Which was a significant event after. Key dates in Russian history

965 - Defeat of the Khazar Khaganate by the army of the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich.

988 - Baptism of Rus'. Kievan Rus accepts Orthodox Christianity.

1223 - Battle of Kalka- the first battle between the Russians and the Mughals.

1240 - Battle of Neva- military conflict between the Russians, led by Prince Alexander of Novgorod, and the Swedes.

1242 - Battle of Lake Peipsi- a battle between the Russians led by Alexander Nevsky and the knights of the Livonian Order. This battle went down in history as the “Battle of the Ice.”

1380 - Battle of Kulikovo- a battle between the united army of the Russian principalities led by Dmitry Donskoy and the army of the Golden Horde led by Mamai.

1466 - 1472 - travel of Afanasy Nikitin to Persia, India and Turkey.

1480 - The final deliverance of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

1552 - Capture of Kazan Russian troops of Ivan the Terrible, the termination of the existence of the Kazan Khanate and its inclusion in Muscovite Rus'.

1556 - Annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Muscovite Rus'.

1558 - 1583 - Livonian War. The war of the Russian Kingdom against the Livonian Order and the subsequent conflict of the Russian Kingdom with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland and Sweden.

1581 (or 1582) - 1585 - Ermak's campaigns in Siberia and battles with the Tatars.

1589 - Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.

1604 - Invasion of False Dmitry I into Russia. The beginning of the Time of Troubles.

1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's uprising.

1612 - Liberation of Moscow from the Poles by the people's militia of Minin and Pozharsky The end of the Time of Troubles.

1613 - The rise to power of the Romanov dynasty in Russia.

1654 - Pereyaslav Rada decided to reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

1667 - Truce of Andrusovo between Russia and Poland. Left Bank Ukraine and Smolensk went to Russia.

1686 - "Eternal peace" with Poland. Russia's entry into the anti-Turkish coalition.

1700 - 1721 - North War- fighting between Russia and Sweden.

1783 - Annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire.

1803 - Decree on free cultivators. Peasants received the right to redeem themselves with the land.

1812 - Battle of Borodino- a battle between the Russian army led by Kutuzov and French troops under the command of Napoleon.

1814 - Capture of Paris by Russian and Allied forces.

1817 - 1864 - Caucasian War.

1825 - Decembrist revolt- armed anti-government mutiny of Russian army officers.

1825 - built first railway in Russia.

1853 - 1856 - Crimean War. In this military conflict, the Russian Empire was opposed by England, France and the Ottoman Empire.

1861 - Abolition of serfdom in Russia.

1877 - 1878 - Russo-Turkish War

1914 - Beginning of the First World War and the entry of the Russian Empire into it.

1917 - Revolution in Russia(February and October). In February, after the fall of the monarchy, power passed to the Provisional Government. In October, the Bolsheviks came to power through a coup.

1918 - 1922 - Russian Civil War. It ended with the victory of the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the creation of the Soviet state.
* Individual outbreaks of the civil war began already in the fall of 1917.

1941 - 1945 - War between the USSR and Germany. This confrontation took place within the framework of the Second World War.

1949 - Creation and testing of the first atomic bomb in the USSR.

1961 - The first manned flight into space. It was Yuri Gagarin from the USSR.

1991 - The collapse of the USSR and the fall of socialism.

1993 - Adoption of the Constitution by the Russian Federation.

2008 - Armed conflict between Russia and Georgia.

2014 - Return of Crimea to Russia.

The Russian Federation is a state that ranks first in terms of territory and ninth in terms of population. This is a country that has gone from scattered principalities to a candidate for superpower. How did the formation of this political, economic and military colossus take place?

In our article we will look at the main dates in the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mentions of it until the end of the twentieth century.

9th - 10th century

The word “Rus” was first mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Constantinople (Constantinople) and the plunder of its surroundings. Researchers estimate that more than eight thousand people took part in the raid. The Byzantines did not expect an attack from the Black Sea at all, so they were unable to give a worthy rebuff. “The Rus left with impunity,” the chronicler reports.

The next important date was 862. This is one of the most significant events. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes invited Rurik to reign.

The chronicle says that they were tired of constant quarrels and civil strife, which only a visiting ruler could put an end to.

Like 862, the next year, 863, became important in the history of Russia. This year, according to chroniclers, the Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic - is being created. It was from this time that the official written history of Rus' begins.

In 882, Prince Oleg, Rurik’s successor, conquered Kyiv and made it the “capital city”. This ruler did a lot for the state. He began to unite the tribes, went against the Khazars, recapturing many lands. Now the northerners, Drevlyans, Radimichi pay tribute not to the Kaganate, but to the Kyiv prince.

We are considering only the main dates in the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.

So, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Rus into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went against the Pechenegs (920) and Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated in 965, which significantly strengthened the position of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.

In 970, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became the prince of Kyiv. He, together with his uncle Dobrynya, whose image was later reflected in the epic hero, is preparing a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the Serbian and Bulgarian tribes on the Danube, as a result of which an alliance was concluded.

However, during the mentioned campaigns, the prince becomes imbued with Christianity. Previously, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this faith and found herself misunderstood by those around her. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.

Thus, in 988, a series of ceremonies were carried out designed to baptize the majority of the tribes. Those who refused to change their faith voluntarily were forced to do so.

