Slavic calendar from the creation of the world and its features. The beginning of the Christian chronology

People have always wanted to remember their past. With the advent of writing, the need arose to keep time.

The very first and natural unit of measurement was the earth's day. Observation of the Moon helped to establish that one lunar phase lasts on average 30 days. And after 12 lunar phases, the repetition of the first begins. Calendars based on observation of the Moon appeared among many nationalities and, although they were inaccurate, they made it possible to keep track of years.

It remained to understand from what point to start counting. Most often, some important event in the era of the people was taken as the beginning of chronology. Such intervals became known as eras. For example, the beginning of the reign of a new leader (the Seleucid era - among the inhabitants of the Seleucid state with the accession of Seleucus to the throne), the founding of a new city (the era from the founding of Rome - among the Romans) or simply a significant event (the era from the first Olympic Games - among the Greeks).

Another method of chronology was the sequence of events. It can be represented as follows: ruler X ascended the throne 3 years after the wheat crop failed; 5 years after the start of the reign of X, the state was raided by barbarians, etc.

Almost every state had its own calendar. With the development of trade and science in Europe, the need arose to create a unified calendar for Christian countries. In 525, the Roman abbot Dionysius the Lesser proposed a new system of chronology from the Nativity of Christ. At first, the abbot's ideas were not popular, and each country continued to maintain chronology in its own way, but centuries later, at the end of the 10th century, many European countries began to switch to the calendar proposed by Dionysius. Now any date began to be written with a postscript “from the Nativity of Christ” or “from R.H.). The final ordering of the calendar occurred during the Renaissance, when the term “before the Nativity of Christ” was introduced. This greatly simplified and systematized the chronology of world events. Already closer to the 20th century, the religious phrase “from the Nativity of Christ” was replaced by the phrase “AD” and chronology acquired a modern version.

It turns out that modern humanity reckons by era, that is, it uses the same methods that our distant ancestors used. Only now we have a more accurate astronomical calendar, and the starting point for chronology is the same for all countries.

This is interesting: in Russia, the transition to the chronology “from A.D.” happened by historical standards quite recently - in 1700 by decree of PeterI. Before this, the chronology of events was carried out according to the Constantinople era, which began its countdown from 5509 BC. It turns out that according to the Old Believer calendar now (for 2015) the year is 7524. According to the results of the latest population census, 400,000 people are Old Believers in Russia.

Calculation: what is it? Chronology is a system of counting time (in days, weeks, months, years), starting from a specific event. The chronology could differ among different peoples and religions. This can be explained by the fact that various events were taken as the starting point. However, today one chronology system has been officially established throughout the world, which is used in all countries and on all continents.

The chronology in Rus' was carried out according to the calendar adopted by Byzantium. As you know, after the adoption of Christianity in the tenth century AD, the year of the creation of the world was chosen as the starting point. To be more precise, this day is the day when the first man, Adam, was created. This happened on the first of March 5508 AD. And in Rus', the beginning of spring was long considered the beginning of the year.

Reform of Peter the Great

The old chronology “from the creation of the world” was changed by Emperor Peter the Great to the chronology from the Nativity of Christ. this was done from the first of January 1700 (or in 7208 "from the creation of the world"). Why did they change the calendar? It is believed that Peter the Great did this for convenience, to synchronize time with Europe. European countries have long lived according to the system “from the Nativity of Christ.” And since the emperor did a lot of business with Europeans, this step was quite appropriate. After all, the difference in years in Europe and in the Russian Empire at that time was 5508 years!

The Old Russian chronology, thus, differed from the modern one in the reference point of time. And the chronology before the Nativity of Christ was called the chronology “from the creation of the world.”

How it all began

When did chronology begin? There is evidence that in 325 AD the first council of Christian bishops took place. It was they who decided that chronology should be carried out from the creation of the world. The reason for this countdown was the need to know when to celebrate Easter. The date of creation of the world was proposed based on considerations and reasoning about the life of Jesus Christ.

After the Council of Bishops, the Roman Empire adopted this chronology. And after a couple of hundred years, it was proposed to switch to chronology from the Nativity of Christ. This idea was expressed by Dionysius the Small, a Roman monk, in 532. It is not known exactly when Jesus was born, but it happened around the second or fourth year of our era. It was from this year that the countdown of time began, which is now called from the Nativity of Christ. This point separates the new era (ours) from the past (designations AD and BC, respectively).

