Sazhin is a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin! To love your Motherland means to know it

"What an example of courage, courage, piety, patience and firmness Russia has shown! The army, nobles, nobility, clergy, merchants, people, in a word, all state ranks and fortunes, not sparing their property or life, formed one soul, a soul together courageous and pious, as blazing with love for the Fatherland as with love for God.".

On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, the Rossiya TV channel is presenting a series of mini-films about famous and nameless heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, about courageous, selfless people, about those who saved the country from the Napoleonic invasion.

The films contain only the true words of participants in the events of 1812: fragments of personal letters, diaries, memoirs and military reports. The project involves Sergei Shakurov, Konstantin Khabensky and Anton Shagin. On an empty theater stage, without decorations or makeup, they transform into heroes of the Patriotic War. The era comes to life before the eyes of the audience: the monologues of the actors are illustrated with animated drawings in which historical details, style and spirit of the times are carefully recreated.

Scientific consultants of the project - V.M. Bezotosny (historian, writer, employee of the State Historical Museum) and I.E. Ulyanov (writer, expert in historical reconstruction).

Liberation of Polotsk

- Rafail Zotov, ensign of the St. Petersburg militia, 16 years old
- Fedor Glinka, lieutenant, adjutant of General Miloradovich, 26 years old

Second battle of Polotsk. On October 18-20 (6-8), 1812, Russian troops under the command of General Peter Wittgenstein attacked the Bavarian corps of the French army. By dawn on the third day they had recaptured Polotsk, which had been occupied by the French a few months earlier. Napoleonic Marshal Saint-Cyr was especially struck by the courage of the warriors of the St. Petersburg and Novgorod militias, who were in action for the first time.

Battle of Saltanovka

- Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, lieutenant of the St. Petersburg militia, adjutant to Field Marshal General M.I. Kutuzova, 22 years old
- Nikolai Raevsky, Lieutenant General, commander of the 7th Infantry Corps, 41 years old

The main task of the Russians in July was to unite the two armies. The French pursued Bagration's 2nd Western Army, trying with all their might to cut off its path. On July 23 (11), 1812, Bagration ordered the infantry corps of Lieutenant General Raevsky to attack the positions of Marshal Davout near the village of Saltanovka near Mogilev. The enemy was involved in a bloody battle. At this time, the main forces of the army managed to cross the Dnieper and after 10 days the 1st and 2nd Western armies united.

Merchants in Velikiye Luki

- Rafail Zotov, ensign of the St. Petersburg militia, 16 years old

By the beginning of autumn 1812, the city of Velikiye Luki became a large rear base of Russian troops, covering the approaches to St. Petersburg and Pskov. The squads of the St. Petersburg and Novgorod militias as part of the corps of General Wittgenstein walked through Velikie Luki to meet the enemy. The units of the people's militia formed here heroically showed themselves in the battle for the liberation of Polotsk.

Death of Kutaisov

- Nikolai Lyubenkov, lieutenant of the 33rd light artillery company
- Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, lieutenant of the St. Petersburg militia

Major General Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov (1784-1812), the second son of the famous nobleman Count Kutaisov, began his service at the age of 15 as a colonel of the Life Guards Artillery Regiment. Wanting to be worthy of this title, he deeply studied artillery and in the campaign of 1806-1807 he acted as an experienced military leader. At the age of 23, he received the St. George Cross, 3rd degree, for the battle of Preussisch-Eylau. During the Patriotic War, Kutaisov was appointed chief of artillery of the 1st Western Army. The excellent performance of Russian artillery at Borodino was his merit. During the battle, the commander-in-chief sent Kutaisov to the left wing to obtain information about the progress of the battle. On the way, Kutaisov and Ermolov found themselves at the mound battery just at the moment when the French captured it. Both generals decided to intervene in the battle, and, standing at the head of the infantry detachments they encountered, Kutaisov led them into the attack. In this attack, four days before his 28th birthday, Alexander Kutaisov was killed.

Pavlov's feat

- Sergei Glinka, First Warrior of the Moscow Militia, journalist, 36 years old

According to experts, in the Battle of Borodino the guards artillery acted flawlessly, suffering huge losses: out of 28 officers, 20 were killed and wounded.

The mother of second lieutenant Vasily Pavlov, having read the news of his death in the Russky Vestnik, wrote a letter to the publisher: “... I know what I lost and what I lost. He pronounced my name in the last hours of his life: I can’t forget him! But as a Christian, I humble myself before the fate of providence; and as a Russian mother, in my excessive grief I find this consolation that our dear fatherland will not forget my young, invaluable son.”

Death of the generals

- Sergei Glinka, First warrior of the Moscow militia, 36 years old
- Abraham Norov, warrant officer of the 2nd light company of the Life Guards artillery brigade, 16 years old

Nikolai Alekseevich Tuchkov 1st(1765-1812), lieutenant general, commander of the 3rd Infantry Corps. In the Battle of Borodino, his troops blocked the Old Smolensk Road near the village of Utitsa. Having led a counterattack of the Pavlovsk Grenadier Regiment, Tuchkov was wounded by a bullet in the chest. After three weeks of torment, he died in Yaroslavl and was buried in the Tolga Monastery. Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov 4th(1778-1812), major general, commanded the Revel regiment on the Borodino field. He was mortally wounded and could not be taken out of the battlefield. His widow, Margarita Tuchkova, built a church on the site of her husband’s death in memory of all the soldiers who died for Russia. The Tuchkov brothers belonged to an old noble family. Of the five brothers, each devoted his life to military service and rose to the rank of general. Four of them became participants in the War of 1812. Two, Alexander and Nikolai, gave their lives for the Fatherland.

Petr Ivanovich Bagration(1765-1812), infantry general, native of Georgia. A talented military leader, one of the most famous heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. He began his service at the age of 17, participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, and in Suvorov’s Italian and Swiss campaigns. In the wars with France of 1805-1807, Bagration successfully commanded the rearguard of the Russian army. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 he was the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army. At the beginning of the Patriotic War, Bagration managed to lead the 2nd Western Army, which he commanded, to Smolensk to join the 1st Western Army M.B. Barclay de Tolly. Despite his constant participation in hostilities, Bagration was never wounded before the Battle of Borodino. During the battle, a cannonball fragment crushed the bone of the general's left leg. He refused the amputation proposed by doctors and died of gangrene 18 days later.

Dmitriy Sergeevich Dokhturov(1759-1816), general of the Russian army. Originally from Tula nobles, he began his service as a lieutenant in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. He took part in the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790 and in the French campaign of 1805-1807. He was wounded and shell-shocked several times. In World War II, Dokhturov commanded the 6th Infantry Corps of the 1st Army. In the Battle of Borodino, after Bagration was wounded, he took command of the 2nd Army and managed to repel numerous enemy attacks. General Dokhturov took part in all the most important battles of the war with Napoleon. For the battle near Maloyaroslavets he was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree.

Zotov. First fight

- Rafail Zotov, ensign of the St. Petersburg militia, 16 years old.

On October 20 (8), the militias were the first to break into Polotsk, where the 30,000-strong French army of Marshal Saint-Cyr was fortified. Under heavy rifle fire, the “bearded Cossacks,” as the French called the militia, crossed the bridge over the Polot River and entered into hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. Despite fierce resistance, by morning the city was completely liberated from the French. The actions of Wittgenstein's corps, which included militia squads, contributed to the successes of the main forces of the Russian army.

Kutuzov's answer

- Sergey Marin, Colonel of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, 36 years old
- Field Marshal Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Commander-in-Chief of all active Russian Armies, 67 years old
- Pavel Grabbe, staff captain of the Guards Artillery, adjutant of General Ermolov, 23 years old

After the capture of Moscow, Napoleon did not stop trying to make peace with Russia. He takes advantage of every opportunity to address Emperor Alexander, handing him letters at random occasions. There is no answer, and Napoleon finally decides to send an envoy to Kutuzov’s headquarters in the village of Tarutino. The former Russian envoy to France, Armand de Caulaincourt, abandoned this mission, considering it useless. Here is an excerpt from the notes of General Caulaincourt, which shows the state of the French faced with Russian patriotism, partisans and fires:

“Everyone was amazed, and the emperor to the same extent as the army, although he pretended to laugh at this new type of war. He often joked with us about people who, as he put it, burned their houses to not let us spend one night there. We experienced so many needs, so many deprivations, we were so exhausted, Russia seemed to us such an impregnable country...”

Caulaincourt's refusal infuriated Napoleon, and he ordered Count Lauriston to go to Tarutino. For his part, a meeting with Napoleon's envoy was a dangerous undertaking for Kutuzov: the emperor could be angry with him, the British allies objected violently, and the staff officers feared that the negotiations would be taken for readiness for peace. However, M.I. Kutuzov did not want to avoid the meeting. All the details were provided for: even the cooks in the yard distributed porridge to the soldiers - so that Lauriston could see how well things were going in the Russian army. At the last moment, Kutuzov himself borrowed ceremonial epaulettes from one of the officers, since he did not have time to acquire his own.

Complaints from the French that the war was not being waged in a civilized manner caused Kutuzov to have a fit of irony. Later, explaining himself in a letter to the king, he quoted his words: “I am not able to change the upbringing of my people.” Thus, this attempt by Napoleon to reach a truce was in vain. The Russians were determined to expel the invader and fight to the bitter end.

Residents of Kamenka

- Sergei Marin, colonel of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, 36 years old.
- Poet Pyotr Vyazemsky, lieutenant of the Cossack regiment of the Moscow militia, 20 years old.

Artillerymen on the Borodino field

- Lieutenant Fyodor Glinka, adjutant of General Miloradovich, 26 years old.
- Abraham Norov, warrant officer of the 2nd light company of the Life Guards artillery brigade, 16 years old.
- Ilya Radozhitsky, lieutenant of the 11th field artillery brigade, 24.

The Battle of Borodino on September 7 (August 26), 1812, one of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, was Napoleon's last and unsuccessful attempt to decide the outcome of the Russian-French war in his favor. All attempts of the French army to crush and destroy the enemy were defeated at Borodino by the courage and fortitude of the Russian soldiers. During the battle, a turning point occurred in the consciousness of the participants in the war. It was after Borodin that the Russians finally believed in their victory.

* The age and rank of the heroes are indicated at the time of the events.
**All dates are indicated in the new style, in brackets - in the old style. In Russia, a new chronology has been in effect since January 1918, therefore, in the documents of the Patriotic War of 1812, the dates differ from modern chronology by 13 days.

Heroes of 1812

From the heroes of old

Sometimes there are no names left,

Those who took mortal combat

They became just earth, grass.

Only their formidable valor

Settled in the hearts of the living.

E. Agranovich

The poet, of course, means the living, and not the existing, vegetating.

The country is celebrating the bicentenary of the Patriotic War of 1812. ThisSeveral articles in our newspaper are devoted to this significant event.

The hero is an indispensable attribute of history. Pantheon of Historical Heroesforms national identity, mentality of the nation, influencesinfluence on the formation of ideas about modern heroes. It's no coincidence thatEvery hour there is a replacement of heroes in a number of historical periods of our history.Kolchak and Denikin replace Chapaev and Shchors; Pavlov, who soberly assessednational intelligentsia, is replaced by those who justified the fascists,Ilyina; Anka the machine gunner is replaced by Anka, forgive me, God forgive me, oncewitch; Panfilov - Vlasov. And, as a result, instead of inspiredcreators - Chkalov, Stakhanov, Angelina, Krivonos arise todaynew heroes and idols...

Similar replacements have already affected the heroes of the twelfth year and the heroes of thishistorical period. From the numerous series of brilliant heroes you we take a few.