The last important date in the 10th century is considered to be the construction of the Tithe Church. It was with the help of this building that Christianity was finally established at the state level in Kyiv.

11th century

The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, civil strife began.

This devastation continued until 1019, when Prince Yaroslav, who was later nicknamed the Wise, sat on the throne in Kyiv. He reigned for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign, Kievan Rus practically reached the level of European states.

Since we are talking briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates of the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and the period of unrest (in the second half of the century).

So, from 1019 until his death in 1054, Prince Yaroslav the Wise compiled one of the most famous codes - “The Truth of Yaroslav”. This is the oldest part of “Russian Truth”.

Over five years, starting in 1030, he built the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

In the capital, in 1037, construction of the famous temple - Sophia of Kyiv - began. It was completed in 1041.

After the campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.

The death of the Kyiv prince marked the beginning of the struggle for the capital between his sons. From 1054 to 1068 Izyaslav ruled. Then, with the help of an uprising, he is replaced by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. In epics he is mentioned as Volga.

Due to the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views in matters of faith, in folk tales the properties of a werewolf are attributed to him. In epics he becomes either a wolf or a falcon. In official history, he was given the nickname Sorcerer.

When listing the main dates in the history of Russia in the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of the “Pravda of the Yaroslavichs” in 1072 and the “Izbornik of Svyatoslav” in 1073. The latter contains descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.

A more interesting document is “Russian Truth”. It consists of two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second in 1072. This collection contains norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and inheritance legislation.

The last event worth mentioning within the eleventh century was the princes. He marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. There it was decided that everyone should manage only their own estate.

12th century

Oddly enough, the Polovtsians played an important role in the reunification of the ancient Russian princes. Speaking about the main dates in the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one cannot fail to mention the campaigns against these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that united the Eastern Slavs and created the preconditions for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His successor was his son Mstislav Vladimirovich.

During the reign of these princes, the Tale of Bygone Years was finally edited, and there was also an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the political history of Europe and the history of Russia gradually became distant. The dates and events of the twelfth century fully confirm this.

While there was a struggle for power here caused by the collapse of the Kyiv state, the unification of Spain and several crusades were being carried out in Western Europe.

The following happened in Rus'. In 1136, as a result of the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.

In 1147, chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It was from this time that the gradual rise of the city began, which was subsequently destined to become the capital of the united state.

The end of the twelfth century was marked by even greater fragmentation of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Rus' is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.

Since these events took place in the thirteenth century, we will talk about them further.

XIII century

In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of Batu’s campaigns, which is given below, as well as maps of battles with the Mongols, indicate the incompetence of many princes in matters of military operations.

There are several stories where city residents were able to heroically repel invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But not a single event is mentioned when the princes defeated the Mongol army.

Regarding Kozelsk, this is simply a unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Khan Batu, who ravaged North-Eastern Rus' from 1237 to 1240, was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.

This town was the capital of the principality on the land of the former Vyatichi tribe. According to scientists, the number of his defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols were able to take the fortress only after seven weeks of siege and the loss of more than four thousand soldiers.

It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without a prince or governor. At this time, Mstislav’s grandson, twelve-year-old Vasily, “ruled” in Kozelsk. Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.

After the fortress was captured by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground and all the inhabitants were killed. Neither infants nor frail old people were spared.

After this battle, the remaining important dates in the history of Russia associated with the Mongol invasion concern exclusively the southern principalities.

So, in 1238, a little earlier, a battle takes place near the Kolomna River. In 1239, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240 Kyiv also fell.

In 1243, the Mongol state - the Golden Horde - was formed. Now Russian princes are obliged to take the “label to reign” from the khans.

In the northern lands at this time a completely different picture occurs. Swedish and German troops are approaching Rus'. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.

In 1240, he defeated the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 he completely defeated the German knights (the so-called Battle of the Ice).

In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive campaigns of the Mongols against Rus' took place. They were directed against unwanted princes who did not receive a label to rule. So, in 1252 and 1293, Khan Duden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Rus'.

Due to difficult events and the gradual transfer of control to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kyiv to Vladimir.

XIV century

More significant dates in the history of Russia date back to the fourteenth century. In 1325, Ivan Kalita came to power. He begins to gather all the principalities into a single state. So, by 1340, some lands were annexed to Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita became the Grand Duke.

In 1326, Metropolitan Peter of Vladimir moved his residence to Moscow as a more promising city.

The plague (“Black Death”) that began in 1347 in Western Europe reached Rus' in 1352. She destroyed many people.

When mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worth focusing on events related to Moscow. In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ascended the throne. Over the course of two years, starting in 1367, the construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow took place. It was because of this that it was later called “white stone”.

By the end of the fourteenth century, Rus' finally emerged from the rule of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein, important events are the battle near the Vozha River (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). These victories showed the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state was beginning to take shape in the north, which would not be under anyone’s authority.

However, the Golden Horde did not want to lose its tributaries so easily. In 1382 he gathered a large army and ravaged Moscow.

This was the last disaster associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Rus' finally freed itself from their yoke only a century later. But during this time no one else disturbed its borders.

Moreover, in 1395 Tamerlane finally destroyed the Golden Horde. But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.

15th century

The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate mainly to the unification of lands into a single Moscow state.

The first half of the century passed in civil strife. During these years, Vasily I and Vasily II the Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.