But the world took a long time to switch to a new version of time counting. This took about half a millennium, and for Russia - more than a thousand years. The transition was gradual, so often the year “from the creation of the world” was also indicated in brackets.

Aryan chronology and Slavic chronology

The chronology of the Aryans was carried out from the creation of the world, that is, different from what existed in the world. But the Aryans did not believe that the world was created precisely in 5508 BC. In their opinion, the starting point was the year when peace was concluded between the Slavic-Aryans and the Arima (ancient Chinese tribes). Another name for this chronology is the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.

After the victory over the Chinese, a symbol appeared - a rider on a white horse killing a dragon. The latter in this case symbolized China, which was defeated.

The Old Slavic chronology was carried out according to the Daariysky Krugolet of Chislobog. You can read more about this calendar in the corresponding article. After the reform of Peter the Great, they began to say that “he stole 5508 years from the Slavs.” In general, the emperor’s innovation did not find positive feedback from the Slavs; they opposed it for a long time. But the chronology of the ancient Slavs and their calendar were prohibited. Today, only Old Believers and Ynglings use them.

The chronology according to the Slavic calendar had its own interesting features:

The Slavs had only three seasons: spring, autumn, winter. By the way, the ancient Slavs called the whole year “summer”.
It was nine months.
There were forty or forty-one days in the month.

Thus, the chronology of the ancient Slavs, who were pagans, ran counter to the generally accepted Christian one. After all, many Slavs, even having accepted the Christian faith, continued to remain pagans. They were faithful to their worldviews and did not accept chronology “from the Nativity of Christ.”

The chronology became a reflection of religion, which occupied and continues to occupy a dominant position in the state, in society, in the world. Christianity today is practiced by more than thirty percent of the world's population. It is not surprising that the Birth of Christ was chosen as its beginning. It has also become convenient to distinguish the past era from the new. Peter, having changed the chronology system in Rus', made it possible to coordinate all the activities of the country with the rest of the world. It is difficult to imagine that today there would be a gap between countries of more than five and a half thousand years! Also, a positive aspect of the chronology common to all is the convenience in studying history and other sciences.

Every person, opening the text of the Holy Scriptures in front of him, will find the first words in it: “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth...” (Gen. 1:1) - and thus will notice that the counting of time in biblical history begins with the creation of the world. Indeed, for many centuries it was customary among Orthodox Christians to count the years from the supposed creation of the world. Now another counting of years has become more common in the post-Soviet space - from “AD”, replacing the traditional counting “from the Nativity of Christ”. Recently, this state of affairs has become firmly established when secular society celebrates the New Year of “AD” with festivities, and The Church once again celebrates the date of the Nativity of Christ. Once upon a time, this date, set for December 25, was supposed to overshadow the pagan holiday in honor of the sun, but now the Christian holiday is in the shadow of the Merry New Year. The gaze of a worldly person is directed to the future with the hope that it will be “bright.” The church's gaze is turned to the past, it is a memory of what already happened at the beginning of the history of the Bible or the special history of the Gospel. There is a pattern here, because by reflecting on the past, we get to know ourselves.

Christian chronology originates in biblical chronology. The peoples of antiquity kept track of current events by the years of the reign of their kings. “In such and such a year of such and such a king” - this is how the usual dating began. In the Bible you can also find many examples of such counting in the books of Kings or Chronicles. But along with dating by the years of rulers, the concept of “era” is also known in ancient chronologies. This is a countdown of time from an event that, in the opinion of a number of generations, became the beginning of the history of a particular people and state or close nations and states. For example, the ancient Romans traced their history back to the founding of Rome, and the Greeks traced their history back to the beginning of the Olympic Games. There is also an important reference point in the Old Testament: the exodus of the people of Israel from Egypt. Every year the Jews celebrate this event as the birth of their people. The creation of the temple under Solomon, for example, dates back to 480 “after the children of Israel came out of the land of Egypt” (1 Kings 6:1). True, the Slavic text, unlike the Russian translation, follows the Greek and indicates the figure of 440 years.