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolley

In the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809, the corps underBarclay's command made the legendary winterny passage through the Kvarken Strait, which decided the outcomewar. Commanded the entire Russian army at the initialstage of the Patriotic War of 1812, after which it wasreplaced by M.I. Kutuzov. In 1813-1814 in foreign countriesduring the new campaign of the Russian army he commanded the unitedRussian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian ArmyStrian Field Marshal Schwarzenberg. At the beginning of 1812, Russian Minister of War M. Barclayde Tolly developed a plan for the impending war with NapoLeon. (See Note from the forwarder of the 1st secret desk

expedition of the War Ministry of Lieutenant Colonel P. Chuykevich, thenChief of the GRU, dated April 12, 1812). Naturally, this plan was knownonly to a narrow circle of people. And it was implemented by Mikhail Bogdanovich, thereforeconsequent retreat of the Russian army (leading to a catastrophicreduction of the French army and growth in the size of the Russian army) metmisunderstanding not only among the population and lower ranks, but even among highsupplied military. Many directly accused him of treason.

Regarding the plan of military action of the Russian army, Clausewitz, who participatedin the war of 1812 at Wittgenstein’s headquarters, wrote: “The highest wisdom could notto carry out a better plan than the one that the Russians executed unintentionally.” Here you arethe brilliant military theorist is mistaken - the plan was carried out deliberately and hadauthors and main performers: Emperor Alexander I, Barclay de Tolly, and forthose Kutuzov. Moreover, Barclay de Tolly had to perform the most unpleasantand the hard part of the plan.

In the Battle of Borodino, Barclay de Tolly commanded the right wing andthree Russian troops. On the Borodino field Barclay de Tolly in gold embroideryuniform was in the thick of the battle, 9 horses were killed and wounded under him, according to5 of his 8 adjutants died. But he not only sought death, the battle demanded himdirect presence in the most dangerous areas. After Borodin,troops who had previously greeted Barclay de Tolly with silence greeted him with thunder vowel cheers.

Barclay de Tolly - full Knight of St. George (second after Kutuzov),count, prince. In a letter to his wife after leaving Moscow, he wrote:

“No matter how it ends, I will always be convinced that I did everything necessarymine to preserve the state, and if His Majesty still has an army,capable of threatening the enemy with defeat, then this is my merit. After numerousbloody battles with which I delayed the enemy at every step andinflicted significant losses on him, I handed over the army to Prince Kutuzov when he acceptedcommand in such a state that she could measure her strength with how manyany powerful enemy. I handed it over to him at that moment when I was filled with myselffirm determination to expect an enemy attack in an excellent position, and I was confidentRen that I’ll beat her off. ...If in the Battle of Borodino the army was not completelyand finally broken - this is my merit, and the conviction of this will servecomfort to me until the last minute of my life.”

A.S. said the best about him and his tragic fate. Pushkin.

Commander

The Russian Tsar has a chamber in his palace:

She is not rich in gold or velvet;

It is not where the crown diamond is kept behind glass;

But from top to bottom, all the way around,

With your brush free and wide

It was painted by a quick-eyed artist.

There are no rural nymphs or virgin Madonnas here,

No fauns with cups, no full-breasted wives,

No dancing, no hunting, but all cloaks and swords,

Yes, faces full of military courage.

The artist placed the crowd in a crowd

Here are the leaders of our people's forces,

Covered with the glory of a wonderful campaign

And the eternal memory of the twelfth year.

Often I slowly wander between them

And I look at their familiar images,

And, I think, I hear their warlike cries.

There aren't many of them; others whose faces

Still so young on a bright canvas,

Already old and dying in silence

The head of the laurel...

But in this harsh crowd

One attracts me the most. With a new thought

I will always stop in front of him - and I won’t stop

From my eyes. The longer I look,

All the more, I am tormented by heavy sadness.

He is written in full length. The forehead is like a naked skull,

It shines high, and seems to lie down

There is great sadness there. There is thick darkness all around;

Behind it is a military camp. Calm and gloomy

He seems to look with contempt.

Did the artist really reveal his thoughts?

When he portrayed him as such,

Or was it an involuntary inspiration -

But Doe gave him this expression.

O unfortunate leader! Your lot was harsh:

You sacrificed everything to a foreign land.

Impenetrable to the sight of the wild mob,

You walked alone in silence with a great thought,

And, in your name there is an alien sound of dislike,

Pursuing you with my screams,

The people mysteriously saved by you,

I swore at your sacred gray hair.

And the one whose sharp mind comprehended you,

To please them, I slyly reproached you...

And for a long time, strengthened by powerful conviction,

You were unshakable in the face of common error;

And halfway through I finally had to

Silently yield and the laurel crown,

And power, and a plan, thought out deeply, -

And it’s lonely to hide in the regimental ranks.

There, obsolete leader! like a young warrior,

The cheerful whistle of lead heard for the first time,

You threw yourself into the fire, looking for the desired death, -

In vain! -

.....................

.....................

O people! a pitiful race worthy of tears and laughter!

Priests of the moment, fans of success!

How often does a person pass by you

Over whom the blind and violent age curses,

But whose high face is in the coming generation

The poet will be delighted and moved!

Dmitry Petrovich N Everovsky

(27.10.1777 - 27.10.1813)

Lieutenant General, Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812Began his service in 1786 as a private in the Seme Life GuardsNovsky regiment. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war1787-11, military operations in 1792, 1794. In 1804promoted to major general, from 1809 chief of Pavlovskoth Grenadier Regiment. Among the soldiers he enjoyedBy the way, they called him “Well done.” Skillful teacherand organizer. In 1811 Neverovsky was entrusted withformation in Moscow of the 27th Infantry Division, with the beginningDuring the Patriotic War of 1812 the division became part of the 2nd Western Army.

On August 2, near Krasny, his rearguard detachment (7.2 thousand people) blocked uphorn to 3 cavalry corps under the command of Murat. Having built a divisionin square, Neverovsky retreated to Smolensk. The division repelled 40 cavalryattacks by Murat, enraged by his own powerlessness, who was never able toto exploit their numerical and qualitative superiority. (Ney offered Muratshoot Neverovsky’s infantry with artillery, attract infantry, but Murat wantedwin yourself). Neverovsky lost about 1.5 thousand people, but detainedthe enemy's advance for a day, which did not allow Napoleon's Grand Armyapproach Smolensk and take it on the move.

“I have never seen greater courage on the part of the enemy,” said about himactions at Red Murat.

“One cannot praise enough the courage and firmness with which the division, completelyBrand new, it fought against overwhelmingly superior enemy forces.One might even say that no army can show an example of such bravery.“It’s impossible,” the commander of the 2nd Army, P.I., reported to the Tsar. Bagration.

This feat “brings immortal glory to him,” said the EmperorAlexander I. Neverovsky himself spoke more simply: “I saw howshow the courage and fearlessness of the Russian soldier.”

Neverovsky's 27th division near Smolensk repulsed all attacks of the Ponyatov cavalryskiy, the stamina of his division determined the outcome of the battle.

Neverovsky's division took part in the most brutal and bloody battles of the war1812, distinguished herself in all the most important battles of the Patriotic War: underRed, in the battle of Smolensk, during the defense of Shevardino - a division aboutfought night hand-to-hand combat in the Battle of Borodino on the Semyonov flushes,in the battles of Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets and again at Krasny. Neve DivisionRovsky suffered the heaviest losses in the Russian army during the campaign of 1812.

In the Battle of Leipzig, Neverovsky was seriously wounded in the leg and died from his wounds.in the arms of adjutants, deliriously repeating his favorite call: “Guys! Forward! With hostility!"

In 1912, his ashes were reburied on the Borodino field, and his name was given to 24mu infantry Siberian regiment.

Borodino field.

On the front side of the tombstone is inscribed:“The ashes of the general are buried hereLieutenant Dmitry Petrovich Neverovsky, who courageously fought inthe head of his 27th infantry. division and shell-shocked in the chest by a cannonball on August 26, 1812.”

On the back is the inscription:“Lieutenant General D.P. Neverovsky was killedin 1813 near Leipzig. His ashes rested in Halle and in 1912, according to the Highestby order of the Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich transferred to his homelandJuly 8th of the same year."

By the way, September 10 marks 100 years since the grand openingin Smolensk, a monument to the heroes of 1812. The monument “with eagles” is considered the besta monument to the heroes of that war. Neverovsky's name is immortalized on it next tonames of Barclay de Tolly, Bagration, Raevsky, Dokhturov.

Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov

(30.8.1784- 07.9.1812)

Count, son of the Tsar's favorite. Major General (1806!!!).Since 1799, inspector-adjutant of the inspector general artilLeria A.A. Arakcheeva. Showed outstanding abilitysti in the war with France of 1805-1806. and in the organizationRussian artillery. At the beginning of 1812 - chiefartillery of the 1st Western Army. In the Battle of Borodinonii the chief of all Russian artillery, although there wereTillerists are older in rank and age. To a large extent, the success of Russian actionsRussian artillerymen during the Battle of Borodinowas due to the order given on the day of the battlecommander of the Russian artillery Kutaisov.

On September 6, on the eve of the battle, his orderly delivered artillery to all commandersLerian companies order, which, in particular, said: “The artillery mustsacrifice oneself; let them take you with the guns, but the last grape shot is yourelease the arrows at point-blank range, and the battery, which will be captured in this way, will inflictharm to the enemy, which fully compensates for the loss of guns.”

With this order, Alexander Ivanovich Kutaisov ordered the artillery toa tic directly opposite to that indicated by Alexander's rescriptI, received by Kutuzov before the battle. (The Tsar, or rather Russia, hadthe servants themselves decided what and how best to do!).

The execution of the order of Alexander I ensured the safety of artillerytrunks, but doomed Russian artillery to low efficiency and passiveity during the battle.

Kutaisov ordered the artillerymen to destroy enemy personnel. His calculationwas more correct than the imperial one (see assessment of the Battle of Borodino onPolon and the dynamics of the number of occupying troops during the war).

Only an extraordinary person could act against the will of Alexander I,consciously responsible to the Fatherland.

Thanks to Kutaisov, the Battle of Borodino became the day of Russian artillery.

Some contemporaries “reproached” Kutaisov for leaving him withGlasiya Kutuzov headquarters, goes around the batteries, personally directs the fire and dies onthe initial stage of the battle.

However, the participants in the battle, or rather, its leaders, knew better thathad to be done. Who knows how the battle would have turned out if the baht had not repulsed Ray Raevsky!

And therefore, at the critical moment of the battle, when the divisions of generals Broussier, Mowound, Gerard took Raevsky's battery, Kutaisov, together with the chief of staff of the 1stWestern Army by General A.P. Ermolov personally organizes and leadscounterattack on the Raevsky battery, occupied by the French. This legendary attackprogress, in which Ermolov, walking ahead, threw crosses and shouted: “Whoever gets there will will take it!

We've arrived.

They took the battery.

And we won the battle!

Ermolov was wounded, Kutaisov died, his body was not found.

“And you, Kutaisov, the young leader...

Did he appear in armor, formidable, -

The Peruns threw death;

Did he hit the strings of the harp -

The strings were animated...

Oh woe! the faithful horse runs

Bloodied from battle;

On it is his broken shield...

And there is no hero on it.

And where are your ashes, O knight?

"Singer in the camp of Russian warriors"

V. A. Zhukovsky

A Alexander S amoilovich Figner

(1787 - 01.10.1813)

Colonel, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, organiblockage of the partisan movement. In 1805-06. participated in the expedition of the Russian fleetin the Mediterranean Sea. During the Russian-Turkish War1806-12 distinguished himself in the battle of Rushchuk, and duringPatriotic War of 1812 - in the defense of Smolensk, in Bohomeland battle. He was fantastically brave. From Septemberin 1812 he commanded a partisan detachment, successfulscout. The information he obtained played an important rolein the success of Russian troops in the battle of Tarutino and takingtii Danzig. In 1813, at the head of the institute he organizedinternational squad (Germans, Spaniards, Italians

and Russian Cossacks) Figner actively acted in the rear of the French troops on the territoryrhetoric of Germany. Surrounded by superior French forces, he died attrying to cross the Elbe.

Ruthlessness towards enemies and high efficiency in destroying them (For examplemeasures, he did not take prisoners, because he believed that no one had invited the French to Russiamischief, and prisoners reduce the combat capabilities of his squad) met somemisunderstanding among colleagues. However, his superiors valued him: it was time for himrisky special operations began, he was promoted to captain right on the fieldbattle during the defense of Smolensk in August 1812, and died in October 1813 already regimentsno one And Napoleon himself appointed a special reward for Figner’s head.