The events of the first half of the fifteenth century are a little reminiscent of 1917 in the history of Russia. The civil war that followed the revolution also revealed many appanage princelings, gang leaders, who were subsequently destroyed by Moscow.

The reason for the civil strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Externally, the political activities of the provisional rulers were connected with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes carried out raids. Some princes were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.

The moral of decades of civil strife was that those who did not rely on external support, but strengthened the country from within, won. Thus, the result was the unification of many small appanage lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now the metropolitans of Kyiv and all Rus' were proclaimed here. That is, dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.

In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, the separation of the Moscow Metropolis from the Kyiv Metropolis took place in 1458.

The discord between the princes ended with the accession of John III. In 1471 he defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelon, and in 1478 he finally annexed Veliky Novgorod to the Moscow Principality.

In 1480 one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the chronicles under the name This is a very interesting story, which contemporaries considered “the mystical intercession of the Virgin Mary.” gathered a large army and opposed Ivan III, who was in alliance with the Crimean Khan.

But there was no battle. After the troops stood against each other for a long time, both armies turned back. Researchers in our time have found that this was caused by the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of sabotage detachments in the rear of Akhmat.

Thus, in 1480, the Moscow Principality became a completely sovereign state.

The year 1552 was similar in importance in the history of Russia. We'll talk about it a little later.

In 1497, the Code of Laws, a set of laws for all residents of the state, was officially adopted and approved.

16th century

The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. During the reign of Vasily III, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521) were annexed to Moscow. Also for the first time in 1517 it was mentioned as a state governing body.

With the death of Vasily III, a slight decline of Muscovy begins. The rules at this time were Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by Boyar power. But the grown-up son of the deceased prince, Ivan Vasilyevich, put an end to arbitrariness.

He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact, until 1565, the prince relied on zemsky councils and boyars. During these eighteen years, he was able to annex many territories.

The year 1552 is noteworthy in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and annexes the Khanate to the Moscow state. In addition to it, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556) and the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.

The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognized himself as a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, Khan Kuchum, who replaced him on the throne, breaks off all relations with Muscovy.

After a decade and a half of conquests, the Grand Duke turns his attention to the internal situation in the country. In 1565, the oprichnina was established and persecution and terror began. All boyar families that began to attach themselves to power are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. Executions continued until 1572.

In 1582, Ermak began his famous campaign in Siberia, which lasted a year.

In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden, returning to the latter all the lands conquered during the war.

In 1584, Ivan Vasilyevich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. He became a real tsar only in 1598, after the death of Fedor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1598, the Rurikovich line was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605), the Time of Troubles and the Seven Boyars began.

17th century

The most important event was 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but the next three hundred years. This year the turmoil ended and Mikhail, the founder of the Romanov dynasty, came to power.

The seventeenth century is characterized by the processes of formation and development of the Muscovite kingdom. In foreign policy, conflicts occur with Poland (1654) and Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine led by Khmelnytsky.

There were riots in the Moscow kingdom itself in 1648 (Solyanoy), 1662 (Medny), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671, the Cossacks rebelled under the leadership of Stenka Razin.

In addition to political and economic turmoil, religious turmoil and schism were brewing in the mid-seventeenth century. tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not accepted by the Old Believers. In 1667 he was convicted and sent into exile.

Thus, over the course of seven decades, the process of forming a single state took place, in which different institutions “grinded in” to each other. It ends with the accession of Peter I.

It turns out that 1613 in the history of Russia marked the beginning of a departure from feudalism. And Pyotr Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.

XVIII century

The century of the most powerful rise that the history of Russia has ever known - the 18th century. The dates of the founding of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.

So, in 1703 St. Petersburg was built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main military educational institution of the country, the Land Noble Corps. In 1755, Moscow University was created. These are just some of the events that show powerful cultural growth in the state.

In 1712, the capital was moved from “old” Moscow to “young” St. Petersburg. In addition, in 1721, Russia was proclaimed an empire, and Peter Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.

The eighteenth century will be of particular interest to those interested in the military history of Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering.

The country entered the nineteenth century as a powerful empire that defeated Turkey, Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

19th century

If a feature of the previous century was the cultural and military growth of the state, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Rapid economic development and the separation of the government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.

The dates of significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as about the authorities’ attempts to create thoughtless performers from the lower strata of society.

The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).

In domestic politics, many reforms are taking place aimed at further enslaving ordinary people. These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship reform (1865), and universal military service (1874).

Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still clear that the bureaucracy strives for maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 - uprising in Poland. In 1881, the Narodnaya Volya killed Alexander II.

In the wake of general dissatisfaction with the government, the position of the Social Democrats is strengthening. The first congress took place in 1898.

XX century

Despite the wars, disasters and other horrors discussed above, some dates of the 20th century are especially terrible. Until that time, the history of Russia had not known such a nightmare as the Bolsheviks created in the first quarter of the century.

The 1905 revolution and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.

The year 1917 will be remembered for a long time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II, his family was captured and executed in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar revolution and devastation marked 1991 in the history of Russia.

The first years of the existence of the new state were marked by social disasters of enormous proportions. These are famine in 1932-1933 and repression in 1936-1939.

In 1941, the USSR entered World War II. In our historical tradition, this conflict is called the Great Patriotic War. After the victory in 1945, the restoration and short-term rise of the country began.

