Physics as a science that studies the laws of our Universe uses standard research methods and a certain system of units of measurement. It is customary to denote N (newton). What is force, how to find and measure it? Let's study this issue in more detail.

Isaac Newton is an outstanding English scientist of the 17th century who made an invaluable contribution to the development of exact mathematical sciences. He is the forefather of classical physics. He managed to describe the laws that govern both huge celestial bodies and small grains of sand carried away by the wind. One of his main discoveries is the law of universal gravitation and the three basic laws of mechanics that describe the interaction of bodies in nature. Later, other scientists were able to derive the laws of friction, rest and sliding only thanks to the scientific discoveries of Isaac Newton.

A little theory

A physical quantity was named in honor of the scientist. Newton is a unit of force. The very definition of force can be described as follows: “force is a quantitative measure of the interaction between bodies, or a quantity that characterizes the degree of intensity or tension of bodies.”

The magnitude of force is measured in newtons for a reason. It was these scientists who created three unshakable “power” laws that are still relevant today. Let's study them with examples.

First Law

To fully understand the questions: “What is a newton?”, “A unit of measurement for what?” and “What is its physical meaning?”, it is worth carefully studying the three main

The first says that if the body is not affected by other bodies, then it will be at rest. And if the body was in motion, then in the complete absence of any action on it, it will continue its uniform motion in a straight line.

Imagine that a certain book with a certain mass lies on a flat table surface. Having designated all the forces acting on it, we find that this is the force of gravity, which is directed vertically downwards, and (in this case of the table), directed vertically upwards. Since both forces balance each other's actions, the magnitude of the resultant force is zero. According to Newton's first law, this is the reason why the book is at rest.

Second Law

It describes the relationship between the force acting on a body and the acceleration it receives due to the applied force. When formulating this law, Isaac Newton was the first to use a constant value of mass as a measure of the manifestation of inertia and inertia of a body. Inertia is the ability or property of bodies to maintain their original position, that is, to resist external influences.

The second law is often described by the following formula: F = a*m; where F is the resultant of all forces applied to the body, a is the acceleration received by the body, and m is the mass of the body. The force is ultimately expressed in kg*m/s2. This expression is usually denoted in newtons.

What is Newton in physics, what is the definition of acceleration and how is it related to force? These questions are answered by the formula of the second law of mechanics. It should be understood that this law only works for those bodies that move at speeds much lower than the speed of light. At speeds close to the speed of light, slightly different laws work, adapted by a special section of physics on the theory of relativity.

Newton's third law

This is perhaps the most understandable and simple law that describes the interaction of two bodies. He says that all forces arise in pairs, that is, if one body acts on another with a certain force, then the second body, in turn, also acts on the first with a force equal in magnitude.

The very formulation of the law by scientists is as follows: “... the interactions of two bodies on each other are equal to each other, but at the same time they are directed in opposite directions.”

Let's figure out what Newton is. In physics, it is customary to consider everything based on specific phenomena, so we will give several examples describing the laws of mechanics.

1. Waterfowl such as ducks, fish or frogs move in or through water precisely by interacting with it. Newton's third law states that when one body acts on another, a reaction always arises, equal in strength to the first, but directed in the opposite direction. Based on this, we can conclude that the movement of ducks occurs due to the fact that they push the water back with their paws, and they themselves swim forward due to the response of the water.
2. The squirrel wheel is a striking example of a proof of Newton's third law. Everyone probably knows what a squirrel wheel is. This is a fairly simple design that resembles both a wheel and a drum. It is installed in cages so that pets like squirrels or rats can run around. The interaction of two bodies, a wheel and an animal, leads to the fact that both of these bodies move. Moreover, when the squirrel runs fast, the wheel spins at high speed, and when it slows down, the wheel begins to spin more slowly. This once again proves that action and reaction are always equal to each other, although they are directed in opposite directions.
3. Everything that moves on our planet moves only due to the “response action” of the Earth. This may seem strange, but in fact, when we walk, we only exert effort to push the ground or any other surface. And we move forward because the earth pushes us back.