Of course, an era represents a more developed stage in man's understanding of his place in historical eras than a simple count of kings. And in the Bible one can notice the desire of the sacred authors to highlight the time of the paradise life of the ancestors, the era before the Great Flood, the history of the settlement of people and the era of the patriarchs. In the Evangelist Matthew we find the periodization “from Abraham to David”, “from David to the migration to Babylon”, “from the migration to Babylon to Christ”. Of course, there were other periodizations of Old Testament history, St. the first martyr Stephen, for example, highlighted the time from Abraham to Moses and from Moses to the construction of the First Temple by King Solomon (Acts 7:1-47). However, in order to build a unified chronology of events, it was necessary to make a common beginning for them all. It was natural for them to create the world.

One may come across the opinion that Christians borrowed the account “from the Creation of the world” from the Jews. Indeed, among the Jews in the 2nd century. according to R.H. the treatise “The Order of the World” (Seder Olam) appeared, in which biblical events are counted in exactly this way. But the Israelis themselves, being in dispersion, moved on this point for more than one century, from the 9th to the 16th centuries. according to R.H. Before this, they counted the years either from the time of the conquest of Babylon by Alexander the Great’s general Seleucus in 312 BC, or they were guided by the year of the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans (70 AD). Therefore, it would be fairer to say that Christians began to count years “from the Creation of the world” independently of the Jews and for their own reasons.

Evangelist John opens his Gospel with the words: “In the beginning was the Word...”. The beginning in question is the same beginning as in the first chapter of the book of Genesis, i.e. world creation. In the Epistle to the Hebrews we read: “God, who at times and in divers manners spoke of old to the fathers by the prophets, in these last days has spoken to us by the Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, through whom also he made the worlds” (Heb. 1:1-2). Here the creation of the world (“the ages”) is placed in the same chronological order with those “last days” when God sent His Only Begotten Son to save the world. A certain theological concept emerges: God’s creation has undergone the corruption of sin, for the sake of the salvation of people the Son of God is incarnated on earth, He heralds the approach of a Kingdom of a higher order, history strives, as stated in the Creed, towards “the life of the next century.” This is how Christian chronology is built: the Creation of the world, the First Appearance of Christ, His Second Appearance and the General Judgment. Thus, Christ is “Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last” (Rev. 22:13).

In the “Ecclesiastical History” of Eusebius of Caesarea (beginning of the 4th century), the following introduction is made: “Although, obviously, we are a new people and the name of Christians is really recent, just recognized by all peoples, but our life and our entire way of behavior are in agreement with the dogmas piety, not recently invented by us, but has been observed since the very beginning of mankind; the ancient God-loving people, by natural impulse, lived exactly this way... The Abrahamic faith, confirmed by deeds - and they are more significant than words - is currently observed throughout the entire universe only by Christians.” It is obvious that Christians consider themselves as heirs of the Old Testament righteous, and they also consider the history before the birth of Christ to be theirs.

It should also be noted that from the earliest times Christians entered the events of the Gospel into the historical context of the era. So St. Luke writes about the beginning of the sermon of St. John the Baptist: “In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, when Pontius Pilate was in charge of Judea, Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, Philip his brother was tetrarch of Ituraea and the Trachonite region, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene under the high priests Annas and Caiaphas. the word of God to John the son of Zechariah in the wilderness” (Luke 3:1-2). The same Evangelist connects the birth of Christ with the census under the Roman emperor Augustus and the Syrian governor Quirinius (Luke 2:1). Here considerable difficulties arise in correlating the Gospel chronology with accepted dates. It turns out that Jesus was born 4-6 years “before the birth of Christ.” However, it should be noted that the calculation of the time of the birth of Christ, undertaken in the 6th century. by the Roman abbot Dionysius the Lesser, was initially approximate, based not so much on historical data as on Easter calculations.

Dionysius’ dubious calculations, however, became the basis for the “Anno Domini” (“year of the Lord”) calendar, adopted in the Catholic world at the turn of the 1st millennium. In Russia, this reference system was introduced in 1700 by Peter I for the sake of uniformity of chronology with Europe. However, such uniformity can go quite far. Under the influence of secularization in the West, starting from the 19th century, a different name began to be adopted - Common Era, Before the Common Era (CE, BCE), i.e. "accepted/common era", "before the accepted/common era". In the countries of the Soviet bloc, an even more unfortunate name was established - “our era”, an echo of the proletarian “we are ours, we will build a new world.”