1991 became a turning point in the history of Russia. The Soviet Union collapsed, leaving all dreams of a “bright future” under the rubble. In fact, people had to learn how to live from scratch in a market economy in a new state.

Thus, you and I, dear friends, briefly went through the most significant events in the history of Russia.

Good luck, and remember that the answers to the future are stored in the lessons of the past.

In the 11th grade, it is not necessary to know by heart all the dates from the textbook. It is enough to master the mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will be useful not only in the exam, but also in life.

So, your preparation for the OGE and Unified State Examination in History must necessarily include memorizing several of the most important dates in Russian history. Stay up to date with the most important events in Russian history - and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by century. This simple step will allow you to begin to navigate history by period, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, you will unconsciously remember everything. Your parents and grandparents used a similar method when there was no trace of any Unified State Examination or State Examination.

We can also advise you to say the most important dates in the history of Russia out loud and record it on a voice recorder. Listen to the resulting recordings several times a day, and best of all, in the morning, when the brain has just woken up and has not yet absorbed the usual daily dose of information.

But under no circumstances do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Have pity on yourself, no one has ever managed to master the entire school curriculum on Russian history in a day. The Unified State Examination and the State Examination Test are designed to test how well you know the full course of the subject. So don’t even think about somehow deceiving the system or hoping for the students’ favorite “night before the exam,” as well as various cheat sheets and “answers to the State Examination and Unified State Examination in History 2015,” of which there are so many on the Internet.

With leaflets, the last hope of careless schoolchildren, state exams have always been strict, and every year the situation becomes even more difficult. Exams in the 9th and 11th grades are held not only under the strict supervision of experienced teachers, but also under the supervision of video cameras, and you know, it is almost impossible to outsmart the technology.

So get enough sleep, don’t be nervous, develop your memory and memorize 35 most important dates in the history of Russia. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you pass the Unified State Exam and State Examination.

1. 862 Beginning of the reign of Rurik
2. 988 Baptism of Rus'
3. 1147 First mention of Moscow
4. 1237–1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
5. 1240 Battle of the Neva
6. 1380 Battle of Kulikovo
7. 1480 Standing on the Ugra River. Fall of the Mongol yoke
8. 1547 Ivan the Terrible crowned king
9. 1589 Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia
10. 1598-1613 Time of Troubles
11. 1613 Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom
12. 1654 Pereyaslav Rada.
13. 1670–1671 Revolt of Stepan Razin
14. 1682–1725 Reign of Peter I
15. 1700–1721 Northern War
16. 1703 Founding of St. Petersburg
17. 1709 Battle of Poltava
18. 1755 Foundation of Moscow University
19. 1762– 1796 Reign of Catherine II
20. 1773– 1775 Peasant War led by E. Pugachev
21. 1812– 1813 Patriotic War
22. 1812 Battle of Borodino
23. 1825 Decembrist Revolt
24. 1861 Abolition of serfdom
25. 1905– 1907 First Russian Revolution
26. 1914 Russia's entry into the First World War
27. 1917 February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy
28. 1917 October Revolution
29. 1918– 1920 Civil War
30. 1922 Formation of the USSR
31. 1941– 1945 Great Patriotic War
32. 1957 Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite
33. 1961 Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin into space
34. 1986 Chernobyl accident
35. 1991 Collapse of the USSR

Dates in Russian history

This section presents the most important dates in Russian history.

Brief chronology of Russian History.

