How do you know where to put commas in a sentence? When is a comma used? Commas in sentences: rules for placing punctuation marks.

Punctuation marks play an important role in the perception of written text. You can't argue with that. Let's take an example - the phrase “Execution cannot be pardoned,” which changes its meaning to the opposite depending on where the comma is placed. Correctly placed punctuation marks are the key to ensuring that the text will be understandable to whom it was addressed. However, even we who have successfully completed school (I passed by here) often experience difficulties with punctuation.

Many people remember from school that a comma is always placed before “what”. When it comes to punctuation, the word “always” is best avoided. For example, a conjunction can occur as part of expressions that are integral in meaning (they are also called indecomposable combinations), and then placing a comma in front of it will be a mistake. Correct, for example: get what you need, do what you want, have something to do, do it properly, show up as if nothing had happened, achieve it at all costs, don’t go where you shouldn’t, spend the night where you have to, the picture is amazingly good , the job is what it takes.

In a complex sentence, a comma is always needed before the conjunction “that”! Not always! And here it is better to forget the word “always”. Yes, a comma is placed before a conjunction joining a subordinate clause. For example: Some slacker invented that there is love on earth. Or: Wait for the yellow rains to make you sad. But if the subordinate clause consists of only one conjunctive word, there is no comma before it: We are going to meet, but we don’t know when yet. The girl didn’t show up for the date and didn’t even explain why.

More about the difficulties that await you in complex sentences. They may also have something like this: one main sentence has several subordinate clauses. In this case, the same rules apply as for homogeneous terms. If the subordinate clauses are not connected by conjunctions, a comma is placed between them: How I want to come up with a way for happiness to be ahead, to return to childhood at least for an hour, to catch up, to save, to press to my chest... And if between the subordinate clauses there is a non-repeating conjunction and, a comma is not placed neither before nor after. An example of this rule was in the text of the Total Dictation - 2016 and led to a large number of errors. And rightly so: It was clear that the troops needed a truce and that the only opportunity to declare it could be the Olympic Games...

And if between the parts of the sentence there is not a conjunction “what”, but a conjunction “and”? Such sentences are called compound sentences. As a general rule, a comma is placed before the conjunction. For example: Gold rusts and steel decays. But there are pitfalls here too. So, we do not put a comma if a complex sentence includes interrogative or exclamatory sentences: Who are these texts addressed to and what is their meaning? How funny he is and how stupid his antics are! A comma will also be an error if two simple sentences in a complex sentence have a common secondary member: From sitting for a long time, his legs became numb and his back ached.

There are no conjunctions in a complex sentence. A complex sentence, between the parts of which there are no conjunctions, is called non-union. The punctuation marks in it depend on the meaning of the phrase. For simple listings, use a comma. If the second part explains, reveals the content of the first part, indicates the reason for what was mentioned above, a colon is necessary. If the second part, on the contrary, contains a consequence, a result, a conclusion from what was discussed in the first part, we will put a dash. Compare: She married him, he began to earn more (a simple listing of events). She married him: he began to earn more (she decided to become his wife because he began to earn more). She married him - he began to earn more (the increase in his income was a consequence of his marriage).

When do you need a sign before "how"? A comma is placed before the conjunction “how” if it joins a subordinate clause: I remember the first time I came to this city. A comparative phrase with a conjunction stands out, such as: Like a straw, you drink my soul; The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss. But there is no need to put a comma if the conjunction as has the meaning “in quality”, for example: I am telling you this as a linguist (= “I am a linguist”, there is no comparison here). A comma is not placed even if the phrase with the conjunction as is part of the predicate or is closely related to it in meaning, for example: The son did not call, and the mother was sitting on pins and needles (without the phrase with as the predicate makes no sense here).

How is everything in simple sentences? A simple sentence (one with only one grammatical basis) can be complicated by introductory words and inserted clauses, participial and participial phrases, clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions... And here is the time to name reference guides on punctuation, where all these constructions are written in detail. The most complete is D. E. Rosenthal's reference book "Punctuation". And, of course, the complete academic reference book “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation”, edited by V.V. Lopatin, is indispensable for all those who write.