Unknown hero

Smolensk “Especially among... the shooters, he stood out for his courage andwith the fortitude of one Russian huntsman... whom we could not force to remain silent eitherrifle fire concentrated against him, not even the action of one, specialcially allocated against him the designated weapon, smashing all the trees,because of which he acted, but did not calm down and only fell silent towards nightfall,”H.V. Faber de Fort, officer of the 23rd Infantry Division of Napoleon's Army

Petr Andreevich Vyazemsky

(12. 07.1792 - 10.11. 1878)

Prince, poet and critic. In 1812, chamber cadet Vyazemskyjoined the Moscow noble militia, acceptedparticipation in the Battle of Borodino with the rank of lieutenant. On the fieldbattle saved General A.N., who was wounded in the leg. Bakhmeteva. Letter from Vyazemsky to his wife, “I’m on my way now, my dear. You, God and honor will bemy companions. The duties of a military man are notdrown out in me the responsibilities of your husband and fatherour child. I will never fall behind, but I won't quit eithergive in. You were chosen by heaven for my happiness, and I wantshould I make you unhappy forever?

I will be able to reconcile the duty of a son of the fatherland with my duty and in reasoningyou. We'll see each other, I'm sure of it. Pray to God for me. He is your prayersHe will hear, I rely on Him in everything. Forgive me, my dearest Vera. Sorry,my dear friend. Everything around me reminds me of you. I'm writing to you from the bedroom,in which I hugged you so many times in my arms, and now I’m leaving herone. No! we will never be apart again. We are made for each other, we aremust live together, die together. Sorry my friend. It's just as hard for mepart with you now, as if you were with me. Here in the houseIt seems that I am still with you: you lived here; but - no, you are both there and the entrance is frominseparable from me. You are in my soul, you are in my life. I couldn't live without you.Sorry! May God be with us!”

The search for a national idea continues in the Russian Federation. Seekers are recommended tonetwork Borodino field. See what was built on it for the centenaryBattle of Borodino.

Ch. editor Pokazeev K.V.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

G. Astrakhan “Secondary school No. 27”

Research project

Kutlambetova Kamilla

Nasanbaeva Elvira

Abakumova Ksenia

Head: Olga Menalieva

Alexandrovna

Content

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Main part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Vasilisa Kozhina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven

Praskovya the Lacemaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova. . . . . . . . . .14

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Introduction

The history of Russia is rich in significant events. The Patriotic War of 1812 was a war between Russia and the army of Napoleon Bonaparte that invaded its territory. The war ended with the complete destruction of Napoleonic army. The main role in the victory over the invaders was played by the Russian people, who stood up in defense of the Fatherland.

In this regard, my teacher and I decided to find out whether our peers knew about it. To do this, we used one of the methods of collecting information - questionnaires. A total of 69 fourth and third graders took part in the survey.

The survey revealed the following results:

Do you know anything about the War of 1812?

Out of 69 students, only 27 answered this question positively.

Then we asked these guys to answer the following question:

From what sources do you know this information?

Fiction

mass media

Parents

Three guys learned about this from literature (11.1%). 10 people - from the media (37%), and the remaining 14 people - from their parents (51.8)

The next question was addressed to all students. He was like this:

Name the Russian commanders who took part in the War of 1812?

They know (17 people – 24.6%), don’t know (42 people – 75.4%)

Of the 17 people, only 12 wrote the correct last names.

The answers to the proposed questions turned out to be disastrous. But we, the younger generation, must know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.

The first thing we decided to do after the survey was to help our teachers conduct a classroom lesson...

From this class hour we learned that this victory was over a worthy opponent, over the strongest army in the world, led by the universally recognized military genius of all times and peoples, NapoleonBonaparte Emperor of the French. Napoleon was born in 1769. Since childhood, he was considered a strong-willed and strong-willed person, as well as a very developed and capable person. His military career began quite early: at the age of 27, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Italian army. Before Bonaparte became emperor, he carried out a coup in the country and became consul at the age of 30. While in this position, he also served the people a lot: he established merchant shipping, social relations between France and the allied countries, with which he successfully established economic relations. France became stronger, people began to look to the future with confidence.

The defeat of Napoleonic troops in the war of 1812 against Russia marked the beginning of the collapse of the empire of Napoleon I. Soon the entry of anti-French coalition troops into Paris in 1814 forced Napoleon I to abdicate the throne. However, later (in March 1815) he again took the French throne. After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time (June 22, 1815) and spent the last years of his life as a prisoner on the island of St. HelenaEnglish.

And from the speeches of our classmates, we learned about the great strategists - commanders of the War of 1812. Such as Mikhail Illarionovich - Kutuzov (Golenishchev), Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay - de - Tolly.

At the end of the class hour, the teacher suggested that we read books about the War of 1812.

While re-reading the literature about the War of 1812, I came across Irina Strelkova’s book “For the Glory of the Fatherland.” Leafing through the pages of this book, we were more and more surprised. Our surprise was due to the fact that war, in our minds, has always been considered a man’s affair, but here from the pages of the book the sweet, feminine, still childish face of Nadezhda Durova looked at us. We wondered why this very young girl picked up a weapon? Which other woman, like Nadezhda Durova, stood up to defend her Motherland?

In this regard, we chose the topic of our research work - “Women - Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812.”

Object of study : women who took an active part in the War of 1812.
Subject of study : RThe role of women in the War of 1812, their contribution to the victory of the Russian people over Napoleon’s army.

The study is based onhypothesis: Is it only through the unity of the entire people against the enemy that victory comes?

Goal of the work: nFind information about the legendary women participants in those distant events of 1812, and tell your friends and classmates about them.

To achieve this goal, the following are set:tasks:

1) analyze the studied literature on the topic;

2) find out the names of women who participated in the war;

3) provide information on this topic in the form of a presentation.

We believe that the topic of our research is relevant. Indeed, along with the heroes, commanders of the armies, whose names were now known to us, there were other legendary heroes - women,which played an important role in Russian history.

Main part

« Women make history, although history only remembers the names of men..."wroteHeinrich Heine.

The poet sincerely admired the courage and dedication of women who were able to act collectedly and independently in a critical situation. Indeed, Russian women are able to protect not only the well-being of their family unit, but also their homeland. There are many examples of this in Russian history.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

Nadezhda's childhood years were not carefree. The mother really wanted a son, but on September 17, 1783, a girl was born and she disliked her daughter. The father entrusted the upbringing of his daughter to the servants. So the retired hussar Astakhov became a nanny for little Nadya; he could not captivate the girl with anything, but only with the romance of military service. From early childhood, Nadenka fell in love with the beauty and freedom of military service, got used to horses, looked after them with pleasure, and felt weapons.

At the age of 12, Nadya’s father gave her a horse. Nadya fell in love with him so much that she was ready to spend every minute with him. Alcides, as the horse was named, obeyed the girl in everything. Her father began taking her on long horseback rides. « I will become, father, your real son. I will become a warrior and prove that a woman’s fate can be different...” - she once promised her father.

In 1806, on her birthday, Nadezhda finally decided to change her destiny. She cut her hair, took an old Cossack dress that had been prepared in advance, took her father’s saber from the wall and at night, with her Alcides, fled from her home. Once in the Cossack regiment, she called herself the son of a nobleman, Alexander Sokolov, who was not allowed to go to war. Under the name of Alexander Sokolov, in 1807 she joined the Konnopol Ulan Regiment and went with it on a campaign to Prussia.

Alexander Sokolov, despite his youth, showed excellent success on the battlefield, entered the battle first and emerged from all sorts of military alterations unharmed.

The father, concerned about the fate of his daughter, submits a petition to the highest name of the emperor with a request to find his daughter and return her home.

Emperor AlexanderIHe himself was surprised by this act and ordered a courier to be sent to Prussia to deliver this Alexander Sokolov, without revealing his name to anyone. Ulan was taken to St. Petersburg. In his service record, the emperor was surprised to read about the excellent fighting qualities of the young officer. Talking with this young lancer,

Alexander initially thought of returning Nadezhda to her home, but surprised by her such ardent desire, the emperor changed his mind.

Russian Emperor AlexanderIpersonally awarded Nadezhda Durova the Cross of St. George for saving the life of an officer on the battlefield. He ordered to be called after him Alexandrov.

Soon the thunder of the Patriotic War of 1812 struck, French troops under the command of Napoleon invaded Russia. Retreating in battle, the Russian army moved towards Moscow. The regiment in which Nadezhda served was one of the best cavalry regiments that covered the retreating army. Cornet Alexandrov takes part in the battles of Mir, Romanov, Dashkovka, and in the cavalry attack near Smolensk.

On August 26, 1812, the village of Borodino (110 km from Moscow). Here the decisive battle took place between the French army of Napoleon I and the Russian army under the command of M. I. Kutuzov. The battle was brutal and bloody.

During the Battle of Borodino, Alexandrov was on the front line, rushing into the thick of the battle. In one of the battles, a bullet grazed his shoulder, and shell fragments hit his leg. The pain was unbearable, but Durova remained in the saddle until the end of the battle.

Kutuzov noticed the efficient lieutenant; he had heard a lot about the exploits of the uhlan and knew that a brave woman was hiding under this name, but did not show that he knew this secret. And Nadezhda began a new service in the role of Kutuzov’s orderly. Several times a day she hurried to her commanders under enemy fire. Kutuzov couldn’t be happier with such an orderly.

The wounds of the Battle of Borodino constantly worried Nadezhda and prevented her from serving. Durova takes a leave of absence for treatment and spends it at her home. After the end of her vacation, Nadezhda and her regiment participate in foreign campaigns of the Russian army.

In 1816, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova retired with honors and awards.

Durova spent the rest of her life in a small house in the city of Elabuga, surrounded by her beloved animals. Nadezhda Durova died in 1866 at the age of 83. She was buried in a man's dress with military honors.

Vasilisa Kozhina

A common misfortune brings people together. The entire population of Russia rallied in the fight against the enemy. When the enemy appeared, the Russian people rose up voluntarily, and peasants everywhere waged guerrilla warfare and fought with amazing courage. The organizers of the partisan movement were both officers of the Russian army and ordinary people, and ordinary Russian women did not stand aside. One of those who was not indifferent to the troubles of the people was Vasilisa Kozhina.

After the death of the headman of the village of Sychevka, Porechensky district, Dmitry Kozhin, fellow villagers unanimously chose his wife Vasilisa.

Vasilisa was an inventive and cunning woman. When the French appeared in the village, she invited them into the house, fed them, and gave them something to drink. But as soon as the unexpected guests went to bed, she burned down the house along with them.

Vasilisa organized a detachment of partisans from teenagers and women. They armed themselves with pitchforks, scythes, and axes, destroyed and captured Napoleonic soldiers and officers during their retreat from Russia.

For her heroism, Vasilisa was awarded a cash prize and awarded the medal “In Memory of the Patriotic War.”There were rumors that His Serene Highness Prince Kutuzov himself met with her.

History has immortalized the name of a simple Russian woman, the great daughter of Russia.One of the Moscow streets, located in the western part of Moscow, is named in honor of Vasilisa Kozhina.

Praskovya the Lacemaker

Spontaneously created peasant detachments provided very significant assistance to the active army. These detachments consisted mainly of peasants who were not familiar with military affairs; they were accustomed to using scythes, pitchforks and axes.

We found information about another heroine of the Patriotic War - Praskovya the lacemaker, it’s a pity we were never able to find out the name of this woman.

In the small village of Sokolovo, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk province, there lived a twenty-year-old beauty Praskovya.

A French detachment came to this village and took away everything they liked from the residents. Two Frenchmen came into Praskovya’s house, the girl was not at a loss, grabbed an ax and hacked them both to death. Then she gathered the villagers and went with them into the forest. “It was a terrible army: 20 strong, young guys, armed with axes, scythes and pitchforks, and at their head the beautiful Praskovya.”