• VI century n. e., from 530 - Great Migration of the Slavs. The first mention of the Ros/Russians
• 860 - the first Russian campaign against Constantinople
• 862 - The year to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers to the “calling of the Norman king” Rurik.
• 911 - The campaign of the Kyiv prince Oleg to Constantinople and the agreement with Byzantium.
• 941 - Campaign of the Kyiv prince Igor to Constantinople.
• 944 - Treaty of Igor with Byzantium.
• 945 - 946 — Submission of the Drevlyans to Kyiv
• 957 - Princess Olga's trip to Constantinople
• 964-966 — Svyatoslav’s campaigns against the Kama Bulgarians, Khazars, Yasses and Kasogs
• 967-971 — War of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium
• 988-990 — The beginning of the baptism of Rus'
• 1037 - Foundation of the Church of Sophia in Kyiv
• 1043 - Prince Vladimir's campaign against Byzantium
• 1045-1050 — Construction of the Temple of Sophia in Novgorod
• 1054-1073 — Presumably during this period “Pravda Yaroslavichy” appeared.
• 1056-1057 — “Ostromir Gospel”
• 1073 - “Izbornik” of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
• 1097 - First congress of princes in Lyubech
• 1100 - Second congress of princes in Uvetichi (Vitichev)
• 1116 - The Tale of Bygone Years appears in Sylvester's edition
• 1147 - The first chronicle mention of Moscow
• 1158-1160 — Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma
• 1169 - Capture of Kyiv by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies
• 1170 February 25 - Victory of the Novgorodians over the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky and his allies
• 1188 - Approximate date of appearance of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”
• 1202 - Founding of the Order of the Sword (Livonian Order)
• 1206 - Proclamation of Temujin as the “Great Khan” of the Mongols and his adoption of the name Genghis Khan
• 1223 May 31 - Battle of Russian princes and Polovtsians on the river. Kalke
• 1224 - Capture of Yuryev (Tartu) by the Germans
• 1237 - Union of the Order of the Sword and the Teutonic Order
• 1237-1238 — Invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Rus'
• 1238 March 4 - Battle of the river. City
• 1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neve
• 1240 December 6 (or November 19) - Capture of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars
• 1242 April 5 - “Battle of the Ice” on Lake Peipsi
• 1243 - Formation of the Golden Horde.
• 1262 - Uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl
• 1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver
• 1367 - Construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow
• 1378 - The first victory of Russian troops over the Tatars on the river. Vozhe
• 1380 September 8 - Battle of Kulikovo
• 1382 - Campaign to Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh
• 1385 - Krevo Union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Poland
• 1395 - Defeat of the Golden Horde by Timur (Tamerlane)
• 1410 July 15 - Battle of Grunwald. The raid of German knights by Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops
• 1469-1472 — Travel of Afanasy Nikitin to India
• 1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni
• 1480 - “Standing” on the river. Eel. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
• 1484-1508 — Construction of the Moscow Kremlin. Construction of cathedrals and the Chamber of Facets
• 1507-1508, 1512-1522 — Wars of the Moscow State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Return of Smolensk and Smolensk land
• 1510 - Pskov annexed to Moscow
• 1547 January 16 - Crowning of Ivan IV to the throne
• 1550 - Code of Law of Ivan the Terrible. Creation of the Streltsy army
• 1550 October 3 - Decree on the placement of the “chosen thousand” in the districts adjacent to Moscow
• 1551 - February-May - Hundred-Glavy Cathedral of the Russian Church
• 1552 - Capture of Kazan by Russian troops. Annexation of the Kazan Khanate
• 1556 - Astrakhan annexed to Russia
• 1558-1583 — Livonian War
• 1565-1572 — Oprichnina
• 1569 - Union of Lublin. Formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 1582 January 15 - Truce of the Russian state with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Zapolsky Yam
• 1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow
• 1590-1593 — The war of the Russian state with Sweden
• 1591 May - Death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich
• 1595 - Conclusion of the Tyavzin Peace with Sweden
• 1598 January 7 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich and the end of the Rurik dynasty
• October 1604 - Intervention of False Dmitry I into the Russian state
• 1605 June - Overthrow of the Godunov dynasty in Moscow. Accession of False Dmitry I
• 1606 - Uprising in Moscow and murder of False Dmitry I
• 1607 - Beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II
• 1609-1618 — Open Polish-Swedish intervention
• 1611 March-April - Creation of a militia against the invaders
• 1611 September-October - Creation of a militia led by Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod
• 1612 October 26 - Capture of the Moscow Kremlin by the militia of Minin and Pozharsky
• 1613 - February 7-21 - Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor
• 1633 - Death of Patriarch Filaret, father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
• 1648 - Uprising in Moscow - “Salt Riot”
• 1649 - “Conciliar Code” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
• 1649-1652 — Erofey Khabarov’s campaigns to the Daurian land along the Amur
• 1652 - Nikon’s consecration as patriarch
• 1653 - Zemsky Sobor in Moscow and the decision to reunite Ukraine with Russia
• 1654 January 8-9 - Pereyaslav Rada. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia
• 1654-1667 — Russia’s war with Poland over Ukraine
• 1667 January 30 - Truce of Andrusovo
• 1670-1671 — Peasant war led by S. Razin
• 1676-1681 — Russia’s war with Turkey and Crimea for Right Bank Ukraine
• 1681 January 3 - Truce of Bakhchisarai
• 1682 - Abolition of localism
• 1682 May - Streltsy uprising in Moscow
• 1686 - “Eternal Peace” with Poland
• 1687-1689 — Crimean campaigns, book. V.V. Golitsyna
• 1689 August 27 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China
• 1689 September - Overthrow of Princess Sophia
• 1695-1696 — Azov campaigns of Peter I
• 1696 January 29 - death of Ivan V. Establishment of autocracy of Peter I
• 1697-1698 — “Great Embassy” of Peter I to Western Europe
• 1698 April-June - Streltsy riot
• 1699 December 20 - Decree on the introduction of a new calendar from January 1, 1700.
• 1700 July 13 - Truce of Constantinople with Turkey
• 1700-1721 — Northern War between Russia and Sweden
• 1700 - Death of Patriarch Adrian. Appointment of Stefan Yavorsky as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne
• 1700 November 19 - defeat of Russian troops near Narva
• 1703 - The first stock exchange in Russia (merchant meeting) in St. Petersburg
• 1703 - Publication of the textbook “Arithmetic” by Magnitsky
• 1707-1708 — Uprising on the Don by K. Bulavin
• 1709 June 27 - Defeat of Swedish troops at Poltava
• 1711 - Prut campaign of Peter I
• 1712 - Decree on the establishment of commercial and industrial companies
• 1714 March 23 - Decree on unified inheritance
• 1714 July 27 - Victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish at Gangut
• 1721 August 30 - Peace of Nystad between Russia and Sweden
