A message about any commander. Great commanders of the Patriotic War
Wars march shoulder to shoulder with the civilization of mankind. And wars, as we know, give rise to great warriors. Great commanders can decide the course of a war with their victories. Today we will talk about such commanders. So we present to your attention the 10 greatest commanders of all times.
1 Alexander the Great
We gave the first place among the greatest commanders to Alexander the Great. Since childhood, Alexander dreamed of conquering the world and, although he did not have a heroic physique, he preferred to participate in military battles. Thanks to his leadership qualities, he became one of the great commanders of his time. The victories of the army of Alexander the Great are at the pinnacle of the military art of Ancient Greece. Alexander's army did not have numerical superiority, but was still able to win all the battles, spreading his gigantic empire from Greece to India. He trusted his soldiers, and they did not let him down, but faithfully followed him, reciprocating.
2 Great Mongol Khan
In 1206, on the Onon River, the leaders of the nomadic tribes proclaimed the mighty Mongol warrior as the great khan of all Mongol tribes. And his name is Genghis Khan. The shamans predicted Genghis Khan power over the whole world, and he did not disappoint. Having become the great Mongol emperor, he founded one of the greatest empires and united the scattered Mongol tribes. The Shah's state and some Russian principalities conquered China, all of Central Asia, as well as the Caucasus and Eastern Europe, Baghdad, Khorezm.
3 "Timur is lame"
He received the nickname “Timur the lame” for a physical disability that he received during skirmishes with the khans, but despite this he became famous as a Central Asian conqueror who played a fairly significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, Volga region and Rus'. Founded the Timurid empire and dynasty, with its capital in Samarkand. He had no equal in saber and archery skills. However, after his death, the territory under his control, which stretched from Samarkand to the Volga, very quickly disintegrated.
4 "Father of Strategy"
Hannibal is the greatest military strategist of the Ancient world, a Carthaginian commander. This is the "Father of Strategy". He hated Rome and everything connected with it, and was a sworn enemy of the Roman Republic. He fought the well-known Punic Wars with the Romans. He successfully used the tactics of enveloping enemy troops from the flanks, followed by encirclement. Standing at the head of a 46,000-strong army, which included 37 war elephants, he crossed the Pyrenees and the snow-capped Alps.
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
National Hero of Russia
Suvorov can safely be called a national hero of Russia, a great Russian commander, because he did not suffer a single defeat in his entire military career, which included more than 60 battles. He is the founder of Russian military art, a military thinker who had no equal. Participant in the Russian-Turkish wars, Italian and Swiss campaigns.
6 Brilliant commander
Napoleon Bonaparte French emperor in 1804-1815, a great commander and statesman. It was Napoleon who laid the foundations of the modern French state. While still a lieutenant, he began his military career. And from the very beginning, participating in wars, he was able to establish himself as an intelligent and fearless commander. Having taken the place of the emperor, he unleashed the Napoleonic Wars, but he failed to conquer the whole world. He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and spent the rest of his life on the island of St. Helena.
Saladin (Salah ad-Din)
Expelled the Crusaders
Great talented Muslim commander and outstanding organizer, Sultan of Egypt and Syria. Translated from Arabic, Salah ad-Din means “Defender of the Faith.” He received this honorary nickname for his fight against the crusaders. He led the fight against the crusaders. Saladin's troops captured Beirut, Acre, Caesarea, Ascalon and Jerusalem. Thanks to Saladin, Muslim lands were liberated from foreign troops and foreign faith.
8 Emperor of the Roman Empire
A special place among the rulers of the Ancient World is occupied by the well-known ancient Roman statesman and political figure, dictator, commander, and writer Gaius Julius Caesar. Conqueror of Gaul, Germany, Britain. He has outstanding abilities as a military tactician and strategist, as well as a great orator who managed to influence the people by promising them gladiatorial games and spectacles. The most powerful figure of his time. But this did not stop a small group of conspirators from killing the great commander. This caused civil wars to break out again, leading to the decline of the Roman Empire.
9 Nevsky
Grand Duke, wise statesman, famous commander. He is called the fearless knight. Alexander devoted his entire life to defending his homeland. Together with his small squad, he defeated the Swedes at the Battle of the Neva in 1240. That's why he got his nickname. He recaptured his hometowns from the Livonian Order at the Battle of the Ice, which took place on Lake Peipsi, thereby stopping the ruthless Catholic expansion in Russian lands coming from the West.
The creator of victory in the Great Patriotic War was the Soviet people. But to implement his efforts, to protect the Fatherland on the battlefields, a high level of military art of the Armed Forces was required, which was supported by the military leadership talent of the military leaders.
The operations carried out by our military leaders in the last war are now being studied in all military academies around the world. And if we talk about assessing their courage and talent, here is one of them, short but expressive: “As a soldier who observed the campaign of the Red Army, I was filled with the deepest admiration for the skill of its leaders.” This was said by Dwight Eisenhower, a man who understood the art of war.
The harsh school of war selected and assigned the most outstanding commanders to the positions of front commanders by the end of the war.
The main features of military leadership talent Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov(1896-1974) - creativity, innovation, ability to make decisions unexpected for the enemy. He was also distinguished by his deep intelligence and insight. According to Machiavelli, “nothing makes a great commander like the ability to penetrate the enemy’s plans.” This ability of Zhukov played a particularly important role in the defense of Leningrad and Moscow, when, with extremely limited forces, only through good reconnaissance and foreseeing possible directions of enemy attacks, he was able to collect almost all available means and repel enemy attacks.