At first they guarded the French along the road and attacked them when they saw no more than ten to twelve people, but soon their scythes and axes were replaced by guns and sabers.

Praskovya herself showed an example of courage, and they, becoming bolder day by day, began to attack armed detachments, and once recaptured a convoy from the French.

The rumor about Praskovya and her assistants spread throughout the district, and guys from neighboring villages began to come to her. She accepted the choice, and soon she formed a detachment of 60 selected young men, with whom Praskovya reached almost all the way to Smolensk.

The French general, who was installed as governor of Smolensk, thought with amazement and fear about Praskovye. A large sum was placed on the head of Praskovya, who with her detachment had recaptured a fair share of French equipment and provisions.

But they could not catch Praskovya, although a large reward was placed on her head. For courage and bravery, Praskovya was awarded a medal"In memory of the Patriotic War." The further fate of this amazing woman is unknown. But in the memory of descendants, “Praskovya the lacemaker” forever remained as a symbol of the Russian woman.

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova

One of the best daughters of Russia, Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova, proved her devotion to her Fatherland. She was a faithful companion of the worthy defender of the Fatherland, General A. A. Tuchkov.

Margarita is the eldest daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Petrovich Naryshkin from his marriage to Princess Varvara Alekseevna Volkonskaya. She received her name in honor of her maternal grandmother, Margarita Rodionovna Volkonskaya. Besides her, the family had five more daughters and two sons.

From a very early age, Margarita was distinguished by a passionate, nervous and receptive character, loved reading and music and was gifted with a wonderful voice. She was tall and very slender, but her facial features were irregular, and her only beauty consisted in the striking whiteness of her skin and the lively expression of her green eyes.

At the age of 16, Margarita Naryshkina married Pavel Mikhailovich Lasunsky. The marriage was short-lived: two years later Margarita divorced her husband, a reveler and gambler. The reputation of young Lasunsky was already so well known that a divorce was obtained easily.

Margarita Mikhailovna met Alexander Tuchkov during her first unhappy marriage. The young people fell in love with each other. Having learned about the divorce, he did not hesitate to get married, but the Naryshkins were so frightened by the failure of their daughter’s first marriage that they refused. They did not give consent to her second marriage for a long time. The wedding took place only in 1806 and for 25-year-old Margarita Mikhailovna there came short years of complete happiness in marriage.

She was proud of the beauty of her husband, who was compared in society to Apollo, his courage and valor. Margarita Mikhailovna accompanied her husband on the Swedish campaign and shared with him all the difficulties of military life, accompanying him more than once on horseback in the uniform of an orderly, hiding her braid under her cap, since wives were forbidden to be with the army on a campaign. In her person, a sister of mercy appeared for the first time in the Russian army. She created feeding points for the starving population in battle-torn areas. In the Finnish campaign, she lived in a tent in the bitter cold, she had to make her way with the troops among snow drifts, cross rivers waist-deep in icy water.

In 1812, Margarita Mikhailovna could not follow her husband. At this time, their young son needed her more. It was decided that she would accompany her husband to Smolensk and go to her parents in Moscow. The Naryshkins left Moscow for their Kostroma estate; Margarita Mikhailovna wished to stay in the provincial town of Kineshma, where on September 1, 1812 she learned from her brother Kirill Mikhailovich about the death of her husband, killed in the Battle of Borodino.

Kirill Mikhailovich Naryshkin was Barclay de Tolly's adjutant; he was going to the army and stopped by his sister to report the death of her husband. For several years, Margarita Mikhailovna could not see her brother, so as not to remember their meeting in Kineshma; she felt sick every time he appeared.

Margarita went to the battlefield to look for her husband’s body: from a letter from General Konovnitsyn, she knew that Tuchkov died in the area of ​​the Semyonovsky redoubt. Searches among the tens of thousands of fallen did not yield anything: the body of Alexander Tuchkov was never found. She was forced to return home.

The horrors she suffered had such an impact on her health that for some time her family feared for her sanity. Having recovered a little, she decided to build a temple at the site of her husband’s death at her own expense. Margarita Mikhailovna sold her diamonds and, with the assistance of Empress Maria Feodorovna, bought three acres of land, where in 1818 she began to build the Temple of the Savior Not Made by Hands. While overseeing the construction of the church, Tuchkova lived with her son Nikolai and his French governess in a small lodge.

Initially, Tuchkova intended to build only a small chapel, but “Alexander I granted her 10 thousand rubles, with these funds a stone church-temple was built and consecrated in 1820.” , pilgrims from all over Russia flocked here. Margarita herself lived for a long time on the Borodino field, in a small, specially built house.

Tuchkova decided to devote her life to the memory of her husband and raising her only son, Coco, as she affectionately called him. Nikolai Tuchkov was enrolled in the Corps of Pages, but due to poor health he lived with his mother. He grew up not knowing noisy and frisky games, everyone loved him for his warm-hearted gentleness and kindness. Margarita Mikhailovna could not be happier with her son, but she was worried about his poor health; doctors assured him that he would get stronger over the years, that his growth was exhausting him. In 1826, Nikolai Tuchkov caught a cold, he was treated by the best doctors, the famous doctor Mudrov was invited to the consultation, who confirmed that there was no danger, he would definitely recover. The calmed Margarita Mikhailovna saw off the doctors, and a few hours later her 15-year-old boy unexpectedly died. He was buried in the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands.

The exile of brother Mikhail, a Decembrist, to Siberia, the death of his father in 1825 and his son finally defeated Tuchkova. Now nothing kept her in the world anymore. She moved forever to her lodge on the Borodino field. She wrote to a friend about her life at this time: “The day is like a day: matins, mass, then tea, a little reading, lunch, vespers, insignificant needlework, and after a short prayer - night, that’s all life. It's boring to live, scary to die. The Lord’s mercy, His love - that’s my hope, and that’s where I’ll end!”

In her broken life, Tuchkova sought solace in helping the unfortunate and poor: she helped the surrounding population, treated the sick and attracted those who wanted to share her work for the benefit of their neighbor. She devotes herself to the main task of her entire subsequent life - the establishment of a new nunnery.

In 1838 Tuchkova takes minor monastic vows under the name of nun Melania. The Spaso-Borodinsky community, by the Highest Order, became the Spaso-Borodinsky hostel monastery of the 2nd class in 1839. During the grand opening of the Borodino monument in 1839, Emperor Nicholas I visited the monastery and Tuchkova’s cell. She, who endured so much suffering, made a strong impression on the sovereign. He granted her the forgiveness of her brother Mikhail, and in 1840 he summoned her to St. Petersburg to be the successor of the heir's wife, Maria Alexandrovna, with whom she corresponded until her death.

The nun Melania was tonsured into the mantle and took the name Mary on June 28, 1840. The next day, Maria became the abbess of the Spaso-Borodinsky Monastery. The elevation to abbess was carried out according to the rite of ordination to deaconesses. The name Maria was chosen “in memory of an incident that happened to her on the day of her second wedding: a holy fool ran towards the newlywed, shouting: “Maria, Maria, take the staff!” Under her kamilavka and monastic mantle, Tuchkova remained a completely secular woman and, during her rare appearances in society and at court, she captivated everyone with her brilliant speech and grace of techniques.

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova died on April 29, 1852 and was buried in the Spassky Church of the monastery, next to her husband and son.Conclusion

In the process of researching this topic, we came to the conclusion that Russian women, representatives of the fair sex, have never remained aloof from those significant events that worried Russian society and the Russian state. Despite the difference in social classes, in the heart of every Russian woman lived hatred for the invaders, love for the Motherland and faith in victory over the enemy.

February 5, 1813 Emperor AlexanderIestablished the medal “In Memory of the Patriotic War of 1812” to reward participants in combat operations. They were received not only by men, but also by women who fought the enemy on an equal basis with men and by those women who worked in hospitals and looked after wounded soldiers.

We learned that on August 1, 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a series of commemorative coins dedicated to the anniversary of the victory in the Russian-French War. The coins depict famous and distinguished participants in the Patriotic War of 1812. There are 16 coins in the series, each worth 2 rubles: two of which feature girls (Nadezhda Durova, Vasilisa Kozhina).

The material we collected can be used in lessons and classroom hours. While researching this topic, we realized how interesting it is to know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.

Literature

1. Alekseev S.P. Battle of Borodino: Stories. – M.: Bustard, 1998

2. Antonov V.S. Reading book on the history of the USSRXIXcentury - M.: Education, 1989

3. Ishimova I. History of Russia for children. – M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2001

4. Nadezhdina N.A. No wonder all of Russia remembers. – M.: Malysh, 1986

5.Strelkova I.I. For the glory of the Fatherland. – M.: Malysh, 1990

6. Srebnitsky A. Dashing Age cavalryman - maidens. Sports life in Russia. 1997. No. 5.

7. Pokrovskaya N. Lacemaker Praskovya. Moscow truth. 10.10.2011

8. How did the fate of the cavalry girl Nadezhda Durova turn out? [Electronic resource] // URL: http://militera.lib.ru/bio/pushkin_kostin/04.html (date of access: 12/21/2012)

12.A. E. Zarin Praskovya the lacemaker. [Electronic resource] // URL: (date of access: 01/17/2013)

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State University of Maritime and River Fleet named after Admiral S.O. Makarova

Faculty of Economics and Finance

Department of Russian History, Political Science and History

Abstract on the topic:" Heroes of the War of 1812"

St. Petersburg 2014.

Introduction

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

2. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The Patriotic War of 1812 is a memorable, great event in the history of our country. In its course, courage, valor, boldness and love for the fatherland were clearly demonstrated.

In 1811, Napoleon informed his ambassador in Warsaw, Abbé de Pradt, that: “In five years I will be the ruler of the whole world. There is only Russia left - I will crush it...”

Napoleon's invasion was a great misfortune for Russia. Many cities were reduced to dust and ashes.

It was no coincidence that Kutuzov M.I., who combined the remarkable features of the Russian spirit, found himself at the center of events. Nominated by the people, society, that year he essentially became a national leader.

But the expulsion of the French from Russia did not mean that the fight against Napoleon was over. He still kept almost all of Europe under his control and conceived dominant plans. Russia, to ensure its security, continued military operations and led the movement for the liberation of European peoples from French rule. The victory in the Patriotic War was also of no small importance, marking the beginning of the liberation of the peoples of Central and Western Europe.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian people, through joint efforts with other peoples of Russia, defended their statehood and independence. This was one of the significant upsurges of patriotic feelings of all segments of the country's population: peasants, soldiers, and townspeople. The fight against Napoleonic aggression caused an increase in national self-awareness and gave impetus to the development of Russian culture.

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

Family and clan

Mikhail Kutuzov was born on September 16 (September 5, old style) 1745, in St. Petersburg. The noble family of Golenishchev-Kutuzov traces its origins to the warrior of Alexander Nevsky, Gabriel Oleksich, who defeated the Swedish commander Birger Jarl in the Battle of Neva in 1240. Gabriel's great-great-grandson Fyodor Alexandrovich retained the nickname of his father Alexander Proksha "Kutuz" (pillow) and became the ancestor of the Kutuzovs. The grandson of Alexander Proksha (“Kutuza”) and nephew of Fyodor Aleksandrovich Kutuzov, Vasily Ananyevich, had the nickname “Golenishche” for his height, and the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs came from him.

Mikhail's mother, Anna Larionovna Bedrinskaya, born in 1728, the daughter of an Opochetsky, Pskov and Gidovsky landowner, a retired captain of the Narva garrison regiment, died when her son was still very young. He was raised by his grandmother and then by his father.

Kutuzov's father, Illarion Matveevich (1717-1784), military engineer, lieutenant general and senator. Illarion Matveyevich Kutuzov began his military service under Peter the Great and served for at least thirty years in the engineering troops. Because of his intelligence and abilities, he was called a “reasonable book.” Under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, he drew up a project for the construction of the Catherine Canal (Griboyedov Canal) to eliminate the deadly consequences of floods of the Neva River. The construction of this canal was carried out under Empress Catherine the Great, and I.M. Kutuzov was presented with a gold snuff box sprinkled with diamonds. He was personally known to Catherine already at the beginning of her reign.