• 1721 October 22 - Acceptance of the imperial title by Peter I
• 1722 January 24 - Table of Ranks
• 1722-1723 — Persian campaign of Peter I
• 1724 January 28 - Decree on the establishment of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• 1725 January 28 - Death of Peter I
• 1726 February 8 - Establishment of the Supreme Privy Council
• 1727 May 6 - death of Catherine I
• 1730 January 19 - Death of Peter II
• 1731 - Cancellation of the decree on unified inheritance
• 1732 January 21 - Treaty of Rasht with Persia
• 1734 - “Treatise on Friendship and Commerce” between Russia and England
• 1735-1739 — Russian-Turkish War
• 1736 - Decree on the “eternal assignment” of artisans to manufactories
• 1740 from November 8 to 9 - Palace coup, overthrow of regent Biron. Announcement of Regent Anna Leopoldovna
• 1741-1743 — Russia's war with Sweden
• 1741 November 25 - Palace coup, installation of Elizabeth Petrovna on the throne by the guards
• 1743 June 16 - Peace of Abo with Sweden
• 1755 January 12 - Decree on the founding of Moscow University
• 1756 August 30 - Decree on the establishment of the Russian theater in St. Petersburg (F. Volkov’s troupe)
• 1759 August 1 (12) - Victory of Russian troops at Kunnersdorf
• 1760 September 28 - Capture of Berlin by Russian troops
• 1762 February 18 - Manifesto “On the Liberty of the Nobility”
• 1762 July 6 - Assassination of Peter III and accession to the throne of Catherine II
• 1764 - Establishment of the Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg
• 1764 from July 4 to 5 - Attempted coup by V.Ya. Mirovich. The murder of Ivan Antonovich in the Shlisselburg fortress
• 1766 - Annexation of the Aleutian Islands to Russia
• 1769 - First external loan in Amsterdam
• 1770 June 24-26 - Defeat of the Turkish fleet in Chesme Bay
• 1773-1775 — First section of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 1773-1775 — Peasant war led by E.I. Pugacheva
• 1774 July 10 - Kuchuk-Kainarzhiysky peace with Turkey
• 1783 - Annexation of Crimea to Russia 1785 April 21 - Charters granted to the nobility and cities
• 1787-1791 — Russian-Turkish War
• 1788-1790 - Russian-Swedish War 1791 December 29 - Peace of Iasi with Turkey
• 1793 - Second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• 1794 - Polish uprising under the leadership of T. Kosciuszko and its suppression
• 1795 - Third partition of Poland
• 1796 - Formation of the Little Russian province 1796-1797. — War with Persia
• 1797 - April 5 - “Institution of the Imperial Family”
• 1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns by A.V. Suvorov
• 1799 - Formation of the United Russian-American Company
• 1801 January 18 - Manifesto on the accession of Georgia to Russia
• 1801 from March 11 to 12 - Palace coup. Assassination of Paul I. Accession to the throne of Alexander I
• 1804-1813 — Russian-Iranian war
• 1805 November 20 - Battle of Austerlitz
• 1806-1812 — Russia's war with Turkey
• 1807 June 25 - Peace of Tilsit
• 1808-1809 — Russian-Swedish war
• 1810 January 1 - Establishment of the State Council
• 1812 - Invasion of Napoleon's Grand Army into Russia. Patriotic War
• 1812 August 26 - Battle of Borodino
• 1813 January 1 - Beginning of the Foreign Campaign of the Russian Army
• 1813 October 16-19 - “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig
• 1814 March 19 - Allied forces enter Paris
• 1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna
• 1825 December 14 - Decembrist uprising in St. Petersburg
• 1826-1828 — Russian-Iranian war
• 1827 October 20 - Battle of Navarino Bay
• 1828 February 10 - Turkmanchay peace treaty with Iran
• 1828-1829 — Russian-Turkish War
• 1829 September 2 - Treaty of Adrianople with Turkey
• 1835 July 26 - University Charter
• 1837 October 30 - Opening of the St. Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo railway
• 1839-1843 — Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kankrina
• 1853 - Opening of the “Free Russian Printing House” by A.I. Herzen in London
• 1853 - Kokaid campaign of General. V.A. Perovsky
• 1853-1856 - Crimean War
• 1854 September - 1855 August - Defense of Sevastopol
• 1856 March 18 - Treaty of Paris
• 1860 May 31 - Establishment of the State Bank
• 1861 February 19 - Abolition of serfdom
• 1861 - Establishment of the Council of Ministers
• 1863 June 18 - University Charter
• 1864 November 20 - Decree on judicial reform. "New judicial statutes"
• 1865 - Military judicial reform
• 1874 January 1 - “Charter on military service”
• 1874 spring - The first mass “going to the people” of revolutionary populists
• 1875 April 25 - St. Petersburg Treaty between Russia and Japan (on South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
• 1876-1879 — Second “Land and Freedom”
• 1877-1878 — Russian-Turkish War
• August 1879 - Split of “Land and Freedom” into “Black Redistribution” and “People’s Will”
• 1881 March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II by revolutionary populists
• 1885 January 7-18 - Morozov strike
• 1892 - Russian-French secret military convention
• 1896 - Invention of the radiotelegraph by A.S. Popov
• 1896 May 18 - Khodynka tragedy in Moscow during the coronation of Nicholas II
• 1898 March 1-2 - First Congress of the RSDLP
• 1899 May-July - I Hague Peace Conference
• 1902 - Formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs)
• 1904-1905 — Russo-Japanese War
• 1905 January 9 - “Bloody Sunday”. The beginning of the first Russian revolution
• April 1905 - Formation of the Russian Monarchist Party and the “Union of the Russian People”.
• 1905 May 12-June 1 - General strike in Ivanovo-Voskresensk. Formation of the first Council of Workers' Deputies
• 1905 May 14-15 - Battle of Tsushima
• 1905 June 9-11 - Uprising in Lodz
• 1905 June 14-24 - Uprising on the battleship Potemkin
• 1905 August 23 - Treaty of Portsmouth with Japan
• 1905 October 7 - Beginning of the All-Russian political strike
• 1905 October 12-18 - Founding Congress of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
• 1905 October 13 - Creation of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies
• 1905 October 17 - Manifesto of Nicholas II
• 1905 November - The emergence of the "Union of October 17" (Octobrists)
• 1905 December 9-19 - Moscow armed uprising
• 1906 April 27-July 8 - I State Duma
• 1906 November 9 - Beginning of the agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin
• 1907 February 20-June 2 - II State Duma
• 1907 November 1 - 1912 July 9 - III State Duma
• 1908 - Formation of the reactionary “Union of Michael the Archangel”
• 1912 November 15 - 1917 February 25 - IV State Duma
• 1914 July 19 (August 1) - Germany declares war on Russia. Beginning of the First World War
• 1916 May 22-July 31 - Brusilovsky breakthrough
• 1916 December 17 - Murder of Rasputin
• 1917 February 26 - Beginning of the transition of troops to the side of the revolution
• 1917 February 27 - February Revolution. Overthrow of the autocracy in Russia
• 1917, March 3 - Abdication of the leader. book Mikhail Alexandrovich. Declaration of the Provisional Government
• 1917 June 9-24 - I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
• 1917 August 12-15 - State meeting in Moscow
• 1917 August 25-September 1 - Kornilov rebellion
• 1917 September 14-22 - All-Russian Democratic Conference in Petrograd
• 1917 October 24-25 - Armed Bolshevik coup. Overthrow of the Provisional Government
