Russian chemist scientists are Nobel Prize laureates. Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually in Stockholm (Sweden), as well as in Oslo (Norway). They are considered the most prestigious international awards. They were founded by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, linguist, industrial magnate, humanist and philosopher. It has gone down in history as (which was patented in 1867) playing a major role in the industrial development of our planet. The drafted will stated that all his savings would form a fund, the purpose of which was to award prizes to those who managed to bring the greatest benefit to humanity.

Nobel Prize

Today, prizes are awarded in the fields of chemistry, physics, medicine, and literature. The Peace Prize is also awarded.

Russia's Nobel laureates in literature, physics and economics will be presented in our article. You will get acquainted with their biographies, discoveries, and achievements.

The price of the Nobel Prize is high. In 2010, its size was approximately $1.5 million.

The Nobel Foundation was founded in 1890.

Russian Nobel Prize laureates

Our country can be proud of the names that have glorified it in the fields of physics, literature, and economics. The Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR in these fields are as follows:

Bunin I.A. (literature) - 1933.
Cherenkov P. A., Frank I. M. and Tamm I. E. (physics) - 1958.
Pasternak B. L. (literature) - 1958.
Landau L.D. (physics) - 1962.
Basov N. G. and Prokhorov A. M. (physics) - 1964.
Sholokhov M. A. (literature) - 1965.
Solzhenitsyn A.I. (literature) - 1970.
Kantorovich L.V. (economics) - 1975.
Kapitsa P. L. (physics) - 1978.
Brodsky I. A. (literature) - 1987.
Alferov Zh. I. (physics) - 2000.
Abrikosov A. A. and L. (physics) - 2003;
Game Andre and Novoselov Konstantin (physics) - 2010.

The list, we hope, will be continued in subsequent years. The Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR, whose names we cited above, were not fully represented, but only in such areas as physics, literature and economics. In addition, figures from our country also distinguished themselves in medicine, physiology, chemistry, and also received two Peace Prizes. But we'll talk about them another time.

Nobel laureates in physics

Many physicists from our country have been awarded this prestigious prize. Let's tell you more about some of them.

Tamm Igor Evgenievich

Tamm Igor Evgenievich (1895-1971) was born in Vladivostok. He was the son of a civil engineer. For a year he studied in Scotland at the University of Edinburgh, but then returned to his homeland and graduated from the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University in 1918. The future scientist went to the front in the First World War, where he served as a brother of mercy. In 1933, he defended his doctoral dissertation, and a year later, in 1934, he became a research fellow at the Institute of Physics. Lebedeva. This scientist worked in areas of science that were little explored. Thus, he studied relativistic (that is, related to the famous theory of relativity proposed by Albert Einstein) quantum mechanics, as well as the theory of the atomic nucleus. At the end of the 30s, together with I.M. Frank, he managed to explain the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect - the blue glow of a liquid that occurs under the influence of gamma radiation. It was for this research that he later received the Nobel Prize. But Igor Evgenievich himself considered his main achievements in science to be his work on the study of elementary particles and the atomic nucleus.

Davidovich

Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) was born in Baku. His father worked as an oil engineer. At the age of thirteen, the future scientist graduated from technical school with honors, and at nineteen, in 1927, he became a graduate of Leningrad University. Lev Davidovich continued his education abroad as one of the most gifted graduate students on a People's Commissar's permit. Here he took part in seminars conducted by the best European physicists - Paul Dirac and Max Born. Upon returning home, Landau continued his studies. At the age of 26 he achieved the degree of Doctor of Science, and a year later he became a professor. Together with Evgeniy Mikhailovich Lifshits, one of his students, he developed a course for graduate and undergraduate students in theoretical physics. P. L. Kapitsa invited Lev Davidovich to work at his institute in 1937, but a few months later the scientist was arrested on a false denunciation. He spent a whole year in prison without hope of salvation, and only Kapitsa’s appeal to Stalin saved his life: Landau was released.

The talent of this scientist was multifaceted. He explained the phenomenon of fluidity, created his theory of quantum liquid, and also studied the oscillations of electron plasma.

Mikhailovich

Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich and Gennadievich, Russian Nobel laureates in the field of physics, received this prestigious prize for the invention of the laser.

Prokhorov was born in Australia in 1916, where his parents lived since 1911. They were exiled to Siberia by the tsarist government and then fled abroad. In 1923, the entire family of the future scientist returned to the USSR. Alexander Mikhailovich graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics of Leningrad University and worked since 1939 at the Institute. Lebedeva. His scientific achievements are related to radiophysics. The scientist became interested in radio spectroscopy in 1950 and, together with Nikolai Gennadievich Basov, developed so-called masers - molecular generators. Thanks to this invention, they found a way to create concentrated radio emission. Charles Townes, an American physicist, also conducted similar research independently of his Soviet colleagues, so the committee members decided to divide this prize between him and Soviet scientists.