Introductory words. Introductory words are set off with commas, many remember this: Onegin, I was younger then, I think I was better... Another rule is less often remembered: if the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase, then it is not separated from the phrase by any punctuation mark: This The film was shot in some Soviet city, it seems in Riga. This film was filmed in some Soviet city, in Riga, it seems.

Words that are mistakenly separated by commas. It must be remembered that such words and combinations as literally, as if, in addition, in the end, are not introductory and are not set off with commas, as if, in addition, in the end, hardly, as if, even, as if, as if, besides, meanwhile, for sure. However, the word raises many questions. Remember: if it is at the beginning of a sentence or between parts of a sentence and is used as a conjunction but, the comma after it is erroneous: All these rules are difficult to remember, but necessary. Or: This conversation can continue for a long time. However, it's time for us to have lunch. However, an introductory word can only be in the middle of a sentence: It’s time for us, however, to have lunch.

Why aren't many of these rules taught in school? School textbooks really don’t cover all punctuation rules. There is nothing wrong with this, because biology lessons do not provide all the information known to academicians, and school physics lessons do not prepare doctors of physical and mathematical sciences. The situation is the same with Russian language lessons: the school’s task is to provide basic information about the Russian language and spelling, and not to prepare professional editors and proofreaders. To become a specialist in the field of the Russian language, you need to study further - just like to master any other profession.

The most ridiculous punctuation mistake. This is a comma within an address. From school, almost everyone remembers that addresses are separated by a comma: Hello, Yura! Hello mother! Good evening, Ivan Petrovich! And they put a comma in such a place, for example: Dear Ivan Petrovich! Dear Kate! But the comma here is a mistake, because the words respected, dear, beloved, etc. are part of the address. Correct: Dear Ivan Petrovich! Dear Kate! But: Good evening, dear Ivan Petrovich! Dear Katya, I love you - in these examples, a comma separates the entire address, dear Ivan Petrovich and dear Katya.

Instructions

Determine the role of commas in a sentence. Single characters are used for separation, paired characters are used for selection. Compare: “The heat is unbearable, and the vastness of the sky” and “The stripes of pre-dawn fog, curling like a blanket over the clearing, drooped and went into the black darkness of the forest.” In the first case, a comma separates independent sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure, in the second, it highlights a phrase.

Most often, separating commas are used for homogeneous members of a sentence connected by a non-union connection: “On the waves of barges, boats, boards, logs, roofs, uprooted trees.” Please note: the separating comma is not used in stable phrases (talk about this and that, no matter the light of day) and is not used in compound names (cupronickel tea spoons).

Determine whether repeating conjunctions are used between homogeneous members in the sentence. In this case, commas are placed, in contrast to constructions with single coordinating conjunctions. For example: “I managed to be both at the skating rink and at the theater”; “I managed to be at the skating rink and at the theater.”

Always use a separating comma before adversative conjunctions (and, but, however, but, yes): “The smell of linden blossoms everywhere, and especially here.” Please note that the conjunction “yes” can be a connective, similar in meaning to the conjunction “and”. In this case, a comma is not placed in front of it: “I was tormented by anxiety and a thirst for change.”

A simple sentence can be complicated by isolated secondary members of sentences that stand out intonationally and in meaning, thereby acquiring relative independence. When deciding whether to highlight a secondary member of a sentence with paired commas, consider:
- what word (part of speech) it refers to;
- how is it expressed, widespread or not;
- its location relative to the main word (before it or after it, separated or not by other members of the sentence);
- the presence or absence of additional semantic shades (for example, reasons, concessions).

When isolating definitions, applications, additions or circumstances, be guided by specific punctuation rules, and not just pronunciation intonation.

Use paired commas if the sentence is complicated by constructions that are grammatically unrelated to its other members. Such constructions include addresses, introductory words and introductory sentences. For example: “My love, will I forget you?” − in the sentence the introductory word is “of course.”

