and communication with peers will become more and more online. From here, from the specificity of such a virtual method of communication with the outside world, which is familiar to the new generation, further psychological characteristics of this generation follow. Less human communication, more technogenic. It is already clear that children and adolescents are better versed in technology, in something material, than in human emotions and human behavior. This is even reflected in the communication between children and parents: the communicative distance between them increases, and the chain of social inheritance and transfer of experience is interrupted. Nowadays, parents play less and less the role of authority for their children; The Internet becomes the omniscient authority for the latter. Well, if children do not learn from their parents, then parents begin to learn from their children (a prefigurative society that is beginning to take shape today).

What will today's Z-children be like when they grow up? This will be a fully “digital” generation, whose representatives will find it easier to establish contact with a computer than with each other. Perhaps, in the most vivid form, the psychological characteristics of the new generation can be observed in their extreme manifestations, in the form of certain psychological syndromes.

Firstly, it is hyperactivity. Now there is an increase in the number of so-called “indigo children”, or children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is difficult for these children to remain focused on one thing for a long time; they are very restless and therefore disinhibited and hyperactive. Therefore, such children often have problems with academic performance due to restlessness and impatience, although they may be gifted in some specific areas of activity. There is a myth, which is supported in the parental and partly pedagogical environment, that these are supposedly special, gifted children, “people of the future.” But this, unfortunately, is not the case. The reality is that “indigo children” have certain medical and psychological problems. The lack of emotional contacts in the family, primarily with the mother, and the excess of information that falls on a child’s head from the first years of life lead to disruption of the age-related development of the nervous system. That is why these children are highly excitable, impressionable, restless and less obedient.

And although over time these features of children's behavior are partially smoothed out, still in the future we will have a society of former hyperactive children. A hyperactive society in which people will have a greater need for novelty, a search for sensations, less patience and tolerance, and a tendency to increased conflict. The thinking of such people is focused on processing information in short portions - this is the so-called “clip thinking” (although this term has not yet been fully established in the psychological environment; one can rather refer to the works of social philosophers, in particular A. Ashkerova). These people will not read War and Peace, they will read comics and short texts on the Internet, texts that fit on one screen. And they will digest information in exactly the same way: faster, but in short portions. And this means a superficial approach to analyzing information and making decisions.

The second feature of the “future generation” is a tendency towards autism. We are talking about autism not in the form of a disorder (although there are more and more autistic children), but about preclinical forms of autism, considered as an extreme manifestation of the trend in the evolution of humanity (theory D. Skripnikova). Autization, as a way of interacting with the world of people who have been self-absorbed since childhood and unable to communicate with others, acts as a defense against the problems of the modern lifestyle, as a way of fencing off from the world, in fact, a way of desocialization.

E-executive: What will have a decisive influence on the development and formation of Generation Z?

M.S.: Internet, Internet and more Internet. For them, it will replace other channels for obtaining information and will certainly become more important than traditional media. Of course, the point here is not so much in the demands of the new generation, but in the laws of social progress and the development of Internet communications that we face today. There is even a special name for this process of global “internetization” of life: the Internet revolution (and its leading direction today is the sociomedia revolution). At the same time, if in a traditional society, communication with other people, “person-to-person” communication, had a greater influence on a person than the media, then for the new generation, most likely, virtual communication will prevail over real one. A certain contradiction arises here: people tend to communicate less and less with each other (according to Baudrillard) – but at the same time they communicate more and more. They communicate less and less in social reality - and more and more in virtual reality. This is the tendency towards autism described above: modern man is gradually becoming less sociable socially, people are increasingly isolated from each other, and the resulting social self-isolation (another contradiction, the desire to live in society - and to be free from society) is compensated by communication through Internet. In fact, the new generation will largely live on the Internet. They will rush there, escaping from everyday reality; their interests, feelings and thoughts will be concentrated there.

Accordingly, when a person is distracted from the usual reality and lives in an artificial reality, for example, a virtual one, he breaks away from life, real soil, and it becomes easier to manipulate him. A simple example. Why do epidemics of panic rumors periodically occur on the Internet? People are faced with information that they cannot verify, so they paradoxically trust it in order to get rid of the resulting uncertainty (virtual implementation of Tertullian’s postulate: “I believe because it is absurd”). Legends about “signals” from people who survived a flooded hydroelectric power station, or about terrible smog, because of which “everyone will die,” conspiracy theories about the origin of natural disasters that befell our country are indicative of the fact that they quickly spread on the Internet and reached a large audience. Here is an example of the fact that with the Internetization of communication, people become more susceptible to manipulation, because they perceive information uncritically and, moreover, as users of social media, they become sources of panicky information “contagion” for each other.