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich

Let's continue the list of "Russian Nobel laureates in physics." (1894-1984) was born in Kronstadt. His father was a military man, a lieutenant general, and his mother was a folklore collector and a famous teacher. P.L. Kapitsa graduated from the institute in St. Petersburg in 1918, where he studied with Ioffe Abram Fedorovich, an outstanding physicist. In conditions of civil war and revolution, it was impossible to do science. Kapitsa's wife, as well as two of his children, died during the typhus epidemic. The scientist moved to England in 1921. Here he worked in the famous Cambridge university center, and his scientific supervisor was Ernest Rutherford, a famous physicist. In 1923, Pyotr Leonidovich became a Doctor of Science, and two years later - one of the members of Trinity College, a privileged association of scientists.

Pyotr Leonidovich was mainly engaged in experimental physics. He was especially interested in low temperature physics. A laboratory was built especially for his research in Great Britain with the help of Rutherford, and by 1934 the scientist created an installation designed to liquefy helium. Pyotr Leonidovich often visited his homeland during these years, and during his visits the leadership of the Soviet Union persuaded the scientist to stay. In 1930-1934, a laboratory was even built especially for him in our country. In the end, he was simply not released from the USSR during his next visit. Therefore, Kapitsa continued his research here, and in 1938 he managed to discover the phenomenon of superfluidity. For this he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.

Game Andre and Novoselov Konstantin

Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, Russian Nobel laureates in physics, received this honorary prize in 2010 for their discovery of graphene. This is a new material that allows you to significantly increase the speed of the Internet. As it turned out, it can capture and also convert into electrical energy an amount of light 20 times greater than all previously known materials. This discovery dates back to 2004. This is how the list of “Nobel laureates of Russia of the 21st century” was replenished.

Literature Prizes

Our country has always been famous for its artistic creativity. People with sometimes opposing ideas and views are Russian Nobel laureates in literature. Thus, A.I. Solzhenitsyn and I.A. Bunin were opponents of Soviet power. But M.A. Sholokhov was known as a convinced communist. However, all Russian Nobel Prize laureates were united by one thing - talent. For him they were awarded this prestigious award. “How many Nobel laureates are there in Russia in literature?” you ask. We answer: there are only five of them. Now we will introduce you to some of them.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow into the family of Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, a famous artist. The mother of the future writer, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Perhaps that is why Boris Leonidovich dreamed of a career as a composer as a child; he even studied music with A. N. Scriabin himself. But his love for poetry won. Poetry brought fame to Boris Leonidovich, and the novel “Doctor Zhivago,” dedicated to the fate of the Russian intelligentsia, doomed him to difficult trials. The fact is that the editors of one literary magazine, to which the author offered his manuscript, considered this work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then Boris Leonidovich transferred his creation abroad, to Italy, where it was published in 1957. Soviet colleagues sharply condemned the publication of the novel in the West, and Boris Leonidovich was expelled from the Writers' Union. But it was this novel that made him a Nobel laureate. Since 1946, the writer and poet were nominated for this prize, but it was awarded only in 1958.

The awarding of this honorary award to such, in the opinion of many, anti-Soviet work in the homeland aroused the indignation of the authorities. As a result, Boris Leonidovich, under the threat of expulsion from the USSR, was forced to refuse to receive the Nobel Prize. Only 30 years later, Evgeny Borisovich, the son of the great writer, received a medal and diploma for his father.

Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich

The fate of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was no less dramatic and interesting. He was born in 1918 in the city of Kislovodsk, and the childhood and youth of the future Nobel laureate were spent in Rostov-on-Don and Novocherkassk. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University, Alexander Isaevich was a teacher and at the same time received his education by correspondence in Moscow, at the Literary Institute. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, the future laureate of the most prestigious peace prize went to the front.

Solzhenitsyn was arrested shortly before the end of the war. The reason for this was his critical remarks about Joseph Stalin, found in the writer’s letters by military censorship. Only in 1953, after the death of Joseph Vissarionovich, was he released. The magazine "New World" in 1962 published the first story by this author, entitled "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which tells about the life of people in the camp. Most of the following literary magazines refused to publish. Their anti-Soviet orientation was cited as the reason. But Alexander Isaevich did not give up. He, like Pasternak, sent his manuscripts abroad, where they were published. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The writer did not go to the award ceremony in Stockholm, since the Soviet authorities did not allow him to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who were going to present the prize to the laureate in his homeland, were not allowed into the USSR.

As for the future fate of the writer, in 1974 he was expelled from the country. At first he lived in Switzerland, then moved to the USA, where he was awarded the Nobel Prize, much belatedly. Such famous works of his as “The Gulag Archipelago”, “In the First Circle”, “Cancer Ward” were published in the West. Solzhenitsyn returned to Russia in 1994.

These are the Nobel laureates of Russia. Let’s add one more name to the list, which is impossible not to mention.