On February 3, 1765 he received the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree. Then he took part in the Turkish war of 1768-1774, under the command of Count Rumyantsev and was considered “very knowledgeable, not only in military affairs, but also in civil affairs.” Kutuzov's war French

At the beginning of 1744, Larion Matveevich was sent to Stockholm.

This time, the baron was supposed to take the post of Russian Minister-Resident at the Swedish royal court, that is, to become Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. The new ambassador and his adjutant went to Stockholm not by ship, but by a detour through Koenigsberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Copenhagen. The journey took almost a year, and during this time Larion Matveevich learned and saw a lot. During his stay in Stockholm, Larion Matveevich received a letter in which his wife Anna Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova reported that they had a son named Mikhail. Returning home, Larion Matveevich was greeted by joyful household members and, seeing his first-born, Mishenka, for the first time, he took him in his arms

Personal lifeM.I.Kutuzova

Kutuzov got married in the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluksky volost, Loknyansky district, Pskov region.

Mikhail Illarionovich's wife, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754--1824), daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov and sister of A.I. Bibikov, a major statesman and military figure (marshal of the Legislative Commission, commander-in-chief in the fight against the Polish Confederates and in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, friend of A. Suvorov).

On April 27, 1778, Kutuzov married Ekaterina Ilyinichna Bibikova. They had six children in a happy marriage. The son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy and was buried in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd) on the territory of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

· Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);

· Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1827);

· Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in her first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);

· Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - Ilya Stepanovich Sarochinsky (1788/89-1854);

· Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Elizabeth's first husband died fighting under the leadership of Kutuzov; Catherine's first husband also died in battle. Since the field marshal had no offspring in the male line, the surname Golenishchev-Kutuzov was transferred to his grandson, Major General P.M., in 1859. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.

Kutuzov also became related to the imperial house: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeniy Maximilianovich of Leuchtenberg.

Kutuzov's father showed great influence on the education and upbringing of his son.

Since childhood, Kutuzov was a capable boy, combining curiosity, resourcefulness and playfulness with thoughtfulness and a kind heart. Already at the young age of twelve he entered the artillery and engineering school. There he attended lectures by M.V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time. He graduated from school in 1759 among the best, and was retained as a teacher at the school.

Military service

Two years after graduating from school, on January 1, 1761, he received the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his personal request, was sent as a company commander to the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment A.V. Suvorov. A year later, under the patronage of Empress Catherine, who knew I.M. well. Kutuzov, Peter III appointed Mikhail as aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Revel, Prince of Holstein-Berg. In August 1762 M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to captain. In 1764, when visiting Revel, the Empress invited him to distinguish himself on the field of honor in Poland, where in battles against Prince Radziwill the future commander received baptism of fire. Then he again served in Reval, participated in the drafting of a new legislative code, working on the justice subcommittee, and fought with the Polish Confederates. Since 1770, Kutuzov has been fighting the Turks as part of the army of P.A. Rumyantseva. In 1772, the commander learned that Mikhail was imitating him at officer parties, got angry and transferred the merry fellow to the Crimean Army V.M. Dolgorukova. After this incident, the young officer became secretive and distrustful.

In July 1774, after the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kayiardzhi peace, Devlet Giray landed with a Turkish assault force in Alushta, but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into Crimea. On July 23, 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumas north of Alushta, a Russian detachment of three thousand defeated the main forces of the Turkish landing force. On July 24, during the pursuit of the Turks, Kutuzov, who commanded the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced the left temple and exited the right eye, which was “squinted,” but vision was preserved. After recovery, he again serves in Crimea under the command of L.V. Suvorov, at whose request he was promoted to colonel on June 28, 1777. For his participation in the suppression of the Crimean Tatar uprisings in 1782, he was appointed to brigadier, and in 1784 to major general. Since 1787, the general has been participating in the second Russian-Turkish war as part of the Yekaterinoslav army of Prince G.A. Potemkin. In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where on August 18, 1788, he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet passed almost through the old channel. In 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail; the 6th column, personally led by him, attacked the walls three times, finally broke into the fortress and defeated the garrison. Then he was appointed commandant of the captured fortress. In 1792, Kutuzov again fought with the Poles, and the following year, for his dedicated service, he received an estate in the Volyn province with 2,667 peasant souls and the position of governor-general of Kazan and Vyatka.

Catherine II highly appreciated the general's diplomatic abilities, appointing him ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary in Constantinople. The newly-minted diplomat successfully coped with his difficult responsibilities, strengthening Russia's influence in Turkey and actively countering the intrigues of the emissaries of the French revolutionary government at the Sultan's court. Returning to Russia in the fall of 1794, he became close to the Empress’s favorite, Count P.A. Zubov, and at the beginning of 1795 he was appointed commander of the troops and fleet on the Swedish border. Kutuzov became an experienced courtier; he was favored by both Catherine II and Paul I.

Kutuzov in 1797 was again sent to fight French diplomacy, but now as an extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) at the Prussian court. In December, he was appointed inspector of troops in Finland and chief of the Ryazan Musketeer Regiment, which from April 2, 1798 began to be called the Musketeer General of the Infantry Golenishchev-Kutuzov Regiment (this title was awarded to Kutuzov on January 4 of the same year). In 1799, he was appointed commander of the Russian troops in Holland, but due to the breakdown of Russia’s alliance with Austria and England, he returned to St. Petersburg, where on October 4 he was appointed holder of the Grand Cross of John of Jerusalem (Maltese Cross), and on December 19 he was appointed Lithuanian general. governor. On September 8, 1800, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, the highest honor of the Russian Empire. At the end of the reign of Paul I, Kutuzov temporarily acted as governor of St. Petersburg, replacing the absent Count Palen.

Alexander I approved him in this position on June 17, 1801, but fired him a year later. Then Kutuzov lived on his estate Goroshki, Volyn province, doing housework. The commander, who was aggressive towards him, became needed only in March 1805 during the war with France. Thanks to his command, it was still possible to save the Russian army, which found itself alone in the face of superior enemy forces after the defeat of the Austrians near Ulm, but after the union of the allied forces, he was actually removed from leadership by Alexander I and therefore did not consider himself guilty for the defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops at Austerlitz.

In October 1806 Kutuzov was appointed Kyiv military governor, and in 1807. went to war with Turkey as assistant commander-in-chief of the Danube Army. Due to the intrigues of his superior, Field Marshal A.A. Prozorovsky, Kutuzov was obliged in 1809 to again assume the post of Lithuanian military governor. But it was difficult to do without a competent commander and diplomat, and in 1811 Kutuzov became commander-in-chief of the Danube Army. In June, he finally defeated the Turks at the Rushchuk fortress, repeating the success in early October and encircling the Turkish army.

On October 29 he was granted the title of count. Kutuzov consolidated his military successes with the help of diplomacy, concluding on May 28, 1812, a much-needed peace treaty for Russia on the eve of the war with Napoleon.

Patriotic War of 1812

The Patriotic War of 1812 met Kutuzov in St. Petersburg with nothing to do. When, while the Russian armies in the west were led by Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and then Moscow militias. Only after the surrender of Smolensk to the French, Alexander I was forced to meet the demands of the public and troops and appoint Mikhail Illarionovich commander-in-chief over the two armies, which by that time had united.

Enthusiastically greeted by the population along the way, Kutuzov arrived to the troops on August 17. Not agreeing with the proposal to immediately give the French a general battle, he led the army back for several days and on the 22nd stopped at the village of Borodino, where preparations for the battle began. On the morning of dawn on August 26, the Russian army met with Napoleon's army. Having lined up his troops in a deep battle formation, Kutuzov, with a sharp maneuver of forces and means, stopped all attempts by Napoleon to achieve a decisive advantage, and he himself successfully counterattacked. At the cost of huge losses, the French managed to push back the Russians on the left flank and in the center, but recognizing the futility of further actions. By evening, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions. The Russian army lost 44 thousand people in this battle, the French - about 40. Kutuzov not only destroyed Napoleon’s dream of winning the war in one battle, but also preserved an impeccable combat-ready, morally strong army.

Carrying out a strategically advantageous plan for waging war, Kutuzov gave Moscow to the enemy on September 2, but already at that time the replenishment of the Russian army with reserves began, and partisan warfare began behind enemy lines. Having secretly maneuvered to the village of Tarutino, Kutuzov blocked the French’s path to the south, where they could provide themselves with food and fodder. Realizing that they were in a critical situation, Napoleon sent an adjutant to Kutuzov with a proposal for peace negotiations, but he replied that the war was just beginning.

Having left Moscow on October 7, Napoleon made his way to Maloyaroslavets, where Kutuzov blocked his road and, after a bloody battle, ordered the French to retreat along the Smolensk road they had destroyed. Having launched a counteroffensive, the Russian army launched attacks on the retreating French troops near Vyazma, Lyakhovo, and Krasny. Kutuzov’s caring attitude towards his soldiers is characteristic: seeing the gradual exhaustion of the French army, he said: “Now I won’t give ten Frenchmen for one Russian.” Hunger and the oncoming Russian cold increased the decline in the spirit of the French army, and after the Berezina its retreat turned into flight. Napoleon lost more than 500 thousand people in Russia killed, wounded prisoners, almost all the artillery and cavalry.

On December 21, Kutuzov, in an order to the army, congratulated the troops on expelling the enemy from Russia. For his skillful command of the Russian army in 1812, he was awarded the rank of Field Marshal and the title of Prince of Smolensk. He also received the Order of St. George, 1st degree, as a reward, becoming the first full holder of the Russian Military Order.

Kutuzov met Alexander 1’s decision to move the army further west without much enthusiasm: he was haunted by future human losses and the possible strengthening of France’s European rivals. With the arrival of the Tsar to the troops, he slowly withdrew from the main affairs of the command, his health weakened, and on April 16 in the city of Bunzlau (Poland) he died at the age of 67 years.

2 . Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclayde- Tolly

Family and clan

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was born on December 13, 1761, on the Pamushis estate in Livonia province.

Johann Stefan moved to Livonia in 1664 and settled in Riga. It was he who became the founder of the Russian Barilaev line. Johann Stefan Barclay de Tolly married Anna Sophia von Derenthal, the daughter of a Riga lawyer, who bore him three sons. Johann Stefan turned out to be not only the founder of the Russian line of his surname, but also the first of his kind Barilaev Russian subject, since, together with all members of the Riga magistrate, he took the oath of allegiance to his new homeland - Russia. Two of Johann Stefan's sons became officers in the Swedish army. The eldest, Wilhelm, followed his father and in 1730 was elected a member of the Riga city magistrate. One of Wilhelm's sons, Weingold-Gotthard, was born in Riga in 1726. He served in the Russian Imperial Army and retired as a lieutenant. The poor officer, who received only the rank of eleventh class for military service, had neither peasants nor land and was forced to become a small tenant. In 1760, he began to live in Lithuania, on the small remote manor of Pamushis. Here, on December 13, 1761, his third son was born, who was named Mikhail. Thus, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was a fourth generation Russian citizen and the son of an officer in the Russian army.

Since the boy’s father’s name was Weingold Gotthard and his second name translated into Russian meant “given by God,” later Mikhail Barclay de Tolly began to be called Mikhail Bogdanovich.

Study and beginning of military service

At a very early age of three, Barclay was sent to St. Petersburg to his uncle, brigadier of the Russian army von Vermeulen, who gave him his first elementary general and military education. At the age of 14, Barclay was assigned to serve in the Pskov Carabinieri Regiment and after 2 years of hard study and excellent service he became an officer. Since 1788, Barclay de Tolly fought in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, and showed himself heroically in the army of G. Potemkin during the assault and capture of Ochakov. In 1790 he went to Finland, where he fought against the Swedes as part of the Russian army. When the Russian-Swedish war ended, he led a battalion of the grenadier regiment in St. Petersburg.