• 1917 October 25 - Opening of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets
• 1917 October 26 - Soviet decrees on peace, on land. "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia"
• 1917 November 12 - Elections to the Constituent Assembly
• 1917 December 7 - Decision of the Council of People's Commissars to create the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Fight against Counter-Revolution (VChK)
• 1917 December 14 - Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the nationalization of banks
• 1917 December 18 - Independence of Finland
• 1918-1922 — Civil war on the territory of the former Russian Empire
• 1918 January 6 - Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly
• 1918 January 26 - Decree on the transition to a new calendar style from February 1 (14)
• 1918 - March 3 - Conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty
• 1918 May 25 - Beginning of the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps
• 1918 July 10 - Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR
• 1920 January 16 - Lifting of the blockade of Soviet Russia by the Entente
• 1920 - Soviet-Polish War
• 1921 February 28-March 18 - Kronstadt uprising
• 1921 March 8-16 - X Congress of the RCP (b). Decision on the "New Economic Policy"
• 1921 March 18 - Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland
• 1922 April 10-May 19 - Genoa Conference
• 1922 April 16 - Rappal separate treaty of the RSFSR with Germany
• 1922 December 27 - Formation of the USSR
• 1922 December 30 - I Congress of Soviets of the USSR
• 1924 January 31 - Approval of the Constitution of the USSR
• 1928 October - 1932 December - First Five-Year Plan. The beginning of industrialization in the USSR
• 1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization
• 1933-1937 — Second Five Year Plan
• 1934 December 1 - Murder of S.M. Kirov. The deployment of mass terror in the USSR
• 1936 December 5 - Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR
• 1939 August 23 - Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact
• 1939 September 1 - German attack on Poland. Beginning of World War II
• 1939 September 17 - Entry of Soviet troops into Poland
• 1939 September 28 - Soviet-German Treaty on Friendship and Borders
• 1939 November 30 - 1940 March 12 - Soviet-Finnish War
• 1940 June 28 - Entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia
• 1940 June-July - Soviet occupation of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia
• 1941 April 13 - Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Treaty
• 1941 June 22 - Attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR. Beginning of the Great Patriotic War
• 1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War
• 1945 September 2 - Act of Unconditional Surrender of Japan
• 1945 November 20 - 1946 October 1 - Nuremberg trials
• 1946-1950 — Fourth Five-Year Plan. Restoration of the destroyed national economy
• 1948 August - Session of VASKHNIL. Launch of a campaign to combat “Morganism” and “cosmopolitanism”
• 1949 January 5-8 - Creation of CMEA
• 1949 August 29 - First test of an atomic bomb in the USSR
• 1954 June 27 - Launch of the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk
• 1955 14m; 1st - Creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO)
• 1955 July 18-23 - Meeting of the heads of government of the USSR, Great Britain, USA and France in Geneva
• 1956 February 14-25 - XX Congress of the CPSU
• 1956 June 30 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union “Overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences”
• 1957 July 28-August 11 - VI World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow
• 1957 October 4 - Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR
• 1961 April 12 - Flight of Yu.A. Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft
• 1965 March 18 - Exit of pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov into outer space
• 1965 - Reform of the economic mechanism of economic management in the USSR
• 1966 June 6 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On the public conscription of youth for the most important construction projects of the five-year plan”
• 1968 August 21 - Intervention of the ATS countries in Czechoslovakia
• 1968 - Open letter from Academician A.D. Sakharov to the Soviet leadership
• 1971, March 30-April 9 - XXIV Congress of the CPSU
• 1972 May 26 - Signing in Moscow of the “Fundamentals of Relations between the USSR and the USA.” The beginning of the policy of "détente"
• 1974 February - Expulsion from the USSR of A.I. Solzhenitsyn
• 1975 July 15-21 - Joint Soviet-American experiment under the Soyuz-Apollo program
• 1975 July 30-August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, the USA and Canada
• 1977 October 7 - Adoption of the Constitution of “developed socialism” of the USSR
• 1979 December 24 - Beginning of the intervention of Soviet troops in Afghanistan
• 1980 January - Link A.D. Sakharov to Gorky
• 1980 July 19-August 3 - Olympic Games in Moscow
• 1982 May 24 - Adoption of the Food Program
• 1985 November 19-21 - Meeting of M.S. Gorbachev and US President R. Reagan in Geneva. Restoration of Soviet-American political dialogue
• 1986 April 26 - Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
• 1987 June-July - Beginning of the policy of “perestroika” in the USSR
• 1988 June 28-July 1 - XIX Conference of the CPSU. The beginning of political reform in the USSR
• 1989 May 25-June 9. — I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, elected on the basis of changes to the Constitution of the USSR
• 1990 March 11 - Adoption of the act of independence of Lithuania.
• 1990 March 12-15 - III Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR
• 1990 May 1-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia
• 1991 March 17 - Referendum on preserving the USSR and introducing the post of President of the RSFSR
• 1991 June 12 - Russian presidential elections
• 1991 July 1 - Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Organization in Prague
• 1991 August 19-21 - Attempted coup in the USSR (Case of the State Emergency Committee)
• September 1991 - Troops are brought into Vilnius. Attempted coup in Lithuania
• 1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the “Commonwealth of Independent States” and the dissolution of the USSR
• 1992 January 2 - Price liberalization in Russia
• 1992 February 1 - Declaration of Russia and the United States on the end of the Cold War
• 1992 March 13 - Initialing of the Federal Treaty of Republics within the Russian Federation
• 1993 March - VIII and IX Congresses of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation
• 1993 April 25 - All-Russian referendum on confidence in the policies of the President of Russia
• June 1993 - Work of the constitutional meeting to prepare the draft Constitution of Russia
• 1993 September 21 - Decree of B.N. Yeltsin “On stage-by-stage constitutional reform” and the dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation
• 1993 October 3-4 - Demonstrations and armed actions of the pro-communist opposition in Moscow. Storming of the Supreme Council building by troops loyal to the President
• 1993 December 12 - Elections to the State Duma and Federation Council. Referendum on the draft new Constitution of the Russian Federation
• 1994 January 11 - Start of work of the State Duma and the Federation Council of the Russian Federation in Moscow