What is a newton: a unit of measurement or a physical quantity?

The very definition of “newton” can be described as follows: “it is a unit of measurement of force.” What is its physical meaning? So, based on Newton’s second law, this is a derived quantity, which is defined as a force capable of changing the speed of a body weighing 1 kg by 1 m/s in just 1 second. It turns out that Newton is i.e. it has its own direction. When we apply force to an object, for example pushing a door, we simultaneously set the direction of movement, which, according to the second law, will be the same as the direction of the force.

If you follow the formula, it turns out that 1 Newton = 1 kg*m/s2. When solving various problems in mechanics, it is often necessary to convert newtons into other quantities. For convenience, when finding certain values, it is recommended to remember the basic identities that connect newtons with other units:

• 1 N = 10 5 dyne (dyne is a unit of measurement in the GHS system);
• 1 N = 0.1 kgf (kilogram-force is a unit of force in the MKGSS system);
• 1 N = 10 -3 walls (unit of measurement in the MTS system, 1 wall is equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 to any body weighing 1 ton).

Law of Gravity

One of the most important discoveries of the scientist, which changed the understanding of our planet, is Newton’s law of gravity (read below for what gravity is). Of course, before him there were attempts to unravel the mystery of the Earth's gravity. For example, he was the first to suggest that not only the Earth has an attractive force, but also the bodies themselves are capable of attracting the Earth.

However, only Newton managed to mathematically prove the relationship between the force of gravity and the law of planetary motion. After many experiments, the scientist realized that in fact, not only the Earth attracts objects to itself, but also all bodies are magnetized to each other. He derived the law of gravity, which states that any bodies, including celestial bodies, are attracted with a force equal to the product of G (gravitational constant) and the masses of both bodies m 1 * m 2, divided by R 2 (the square of the distance between the bodies).

All the laws and formulas derived by Newton made it possible to create a holistic mathematical model, which is still used in research not only on the surface of the Earth, but also far beyond the borders of our planet.

Unit Conversion

When solving problems, you should remember about the standard ones that are also used for “Newtonian” units of measurement. For example, in problems about space objects, where the masses of the bodies are large, it is often necessary to simplify large values ​​to smaller ones. If the solution yields 5000 N, then it will be more convenient to write the answer in the form of 5 kN (kiloNewton). There are two types of such units: multiples and submultiples. Here are the most used ones: 10 2 N = 1 hectoNewton (gN); 10 3 N = 1 kiloNewton (kN); 10 6 N = 1 megaNewton (MN) and 10 -2 N = 1 centiNewton (cN); 10 -3 N = 1 milliNewton (mN); 10 -9 N = 1 nanoNewton (nN).

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1 newton [N] = 1E-06 meganewton [MN]

Initial value

Converted value

newton exanewton petanewton teranewton giganewton meganewton kilonewton hectonewton decanewton decinewton centinewton millinewton micronewton nanonewton piconewton femtonewton attonewton dyne joule per meter joule per centimeter gram-force kilogram-force ton-force (short) ton-force (long) ton-force (meter ical) kilopound -force kilopound-force pound-force ounce-force poundal pound-foot per sec² gram-force kilogram-force wall grav-force milligrav-force atomic unit of force

More about strength

General information

In physics, force is defined as a phenomenon that changes the motion of a body. This can be either the movement of the whole body or its parts, for example, during deformation. If, for example, you lift a stone and then let it go, it will fall because it is pulled to the ground by the force of gravity. This force changed the movement of the stone - from a calm state it moved into accelerated motion. When falling, the stone will bend the grass to the ground. Here, a force called the weight of the stone changed the movement of the grass and its shape.

Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act on a body at the same time, they can be in equilibrium if their vector sum is zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll along the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the stone is in equilibrium and does not move.