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich

Let's tell you about another great Russian writer - Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov. His fate turned out differently than that of the opponents of Soviet power (Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn), since he was supported by the state. Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) was born on the Don. He later described the village of Veshenskaya, his small homeland, in many works. Mikhail Sholokhov completed only the 4th grade of school. He took an active part in the civil war, leading a subdetachment that took away surplus grain from wealthy Cossacks. The future writer already felt his calling in his youth. In 1922, he arrived in Moscow, and a few months later began publishing his first stories in magazines and newspapers. In 1926, the collections “Azure Steppe” and “Don Stories” appeared. In 1925, work began on the novel "Quiet Don", dedicated to the life of the Cossacks during a turning point (civil war, revolutions, World War I). In 1928, the first part of this work was born, and in the 30s it was completed, becoming the pinnacle of Sholokhov’s work. In 1965, the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Russian Nobel laureates in economics

Our country has shown itself in this area not as large as in literature and physics, where there are many Russian laureates. So far, only one of our compatriots has received a prize in economics. Let's tell you more about it.

Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich

Russia's Nobel laureates in economics are represented by only one name. Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (1912-1986) is the only economist from Russia awarded this prize. The scientist was born into a doctor's family in St. Petersburg. His parents fled to Belarus during the civil war, where they lived for a year. Vitaly Kantorovich, father of Leonid Vitalievich, died in 1922. In 1926, the future scientist entered the aforementioned Leningrad University, where, in addition to natural disciplines, he studied modern history, political economy, and mathematics. He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics at the age of 18, in 1930. After this, Kantorovich remained at the university as a teacher. At the age of 22, Leonid Vitalievich already becomes a professor, and a year later - a doctor. In 1938, he was assigned to a plywood factory laboratory as a consultant, where he was tasked with creating a method for allocating various resources to maximize productivity. This is how the foundry programming method was founded. In 1960, the scientist moved to Novosibirsk, where at that time a computer center was created, the most advanced in the country. Here he continued his research. The scientist lived in Novosibirsk until 1971. During this period he received the Lenin Prize. In 1975, he was awarded jointly with T. Koopmans the Nobel Prize, which he received for his contribution to the theory of resource allocation.

These are the main Nobel laureates of Russia. 2014 was marked by the receipt of this prize by Patrick Modiano (literature), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (physics). Jean Tirol received an award in economics. There are no Russian Nobel laureates among them. 2013 also did not bring this honorary prize to our compatriots. All laureates were representatives of other states.

The first prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901. Among the Nobel Prize laureates there are disproportionately few Russians (Russians, Soviet citizens), significantly fewer than representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France or Germany.

Nobel laureates in the field of physiology and medicine.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 27, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (May 3, 1845, Ivanovka, now Kupyansky district of the Kharkov region - July 2, 1916, Paris).

Mechnikov's scientific works relate to a number of areas of biology and medicine. In 1866-1886. Mechnikov developed issues of comparative and evolutionary embryology. For his work “Immunity in infectious diseases” in 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize.

Nobel laureates in chemistry.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov (April 3, 1896, Saratov - September 25, 1986, Moscow). The scientist's main scientific achievements include the quantitative theory of chemical chain reactions, the theory of thermal explosion, and combustion of gas mixtures. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Cyril Hinshelwood) for developing the theory of chain reactions.

Ilya Romanovich Prigozhin (January 25, 1917, Moscow, Russia – May 28, 2003 Austin, Texas). The bulk of his work is devoted to nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of irreversible processes. One of the main achievements was that the existence of nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems was shown, which under certain conditions, absorbing mass and energy from the surrounding space, can make a qualitative leap towards complexity (dissipative structures). Prigogine proved one of the main theorems of thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes - about the minimum production of entropy in an open system. In 1977 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Nobel laureates in physics.

Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov (July 28, 1904, Voronezh region - January 6, 1990, Moscow). Cherenkov's main works are devoted to physical optics, nuclear physics, and high-energy particle physics. In 1934, he discovered a specific blue glow of transparent liquids when irradiated with fast charged particles. Cherenkov participated in the creation of synchrotrons. Performed a series of works on the photodecay of helium and other light nuclei.

Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (October 10, 1908, St. Petersburg - June 22, 1990, Moscow) and Igor Evgenievich Tamm (June 26, 1895, Vladivostok - April 12, 1971, Moscow) gave a theoretical description of this effect, which occurs when particles move in a medium at speeds exceeding the speed of light in this environment. This discovery led to the creation of a new method for detecting and measuring the speed of high-energy nuclear particles. This method is of great importance in modern experimental nuclear physics.

Academician Lev Davidovich Landau (January 22, 1908, Baku - April 1, 1968, Moscow) or Dau (that was the name of his close friends and colleagues), is considered a legendary figure in the history of domestic and world science. Quantum mechanics, solid state physics, magnetism, low temperature physics, cosmic ray physics, hydrodynamics, quantum field theory, physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles, plasma physics - this is not a complete list of areas that attracted Landau’s attention at different times. For pioneering research in the field of condensed matter theory, in particular the theory of liquid helium, Landau was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962.