Separate simple sentences within complex sentences with commas. To do this, find the grammatical basics, determine the boundaries of simple sentences and arrange the signs. For example, in the sentence “Spring shone in the sky, although the forest was still covered with snow like winter,” there are two grammatical stems - “spring shone” and “the forest was covered.” This is a complex sentence and must be separated by a comma.

Exercise 388: Rewrite the passages. When writing off current

put serial numbers next to the sign and

after the text, briefly explain why you put this or that

goy sign.

the headman's wife, (4) Mavra, ^5) a healthy and non-

stupid, (6) I have never seen a city in my entire life, (7) nor

railway, (8), and for the last ten years she has been sitting at home,

(9) behind the stove, (10) going out at night.

1-2 - the introductory word is highlighted with commas, indicating

affecting the relationship between thoughts;

3 - a comma separates the main clause from the clause

dating;

4-5 - single application selected;

5-6 - a common application is highlighted;

7-8 - homogeneous members of the sentence are separated

(homogeneous objects, homogeneous predicates);

9-10 - separate clarifying circumstance

10 - isolated circumstance - participle -

ny turnover.

Day after day in flour dust in the worn dirt

with our feet from the yard in the thick odorous stuffiness we

rolled out the dough and made pretzels by moistening them on

later and we hated our work with acute un-

Guess we never ate anything that came out from under

of our hands, preferring brown bread to pretzels. Sitting

at a long table facing each other nine against nine

for long hours we mechanically move

walked with their hands and fingers and got so used to their work

that sometimes they no longer even watched their movements. AND

we looked at each other so closely that each of us

We knew all the wrinkles on the faces of our comrades. We don't care about

What could I say, we got used to it all the time

were silent if they didn’t swear because there is always something to scold for

a person and especially a comrade. But we rarely argued

What can a person be guilty of if he is half dead?

if he is like an idol if all his feelings are suppressed...

hard work? But silence is scary and painful only

for those who have already said everything and have nothing more to say

speak for people who have not started their re-

whose silence is simple and easy for them... Sometimes we sang

and our song began like this, in the middle of work, suddenly someone

someone sighed with the heavy sigh of a tired horse and began to sing

quietly sang one of those lingering songs of plaintive

the gentle motive of which always eases the burden on

singing soul. One of us sings and we are silent at first

we listen to his lonely song and it fades and stalls

under the heavy basement ceiling like a small fire

fire in the steppe on a damp autumn night when the sky is gray

hangs above the ground like a lead roof. Then to the singer

floating in the stuffiness of our cramped hole. And suddenly, right away

gets stronger louder and definitely pushes the raw ones apart

the heavy walls of our stone prison...

(M. Gorky)