Meanwhile, in the Eastern Church, the calculation of the time of the First Ecumenical Council of 325 was relevant for a long time. Then it was decided to keep the chronology “from the Creation of the world,” which was dated March 1, 5500 BC. (later the number 5508 appeared for the convenience of Easter calculations). This date diverges from the Jewish era “from the Creation of the world” (3761), which is based on other life expectancy numbers for the Old Testament patriarchs (which is also followed by the Russian Synodal translation).

It is known that the Christian chronology from Adam was adopted precisely for theological reasons (Adam was created at noon on the sixth day of creation, and for the Lord “a thousand years are like one day” - 2 Peter 3:8). In the apostolic reading for Christmas from the Epistle to the Galatians (Gal. 4:4), the appearance of Christ is associated with the “fulfillment of time” (glorified “end of summer”). It is noteworthy that the feast of the Epiphany, now associated more with the event of the Baptism of the Lord, originally in the Christian East included memories of all the gospel events from the Birth to the Baptism of Christ. The date of the Feast of Epiphany (January 6 according to the church calendar) recalls the sixth creative day on which God created the first people. The symbolism here is of fundamental importance: from the Old Adam all people inherit mortal nature, and from the New Adam, i.e. Christ - receive a renewed nature for eternal life. Thus, Christian chronology is edifying; it depicts the moral history of mankind, connects the temporal and the eternal, looks back to past centuries and indicates the future century.