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (June 26 (July 9) 1894, Kronstadt - April 8, 1984, Moscow). In 1978, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics” (for his studies of helium superfluidity, carried out back in 1938).

In 2000, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (b. March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belarus). For the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components. His research played a major role in computer science.

In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to V. Ginzburg, A. Abrikosov and A. Leggett for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (b. October 4, 1916, Moscow). Main works on the propagation of radio waves, astrophysics, the origin of cosmic rays, Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, plasma physics, crystal optics. He developed the theory of magnetic bremsstrahlung cosmic radio emission and the radio-astronomical theory of the origin of cosmic rays.

Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov (b. June 25, 1928, Moscow). Abrikosov, together with E. Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory, a new class of superconductors - superconductors of the second type. This new type of superconductor, unlike the first type of superconductor, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 Tesla).

Nobel laureates in literature.

After physics, this is the most fruitful Nobel Prize for Russia. Over the years, the winners of this prize were Ivan Bunin (1933), Boris Pasternak (1958, “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel.” Personal pressure was also put on Pasternak, which, ultimately account, forced him to refuse the prize. In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: “Due to the importance that the award awarded to me received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not consider it an insult to me voluntary refusal"), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965, for the novel “Quiet Don”. This, by the way, was the only Soviet writer to receive the Nobel Prize with the consent of the USSR authorities), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970, “for outstanding achievements in the field of humanitarian work”) and Joseph Brodsky (1987, “for comprehensive creativity, saturated with purity of thought and brightness of poetry”).

Nobel laureates in economics.

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (January 6, 1912, St. Petersburg - April 7, 1986, Moscow), winner of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Economics “for his contribution to the theory of optimal resource allocation” (together with T. Koopmans).

Nobel laureates in the field of peace.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921 – December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and political figure, dissident and human rights activist. Since the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. In 1968, he wrote a brochure “On Peaceful Coexistence, Progress and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries. In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World.” In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, Stavropol Territory) - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (March 11, 1985 - August 23, 1991), President of the USSR (March 15, 1990 - December 25, 1991). President of the Gorbachev Foundation. Gorbachev's activities as head of state are associated with a large-scale attempt at reform and democratization in the USSR - Perestroika, which ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the end of the Cold War. The period of Gorbachev's reign is assessed ambiguously.

“In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community,” he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 15, 1990.

The first Russian Nobel laureate was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.

On December 10, 1933, King Gustav V of Sweden awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to the writer Ivan Bunin, who became the first Russian writer to receive this high award. In total, the prize, established by the inventor of dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel in 1833, was received by 21 people from Russia and the USSR, five of them in the field of literature. True, historically it turned out that for Russian poets and writers the Nobel Prize was fraught with big problems.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin distributed the Nobel Prize to friends

In December 1933, the Parisian press wrote: “ Without a doubt, I.A. Bunin - in recent years - the most powerful figure in Russian fiction and poetry», « the king of literature confidently and equally shook hands with the crowned monarch" The Russian emigration applauded. In Russia, the news that a Russian emigrant received the Nobel Prize was treated very caustically. After all, Bunin reacted negatively to the events of 1917 and emigrated to France. Ivan Alekseevich himself experienced emigration very hard, was actively interested in the fate of his abandoned homeland, and during the Second World War he categorically refused all contacts with the Nazis, moving to the Alpes-Maritimes in 1939, returning from there to Paris only in 1945.

It is known that Nobel laureates have the right to decide for themselves how to spend the money they receive. Some people invest in the development of science, some in charity, some in their own business. Bunin, a creative person and devoid of “practical ingenuity,” disposed of his bonus, which amounted to 170,331 crowns, completely irrationally. Poet and literary critic Zinaida Shakhovskaya recalled: “ Returning to France, Ivan Alekseevich... in addition to money, began to organize feasts, distribute “benefits” to emigrants, and donate funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invested the remaining amount in some “win-win business” and was left with nothing».

Ivan Bunin is the first emigrant writer to be published in Russia. True, the first publications of his stories appeared in the 1950s, after the writer’s death. Some of his works, stories and poems, were published in his homeland only in the 1990s.

Dear God, why are you
Gave us passions, thoughts and worries,
Do I thirst for business, fame and pleasure?
Joyful are cripples, idiots,
The leper is the most joyful of all.
(I. Bunin. September, 1917)

Boris Pasternak refused the Nobel Prize

Boris Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel” every year from 1946 to 1950. In 1958, his candidacy was again proposed by last year's Nobel laureate Albert Camus, and on October 23, Pasternak became the second Russian writer to receive this prize.