In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vector sum of forces that changes the speed of a one-kilogram body by one meter per second in one second.

Archimedes was one of the first to study forces. He was interested in the effect of forces on bodies and matter in the Universe, and he built a model of this interaction. Archimedes believed that if the vector sum of forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body is at rest. Later it was proven that this is not entirely true, and that bodies in a state of equilibrium can also move at a constant speed.

Basic forces in nature

It is the forces that move bodies or force them to remain in place. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force and weak force. They are also known as fundamental interactions. All other forces are derivatives of these interactions. Strong and weak interactions affect bodies in the microcosm, while gravitational and electromagnetic influences also act at large distances.

Strong interaction

The most intense of the interactions is the strong nuclear force. The connection between quarks, which form neutrons, protons, and the particles they consist of, arises precisely due to the strong interaction. The motion of gluons, structureless elementary particles, is caused by the strong interaction, and is transmitted to quarks through this motion. Without strong interaction, matter would not exist.

Electromagnetic interaction

Electromagnetic interaction is the second largest. It occurs between particles with opposite charges that attract each other, and between particles with the same charges. If both particles have a positive or negative charge, they repel each other. The movement of particles that occurs is electricity, a physical phenomenon that we use every day in everyday life and in technology.

Chemical reactions, light, electricity, interactions between molecules, atoms and electrons - all these phenomena occur due to electromagnetic interaction. Electromagnetic forces prevent one solid body from penetrating another because the electrons of one body repel the electrons of another body. Initially, it was believed that electric and magnetic influences were two different forces, but later scientists discovered that they were a variation of the same interaction. Electromagnetic interaction can be easily seen with a simple experiment: lifting a woolen sweater over your head, or rubbing your hair on a woolen fabric. Most objects have a neutral charge, but rubbing one surface against another can change the charge on those surfaces. In this case, electrons move between two surfaces, being attracted to electrons with opposite charges. When there are more electrons on a surface, the overall surface charge also changes. Hair that "stands on end" when a person takes off a sweater is an example of this phenomenon. The electrons on the surface of the hair are more strongly attracted to the c atoms on the surface of the sweater than the electrons on the surface of the sweater are attracted to the atoms on the surface of the hair. As a result, electrons are redistributed, which leads to a force that attracts the hair to the sweater. In this case, hair and other charged objects are attracted not only to surfaces with opposite but also neutral charges.

Weak interaction

The weak nuclear force is weaker than the electromagnetic force. Just as the movement of gluons causes strong interaction between quarks, the movement of W and Z bosons causes weak interaction. Bosons are elementary particles emitted or absorbed. W bosons participate in nuclear decay, and Z bosons do not affect other particles with which they come into contact, but only transfer momentum to them. Thanks to the weak interaction, it is possible to determine the age of matter using radiocarbon dating. The age of an archaeological find can be determined by measuring the radioactive carbon isotope content relative to the stable carbon isotopes in the organic material of that find. To do this, they burn a pre-cleaned small fragment of a thing whose age needs to be determined, and thus extract carbon, which is then analyzed.

Gravitational interaction

The weakest interaction is gravitational. It determines the position of astronomical objects in the universe, causes the ebb and flow of tides, and causes thrown bodies to fall to the ground. The gravitational force, also known as the force of attraction, pulls bodies towards each other. The greater the body mass, the stronger this force. Scientists believe that this force, like other interactions, arises due to the movement of particles, gravitons, but so far they have not been able to find such particles. The movement of astronomical objects depends on the force of gravity, and the trajectory of movement can be determined by knowing the mass of the surrounding astronomical objects. It was with the help of such calculations that scientists discovered Neptune even before they saw this planet through a telescope. The trajectory of Uranus could not be explained by gravitational interactions between the planets and stars known at that time, so scientists assumed that the movement was under the influence of the gravitational force of an unknown planet, which was later proven.