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The calendar is a rhythm that is designed to unite the external universe with the inner man into a harmonious whole. Attitude to time indicates not only a certain level of culture, but is also an expression of those internal features that distinguish one culture from another. Naturally, the attitude to time within a particular culture affects primarily the calendar. However, the calendar is not only a rhythm, but also the rhythmic memory of humanity. Even the most ancient of calendars, such as the solar calendar of Ancient Egypt or the solar-lunar calendar of Babylon with their periodically repeating cycles of religious holidays, always pursued one important goal: to be, first of all, reliable keepers of the memory of what lay at the root of each of them. crops Jewish calendar- is a religious calendar and the official calendar of Israel. This is a combined solar-lunar calendar. The years are counted from the creation of the world, which according to Judaism occurred in 3761 BC. This year corresponds to the first year of peace (Anno Mundi). For example, 1996 corresponds to the Hebrew year 5757.
Eastern (Chinese) calendar, which has been in effect for several thousand years in Vietnam, Kampuchea, China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan and some other Asian countries, was compiled in the middle of the third millennium BC. This calendar is a 60-year cyclical system.
The Chinese sexagenary was formed as a result of the combination of the duodecimal cycle (“earthly branches”), each year of which was assigned the name of an animal, and the decimal cycle of the “elements” (“heavenly branches”): five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) , each of which corresponded to two cyclic signs, personifying the masculine and feminine principles (therefore, in the Chinese calendar there are consecutive years corresponding to different animals, but one element). The Chinese calendar does not count years in an endless sequence. The years have names that repeat every 60 years. Historically, years were counted from the year of the emperor's accession to the throne, which was abolished after the 1911 revolution. According to Chinese tradition, the first year of the reign of the semi-legendary Yellow Emperor Huang Di was 2698 BC. An alternative system is based on the fact that the first historical record of the beginning of the 60-day cycle was made on March 8, 2637 BC.
This date is considered to be the date of invention of the calendar, and all cycles are counted from this date. Calculation in Japan- Chinese invention. Each emperor, upon ascending the throne, established a motto under which his reign would take place. In ancient times, the emperor sometimes changed his motto if the beginning of his reign was unsuccessful.
In any case, the beginning of the emperor's motto was considered the first year of the new reign, and with it began a new era - the period of reign under this motto. All mottos are unique, so they can be used as a universal chronology scale. During the Meiji Restoration (1868), a unified Japanese calendar system was introduced, dating back to 660 BC. - the legendary date of the founding of the Japanese state by Emperor Jimmu. This system was actively used only until the end of the Second World War. Long-term isolation Indian principalities from each other led to the fact that almost each of them had its own local calendar system. Until recently, the country used several official civil calendars and about thirty local ones, which served to determine the time of various religious holidays and rituals. Among them you can find solar, lunar and lunisolar.
The most popular in India is the Samvat calendar (Vikram Samvat), in which the length of the solar year is to a certain extent related to the length of the lunar months. Jawaharlal Nehru, in his book The Discovery of India, written in 1944, points out the widespread use of the Samvat calendar. He wrote that “in most parts of India the Vikram Samvat calendar is followed.” In April 1944, celebrations dedicated to the Samvat calendar were widely celebrated throughout India. They were associated with the 2000th anniversary of the introduction of the Vikram Samvat era. Since the chronology of the Vikram Samvat era begins from 57 BC, then, therefore, the year 2010 of our calendar corresponds to 2067-2068 years of the Samvat calendar. In the southern part of the country, the Saka civil calendar is widespread, in which the counting of years begins on March 15, 78 AD. The New Year is celebrated around April 12 with a difference of two to three days. The year 2010 of our calendar corresponds to the years 1932-1933 of the Saka calendar. In India, other eras have been used for a long time, such as the era of Kali Yuga, which dates back to February 18, 3102 BC; era Nirvana, which dates back to 543 BC. - the estimated date of death of Buddha Sakya Muni. The Fazli era, one of the last historical eras in India, was also used. It was introduced by Padishah Akbar (1542-1606), but it was used only in official documents. The era of this era is September 10, 1550 AD. The Gregorian calendar is also widely used, which began to be used in India in 1757. Currently, almost all published books, magazines and newspapers are dated by the Gregorian calendar, but double dating is often found: according to the Gregorian calendar and according to the local, civil one. The confusion of the calendar systems turned out to be so significant that the Indian government was forced to carry out a reform and introduce a Unified National Calendar. For this purpose, in November 1952, under the chairmanship of the eminent scientist, Professor Meghnad Saha, a special committee for calendar reform was created. It was adopted in India from 22nd March 1957 by government decision for civil and public purposes. To perform religious rituals, it was not forbidden to use local calendars. Mayan calendar originates from the mythical date - August 13, 3113 BC. It was from her that the Indians counted the past years and days. The starting