The writing community in the poet’s homeland took this news extremely negatively and on October 27, Pasternak was unanimously expelled from the Union of Writers of the USSR, at the same time filing a petition to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. In the USSR, Pasternak's receipt of the prize was associated only with his novel Doctor Zhivago. The literary newspaper wrote: “Pasternak received “thirty pieces of silver,” for which the Nobel Prize was used. He was awarded for agreeing to play the role of bait on the rusty hook of anti-Soviet propaganda... An inglorious end awaits the resurrected Judas, Doctor Zhivago, and his author, whose lot will be popular contempt.”.

The mass campaign launched against Pasternak forced him to refuse the Nobel Prize. The poet sent a telegram to the Swedish Academy in which he wrote: “ Due to the importance that the award given to me has received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Please don't take my voluntary refusal as an insult.».

It is worth noting that in the USSR, until 1989, even in the school literature curriculum there was no mention of Pasternak’s work. The first to decide to introduce the Soviet people to Pasternak’s creative work was director Eldar Ryazanov. In his comedy “The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!” (1976) he included the poem “There will be no one in the house”, transforming it into an urban romance, which was performed by the bard Sergei Nikitin. Later, Ryazanov included in his film “Office Romance” an excerpt from another poem by Pasternak - “Loving others is a heavy cross...” (1931). True, it sounded in a farcical context. But it is worth noting that at that time the very mention of Pasternak’s poems was a very bold step.

It's easy to wake up and see clearly,
Shake out the verbal trash from the heart
And live without getting clogged in the future,
All this is not a big trick.
(B. Pasternak, 1931)

Mikhail Sholokhov, receiving the Nobel Prize, did not bow to the monarch

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965 for his novel “Quiet Don” and went down in history as the only Soviet writer to receive this prize with the consent of the Soviet leadership. The laureate's diploma states "in recognition of the artistic strength and honesty that he showed in his Don epic about the historical phases of the life of the Russian people."

Gustav Adolf VI, who presented the prize to the Soviet writer, called him “one of the most outstanding writers of our time.” Sholokhov did not bow to the king, as prescribed by the rules of etiquette. Some sources claim that he did this intentionally with the words: “We Cossacks do not bow to anyone. In front of the people, please, but I won’t do it in front of the king...”

Alexander Solzhenitsyn was deprived of Soviet citizenship because of the Nobel Prize

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, commander of a sound reconnaissance battery, who rose to the rank of captain during the war years and was awarded two military orders, was arrested by front-line counterintelligence in 1945 for anti-Soviet activity. Sentence: 8 years in camps and lifelong exile. He went through a camp in New Jerusalem near Moscow, the Marfinsky “sharashka” and the Special Ekibastuz camp in Kazakhstan. In 1956, Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated, and since 1964, Alexander Solzhenitsyn devoted himself to literature. At the same time, he worked on 4 major works at once: “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Cancer Ward”, “The Red Wheel” and “In the First Circle”. In the USSR in 1964 the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” was published, and in 1966 the story “Zakhar-Kalita”.

On October 8, 1970, “for the moral strength drawn from the tradition of great Russian literature,” Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize. This became the reason for persecution of Solzhenitsyn in the USSR. In 1971, all the writer’s manuscripts were confiscated, and in the next 2 years, all his publications were destroyed. In 1974, a Decree was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which deprived Alexander Solzhenitsyn of Soviet citizenship and deported him from the USSR for systematically committing actions incompatible with belonging to USSR citizenship and causing damage to the USSR.

The writer’s citizenship was returned only in 1990, and in 1994 he and his family returned to Russia and actively became involved in public life.

Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky was convicted of parasitism in Russia

Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky began writing poetry at the age of 16. Anna Akhmatova predicted a hard life and a glorious creative destiny for him. In 1964, a criminal case was opened against the poet in Leningrad on charges of parasitism. He was arrested and sent into exile in the Arkhangelsk region, where he spent a year.

In 1972, Brodsky turned to Secretary General Brezhnev with a request to work in his homeland as a translator, but his request remained unanswered, and he was forced to emigrate. Brodsky first lives in Vienna, London, and then moves to the United States, where he becomes a professor at New York, Michigan and other universities in the country.

On December 10, 1987, Joseph Brosky was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for his comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry.” It is worth saying that Brodsky, after Vladimir Nabokov, is the second Russian writer who writes in English as his native language.

The sea was not visible. In the whitish darkness,
swaddled on all sides, absurd
it was thought that the ship was heading towards land -
if it was a ship at all,
and not a clot of fog, as if poured
who whitened it in milk?
(B. Brodsky, 1972)

Interesting fact
At various times, such famous figures as Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Franklin Roosevelt, Nicholas Roerich and Leo Tolstoy were nominated for the Nobel Prize, but never received it.

Literature lovers will definitely be interested in this book, which is written with disappearing ink.