According to the theory of relativity, the force of gravity changes the space-time continuum - four-dimensional space-time. According to this theory, space is curved by the force of gravity, and this curvature is greater near bodies with greater mass. This is usually more noticeable near large bodies such as planets. This curvature has been proven experimentally.

The force of gravity causes acceleration in bodies flying towards other bodies, for example, falling to the Earth. Acceleration can be found using Newton's second law, so it is known for planets whose mass is also known. For example, bodies falling to the ground fall with an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second.

Ebbs and flows

An example of the effect of gravity is the ebb and flow of tides. They arise due to the interaction of the gravitational forces of the Moon, Sun and Earth. Unlike solids, water easily changes shape when force is applied to it. Therefore, the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun attract water more strongly than the surface of the Earth. The movement of water caused by these forces follows the movement of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth. These are the ebbs and flows, and the forces that arise are tidal forces. Since the Moon is closer to the Earth, tides are influenced more by the Moon than by the Sun. When the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon are equally directed, the highest tide occurs, called spring tide. The smallest tide, when tidal forces act in different directions, is called quadrature.

The frequency of tides depends on the geographical location of the water mass. The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun attract not only water, but also the Earth itself, so in some places, tides occur when the Earth and water are attracted in the same direction, and when this attraction occurs in opposite directions. In this case, the ebb and flow of the tide occurs twice a day. In other places this happens once a day. The tides depend on the coastline, the ocean tides in the area, and the positions of the Moon and Sun, as well as the interaction of their gravitational forces. In some places, high tides occur once every few years. Depending on the structure of the coastline and the depth of the ocean, tides can affect currents, storms, changes in wind direction and strength, and changes in atmospheric pressure. Some places use special clocks to determine the next high or low tide. Once you set them up in one place, you have to set them up again when you move to another place. These clocks do not work everywhere, as in some places it is impossible to accurately predict the next high and low tide.

The power of moving water during the ebb and flow of tides has been used by man since ancient times as a source of energy. Tidal mills consist of a water reservoir into which water flows at high tide and is released at low tide. The kinetic energy of water drives the mill wheel, and the resulting energy is used to do work, such as grinding flour. There are a number of problems with using this system, such as environmental ones, but despite this, tides are a promising, reliable and renewable source of energy.

Other powers

According to the theory of fundamental interactions, all other forces in nature are derivatives of the four fundamental interactions.

Normal ground reaction force

The normal ground reaction force is the body's resistance to external load. It is perpendicular to the surface of the body and directed against the force acting on the surface. If a body lies on the surface of another body, then the force of the normal support reaction of the second body is equal to the vector sum of the forces with which the first body presses on the second. If the surface is vertical to the surface of the Earth, then the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed opposite to the force of gravity of the Earth, and is equal to it in magnitude. In this case, their vector force is zero and the body is at rest or moving at a constant speed. If this surface has a slope relative to the Earth, and all other forces acting on the first body are in equilibrium, then the vector sum of the force of gravity and the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed downward, and the first body slides along the surface of the second.

Friction force

The friction force acts parallel to the surface of the body and opposite to its movement. It occurs when one body moves along the surface of another when their surfaces come into contact (sliding or rolling friction). Frictional force also arises between two bodies at rest if one lies on the inclined surface of the other. In this case, it is the static friction force. This force is widely used in technology and in everyday life, for example, when moving vehicles with the help of wheels. The surface of the wheels interacts with the road and the friction force prevents the wheels from sliding on the road. To increase friction, rubber tires are placed on the wheels, and in icy conditions, chains are placed on the tires to further increase friction. Therefore, motor transport is impossible without friction. Friction between the rubber of the tires and the road ensures normal vehicle control. The rolling friction force is less than the dry sliding friction force, so the latter is used when braking, allowing you to quickly stop the car. In some cases, on the contrary, friction interferes, since it wears out the rubbing surfaces. Therefore, it is removed or minimized with the help of liquid, since liquid friction is much weaker than dry friction. This is why mechanical parts, such as a bicycle chain, are often lubricated with oil.