point plays the same role among the Mayans as the date of the “Nativity of Christ” in European chronology. Why August 13, 3113 BC? Modern science has not yet been able to explain this. Presumably this day, in Mayan belief, was marked by a cataclysm such as a global flood or something like that. In the Mayan calendar, time is divided into cycles or "Suns". There are six of them in total. Each cycle, the Mayan priests argued, ends with the supposed complete destruction of earthly civilization. The past four "Suns" completely destroyed the four human races, and only a few people survived and told about what happened. The “First Sun” lasted 4008 years and ended with earthquakes. The “Second Sun” lasted 4010 years and ended with hurricanes. The “Third Sun” was 4081 years old - the earth was destroyed by “fiery rains” that poured out of the craters of huge volcanoes. The “Fourth Sun” culminated in floods. Currently, earthlings are experiencing the “Fifth Sun”, which will end on December 21, 2012. The sixth cycle in the calendar is empty...
Already in the first centuries of formation Christianity attempts were made to build a chronological bridge between modern times and the sacred events described in the Bible. As a result of the calculations, about 200 different versions of the era “from the creation of the world”, or “from Adam” arose, in which the period of time from the creation of the world to the Nativity of Christ ranged from 3483 to 6984 years. Three so-called world eras became most widespread: the Alexandrian (starting point - 5501, actually 5493 BC), Antiochian (5969 BC) and the later Byzantine. In the 6th century, Byzantium began to use the world era with the beginning of March 1, 5508 BC. The counting of days in it was carried out from Adam, who, based on biblical premises, was created on Friday, March 1, 1 year of this era. Based on the fact that this happened in the middle of the sixth day of creation, by analogy it was generally accepted that Jesus was born in the middle of the sixth millennium, for “with the Lord one day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years like one day” (2 Pet. 3, 8).
In the Nile Valley, where in time immemorial a calendar was created that existed with Egyptian culture about 4 centuries. The origin of this calendar is connected with Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, sung by many poets. So, Sirius gave Egypt the world's first solar calendar, which underlies the chronology of the entire Old World, right up to the present time. The fact is that the time interval between the first two morning risings of Sirius, which equally coincided in Egypt with the summer solstice and the flood of the Nile, is precisely the well-known 365 and 1/4 days. However, the Egyptians set the length of their year to an integer number of days, namely 365. Thus, for every 4 years, seasonal phenomena were ahead of the Egyptian calendar by 1 day. Obviously, in order for Sirius to go through all the dates of the shortened year (out of 365 days), it already required 365 × 4 = 1460 days. But again, remembering that the Egyptian year is shorter than the Solar year by 1/4 of a day (6 hours), in order to return exactly to the same date of the Egyptian calendar, Sirius needed another year (1460+1=1461). This cyclical period of 1461 Egyptian year is the famous “Sothic Period” (Great Year of Sothis).
Ancient Greek calendar was lunisolar with primitive and irregular rules of intercalation. From about 500 BC. Octateries (octaeteris) became widespread - 8-year cycles in which five ordinary years of 12 months were combined with three years of 13 months. Subsequently, these rules were borrowed by the Roman calendar. Octatheriums continued to be used in Greece even after the reform of Julius Caesar. The beginning of the year was in the middle of summer.
In the second half of the 3rd century BC. e. The ancient Greek historian Timaeus and mathematician Eratosthenes introduced chronology from the first Olympic Games. The games were held once every four years on days close to the summer solstice. They began on the 11th and ended on the 16th day after the new moon. When counting years at the Olympiads, each year was designated by the serial number of the games and the number of the year in the four-year period. The first Olympic Games opened on July 1, 776 BC. according to the Julian calendar. In 394 AD. Emperor Theodosius I banned the Olympic Games. The Romans called them "otium graecum" (Greek idleness). However, the calendar for the Olympiads remained for some time. Why is the old style called Julian? The first attempt to reform the ancient Egyptian calendar was made long before Julius Caesar by Ptolemy III Euergetes, who in his famous “Canopic Decree” (238 BC) first introduced the concept of a leap year, thereby leveling out the error of 1 day running in 4 years. Thus, one year out of four became equal to 366 days. Unfortunately, this reform did not take root at that time: firstly, the concept of a leap year was completely alien to the very spirit of the centuries-old Egyptian time calculation, and secondly, the ancient traditions were still too strong.
Only during the era of Roman rule, the already known Great Year of Sothis ceased to exist as a real calendar and astronomical measure. Gaius Julius Caesar, with the help of the famous Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, replaced the Roman calendar with the reformed Egyptian calendar of the “Canopic Decree”. In 46 BC. Rome and all its possessions switched to a new calendar account, which has since received the name Julian. It was this calendar that became the basis of the history of Christian culture. The Julian calendar turned out to be insufficiently accurate and gave an error of 1 day in 128 years. In 1582, the spring equinox moved back by (1582-325)/128 = 10 days. Because of the importance of this holiday for Christendom, the Catholic Church was convinced of the need for calendar reform. Pope Gregory XIII, who came in 1572, carried out a calendar reform on February 24, 1582. All Christians were commanded to count October 5, 1582 as October 15. The calendar began to be called Gregorian.