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We are in the editorial office website We were surprised when we learned an interesting fact about two symbols of the same era, and this inspired us to look for other parallels.

We present to you a selection of historical episodes that you probably know about, but did not suspect that these were events of the same time.

Van Gogh's Starry Night / Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower is a fairly young attraction, but it is considered the most visited in the world. Initially, there was an idea that the entrance arch to the Paris World Exhibition of 1889 would be a temporary structure. But, as you know, there is nothing more permanent than temporary. Van Gogh's painting "The Starry Night" was born around the same time that designer Gustave Eiffel completed the work.

Invented the touchpad / Time Person of the Year - Planet Earth

In 1988, the world saw the first type of touch panel. George Gerfeide invented the touchpad, and from that time on he quickly and confidently replaced trackballs and strain gauge joysticks, becoming the most common mouse pointer control device for laptops. In the same year, Time magazine's Person of the Year was Planet Earth in danger, who could have died due to the threat of nuclear war.

Shipwreck of the Titanic / Vitamins discovered

Until 1912, there was no concept of “”; it was identified by the Polish scientist Casimir Funk. Of course, the importance of certain types of food for preventing certain diseases was known back in Ancient Egypt, but the concept itself appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the same year, the famous ship Titanic set out on its first and last voyage.

Opening of the London Underground / Abolition of slavery in the USA

The first proposals for the construction of the London underground appeared in the 30s of the 19th century, and in 1855 the construction of the Metropolitan Railway began. The first subway line opened on January 10, 1863, at which time the Civil War in the United States had not yet subsided. And only in December 1865, the overseas rulers adopted the famous Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which meant the abolition of slavery.

Periodic table / Heinz brand

The periodic system of chemical elements has a rich history, but 1869 is still considered fateful, when Dmitry Mendeleev established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight. At the same time, on the other side of the world, entrepreneur Heinz and his friend decide sell grated horseradish according to your mother's recipe. The world famous ketchup under this brand was released only 7 years later.

Marilyn Monroe / Queen Elizabeth

The sex symbol of the 50s and the reigning Queen of Great Britain are the same age. However, these are not all the celebrities that 1926 presented. The same year, the founder of Playboy magazine, Hugh Hefner, and the leader of the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro, were born.

Abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire / The first color photograph in Great Britain

In 1861, a significant event took place in the Russian Empire - the peasant reform, which abolished serfdom in the largest state in Eastern Europe. In the same year, in Western Europe, that is, in England, the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell received the first reliable color photo of the Tartan Ribbon.