During the Russian-Prussian-French War of 1806-1807, acting as part of L. Bennigsen's corps, Barclay de Tolly distinguished himself in the battle of Pułtusk, where he commanded a vanguard detachment of five regiments. Barclay confirmed his military talent during the ice campaign through the Gulf of Bothnia to the Swedish company in 1809, for which he was promoted to lieutenant general and was soon appointed commander-in-chief of the Finnish army and Finnish governor general.

In January 1810 M.B. Barclay de Tolly took the post of Minister of War, energetically taking up reforming the army and preparing for war with France.

Patriotic War of 1812

With the outbreak of the Patriotic War on March 19, 1812, Barclay led the 1st Western Army. He was an opponent of the operational plan of the Prussian General K. Fuhl, according to which the forces considered to be the main ones were divided into two parts, and the battle was planned to be held in a military camp near the city of Drissa. After retreating and joining with the 2nd Western Army P.I. Bagration Barclay skillfully led the actions of Russian troops in the bloody battle near Smolensk. Despite the objections of Bagration and other generals, he gave the order to retreat, thereby turning the military and the broad masses of the civilian population against himself. What they forgave Kutuzov, they did not forgive Barclay de Tolly. With the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, the commander of the 1st Western Army also came under his subordination. Mikhail Illarionovich ordered to leave the position at Tsarev-Zaimishche. Before receiving permission to leave the active army, citing serious health conditions, at a meeting in Fili, he advocated leaving Moscow without a fight.

After treatment in Kaluga, on February 4, 1813, he took command of the 3rd Army. The general took the Thorn fortress, and then distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen. On May 19, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the united Russian-Prussian army.

On August 18, 1813, troops under his command defeated the enemy at Kulm, and in the Battle of Leipzig, commanding the center of the allied forces, with his skillful skill he again managed to achieve victory, for which he was elevated to the dignity of count. For the capture of Paris in 1814 M.B. Barclay de Tolly was promoted to field marshal general. The vicissitudes of fate undermined the field marshal's health. In the spring of 1818, Barclay went to Germany for treatment on the waters. His path lay through East Prussia. Here Barclay became seriously ill and died on May 13, 1818. This happened near the city of Insterburg, on the poor manor of Stilitzen.

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

Family and clan

Bagration Pyotr Ivanovich was born in 1765 in the city of Kizlyar (Tver region) in the family of a retired colonel from an old family of Georgian princes.

Personal life

One of the main events of Bagration was connected with Gatchina.

Here in early September 1800 he got married.

Bagration, during balls and masquerades, in a whirlwind of social entertainment, was noticed by the young St. Petersburg beauty Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. At eighteen years old, she shone with beauty at balls and was surrounded by a large mass of fans. The beauty's attention to the famous General Bagration, shown in the summer of 1800, was not caused by serious feelings. Bagration was thirty-five years old at that time, he was not handsome, but he could attract attention. The military glory he won in tough battles created a romantic aura for him. Pyotr Ivanovich successfully distinguished himself from the courtiers: he was straightforward, honest, easy to use and shy in female society.

Study and beginning of military service

Bagration P.I. received knowledge at the Kizlyar school for chief and non-commissioned officer children.

He served in military service from 1782 to 1792. in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment, and then in the Kiev Horse-Jager and Sofia Carabineer Regiments in the ranks from sergeant to lieutenant colonel. From 1783-1786 took part in military operations against the highlanders in the North Caucasus, and in 1788 on December 6 (17), he distinguished himself during the capture of Ochakov. In 1798 - colonel, commander of the 6th Jaeger Regiment, in 1799 - major general. In Suvorov's Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1799, Bagration commanded the vanguard.

Under the leadership of Bagration, troops played a significant role in the battles on the Adda river on April 16 (27), Trebbia on June 6-8 (17-19) and at Novi on August 4 (15), they successfully and bravely fought at St. Gotthard on 13-14 ( September 24-25, Chortova, Mosta.

During the War of the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805, he served in the army of M.I. Kutuzov, sent to help the Austrians. On November 4 (16), 1805, having at his disposal a small number of soldiers of only seven thousand, he covered the retreat of the Russian army to Moravia at Shengraben and repelled the attacks of Murat's fifty-thousand-strong corps. In the battle of Austerlitz on November 20 (December 2), 1805 he led the right wing, which steadfastly repelled the onslaught of the French; tried to capture the Pratsen Heights, but was repulsed by Murat and Lannes. After the battle, he successfully covered the retreat of the main forces of M.I. Kutuzova.

Played an important role in the war of the Fourth Coalition with Napoleon. January 26 (February 7), 1807, during the withdrawal of the Russian army L.L. Bennigsen to Preussisch-Eylau thwarted the French task of cutting off its routes of communication with Russia. In the battles of Preussisch-Eylau on January 27 (February 8), Heilsberg on May 29 (June 10) and Friedland on June 2 (14), 1807, he showed himself brilliantly.

Bagration - participant in the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. He led the Åland expedition of 1809. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. from July 1809 to March 1810 he commanded the Moldavian Army, and from August 1811 he headed the Podolian Army.

Patriotic War of 1812

During the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, in the conditions of the general retreat of Russian troops, M.B. made every effort to unite with the First Army. Barclay de Tolly. From March 1812 he commanded the 2nd Western Army. In the first period of the war, with a skillful maneuver from Volkovysk to Smolensk, he led his army out of the attack of the prevailing enemy forces to join the 1st Western Army, causing large losses to the French troops in the rearguard battles at Mir, Romanov and Saltanovka. In the Battle of Borodino in 1812, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army, which bore the main blow of the French, and courageously defended the Semyonov flushes. September 12 (24) Bagration P.I. was seriously wounded. He died in the village of Sima, Vladimir province, on the estate of his friend Prince B.A. Golitsyn, where he was buried.

4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov

Family and clan

Davydov Denis Vasilievich was born on July 16 (27), 1784 in the family of foreman Vasily Denisovich Davydov (1747-1808), who served under the command of A.V. Suvorov, in Moscow. A descendant from an ancient noble family, tracing its history from the first Kazan king Ulu-Magomed and Tsarevich Minchak Kasaevich, who swore allegiance to Ivan III, inherited from his ancestors a passion for horses, a love for dashing cavalry battles, surprise attacks and long raids on horseback. at your own risk. Denis’s mother was the daughter of General-in-Chief Evdokim Alekseevich Shcherbinin.

Study and military activities

Little Denis was introduced to military affairs from an early age. Despite his small stature, on September 28, 1801 D.V. Davydov still managed to enroll as an estandard cadet in the Guards Cavalry Regiment. On September 9, 1802 he was promoted to cornet, and on November 2, 1803 to lieutenant. As part of the Guards Hussar Regiment, he took part in the campaign of 1807, where he received a baptism of fire and was almost captured by the French. Davydov was appointed adjutant to the commander of the vanguard P.I. Bagration. During the Swedish War of 1808-1809. he was with the detachment of his friend Ya.P. Kulneva, and then took part in an ice campaign to the Åland Islands. In the Turkish campaigns of 1809-1810. Denis Vasilyevich again accompanies Kulnev, participating in the siege of the fortresses of Silistria, Shumla and Rushchuk. On April 8, 1812, Davydov was promoted to lieutenant colonel and sent to the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment. Soon the most striking episode of his military biography begins: the 1812 campaign.

Patriotic War of 1812

On August 21, 1812, in sight of the village of Borodino, where he grew up, his parents’ house was already being hastily dismantled. Five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of ​​his own partisan detachment. Bagration's order to create a partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino. On the first night, Davydov’s detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants.

Because the peasants had little understanding of military uniforms, which were similar among the Russians and the French. In one of the forays, Davydov with the hussars and Cossacks captured 370 French, while repelling 200 Russian prisoners. His squad grew quickly. Quick successes of D.V. Davydov convinced Kutuzov of the advisability of guerrilla warfare, and he was not slow to give it wider development and constantly sent reinforcements. Participant in foreign campaigns of 1813-14, commanded a cavalry regiment and brigade. He was close with the future Decembrists M.F. Orlov, F.N. Glinka, A.A. Bestuzhev and others. After the war, his restless character forced him to frequently change places of service, and on November 14, 1823, to resign.

Denis Vasilyevich Davydov died on April 22, 1839 in the village of Verkhnyaya Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province. He was 55 years old. The cause of such an early death is a stroke.

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

She was born on September 17, 1783 in Kyiv from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the wishes of her parents.

The Durovs had to lead a nomadic regimental life. The mother, who wanted to have a son, disliked her daughter, and her entire upbringing was entrusted to the hussar Astakhov. In such an atmosphere, the child grew up to the age of 5 and adopted the habits of a nimble boy.

In 1789 A.V. Durov leaves military service and receives the position of chief in the city of Sarapul. October 25, 1801 he marries his daughter to the head of the Sarapul Lower Omsk Court V.S. Chernova. In 1803, Nadezhda gave birth to a son, Ivan, but soon left the family.

On September 17, 1806, having changed into a man's dress, Nadezhda joined the Cossack regiment. On March 9, 1807, in Grodno, under the name of nobleman Alexander Vasilyevich Sokolov, Nadezhda Durova enlisted as a private in the Cavalry-Polish Uhlan Regiment, reducing her age by 6 years and without mentioning marriage and the birth of a child. She fought bravely on the battlefields of Gugstadt, Heilsberg, and Friedland.

Soon the parents managed to find their missing daughter. With a special courier she was sent to St. Petersburg, where on December 31, 1807 she was awarded the highest meeting with Alexander I. The Emperor personally presented the order, gave the go-ahead to remain in the army and ordered, under the name of Alexander Andreevich Alexandrov, to transfer her to the aristocratic Mariupol Hussar Regiment. Only in the capital, having received a letter from Grodno, Durova learned about her mother’s death. Three years later, she transferred to the Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, either because of a romantic story about a colonel’s daughter who fell in love with her, or for an everyday reason: the dear life of hussar officers. In the Battle of Borodino, Second Lieutenant Alexandrov received a contusion in the leg. After leaving Moscow, Nadezhda Andreevna already serves as M.I.’s adjutant. Kutuzova. Soon the consequences of the shell shock affected, and until May 1813 she was on vacation in Sarapul. In the battles for the liberation of Germany, Durova distinguished herself during the sieges of Hamburg and the Modlin fortress. At her father's request, in 1816 she retired with the rank of captain and settled in Sarapul. On March 21, 1866, she died, bequeathing to call herself Alexandrov during the funeral service, which, of course, was not the case.

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

Legendary hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Ya.P. Kulnev was born on the night of July 24-25 (05.08) 1763 in the small Belarusian village of Sivoshino, located on the road to Polotsk Lyutsin (now the Latvian city of Ludza), where the family of officer Pyotr Vasilyevich Kulnev went on official business.

Poor nobleman P.V. Kulnev began serving as a corporal in 1746, took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, during the Polish campaign of 1769 he was seriously wounded and retired, and after 1775 until his death in 1795 he served as mayor in Lucin . He married a German Catholic during the Seven Years' War, Louise Grebippitz. They had seven children.

In 1770, Yakov and his younger brother Ivan entered the Land Noble Corps. In 1785 they were released with the rank of lieutenants and were accepted into the Chernigov infantry regiment, from where Y.P. In the same year, Kulnev transferred to the St. Petersburg Dragoon Regiment. In his first military campaign (in 1789 against the Turks), he distinguished himself during the siege of Bendery and was noticed by Prince G.A. Potemkin. But, however, the praises of the great commander A.V. were of much no less importance for the young officer. Suvorov during the Polish campaign of 1794, when, during the storming of Prague, the outskirts of the Polish capital Warsaw - Kulnev was one of the first to penetrate enemy fortifications, for which he was promoted to the rank of major.

Ya.P. Kulnev fought bravely during the French campaigns in 1805 and 1807. On May 24, 1807, the lieutenant colonel of the Grodno Hussar Regiment took part in the Battle of Gutstadts, the next day his regiment made a successful attack on two enemy columns, on May 29 it fought at Heilsberg, on June 2 - near Frindland. In the last battle, his regiment was surrounded, but thanks to the courage and courage, resourcefulness of the officer, the hussars broke through the encirclement.