Preface 5

SPELLING

Spelling vowels in root 7

§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels 7

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 9

§ 3. Alternating vowels 9

§ 4. Vowels o-e after pinching at the root 18

§ 5. Vowels ы-и after ц at the root 20

§ 6. Letter 20

Spelling of consonants in the root 22

§ 7. Voiced and voiceless consonants 22

§ 8. Double consonants 23

§ 9. Unpronounceable consonants 26

Use of capital letters 27

§ 10. Capital letters in proper names 27

Letters ъ and ь 33

§ 11. Use of b and b as dividing marks 33

§ 12. The letter ь as a sign of softness 33

§ 13. The letter ь as an indicator of grammatical form 34

Spelling prefixes 37

§ 14. Vowels ыи “after prefixes 37

§ 15. Prefixes on zi prefix s- 37

§ 16. Prefixes pre- and pre- 40

Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings 43

§ 17. Vowels oi e after sibilants 43

§ 18. Vowels after ts 46

Spelling nouns 49

§ 19. Endings of nouns 49

§ 20. Suffixes of nouns 53

Spelling adjectives 62

§ 21. Endings of adjectives 62

§ 22. Suffixes of adjectives 64

Spelling difficult words 74

§ 23. Connecting vowels o and e 74

§ 24. Compound words without connecting vowels 75

§ 25. Spelling of compound nouns 77

§ 26. Spelling of complex adjectives 80

Spelling of numerals 88

§ 27. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals 88

Spelling Pronouns, 91

§ 28. Negative pronouns 91

§ 29. Indefinite pronouns 94

Spelling verbs 97

§ 30. Personal endings of verbs 97

§ 31. Use of the letter ь in verb forms 100

§ 32. Suffixes of verbs 103

Spelling participles 109

§ 33. Endings and suffixes of participles 109

§ 34. Spelling stumps in participles and verbal adjectives 114

Spelling adverbs 125

§ 35. Vowels at the end of adverbs 125

§ 36. Adverbs of hissing 127

§ 37. Negative and indefinite adverbs 127

§ 38. Continuous writing of adverbs 129

§ 39. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 137

§ 40. Separate writing of adverbs and adverbial expressions 139

Spelling of prepositions and conjunctions 150

§ 41. Prepositions 150

§ 42. Unions 152

Spelling particles 157

§ 43. Separate and hyphenated writing of particles, 157

§ 44. Particles not and mi 159

Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 184

§ 45. Hyphen in complex interjections 187

Repeated spelling exercises 185

PUNCTUATION

Simple sentence

Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 193

§ 46. Period, question and exclamation marks, ellipses 193

Dash between members of sentence 194

§ 47. Dash between subject and predicate 194

§ 48. Dash in an incomplete sentence 199

§ 49. Dash to indicate spatial, temporal, quantitative limits 198

Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 200

§ 50. Homogeneous members not united by unions 200

§ 51. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 200

§ 52. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 203

§ 53. Homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions Part 205

§ 54. Homogeneous members connected by double unions 207

§ 55. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 208

§ 56. Comma between repeated words 215

Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 217

§ 57. Separate definitions 217

§ 58. Separate and non-separate applications 223

§ 59. Special circumstances 231

§ 60. Separate additions 238

§ 61. Separate clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of sentence 238

Punctuation marks for words that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence 247

§ 62. Introductory words and sentences. Insertion sentences 247

§ 63. Appeal 258

§ 64. Interjection. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 259

Revision exercises on punctuation in a simple sentence 262

Difficult sentence

§ 65. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 265

§ 66. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 272

§ 67. Punctuation marks for comparative phrases with conjunctions like, what, than, etc. 284

§ 68. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 294

Revision exercises on punctuation in complex sentences 304

Direct speech

§ 69. Punctuation marks for direct speech 312

§ 70. Punctuation marks for quotations, for expressions taken from something alien to the author

dictionary or used in an ironic sense 314

Repeat exercises on spelling and punctuation 318

VOCABULARY AND STYLISTICS

Lexico-phraseological exercises 327

§ 71. Polysemy of the word 327

§ 72. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms 331

§ 73. Meaning of words and expressions 341

§ 74. Use of foreign words 345

Grammar-stylistic exercises 346

§ 75, Use of forms of nouns 346

§ 76. Use of forms of adjectives 348

§ 77. Use of forms of numerals 348

§ 78. Use of pronouns 349

§ 79. Use of verb forms 349

§ 80. Construction of a simple sentence 350

§ 81. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 352

§ 82. Harmonization of definitions and applications 353

§ 83. Some cases of control A 355

§ 84. Sentences with homogeneous members 357

Users often need to check commas in various texts. This can be done even in a simple program from Microsoft - Office Word. But for several reasons, punctuation marks are not always placed correctly; more precisely, they are missing in some places due to different styles and manners of writing. Also, not all users can use Word, because this software is purchased separately from the Windows operating system, unless, of course, you use the Licensed version. In some versions of the program, spelling may be completely disabled. To check commas in the text, you can use online services that provide their own tools for checking the spelling of your sentences. Today we will look at the most popular and best services for checking punctuation marks in text.

Text.ru – checking commas in text

Text.ru is a text exchange that provides its services to users for free. One of these services is comma checker, in which you can check your text and find all the punctuation marks. The tool works according to a special unique algorithm, which was invented and compiled by service specialists.

Text.ru spell check reveals:

Typos.
Capital or lowercase letters.
Correct spelling of hyphenated phrases.
Duplication of letters and punctuation marks.
Extra problems, repetition of words.
Correct spelling of punctuation marks and placement of commas.