Forces can deform solids and also change the volume and pressure of liquids and gases. This occurs when the force is distributed unevenly throughout a body or substance. If a sufficiently large force acts on a heavy body, it can be compressed into a very small ball. If the size of the ball is less than a certain radius, then the body becomes a black hole. This radius depends on the mass of the body and is called Schwarzschild radius. The volume of this ball is so small that, compared to the mass of the body, it is almost zero. The mass of black holes is concentrated in such an insignificantly small space that they have a huge gravitational force, which attracts all bodies and matter within a certain radius from the black hole. Even light is attracted to a black hole and is not reflected from it, which is why black holes are truly black - and are named accordingly. Scientists believe that large stars turn into black holes at the end of their lives and grow, absorbing surrounding objects within a certain radius.

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Most likely, you know about Newton the story associated with an apple falling on his head. In fact, he achieved much more in science. On his tomb in Westminster it is written that he was the greatest man who ever lived on the planet. If you think this is too bold a statement, you should just take a closer look at Newton's achievements. He was a real genius - an expert in astronomy, chemistry, mathematics, physics, theology. His endless curiosity helped him solve problems of all sizes. His findings, theories, laws made the scientist a real legend. Let's get acquainted with his most significant achievements - the top 10 will help with this.

It's surprising that the main legend about Newton was the story of the apple - it's quite boring! In fact, Newton's ideas about gravity were much more fascinating. Describing the law of gravity, Newton imagined a mountain of such size that its top reached outer space, and there he placed a huge cannon. No, he did not plan to fight the aliens at all. A space gun is a speculative experiment that describes how to launch an object into orbit. If you use too little or too much gunpowder, the cannonball will simply fall to Earth or fly off into space. If everything is calculated correctly, the core will fly around the planet in orbit. Newton's work, published in 1687, taught that all particles are affected by gravity, and that gravity itself is affected by mass and distance. Einstein later added to these ideas, but it was Newton who laid a serious foundation for modern ideas about gravity.

Cat doors

When the scientist was not busy working on questions of the universe, he was working on other problems - for example, figuring out how to get cats to stop scratching doors. Newton never had a wife, he also had few friends, but he did have pets. Different sources have different data on this matter. Some believe that he loved animals very much, while others, on the contrary, contain strange stories about a dog named Diamond. Anyway, there is a story about how, at Cambridge University, Newton was constantly disturbed by cats scratching at the door. As a result, he called a carpenter and ordered him to make two holes in the door: a large one for a large cat and a small one for kittens. Of course, the kittens were just following the cat, so the small hole was useless. It may not have happened, but the door in Cambridge remains to this day. If we assume that these holes were not made on Newton's orders, it turns out that a man once wandered around the university with the strange hobby of drilling holes.

Three laws of motion

Maybe the stories about animals are not very true, but it is absolutely certain that it was Newton who made the discoveries in physics. He not only described gravity, but also derived three laws of motion. According to the first, an object remains at rest unless acted upon by an external force. The second states that the motion of an object changes depending on the influence of the force. The third says that for every action there is a reaction. From these simple laws came more complex modern formulations that are fundamental concepts. Before Newton, no one had been able to describe the process so clearly, although both Greek thinkers and prominent French philosophers dealt with the issue.

Philosopher's Stone

Newton's thirst for knowledge led him not only to scientific discoveries, but also to original alchemical research. For example, he was looking for the famous philosopher's stone. It is described as a stone or solution that can cause the transformation of various substances into gold, cure diseases and even transform a headless cow into a swarm of bees! In Newton's time, the scientific revolution was just beginning, so alchemy retained its place among the sciences. He wanted to discover unlimited power over nature and experimented in every possible way, trying to create a philosopher's stone. However, all attempts turned out to be fruitless.