OMAR 1 (581-644, reign 634-644), the second of the "righteous" caliphs of the Arab Caliphate, introduces Muslim (Islamic) calendar. Before this, the Arab tribes began chronology from the “Era of the Elephants” - 570, associated with the invasion of Mecca by the Ethiopian army. The beginning of this calendar (chronology) dates back to Friday, June 16, 622, when Muhammad (Muhammad, Mohammed, who lived in Arabia ≈570 -632) moved (Arabic - Hijra) from Mecca to Medina. Therefore, in Muslim countries, the calendar is called the Hijri calendar (Arabic: الـتـقـويم الـهـجـري‎‎, at-takvimu-l-Hijri).
French Revolution calendar(or republican) was introduced in France on November 24, 1793 and abolished on January 1, 1806. It was used briefly again during the Paris Commune in 1871. The years are counted from the establishment of the first French Republic on September 22, 1792. This day became 1 Vendémière, 1st Year of the Republic (although the calendar was introduced only on November 24, 1793). Calendar among the ancient Slavs was called as Kolyada's gift - Gift of the god Kolyada. Kolyada is one of the names of the Sun. After the winter solstice on December 22, the god Kolyada is a symbol of the change in the annual cycle of the solstice and the transition of the sun from winter to summer, the victory of good forces over evil.
The beginning of chronology was carried out from the date of the creation of the world in the Star Temple, that is, the signing of a peace treaty in the summer of the Star Temple according to the Circular Year (calendar) of Chislobog after the victory of the Aryans (in the modern sense - Russia) over the empire of the Great Dragon (in the modern sense - China). The symbol of this victory - a horseman slaying a Chinese dragon - is still preserved. In the original version, this is Perun slaying the dragon, and with the advent of Christianization, Perun (the horseman) was called George.
Before the adoption of Christianity, time was counted according to the four seasons of the year. The beginning of the year was spring, and summer was probably considered the most important season. Therefore, the second semantic meaning of the word “summer” has come down to us from the depths of centuries as a synonym for the year. The ancient Slavs also used a lunisolar calendar, which contained seven additional months every 19 years. There was also a seven-day week, which was called a week. The end of the 10th century was marked by the transition to Christianity in Ancient Rus'. The appearance of the Julian calendar here is also associated with this event. Trade and political ties between Rus' and Byzantium led to the adoption of Christianity and the Julian calendar according to the Byzantine model, but with some deviation. There the year began on September 1st. In Rus', according to ancient tradition, spring was considered the beginning of the year, and the year began on March 1. The chronology was calculated “from the creation of the world”, adopting the Byzantine version of this mythical date - 5508 BC. e. Only in 1492 AD. e. (in 7001 from the creation of the world) the beginning of the year in Rus' was set on September 1. Due to the expiration of the seventh thousand years “from the creation of the world” and the religious and mystical interpretation of this period, and perhaps in connection with the capture of Constantinople, the capital of Eastern Christianity, by the Turks in 1453, superstitious rumors about the end of the world coming in 7000 spread throughout the world . After this fatal point was safely passed, and superstitious people calmed down, the Moscow Church Council immediately in September 1492 (in 7001) moved the beginning of the year from March 1 to September 1. From the decree Peter 1 from December 20, 7208 from the creation of the world: “Now the year 1699 has reached the birth of Christ, and from the next January (January) on the 1st there will be a new year 1700 and a new century. From now on, summers will be counted not from September 1, but from January 1, and not from the creation of the world, but from the Nativity of Christ.” The year 7208 from the “creation of the world” turned out to be the shortest and lasted only four months, while in Rus' in 1699 the New Year was celebrated twice - on August 31 and December 31. In 1702, the first Russian printed calendar with the beginning of the year on January 1 and counting years from the “Nativity of Christ” was printed in Amsterdam. Also, with his characteristic meticulousness, Peter described in detail how to decorate the home and celebrate the holiday. “Since people in Russia count the New Year differently, from now on, stop fooling people and count the New Year everywhere from the first of January. And as a sign of good beginnings and fun, congratulate each other on the New Year, wishing prosperity in business and in the family. In honor of the New Year, make decorations from fir trees, amuse children, and ride down the mountains on sleds. But adults shouldn’t indulge in drunkenness and massacres—there are plenty of other days for that.”
And Russia switched to the Gregorian calendar only in 1918 - almost 350 years after Europe. An amendment of 13 days was introduced: after January 31, 1918, February 14 immediately came. But the Orthodox Church still celebrates its holidays according to the Julian calendar, which is why Christmas is celebrated not on December 25, but on January 7, and from 2100, if the church does not switch to the Gregorian calendar, the difference will increase to 14 days and Orthodox Christmas will automatically " will be postponed" to January 8. The churches that set the calendar according to solar cycles got something wrong. From all this, we should remember that 310 years ago, the New Year began to be celebrated on January 1, and 90 years later, Christmas will be celebrated a day later. In the meantime, we live and rejoice that soon there will be the most joyful holiday - New Year, and Santa Claus will bring us a bunch of gifts. Happy New Year!