The war with Sweden began in 1808. In the spring, Kulnev’s detachment acted very unsuccessfully and was forced to retreat before the prevailing enemy forces, suffering significant losses. In August, Kulnev led the vanguard of the army of General P.V. Kamensky. On the night of August 21, after the Battle of Kuorgan, Kulnev noticed the secret retreat of the Swedish troops and immediately moved to pursue the enemy. Thanks to his determination and courage, the enemy was completely defeated. On December 12, Yakov Petrovich was promoted to major general. During an ice campaign in the spring of 1809, his detachment reached the Swedish coast near Cape Grisselgama, just 100 versts from Stockholm. For his courage and determination, Kulnev was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree.

In February 1810, he became the head of the vanguard of the Commander-in-Chief of the Moldavian Army P.V. Kamensky in the war against the Turks. On August 26, the enemy was defeated in the battle of Batin.

However, after a skirmish with the commander-in-chief, he left the active army and in January 1811 was appointed chief of the Grodno Hussar Regiment, located in the Vitebsk province.

Kulnev wanted to get married and received consent, but the bride, whose last name is unknown, demanded that he resign. However, the courageous general did not want to leave service in such a difficult time for the Fatherland.

The first victories of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812 are associated with the name of Kulnev. Leading the vanguard of P. X. Wittgenstein’s corps, which covered St. Petersburg, he inflicted several defeats on the French, captured up to 1 thousand prisoners, including General Saint-Genis (Genier) , the first general captured by Russian troops in 1812. Covering the retreat of the main forces, Kulnev held back the corps of Marshal Udiio, which was many times larger than his.

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich, famous Russian general and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Mikhail was born on October 1 (12), 1771 in a family of emigrants from Herzegovina, Andrei Stepanovich, and the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner, Maria Andreevna Miloradovich. At the young age of nine, on November 16, 1780, he enlisted in the army and was soon transferred to the Izmailovsky Guards Regiment with the rank of lieutenant.

Education M.A. Miloradovich received it abroad, where in 1778 he was sent along with his tutor I. JI. Danilevsky, the father of the famous military writer A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky.

He studied for 4 years at the University of Königsberg under the guidance of the philosopher I. Kant, then for 2 years in Göttingen. Subsequently, Miloradovich lived in France for 3 years.

The Russian-Swedish war that began in 1788 found the young second lieutenant as part of the Izmailovsky battalion, where he took part in hostilities on the territory of modern Finland. On January 1, 1790, he was appointed lieutenant, and on January 1, 1796, captain.

Emperor Paul I, who was the chief and colonel of the Izmailovsky regiment, favored Miloradovich, who already in 1798 was promoted to major general and appointed chief of the musketeer regiment. The military unit was sent to Italy in 1799, where he was met by A.V. Suvorov joyfully, like the son of his comrade-in-arms. Miloradovich did not let the commander down; for the courage and courage shown in the battle of the village of Lecco (April 14), he was awarded the Order of St. Anne I and degree.

On April 29, two horses were wounded under him at the Battle of Basagnano. With a banner in his hands, he led the attack.

M.A. distinguished himself Miloradovich in the battle of Novi and the assault on St. Gotthard.

A.V. Suvorov appointed him army general on duty. M. D. Miloradovich, during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, became friends with Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

In 1805, a separate brigade of Mikhail Andreevich covered the retreat of M.I.’s army. Kutuzova. Miloradovich's 4th column, in the Battle of Austerlitz, advanced in the center of the Russian troops, and was in the rearguard for three days, repelling endless attacks by the French.

From 1806 he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, and in 1809 he was appointed general of the infantry. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Miloradovich was engaged in the formation of army reserves, with which he arrived on August 18 at the disposal of M.I. Kutuzova. At the Battle of Borodino, he commands two corps on the right flank, and then moves to the center, where he repels countless French attacks. Soon he had to replace the wounded P.I. Bagration as commander of the 2nd Army.

During the retreat to Moscow, he commanded the rearguard, constantly engaging in battles with the enemy, which is why he was unable to participate in the famous council in Fili. Marshal Murat promised Miloradovich to suspend the movement of his troops so that the Russians could freely leave the capital without starting a battle on its streets. The troops retreated to Tarutino with fighting.

M.A. Miloradovich led the vanguard during the counter-offensive of the Russian army, which consisted of two cavalry and three infantry corps. The troops approached Maloyaroslavets with a forced march and saved D.S.’s corps from defeat. Dokhturova.

On October 22, the troops defeated the French near Vyazma. In early November, with a skillful flank maneuver, they bypassed Napoleon's army near the village of Krasny, which ensured the victory of the main forces.

On August 18, in the battle of Kulm, he led the troops, replacing the wounded A.I. Osterman, and on October 6 near Leipzig he led the Russian and Prussian guards.

Miloradovich was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

August 19, 1818 St. Petersburg military governor general. After the death of Alexander 1 M.A. Miloradovich began to actively support the candidacy of Konstantin Pavlovich as a contender for the Russian throne. His actions, especially the oath to Constantine, objectively played into the hands of the conspirators, and the attempt on December 14, 1825, during a speech on

Senate Square to persuade the soldiers to return to the barracks ended with a pistol shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. The mortally wounded general died at 3 am on December 15 (27) and was buried in St. Petersburg on December 24.

Conclusion

The Patriotic War of 1812 was a difficult period for Russia. But neither retreat nor bloody battles broke the spirit of the Russian army. The heroic Patriotic War of 1812 brought about many similar fates. Those who went over to the side of the enemy, in difficult times for the country, of course, were treated with contempt by the Russian people, but no manifestos could prevent this. Those who surrendered to the enemy were not punished in any way, which once again speaks of the strength and greatness of the soul of the Russian people. They defeated the enemy who encroached on our Motherland.

The people who rose up to fight for the freedom of their homeland were the main heroes of the war of the twelfth year.

Bibliography

1. Efremova L.V., I.Ya. Kraivanova, O.P. Andreeva, T.D. Shuvalova, O.N. Papkov: Borodino Panorama, Moscow Worker Publishing House, 1985.

2. Zhukov E.M. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. (Volumes used: 10, 4, 2), State scientific publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1962.

3. Levchenko Vladimir: Heroes of 1812. Collection. Young Guard, 1987.

4. Opalinskap M.A., S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov: History of the Russian State. Biography. XIX century, first half. Moscow, Publishing House "Book Chamber", 1997.

5. URL:http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/BAGRATION_PETR_IVANOVICH.html

6. URL: http://smol1812.a-mv.ru/index.php/geroi-vojny-1812-goda

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Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (Golenishchev-Kutuzov) Kutuzov (Golenishchev-Kutuzov, His Serene Highness Prince of Smolensk), Mikhail Illarionovich - famous commander (1745 - 1813). He was brought up in the artillery and engineering corps (now the 2nd cadet corps). He distinguished himself during the 1st Turkish War in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Kagul. In 1774, during an attack on the village of Shumy (near Alushta), he was seriously wounded (a bullet hit the left temple and exited near the right eye). During the 2nd Turkish War, during the siege of Ochakov, Kutuzov was again seriously wounded (1788). In 1790, participating under the command of Suvorov in the assault on Izmail, Kutuzov at the head of the column captured the bastion and was the first to break into the city. He also distinguished himself in the battles of Babadag and Machny. In 1792, Kutuzov, commanding the left-flank column in the army of General Kakhovsky, contributed to the victory over the Poles at Dubenka. In 1793, he successfully completed a diplomatic mission from Catherine II in Constantinople. In 1795 he was appointed director general of the land gentry corps. Upon the accession of Alexander I to the throne, Kutuzov received the post of St. Petersburg military governor, but in 1802 he displeased the sovereign with the unsatisfactory state of the St. Petersburg police and was dismissed to his estates. In 1805 he was placed at the head of the Russian army sent to help Austria. Constrained by the orders of the Austrian military council, he could not come to the rescue of Mack, but successfully took his army to Bohemia, where he united with Buxhoeveden. Responsibility for the Austerlitz defeat cannot be attributed to Kutuzov: in fact, he did not have the power of commander-in-chief, and the battle was not fought according to his plan. Nevertheless, Emperor Alexander I, after Austerlitz, forever retained his dislike for Kutuzov. In 1808, Kutuzov was sent to Wallachia to help the elderly Prince Prozorovsky, but due to disagreements with the commander-in-chief, he was recalled and appointed military governor of Vilna. In 1811, Kutuzov took command of the army operating on the Danube. A number of his successful operations led to the conclusion of peace with the Turks, which was necessary for Russia in view of the impending French invasion. Kutuzov, however, continued to be out of favor and at the beginning of the Patriotic War remained out of work. Public opinion treated him differently: they looked at him as the only leader who could be entrusted with the leadership of the Russian armies in the decisive struggle against Napoleon. A sign of public respect for Kutuzov was the unanimous election of him by the St. Petersburg nobility to head the zemstvo militia of the province. As the French succeeded, dissatisfaction with Barclay increased in society. The decision on the appointment of a new commander-in-chief was entrusted to a special committee, which unanimously pointed the sovereign to Kutuzov. The emperor yielded to the general desire. Arriving at the army on August 17, Kutuzov raised its spirit, but, like Barclay, he recognized the need to retreat into the interior of the country in order to preserve the army. This was achieved by lengthening the enemy’s line of communication, weakening his forces and bringing him closer to his own reinforcements and supplies. The Battle of Borodino was a concession from Kutuzov to public opinion and the spirit of the army. Kutuzov's further actions reveal his outstanding strategic talents. The transfer of the Russian army from the Ryazan road to the Kaluga road was a deeply thought-out and skillfully executed operation. With this maneuver, Kutuzov put his army in the most advantageous position relative to the enemy, whose messages became open to attacks from our army. The French army was gradually encircled and pursued by partisan detachments. Having forced the French to retreat along the Smolensk road, devastated by the previous campaign, Kutuzov considered his main task to expel the enemy from the borders of Russia and continued to spare his army, leaving the difficult spontaneous conditions of retreat to complete the destruction of the enemy. The plan to capture Napoleon himself and his army did not belong to him; During Napoleon's crossing of the Berezina, he did not act energetically. Awarded the title of His Serene Highness Prince of Smolensky and the rank of Field Marshal General, Kutuzov did not sympathize with the transfer of the war outside Russia; according to his conviction, Russian blood should not have been shed for the liberation of Europe. He soon died in the Silesian city of Bunzlau. His ashes were transported to St. Petersburg and rest in the Kazan Cathedral, on the square of which a monument was erected to him. Kutuzov had a clear and subtle mind, a strong will, deep military knowledge and extensive combat experience. As a strategist, he always tried to study his enemy, was able to take into account all the elements of the situation and steadily strived to achieve the intended goal. The main feature of his military talent is caution. Deeply thinking about his every step, he tried to use cunning where the use of force was inappropriate. The balance of his clear mind and unwavering will was never disturbed. He knew how to be charming in his manner, understood the nature of the Russian soldier, knew how to raise his spirit and enjoyed the boundless trust of his subordinates. For literature, see the article Patriotic War.

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Barclay de Tolly, a count, then a princely family, originating from Scotland, from where it moved to Livonia in the 17th century. By a personal Highest Decree, on December 29, 1814, the Infantry General, Field Marshal Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly, “in commemoration of his exploits on the battlefield and the special services he rendered to the Throne and the Fatherland,” was elevated to the dignity of a count of the Russian Empire; and by decree - on August 15, 1815, he was elevated to the dignity of prince of the Russian Empire.

Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail Bogdanovich, prince, famous Russian commander, of Scottish origin. During the turmoil of the 17th century, one of the members of this family left the fatherland and settled in Riga; his descendant was B. He was born in 1761, as a child he was enrolled in the Novotroitsk cuirassier regiment and in 1778 he was promoted to cornet. In 1788, B., as an adjutant of the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, took part in the assault on Ochakov, and in 1789 - in the defeat of the Turks near Causeni and in the capture of Ackerman and Bendery. In 1790, B., together with the prince, participated in cases against the Swedes, and in 1794 - in military operations against the Poles. During the campaign of 1806, B. especially distinguished himself in the battles of Pułtusk, for which he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree, and at Gough, where he withstood the pressure of almost the entire army of Napoleon; near Preussisch-Eylau he was wounded in the right arm with a broken bone. In the Swedish War of 1808, B. first commanded a separate detachment, but due to a disagreement with General Buxhoeveden, he left Finland; in 1809 he was sent there again, made the famous crossing of Kvarken and captured the mountains. Umeå, the consequence of which was the conclusion of peace with Sweden. Promoted to infantry general, B. was appointed governor-general of Finland and commander of the Finnish army, and on January 20, 1810, he took the post of minister of war. Under him, an “Institution for the Management of a Large Active Army” was drawn up and significant improvements were introduced in various branches of military administration, which turned out to be especially useful in view of the impending war with Napoleon: the army was almost doubled; New fortresses were put into a defensive state and armed, food supplies were stockpiled, arsenals were replenished, and ammunition parks were established. Before the start of the Patriotic War, B. took command of the 1st Western Army. He clearly foresaw that the war would be “most terrible in intention, unique in its kind and most important in its consequences,” but for the sake of caution, he did not consider it possible to “previously warn the public about the critical situation of the fatherland” and preferred to endure insults and attacks, “calmly awaiting justification from the very consequences.” ". Napoleon's forces turned out to be so great that it was impossible to wage, as previously assumed, even a defensive war. B.’s brilliant plan to retreat and “having lured the enemy into the bowels of the fatherland itself, force him at the cost of blood to acquire every step, every means of reinforcement and even his existence, and, finally, having exhausted his strength with as little shedding of his blood as possible, inflict on him “a decisive blow” was not understood, and reproaches even for treason were heard at the commander’s address; even those who understood the plan sometimes echoed the public voice. As a result, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of the armies, but he was forced to follow his predecessor's plan and retreat. In the Battle of Borodino, B. commanded the right wing of the army and appeared, as if seeking death, in the most dangerous places; he personally led the regiments into the attack, and they enthusiastically greeted him, as if instinctively realizing their previous wrong. All the insults and unrest he experienced affected B.’s health, and he left the army in the Tarutino camp. He returned to the troops already in 1813, accepting first the 3rd and then the Russian-Prussian army. On May 8 and 9, near Bautzen, he repelled Napoleon's main attacks; On August 18, near Kulm, he completed the defeat of Vandam (awarded the Order of St. George, 1st degree), and in the “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig he was one of the main culprits of the victory; for this campaign B. was elevated to the rank of count. During the campaign of 1814, the battles of Brienne, Arcy-on-Aube, Fer-Champenoise and Paris brought B. a field marshal's baton. In 1815, B., being the commander-in-chief of the 1st Army, again entered France, where, after a review at Vertue, he was elevated to princely dignity. Upon returning to Russia, B. continued to command the 1st Army. Having gone abroad due to poor health, he died on the way in the city of Insterburg; his body was brought to Russia and buried on May 14, 1818 in the town of Bekgof, in Livonia. B. built a monument in St. Petersburg; The 4th Nesvizh Grenadier Regiment is still called after him. - Compare: Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, “Military Gallery of the Winter Palace”.

Bagrationi

Bagrations, princes. The most ancient and one of the most famous families of Georgia, which produced many Armenian and Georgian kings. It originates from Athanasius Bagratidas, whose son Ashod Kuropalat, who died in 826, was the king of Georgia. The line of Georgian kings continued from Ashod. Queen Tamara (the Great), died in 1211, was in her first marriage to the Russian Prince Yuri, nephew of Andrei Bogolyubsky, and in her second to the Ossetian Prince Davyd, the son of Prince Janderon from his first marriage. Some Georgian chroniclers consider Janderon to be the grandson of Prince Davyd, grandson of King George I, who fled to Ossetia. If these legends are true, then the current princes of B., Georgian and Mukhrani are descendants in the direct male tribe of the ancient Bagratids; if the testimony of the chroniclers is erroneous, then in this case the Bagratid clan ceased in 1184, with the death of King George III, and then the origin of these clans should be considered to be from the Ossetian rulers. From the Bagration family, some members became kings of Imereti, Kartalin and Kakheti. One of the Imeretian kings (whose descendants reigned in Imereti before its annexation to Russia in 1810), Mikhail, died in 1329, is considered the ancestor of the Imeretian kings, as well as the princes Bagrationi-Imereti and Bagrationi-Davydov; the latter were recognized as princes on December 6, 1850. From Prince Teimuraz, the ruler (batoni) of Mukhrani, descended from the former Georgian royal family of the Bagratids, the branch of the Bagrationi-Mukhrani princes traces their ancestry. The ancient inheritance of the Mukhrani princes was in Kartaliniya. The former Georgian royal house is divided into 4 branches: 1) the senior branch, whose ancestors reigned in Kartalinia until 1724; 2) princes B., the junior branch of the previous branch; 3) the princes of B.-Mukhrani - a branch that separated from the common root in the 17th century and until the beginning of the 19th century owned the Mukhrani inheritance; 4) the younger branch, whose ancestors reigned in Kakheti and Kartalinia until 1800. The second branch was included in the number of Russian-princely families in 1803. The grandson of Tsar Vakhtang VI, Prince Ivan Vakhushtovich B., served under Catherine II as lieutenant general and commanded the Siberian division. His nephew, Tsarevich Alexander Jesseevich, the ancestor of the current princes of B., left for Russia in 1757 and served as a lieutenant colonel in the Caucasian division. His son, Prince Kirill, was a senator.

Grandson of Alexander Iesseevich B.,

Prince Peter Ivanovich , born in 1765, entered the service as a sergeant in 1782; participated in the cases of 1783 - 90 against the Chechens and was seriously wounded; in 1788 he was at the capture of Ochakov; in 1794 he took part in almost all cases against the Confederates and attracted the attention of Suvorov. In 1798, he was appointed chief of the 6th Jaeger Regiment and with him a year later, with the rank of major general, he set out on the Italian campaign. In this campaign, as well as in the famous crossing of the Alps, B. took a brilliant part, receiving the most responsible and difficult assignments from Suvorov; affairs at Puzzolo, Bergamo, Lecco, Tidone, Trebia, Nura and Novi are associated with his name. When entering Switzerland, B. commanded the vanguard; On September 13, he attacked and drove back the French who occupied St. Gotthard; On September 14, he crossed the Devil's Bridge and pursued the enemy to Lake Lucerne; On September 16, in the Mutten Valley, he surrounded and captured a strong French detachment; On September 19 and 20, he withstood a successful battle near the village of Kloptal, where he received a severe shell shock, and then commanded the rearguard, covering our retreat from Switzerland. Upon returning from the campaign, B. was appointed chief of the Life Guards of the Jaeger Battalion and reorganized it into a regiment. During the campaign of 1805 and in the war of 1806-07, B. participated in almost all battles and, often being in a dangerous situation, constantly showed courage and stewardship. B. distinguished himself in affairs at Lambach, Enz and Amstetten, at Rausnitz, Wischau and in the battle of Austerlitz, especially at the village of Schöngraben, where he, with a detachment of 6,000 people, held off the strongest enemy for a whole day, who was crossing our path of retreat, for which he received the Order of St. George 2nd degree. During the Swedish War of 1808-09, B. became famous for the occupation of the Åland Islands. In August 1809, B. was appointed commander-in-chief of the army against the Turks; under him, Machin, Girsov, Brailov, Izmail were taken and the Turks were defeated at Rassevat, but the siege of Silistria, the garrison of which was almost equal to the besieging army, was not successful. In 1810, B. was replaced by Kamensky. During the Patriotic War, B. commanded the second Western army. During the initial retreat of our armies, B. had to make a difficult roundabout march under pressure from a superior enemy to join the army of Barclay de Tolly; having united near Smolensk, B., being older than Barclay de Tolly, who had previously been under his command several times, nevertheless submitted to him for the sake of unity of command, bearing in mind that Barclay, as Minister of War, was more familiar with the wishes of the sovereign and the general plan actions. During a further retreat, when public opinion rebelled against Barclay, B., although he understood all the benefits of such a course of action, also condemned it. During the Battle of Borodino, B. was wounded in the leg by a grenade fragment, causing bone fragmentation; from the dressing station, realizing that he was wrong before Barclay, he sent an adjutant to tell him that “the salvation of the army depends on him.” The wound, which at first seemed harmless, brought him to the grave on September 12, in the village of Simakh, Vladimir province; Now his ashes rest on the Borodino field. In memory of B., the 104th Ustyug Infantry Regiment bears his name.Davydov Denis Vasilievich

Davydov, Denis Vasilievich - famous partisan, poet, military historian and theorist. Born into an old noble family, in Moscow, July 16, 1784; Having been educated at home, he entered the cavalry regiment, but was soon transferred to the army for satirical poetry, to the Belarusian Hussar Regiment (1804), from there he transferred to the Hussar Life Guards (1806) and participated in campaigns against Napoleon (1807), the Swedish (1808) ), Turkish (1809). He achieved wide popularity in 1812 as the head of a partisan detachment, organized on his own initiative. At first, the higher authorities reacted to Davydov’s idea with some skepticism, but the partisan actions turned out to be very useful and brought a lot of harm to the French. Davydov had imitators - Figner, Seslavin and others. On the great Smolensk road, Davydov more than once managed to recapture military supplies and food from the enemy, intercept correspondence, thereby instilling fear in the French and raising the spirit of the Russian troops and society. Davydov used his experience for the wonderful book “The Experience of the Theory of Guerrilla Action.” In 1814, Davydov was promoted to general; was chief of staff of the 7th and 8th army corps (1818 - 1819); In 1823 he retired, in 1826 he returned to service, participated in the Persian campaign (1826 - 1827) and in the suppression of the Polish uprising (1831). In 1832, he finally left service with the rank of lieutenant general and settled on his Simbirsk estate, where he died on April 22, 1839. - The most lasting mark left by Davydov in literature is his lyrics. Pushkin highly valued his originality, his unique manner of “twisting verse.” A.V. Druzhinin saw in him a writer “truly original, precious for understanding the era that gave birth to him.” Davydov himself speaks about himself in his autobiography: “He never belonged to any literary guild; he was a poet not by rhymes and footsteps, but by feeling; as for his exercise in poetry, this exercise, or, better to say, the impulses of it they consoled him like a bottle of champagne "... "I am not a poet, but a partisan, a Cossack, I sometimes visited Pinda, but in a hurry, and carefree, somehow, I set up my independent bivouac in front of the Kastal current." This self-assessment is consistent with the assessment given to Davydov by Belinsky: “He was a poet at heart, for him life was poetry, and poetry was life, and he poeticized everything he touched... His wild revelry turns into a daring but noble prank ; rudeness - into the frankness of a warrior; the desperate courage of another expression, which is no less than the reader himself is surprised to see himself in print, although sometimes hidden under dots, becomes an energetic outburst of a powerful feeling. .. Passionate by nature, he sometimes rose to the purest ideality in his poetic visions... Of particular value should be those poems by Davydov, the subject of which is love, and in which his personality is so chivalrous... As a poet, Davydov decisively belongs to the most bright luminaries of the second magnitude in the firmament of Russian poetry... As a prose writer, Davydov has every right to stand alongside the best prose writers of Russian literature. epigrams and the famous "Modern Song", with proverbial caustic remarks about the Russian Mirabeau and Lafayette. - Davydov's works were published six times (the last edition, edited by A.O. Krugly, St. Petersburg, 1893); the best edition - 4th, Moscow, 1860. His "Notes" were published in 1863. The bibliography is listed in Vengerov, "Sources of the Dictionary of Russian Writers", volume II. See V.V. Gervais, "Partisan-poet Davydov" (St. Petersburg , 1913); B. Sadovsky, "Russian Kamena" (Moscow, 1910). N.L.