This means that the new generation, which will spend even more time on the Internet than today’s “old-timers of the Runet,” may turn out to be even more susceptible to manipulation. Breaking away from reality, people are forced to trust what they cannot verify anyway. And the main focus of the manipulation of mass consciousness, which is intensifying every year and will be especially relevant for the new generation, is for people to begin to perceive life in general as entertainment, as a game. And in this game, the main thing is consumption - information, goods, services, entertainment. We will slowly but surely grow into Western standards of consumer society, submitting to the “damned” Zinoviev and the Westernization trend ridiculed by Zadornov. And from a psychological point of view, we can say that this will lead to even greater infantilization of the population. This trend is already noticeable among teenagers and young people, who make up a separate consumer and socio-psychological group, described by marketers as kidults, or “adult children.” They are characterized by the “Peter Pan syndrome”, or the “eternal child”: they do not want to grow up and burden themselves with adult responsibilities and responsibilities. Accordingly, they are determined to lead a consumer “childish” lifestyle. And the considered pattern has a very specific background: it is convenient. Convenient for manipulating the new generation to an even greater extent. Manipulation is not for political purposes, they are irrelevant here, the new generation will most likely be even more apolitical. And manipulate precisely for economic purposes, so that these children consume and buy, consume again and buy again.

E-executive: How will Generation Z be different from previous generations?

M.S.: On the one hand, they become less sociable, more immersed in themselves and the virtual world and fantasies. In the language of psychology - more introverted. On the other hand, if we are talking about a child, then this is childish egocentrism; it is natural for a child to think exclusively about himself. When applied to an adult, it is correct to call this individualism. Thus, the psychological diagnosis of the new generation is introverted individualism.

It must be emphasized that the further we go, the more noticeable the socio-psychological polarization and stratification of young people will be: an intellectual and cultural stratification, and not an economic stratification (although the latter partly correlates with the first). When such polarization occurs, then at one pole there is a minority of adolescents who are interested in knowledge, who study intensively, and knowledge for them is of high value. And at the other pole are the majority of teenagers, for whom, on the contrary, culture, education, knowledge are devalued and lose value. In their opinion, you can get a good job in life without having any special knowledge. Find a job in other ways - through patronage. In fact, here lie infantile expectations - for a child, all issues should be resolved by parents, and for today’s teenagers and young people, yesterday’s children, mom and dad must settle them into adulthood and create comfortable conditions for them, provide them with everything necessary for this life.

And here we must add that when we talked about the increased manipulability of the minds and feelings of the population, then most of the new generation, subject to manipulative influence, will become “slaves of public opinion”, or more precisely, slaves of the Internet. From the Internet they will draw examples of how to dress, how to behave, and how to generally live correctly. Because for them, right means “to be like everyone else,” to imitate the majority. And that smaller part of the generation that strives for individuality, originality, authenticity, and self-realization will apparently make up only a few percent. Here we will again Westernize, we will move towards the value-cultural distribution of society that has already developed in the West. Until now, we have somehow retained our identity while we were getting rid of (alas!) the remnants of the old Soviet education system (which was really good, unlike the modern Bolognese system and modernized standards of school education) and wasting the accumulated stock of culture. Now, with the entry into independent life of “generation Z”, everything will finally change – obviously, not for the better.

Compared to previous generations, the conflict between fathers and children, the ideological conflict, will become even more aggravated among the new youth. The generation gap is deepening, and what children should perceive from their parents - life experience, etc., they are now mostly discarding. For them, the views of their parents (“ancestors”, “geronts”) are hopelessly outdated, which in itself is a great contradiction for society. For this means that young people will distance themselves from their parents, neglect the opinions of their parents, but at the same time expect that their parents will solve their problems. That is, the new generation will hold their parents morally responsible for their own problems - when something doesn’t work out for them, they resort to self-justification: their parents didn’t give it to them, didn’t arrange it, didn’t teach them...

The next important point is that the traditional family is disappearing. This trend is now clearly evident; it exists in society as a long-term trend. For the new generation, when they grow up, the psychological problems of starting a family will be even more acute. They have no personal experience of living in a complete family, a family with many children. This is also important. Why will the new youth be more self-centered? These children grow up in families where there is an only child who is automatically the center of attention. The child gets used to this state of affairs and believes that other people should treat him the same way as his parents. With such an infantile, egocentric conviction, he goes out into independent life.

New forms of family relationships are surrogate forms of marriage. This is no longer a civil marriage, but a so-called weekend family. People do not live together, but only spend weekends. Or a serial marriage, when both parties know in advance that this will not last long, a year and a half, or two at most. And in a sense, it turns out that information progress in society affects the family and children in a paradoxical way: regression occurs. We are sliding into primitive forms of social organization, when the family as a unit of society did not yet exist, as in the Stone Age.

The family circle, meetings of relatives will also become a thing of the past, and in 15-20 years they will become virtual and people will communicate using an analogue of Skype. There are already young people who, living separately from their parents (but at their expense), communicate with their “relatives” only by phone or via the Internet. And it’s not about individual families, unfortunately, this is a pattern, the way of life pushes young people towards exactly this behavior.

E-executive:What values ​​will representatives of Generation Z have?