In addition, the service scans your text for a number of other checks, including: uniqueness, wateriness, spam, etc. The site works for everyone and is completely free. There is no need to even register. To check commas online in text, you need to go to the page https://text.ru/spelling and enter the copied text into the service window. Next, click the red button below, under the window, and work on your lines will begin.

Spell checking service Text.ru

Languagetool.org – spelling analysis tool

Languagetool.org is another service that will help you identify places where you need to put a comma or identify an error in a word. The site works with many languages, such as English, Polish, German and others. In total, the site supports spell checking of more than 20 languages of the world. The service is free, you can simply follow the link https://www.languagetool.org/ and paste your text for verification. Then click the right blue button below to start and your text will be checked in a short time.

At the bottom left you can select the language of the text to be checked.
After checking, the site will paint the errors found in different colors.
Each color represents a different type of error.
Click on any color and you will see a list of suggested fixes that are available specifically for that case.
The site has the opportunity to add such a check directly to your browser, be it Chrome, Mozilla, etc.

Online.orfo.ru - a special online spelling viewing service

Online.orfo.ru is one of the high-quality services that provides its services free of charge and without registration. For those who have to frequently check their texts for comma errors, there is a desktop version for all versions of Windows, starting from 7. ORFO is perfectly integrated with all popular text services, including online ones.

Desktop programs are provided in a paid version for a subscription to its updates for a year. The page http://www.informatic.ru/2016 provides a complete list of products that you can purchase. The program works with popular languages - Russian, English, Ukrainian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese.

To use the online service for checking commas, follow the link http://onlien.orfo.ru/ and enter your text to check in a special field.
After this, find the “Check” button on the toolbar, it is located last in the row and click on it.
After this, all text errors will be highlighted in different colors.
At the bottom of the panel there are 4 buttons in which you can select a language, choose to ignore various text elements, including numbers and Latin letters, etc.

Spell checking service online.orfo.ru

5-ege.ru - will check punctuation for you

This service 5-ege.ru works a little differently, in manual mode, so to speak. Here you can select your case of a phrase with a certain punctuation mark, in our case with a comma, and check whether it is needed in this case. The service was created specifically for those who are preparing to take the Unified State Exam or other exams. The site contains a large number of materials for preparation, testing and familiarization in various subjects - physics, social studies, Russian language, etc. As well as several services that help students test themselves in various areas.

The site has a morphological analysis of words, a punctuation check and a test simulator of the real Unified State Examination, where you can test your strength in passing a national exam.

You are invited to check the commas in the text practically yourself. To do this, enter a phrase into the empty field, which serves as a kind of search for cases with the desired sign. For example, we enter the phrase “not that” - and we see its description, cases of use and other information. In some cases, this method is even more important than other services, because here you can clearly see not only examples of use, but also the rules of the Russian language regarding this phrase.

Service for preparing for the Unified State Exam and spell checking 5-ege.ru

In order to use the service, enter http://5-ege.ru/proverka-punktuacii/ into the address bar of your browser.
Then, in the line, enter a phrase from your text in which you doubt the use of a punctuation mark.
After this, the system will show you examples of its use and rules.
You can find and select your word or phrase from the list on the right and check if there are commas in the text.

Spelling - a convenient and affordable service for checking spelling

Spelling is a popular service that provides high-quality checking of your texts online for commas and more. The service is paid and available only to individuals. The site contains a link to another service from the same developers, which offers a special corporate service for similar services. For any actions on the site you need to register. This can be done using social networks from the main page. If you have a Facebook, Yandex, Vk.com, Mail.ru, Google account, then you can easily log in with one click.

After you register or log in to https://orfogrammka.ru/ using your social account. networks.
You are taken to a text checking page where you can check the commas in the text online. To do this, simply copy the desired text and paste it into the window.
Next, click the button at the top of the “Check” panel or the F7 key on your keyboard.
After this, the system will find errors in the text, if any, and point them out to you, providing explanations for each, putting commas where you missed them and removing them where they are unnecessary.
Free (or trial) registration is provided for a period of one month, after which you will not be able to use the service until you pay for a subscription for a certain period.