We need to remember our history and follow our own path.

Currently, we use dating years from the birth of Christ and the Gregorian calendar.

The Julian calendar, the so-called “old style”, has not been forgotten either. Every year in January we remember him when we celebrate the “old” New Year. Also, the media carefully reminds us of the change of years according to the Chinese, Japanese, Thai and other calendars.

Of course, it broadens our horizons. Let's broaden our horizons.

But, to make our horizons even broader, let’s touch on the ancient tradition of calculating the chronology of the Slavic peoples - the Daarian Circle of Chislobog, according to which our Ancestors lived not so long ago.

Nowadays, this calendar is used only by Old Believers - representatives of the most ancient Slavic-Aryan Faith - Ingliism.

The widespread use of our ancient calendar ceased a little over 300 years ago, when Tsar Peter 1, by his Decree, introduced a foreign calendar into the territory of Rus' and ordered to celebrate the advent of 1700 years from the birth of Jesus Christ on the night of January 1. The calendar reform stole (at least) 5500 years of our stories.

And in Rus' at that time it was Summer 7208 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.

But it is not said at all that the emperor not only changed the calendar, he actually “stole” it, at a minimum (!). five and a half thousand years of our true history.

After all, the event from which the years were counted - the Creation of the World in the Star Temple (5508 BC) did not mean the creation of the universe by the biblical god, but literally; the signing of a peace treaty in the year of the Star Temple according to the Circle of Chislobog after the victory of the Power of the Great Race (in the modern sense - Russia) over the Empire of the Great Dragon (in the modern sense - China).

By the way, the symbolic image of a rider on a white horse slaying a dragon with a spear, known in Christian tradition as St. George the Victorious, actually symbolizes precisely this victory.

That is why this symbol has long been so widespread and revered in Rus' among the Slavic-Aryan peoples.

From what events was chronology based?

A natural question arises: from what event was the chronology until the Creation of the World in the Star Temple?

The answer is obvious - from an earlier significant event.

Moreover, years from different events could be counted in parallel. This is exactly how the ancient chronicles began with the mention of several time periods.

As an example, here are a few dates from RX for the current year 2016:

Summer 7524 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple

Summer 13024 from the Great Cooling

Summer 44560 from the Creation of the Great Colo of Russia

Summer 106794 from the Founding of Asgard of Iria

Summer 111822 from the Great Migration from Daariya

Summer 143006 from the period of Three Moons

Summer 153382 from Assa Dei

Summer 185782 from Thule Time

Summer 604390 from the Time of Three Suns, etc.

Obviously, in the context of modern “official” chronology, these dates look simply fantastic,

But for an independently thinking person who is interested in the ancient cultural heritage of the peoples of the Earth, such “chasms of years” do not look so frightening.

After all, not only in the Slavic-Aryan Vedas, but also in quite numerous written monuments that have reached us throughout the Earth, much longer periods of historical time are mentioned,

Unbiased archaeological and paleo-astronomical studies also point to these same facts.

It will also be very interesting to remember that in pre-Petrine times in Rus', not numbers were used to designate numerical quantities, as is now customary, but titular initial letters, i.e. Slavic letters with service symbols.

What did Cyril and Methodius “fix”?

And since the calendar is a written tradition (try orally leading and transmitting such a complex and dynamic array of information from generation to generation), it is obvious that before the time of Peter I, writing already existed in Rus' for at least (!) seven centuries. more than a thousand years.

However, it is believed that writing was “invented” especially for us “illiterates” by two Greek monks Cyril and Methodius, who only added a few Greek letters to our alphabet instead of diphthongs they did not understand.

And, modestly speaking, the ever-increasing pompousness during the annual “Cyril and Methodius celebrations” and “birthdays” of “Slavic” writing is surprising. At present, since we use the modern calendar (from A.D.), it would be more correct to use it only for events of the last three hundred years.

And more ancient events, for a clear understanding of their essence, must be dated in the chronology system that was used before 1700. Otherwise, a misinterpretation of our history, culture, traditions and customs is possible.

The dating of pre-Petrine events in modern textbooks is sincerely regrettable.

For example, the year of the Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipus is called 1242, and at that time in Rus' it was 6750.

Or, for example, the year of baptism of Kyiv is considered to be 988 from the birth of Jesus Christ.

But in Kyiv they celebrated the Summer of 6496 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.

Brothers and sisters, let's remember our past, look for it, if evil minds are hiding it from us on purpose.

The Slavs are a great race.