M.S.: We must start with the fact that the new generation is experiencing a erosion of life principles and life guidelines. This happens for several reasons. The first is a rapid change in life, as a result of which certain life principles, and even the lifestyle as a whole, become outdated. Secondly, there is an ideological gap with parents; the life principles of elders become irrelevant for young people. And finally, the third is information redundancy, or information overload, which is an integral feature of the modern information society. It turns out that a person lives as if in a fog, in which landmarks are not visible. Previously, the life credo that was established in society was somewhat simplistic and populist: every person had to do something in his life that boiled down to a standard set (build a house, raise a son, plant a tree). Now there is no longer such certainty that can be reduced to simple formulas. It would seem that a person gains more freedom, but he does not know what to do with this freedom. What's the best way to live? What to be? What to strive for? How to act, how to manage your life correctly?

And moving on to values... Of course, values ​​are different, but they can be combined into four main groups: health (physical well-being and safety), family, social values ​​(career, financial situation) and spiritual values ​​(education, culture). To summarize, we can say that the values ​​of health for the new generation will not go away, perhaps even will be even more relevant. People will realize that modern lifestyles require more effort to maintain health, and consumption in this area will increase. But the second group of values ​​- family - in the eyes of the new generation, alas, is doomed to gradual devaluation. Attention will shift towards social values ​​- career and well-being. But remembering hyperactivity, increased conflict and problems with emotions, one can expect that this society will be prone to more intense competition between people, not corporate, but personal competition. The new generation will be even more eager than its predecessors to push others around with its elbows in order to achieve personal goals. And the fourth group of values ​​- spiritual - will again depreciate for a significant mass of young people. The group of highly cultured people, for whom education, spirituality, and personal development have a high priority, will, unfortunately, be declining.

E-executive: How will Generation Z show up at work? In relationships with bosses and colleagues?

M.S.: The main socio-psychological trend for the new generation is infantilization. It manifests itself in the fact that adults retain childish traits and, accordingly, in “adult” situations behave like children without realizing it. Accordingly, as employees, they will be less responsible, less efficient, they are not ready to admit their guilt for failures and inadequate performance of some work. But at the same time, like children, they will constantly expect from others and from the manager an unconditional positive assessment of everything they do at work. Imagine: a child receives praise from his parents for his crafts and naive children's drawings, for the poems read at a kindergarten matinee - this is natural. But when a person grows up, becomes, for example, an office employee, but remains the same child inside, he expects the same unconditionally accepting positive assessment for his “works,” for his work, even if he performs it poorly and inadequately. Here we also need to add the childish egocentrism and consumerist attitude to life characteristic of the infantile generation. Already now, young employees, especially the capital’s “cadres,” often claim to receive wages not based on the results of their activities, not for the proper performance of functional duties, but simply for the very fact of being present at the workplace, “serving” the required number of hours ( partly filled by communication on the Internet). However, as popular wisdom says, life guides those who want to work, and forces those who don’t want to. The same thing happens with “adult children”: life for them is the best teacher.

E-executive: How will representatives of the “Tin” subgeneration behave in the office?

M.S.: As we said, they are characterized by increased conflict, rigidity, uncompromisingness, the desire to “go ahead” in order to protect their interests, regardless of the interests of others, literally over their heads. We can say that this generation will be more psychologically competitive in tomorrow's office wars; they will have an advantage over the more conformist, less conflict-ridden representatives of older age groups. But the desire to work conscientiously, the desire for competence is hardly to be expected from this generation, because increased demands on others (the desire to “take”) among the “new” youth are often combined with undemandingness towards themselves (and a reluctance to “give”). And if their hidden aggressiveness and desire for dominance are mistakenly taken for leadership qualities, if the ideal of a leader is a person who does not “make peace” with subordinates, is used to “putting pressure” on them and can easily, without restraining himself within the bounds of etiquette, slam his fist on the table and yell at employees, then the “children of the 90s” will fit perfectly into such a management stereotype. If by leadership we really mean the ability to direct a large group of people to achieve a common goal, uniting them, motivating them, finding an approach to everyone and creating a cohesive team from them, then it will probably be more difficult for the “new young” to achieve this than their older colleagues.

E-executive: From the above, we can conclude that the value of blue-collar professions will drop to zero?

M.S.: Quite possible. However, just like other “performing” professions associated with intense (not only physical) work, stereotyped actions, monotony, and an exhausting pace. After all, all these factors become a source of professional psycho-emotional stress. And if you treat life and work infantilely, childishly - like a game, then under no circumstances should you strain yourself! After all, what is a game? When you need to do something “for fun”, imitate busyness and vigorous activity. And there are fewer and fewer people willing to “plow”, “work hard”, and exert themselves seriously, doing more than just physical labor. You give virtual work with virtual results! The Internet is the most popular place of work in the future for the new generation. Industry is quite intense work: after all, even if a significant part of the work is performed by computer-controlled machines and automated systems, the “human factor” still has a tense rhythm, a tight work schedule, commitment, responsibility, etc. And the infantile attitude towards work characteristic of the new generation comes down to a simple principle: strain less, generally do less and get more for it. This is not compatible with either blue-collar or engineering professions. And the prestige of both of them in society has long since fallen.

Alexandra Sycheva