Information service of Novopokrovskaya station

Russian Nobel Prize laureates

(Russian Empire, USSR, Russian Federation)

Laureate	Scope and rationale	Note
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	Physiology and medicine "for his work on the physiology of digestion"	Born in 1849 in Ryazan
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov	Physiology and medicine "for his work on immunity"	Born in 1845 in the village of Ivanovka, Kharkov region
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov	Chemistry "for research in the field of the mechanism of chemical reactions"	Born in 1896 in the city of Saratov
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak	"for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel"	Born in 1890 in Moscow, writer, poet, author of the novel “Doctor Zhivago” and poetry collections. He was persecuted by the authorities for his works.
Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov Igor Evgenievich Tamm Ilya Mikhailovich Frank	"for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"	Born in 1904 in the village of Novaya Chepega, Voronezh region. Born in 1895 in Vladivostok, Born in 1905 in St. Petersburg
Lev Davidovich Landau	Physics "for pioneering theories of condensed matter and especially liquid helium"	Born in 1908 in Baku
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov	Physics "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of emitters and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle"	Born in 1922 in the village of Usman, Tambov region. Born in 1916 in Australia into the family of a Russian revolutionary, in 1923. the family returned to Russia.
Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov	Literature “for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia”	Born in the village of Kruzhilin, village of Vyoshenskaya, Rostov region, author of Quiet Don, Virgin Soil Upturned and a number of other works.
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn	Literature "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature"
Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich	Economy "for his contribution to the theory of optimal resource allocation"	Born in 1912 in St. Petersburg
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov	Peace Prize "for fearlessly supporting the fundamental principles of peace among men and courageously opposing the abuse of power and all forms of suppression of human dignity"	Born in 1921 in Moscow. Soviet physicist, academician, politician, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. Three times Hero of Socialist Labor - deprived of medals for anti-Soviet activities.
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa	Physics "for his basic research and discoveries in low temperature physics"	Born in 1894 in Kronstadt, physicist, engineer, academician, twice Hero of Socialist Labor.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev	Peace Prize "in recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community"	Born in 1931 in the Stavropol Territory, initiator of reforms in the USSR, “perestroika”.
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov	Physics "for developments in semiconductor technology"	Born in 1930 in Vitebsk, Belarus, full holder of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland.
Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg	Physics "for the creation of the theory of superconductivity of the second kind and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3"	Born in 1928 in Moscow Born in 1916 in Moscow Laureates of the Lenin and Stalin Prizes.
Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov	Physics	Born in 1974 in Nizhny Tagil. Citizen of Russia and Great Britain. He received the award for his work with Andrei Geim, who was born in Sochi, but is currently a citizen of the Netherlands.

Nobel Prize laureates born in the Russian Empire and the USSR

(at the time of the award presentation they did not have Russian citizenship, so they were not included in the list of laureates from Russia)

Laureate	Scope and rationale	Note
Maria Skłodowska-Curie	Physics "for outstanding services in joint research into radiation phenomena."
Henryk Sienkiewicz	Literature "for outstanding services in the field of epic"	Born in Poland, subject of the Russian Empire, citizen of Poland
Wilhelm Ostwald	Chemistry "in recognition of the work he has done in catalysis, and for his research into the fundamental principles of controlling chemical equilibria and reaction rates."	Born in Riga (Russian Empire), German citizen
Maria Skłodowska-Curie	Chemistry "for outstanding services in the development of chemistry: the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"	Born in Warsaw (Russian Empire), French citizen
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin	Literature "for the strict mastery with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose"	Born in Russia, since 1920 he lived in France, had no citizenship.
Zelman Waxman	Physiology and medicine "for the discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective in the treatment of tuberculosis."	Born in Priluki, raised in Odessa (Russia), US citizen
Simon Kuznets	Economy "for an empirically based interpretation of economic growth"	Born in Pinsk (Russian Empire), studied and worked in Ukraine, US citizen
Vasily Leontyev	Economy "for the development of the input-output method"	Born in St. Petersburg, subject of the Russian Empire, US citizen
Ilya Prigozhin	Chemistry "for his work on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, especially for the theory of dissipative structures."	Born in Moscow, lived and worked in the USA, citizen of Belgium
Isaac Bashevis Singer	Literature "for the emotional art of storytelling, which, rooted in Polish-Jewish cultural traditions, raises eternal questions"	Born in Warsaw (Russian Empire), US citizen
Menachem Begin	Peace Prize "for preparing and concluding the fundamental agreements between Israel and Egypt"	Born in Brest-Litovsk (Russian Empire), citizen of Israel
Czeslaw Milosz	Peace Prize "showed with fearless clairvoyance the vulnerability of man in a world torn by conflict"	born in Vilna (Russian Empire), citizen of Poland
Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky	Literature "for comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry"	Born and raised in the USSR. Since 1972 (and at the time of receiving the award) lived in the USA, US citizen
Joseph Rotblat	Peace Prize "for great achievements aimed at reducing the role of nuclear weapons in world politics, and for many years of efforts to ban this type of weapon"	Born in Warsaw (Russian Empire), British citizen
Leonid Gurvich	Economy for creating the foundations of the theory of optimal mechanisms"	Born in Moscow, lived and worked in Western Europe, USA, US citizen
Andrey Konstantinovich Geim	Physics "for his pioneering experiments in the study of the two-dimensional material graphene"	Born in Sochi, graduated from MIPT, has lived and worked in Western Europe since 1990, citizen of the Netherlands

Dedicated to the great Russian writers.