Arithmetic

Newton quickly discovered that the existing algebra of his day simply did not meet the needs of scientists. For example, in those days mathematicians could calculate the speed of a ship, but they did not know its acceleration. When Newton spent 18 months in seclusion during the plague, he transformed the number system and created a surprisingly useful tool that is still used by physicists, economists and others to this day.

Light refraction

In 1704, Newton wrote a book on the refraction of light, providing incredible information about the nature of light and color for those times. Before the scientist, no one knew why the rainbow is so colorful. People thought that water somehow colored the sun's rays. Using a lamp and a prism, Newton demonstrated the refraction of light and explained the principle of the rainbow!

Mirror telescope

In Newton's time, only telescopes with glass lenses were used to magnify the image. The scientist was the first to propose using a system of reflecting mirrors in telescopes. This results in a clearer image, and the telescope can be smaller in size. Newton personally created a prototype of the telescope and presented it to the scientific community. Most modern observatories use the models then developed by Newton.

Perfect Coin

The inventor was indeed occupied with many topics at once - for example, he wanted to defeat counterfeiters. In the 17th century, the English system was in crisis. The coins were silver, and the silver was sometimes worth more than the denomination of the coin made from it. As a result, people melted down the coins to sell in France. There were coins in circulation of different sizes and of such different types that sometimes it was difficult to even understand whether it was really British money - all this also made the work of counterfeiters easier. Newton created high-quality, uniform-sized coins that would be difficult to counterfeit. As a result, the problem of counterfeiters began to decline. Ever notice the notches on the edges of coins? It was Newton who suggested them!

Cooling

Newton was interested in how cooling occurs. He conducted many experiments with red-hot balls. He noticed that the rate of heat loss was proportional to the temperature difference between the atmosphere and the object. This is how he developed the law of cooling. His work became the basis for many subsequent discoveries, including the principle of operation of a nuclear reactor and rules for the safety of travel in space.

Apocalypse

People have always been afraid of the apocalypse, but it was not Newton’s rule to accept a terrible story on faith without thinking about it. When, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, hysteria about the end of the world began to build up in society, the scientist sat down to books and decided to study the issue in detail. He was well versed in theology, so he was quite able to decipher Bible verses. He was confident that the Bible contained ancient wisdom that a learned person could recognize. As a result, Newton came to the conclusion that the end of the world would not come before 2060. Such information made it possible to somewhat reduce the level of panic in society. With his research, Newton put people in their place who were spreading terrible rumors, and allowed everyone to be convinced that, in general, there was nothing to fear.

Newton (symbol: N, N) SI unit of force. 1 newton is equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m/s² to a body weighing 1 kg in the direction of the force. Thus, 1 N = 1 kg m/s². The unit is named after the English physicist Isaac... ... Wikipedia

Siemens (symbol: Cm, S) unit of measurement of electrical conductivity in the SI system, the reciprocal of the ohm. Before World War II (in the USSR until the 1960s), siemens was the name given to the unit of electrical resistance corresponding to the resistance ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Tesla. Tesla (Russian designation: T; international designation: T) a unit of measurement of magnetic field induction in the International System of Units (SI), numerically equal to the induction of such ... ... Wikipedia

Sievert (symbol: Sv, Sv) a unit of measurement of effective and equivalent doses of ionizing radiation in the International System of Units (SI), used since 1979. 1 sievert is the amount of energy absorbed by a kilogram... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Becquerel. Becquerel (symbol: Bq, Bq) is a unit of measurement of the activity of a radioactive source in the International System of Units (SI). One becquerel is defined as the activity of the source, in ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Siemens. Siemens (Russian designation: Sm; international designation: S) a unit of measurement of electrical conductivity in the International System of Units (SI), the reciprocal of the ohm. Through others... ...Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Pascal (meanings). Pascal (symbol: Pa, international: Pa) a unit of pressure (mechanical stress) in the International System of Units (SI). Pascal is equal to pressure... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Gray. Gray (symbol: Gr, Gy) is a unit of measurement of the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation in the International System of Units (SI). The absorbed dose is equal to one gray if the result is... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Weber. Weber (symbol: Wb, Wb) unit of measurement of magnetic flux in the SI system. By definition, a change in magnetic flux through a closed loop at a rate of one weber per second induces... ... Wikipedia

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Newton(Russian designation: N; international: N) is a unit of force in the International System of Units (SI).

Newton is a derived unit. Based on Newton's second law, it is defined as a force that changes the speed of a body weighing 1 kg by 1 m/s in 1 second in the direction of the force. Thus, 1 N = 1 kg m/s2.

In accordance with the general SI rules regarding derived units named after scientists, the name of the unit Newton is written with a lowercase letter, and its designation is written with a capital letter. This spelling of the designation is also preserved in the designations of other derived units formed using Newton. For example, the designation for the unit of moment of force, newton meter, is written as Nm.

• 1. History
• 2 Communication with other units
• 3 Multiples and submultiples
• 4 Examples
• 5 Notes

Story

The definition of the unit of force as the force imparting to a body with a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second per second was adopted for the ISS system of units by the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) in 1946. In 1948, the IX General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCPM) ratified this decision of the CIPM and approved the name “newton” for this unit. The International System of Units (SI) has been using the newton since its adoption by the XI CGPM in 1960.

The unit is named after the English physicist Isaac Newton, who discovered the laws of motion and connected the concepts of force, mass and acceleration. In his works, however, Isaac Newton did not introduce units of measurement of force and considered it as an abstract phenomenon. Force was measured in newtons more than two centuries after the death of the great scientist, when the SI system was adopted.

Communication with other units

The following expressions are associated with other units of force: newton:

• 1 N = 105 dynes.
• 1 N ≈ 0.10197162 kgf.
• 1 N = 10−3 walls.
• 1 N ≈ 8.262619·10−45 Fp.
• 1 N ≈ 0.224808943 lbf.
• 1 N ≈ 7.233013851 pdl.

Multiples and submultiples

Decimal multiples and submultiples are formed using standard SI prefixes.

Multiples				Dolnye
magnitude	Name	designation		magnitude	Name	designation
101 N	decanewton	Dan	daN	10−1 N	decinewton	dN	dN
102 N	hectonewton	Mr.	hN	10−2 N	centinewton	cN	cN
103 N	kilonewton	kN	kN	10−3 N	millinewton	mN	mN
106 N	meganewton	MN	MN	10−6 N	micronewton	μN	µN
109 N	giganewton	GN	GN	10−9 N	nanonewton	nN	nN
1012 N	teranewton	TN	TN	10−12 N	piconewton	PN	pN
1015 N	petanywton	Mon	PN	10−15 N	femtonewton	fN	fN
1018 N	exanewton	EN	EN	10−18 N	attonewton	aN	aN
1021 N	zettanewton	ZN	ZN	10−21 N	zeptonewton	zN	zN
1024 N	yottanynewton	IN	YN	10−24 N	yoctonewton	andN	yN
not recommended for use

Examples

Notes

1. International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The International System of Units (SI). - U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1977. - Vol. 330. - P. 17. - ISBN 0745649742. (English)
2. The International System of Units (SI) / Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. - Paris, 2006. - P. 144. - 180 p. - ISBN 92-822-2213-6. (English)
3. Newtonian mechanics. Mario Llozzi
4. The area of ​​the human body is approximately taken to be 2 m²

SI units
Basic units	Ampere · Candela · Kelvin · Kilogram · Meter · Mole · Second
Derived units	Becquerel · Watt · Weber · Volt · Henry · Hertz · Celsius · Gray · Joule · Sievert · Cathal · Coulomb · Lux · Lumen · Newton· Newton meter · Ohm · Pascal · Radian · Siemens · Steradian · Tesla · Farad
Accepted for use with SI	Angstrom · Astronomical unit · Hectare · Degree of arc (Minute of arc,