From October 21 to November 21, 2015, the Library and Information Complex invites you to an exhibition dedicated to the works of Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR.

A Belarusian writer received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2015. The award was awarded to Svetlana Alexievich with the following wording: “For her polyphonic creativity - a monument to suffering and courage in our time.” At the exhibition we also presented works by Svetlana Alexandrovna.

The exhibition can be viewed at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, 1st floor, room. 100.

The prizes, established by the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, are considered the most honorable in the world. They are awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding work in the field of medicine or physiology, physics, chemistry, for literary works, for contributions to strengthening peace, economics (since 1969).

The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for achievements in the field of literature, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm on December 10. According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, the following persons can nominate candidates: members of the Swedish Academy, other academies, institutes and societies with similar tasks and goals; university professors of literary history and linguistics; Nobel Prize laureates in literature; chairmen of authors' unions representing literary creativity in the respective countries.

Unlike laureates of other prizes (for example, physics and chemistry), the decision to award the Nobel Prize in Literature is made by members of the Swedish Academy. The Swedish Academy unites 18 Swedish figures. The Academy includes historians, linguists, writers and one lawyer. They are known in society as "Eighteen". Membership in the academy is for life. After the death of one of the members, the academicians elect a new academician by secret vote. The Academy selects a Nobel Committee from among its members. It is he who deals with the issue of awarding the prize.

Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR :

I. A. Bunin(1933 "For the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose")
B.L. Parsnip(1958 "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel")
M. A. Sholokhov(1965 “For the artistic strength and honesty with which he depicted the historical era in the life of the Russian people in his Don epic”)
A. I. Solzhenitsyn(1970 "For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature")
I. A. Brodsky(1987 "For comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry")

Russian literature laureates are people with different, sometimes opposing, views. I. A. Bunin and A. I. Solzhenitsyn are staunch opponents of Soviet power, and M. A. Sholokhov, on the contrary, is a communist. However, the main thing they have in common is their undoubted talent, for which they were awarded Nobel Prizes.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is a famous Russian writer and poet, an outstanding master of realistic prose, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1920, Bunin emigrated to France.

The most difficult thing for a writer in exile is to remain himself. It happens that, having left his homeland due to the need to make dubious compromises, he is again forced to kill his spirit in order to survive. Fortunately, Bunin escaped this fate. Despite any trials, Bunin always remained true to himself.

In 1922, Ivan Alekseevich’s wife, Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, wrote in her diary that Romain Rolland nominated Bunin for the Nobel Prize. From then on, Ivan Alekseevich lived with hopes that someday he would be awarded this prize. 1933 All newspapers in Paris came out on November 10 with large headlines: “Bunin - Nobel laureate.” Every Russian in Paris, even the loader at the Renault plant, who had never read Bunin, took this as a personal holiday. Because my compatriot turned out to be the best, the most talented! In the Parisian taverns and restaurants that evening there were Russians, who sometimes drank for “one of their own” with their last pennies.

On the day the prize was awarded, November 9, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin watched the “cheerful stupidity” “Baby” in the cinema. Suddenly the darkness of the hall was cut through by a narrow beam of a flashlight. They were looking for Bunin. He was called by telephone from Stockholm.

“And immediately my whole old life ends. I go home quite quickly, but without feeling anything other than regret that I was not able to watch the film. But no. I can’t help but believe: the whole house is glowing with lights. And my heart squeezes with some kind of sadness ... Some kind of turning point in my life,” recalled I. A. Bunin.

Exciting days in Sweden. In the concert hall, in the presence of the king, after the report of the writer, member of the Swedish Academy Peter Hallström on the work of Bunin, he was presented with a folder with a Nobel diploma, a medal and a check for 715 thousand French francs.

When presenting the award, Bunin noted that the Swedish Academy acted very bravely by awarding the emigrant writer. Among the contenders for this year’s prize was another Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, largely thanks to the publication of the book “The Life of Arsenyev” by that time, the scales nevertheless tipped in the direction of Ivan Alekseevich.

Returning to France, Bunin feels rich and, sparing no expense, distributes “benefits” to emigrants and donates funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invests the remaining amount in a “win-win business” and is left with nothing.

Bunin’s friend, poet and prose writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya, in her memoir book “Reflection,” noted: “With skill and a small amount of practicality, the prize should have been enough to last. But the Bunins did not buy either an apartment or a villa...”

Unlike M. Gorky, A. I. Kuprin, A. N. Tolstoy, Ivan Alekseevich did not return to Russia, despite the admonitions of the Moscow “messengers”. I never came to my homeland, not even as a tourist.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of the famous artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Maybe that’s why, as a child, the future poet dreamed of becoming a composer and even studied music with Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin. However, the love of poetry won out. B. L. Pasternak's fame was brought by his poetry, and his bitter trials by "Doctor Zhivago", a novel about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.

The editors of the literary magazine, to which Pasternak offered the manuscript, considered the work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then the writer transferred the novel abroad, to Italy, where it was published in 1957. The very fact of publication in the West was sharply condemned by Soviet creative colleagues, and Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union. However, it was Doctor Zhivago that made Boris Pasternak a Nobel laureate. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize starting in 1946, but was awarded it only in 1958, after the release of the novel. The conclusion of the Nobel Committee says: "... for significant achievements both in modern lyric poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."

At home, the award of such an honorary prize to an “anti-Soviet novel” aroused the indignation of the authorities, and under the threat of deportation from the country, the writer was forced to refuse the award. Only 30 years later, his son, Evgeniy Borisovich Pasternak, received a diploma and a Nobel laureate medal for his father.

The fate of another Nobel laureate, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, is no less dramatic. He was born in 1918 in Kislovodsk, and his childhood and youth were spent in Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University, A.I. Solzhenitsyn taught and at the same time studied by correspondence at the Literary Institute in Moscow. When the Great Patriotic War began, the future writer went to the front.

Shortly before the end of the war, Solzhenitsyn was arrested. The reason for the arrest was critical remarks against Stalin, found by military censorship in Solzhenitsyn's letters. He was released after Stalin's death (1953). In 1962, the magazine "New World" published the first story - "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", telling about the life of prisoners in the camp. Literary magazines refused to publish most of the subsequent works. There was only one explanation: anti-Soviet orientation. However, the writer did not give up and sent the manuscripts abroad, where they were published. Alexander Isaevich did not limit himself to literary activities - he fought for the freedom of political prisoners in the USSR, and sharply criticized the Soviet system.

The literary works and political position of A. I. Solzhenitsyn were well known abroad, and in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The writer did not go to Stockholm for the award ceremony: he was not allowed to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who wanted to present the prize to the laureate at home, were not allowed into the USSR.

In 1974, A.I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. First he lived in Switzerland, then moved to the USA, where, with a significant delay, he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Such works as “In the First Circle”, “The Gulag Archipelago”, “August 1914”, “Cancer Ward” were published in the West. In 1994, A. Solzhenitsyn returned to his homeland, traveling across all of Russia, from Vladivostok to Moscow.

The fate of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, the only Russian Nobel Prize laureate in literature who was supported by government agencies, turned out differently. M. A. Sholokhov (1905-1980) was born in the south of Russia, on the Don - in the center of the Russian Cossacks. He later described his small homeland - the village of Kruzhilin in the village of Veshenskaya - in many works. Sholokhov graduated from only four classes of the gymnasium. He actively participated in the events of the civil war, led a food detachment that took away the so-called surplus grain from rich Cossacks.

Already in his youth, the future writer felt a penchant for literary creativity. In 1922, Sholokhov came to Moscow, and in 1923 he began publishing his first stories in newspapers and magazines. In 1926, the collections “Don Stories” and “Azure Steppe” were published. Work on “The Quiet Don” - a novel about the life of the Don Cossacks during the Great Turning Point (the First World War, revolutions and civil war) - began in 1925. The first part of the novel was published in 1928, and Sholokhov completed it in the 30s . “Quiet Don” became the pinnacle of the writer’s creativity, and in 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize “for the artistic strength and completeness with which he depicted the historical phase in the life of the Russian people in his epic work about the Don.” "Quiet Don" has been translated in 45 countries into several dozen languages.

By the time he received the Nobel Prize, Joseph Brodsky’s bibliography included six collections of poems, the poem “Gorbunov and Gorchakov”, the play “Marble”, and many essays (written mainly in English). However, in the USSR, from where the poet was expelled in 1972, his works were distributed mainly in samizdat, and he received the prize while already a citizen of the United States of America.

A spiritual connection with his homeland was important to him. He kept Boris Pasternak's tie as a relic and even wanted to wear it to the Nobel Prize ceremony, but protocol rules did not allow it. Nevertheless, Brodsky still came with Pasternak’s tie in his pocket. After perestroika, Brodsky was invited to Russia more than once, but he never came to his homeland, which rejected him. “You can’t step into the same river twice, even if it’s the Neva,” he said.

From Brodsky’s Nobel Lecture: “A person with taste, particularly literary taste, is less susceptible to repetition and rhythmic incantations inherent in any form of political demagoguery. The point is not so much that virtue is no guarantee of a masterpiece, but that evil, especially political evil, is always a poor stylist. The richer the aesthetic experience of an individual, the firmer his taste, the clearer his moral choice, the freer he is - although perhaps not happier. It is in this applied rather than platonic sense that one should understand Dostoevsky’s remark that “beauty will save the world,” or Matthew Arnold’s statement that “poetry will save us.” The world probably won’t be able to be saved, but an individual can always be saved.”