Another outstanding military leader of the strategic plan was Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky(1895-1977). Being the chief of the General Staff for 34 months during the war, A. M. Vasilevsky was in Moscow for only 12 months, at the General Staff, and was at the fronts for 22 months. G.K. Zhukov and A.M. Vasilevsky had developed strategic thinking and a deep understanding of the situation. It was this circumstance that led to the same assessment of the situation and the development of far-sighted and informed decisions on the counter-offensive operation at Stalingrad, to the transition to strategic defense on the Kursk Bulge and in a number of other cases .
An invaluable quality of Soviet commanders was their ability to take reasonable risks. This trait of military leadership was noted, for example, among Marshal Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky(1896-1968). One of the remarkable pages of the military leadership of K. K. Rokossovsky is the Belarusian operation, in which he commanded the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front.
An important feature of military leadership is intuition, which makes it possible to achieve surprise in a strike. Possessed this rare quality Konev Ivan Stepanovich(1897-1973). His talent as a commander was most convincingly and clearly demonstrated in offensive operations, during which many brilliant victories were won. At the same time, he always tried not to get involved in protracted battles in big cities and forced the enemy to leave the city with roundabout maneuvers. This allowed him to reduce the losses of his troops and prevent great destruction and casualties among the civilian population.
If I. S. Konev showed his best leadership qualities in offensive operations, then Andrey Ivanovich Eremenko(1892-1970) - in defensive.
A characteristic feature of a real commander is the originality of his plans and actions, his departure from the template, and military cunning, in which the great commander A.V. Suvorov succeeded. distinguished by these qualities Malinovsky Rodion Yakovlevich(1898-1967). Throughout almost the entire war, a remarkable feature of his talent as a commander was that in the plan of each operation he included some unexpected method of action for the enemy, and was able to mislead the enemy with a whole system of well-thought-out measures.
Having experienced the full wrath of Stalin in the first days of the terrible failures at the fronts, Timoshenko Semyon Konstantinovich asked to be directed to the most dangerous area. Subsequently, the marshal commanded strategic directions and fronts. Under his command, heavy defensive battles took place on the territory of Belarus in July - August 1941. His name is associated with the heroic defense of Mogilev and Gomel, counterattacks near Vitebsk and Bobruisk. Under the leadership of Tymoshenko, the largest and most stubborn battle of the first months of the war unfolded - Smolensk. In July 1941, Western troops under the command of Marshal Timoshenko stopped the advance of Army Group Center.
Troops under the command of a marshal Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan actively participated in the defeat of the Germans - fascist troops on the Kursk Bulge, in the Belarusian, Baltic, East Prussian and other operations and in the capture of the Konigsberg fortress.
During the Great Patriotic War Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov commanded the 62nd (8th Guards) Army, which is forever inscribed in the chronicle of the heroic defense of the city of Stalingrad. Army commander Chuikov introduced new tactics to the troops - close combat tactics. In Berlin, V.I. Chuikov was called: “General - Sturm.” After the victory in Stalingrad, the following operations were successfully carried out: Zaporozhye, crossing the Dnieper, Nikopol, Odessa, Lublin, crossing the Vistula, Poznan Citadel, Küstrin Fortress, Berlin, etc.
The youngest commander of the fronts of the Great Patriotic War was an army general Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky. Chernyakhovsky’s troops took part in the liberation of Voronezh, Kursk, Zhitomir, Vitebsk, Orsha, Vilnius, Kaunas, and other cities, distinguished themselves in the battles for Kyiv, Minsk, were among the first to reach the border with Nazi Germany, and then defeated the Nazis in East Prussia.
During the Great Patriotic War Kirill Afanasyevich Meretskov commanded the troops of the northern directions. In 1941, Meretskov inflicted the first serious defeat of the war on the troops of Field Marshal Leeb near Tikhvin. On January 18, 1943, the troops of generals Govorov and Meretskov, delivering a counter strike near Shlisselburg (Operation Iskra), broke the blockade of Leningrad. In June 1944, under their command, Marshal K. Mannerheim was defeated in Karelia. In October 1944, Meretskov's troops defeated the enemy in the Arctic near Pechenga (Petsamo). In the spring of 1945, the “cunning Yaroslavets” (as Stalin called him) under the name of “General Maksimov” was sent to the Far East. In August-September 1945, his troops took part in the defeat of the Kwantung Army, breaking into Manchuria from Primorye and liberating areas of China and Korea.
Thus, during the Great Patriotic War, many remarkable leadership qualities were revealed among our military leaders, which made it possible to ensure the superiority of their military art over the military art of the Nazis.
In the books and magazine articles suggested below, you can learn more about these and other outstanding commanders of the Great Patriotic War, the creators of its Victory.
Bibliography
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Biography of Army General Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky.
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What literature interested Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan, what was his reading range, his personal library - another touch in the portrait of the famous hero.
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The article talks about the outstanding Russian commander Marshal of the USSR G.K. Zhukov.
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The essay, dedicated to a prominent and talented military leader, contains fragments of the memories of those who fought side by side with I. A. Pliev during the Great Patriotic War.
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Berlin operation of Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov.
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About Karpov V.V. and Bagramyan I.Kh.
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Vasilevsky, A. M., Zhukov, G. K.
15. Korobushin, V.V. Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov: “General Govorov... has established himself... as a strong-willed, energetic commander” [Text] / V.V. Korobushin // Military Historical Journal. - 2005. - N 4. - P. 18-23
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17. Lebedev I. Order of Victory in the Eisenhower Museum // Echo of the Planet. - 2005. - N 13. - P. 33
On the mutual awarding of the highest state awards during the Second World War to major military leaders of the victorious countries.
18. Lubchenkov, Yuri Nikolaevich. The most famous commanders of Russia [Text] / Yuri Nikolaevich Lubchenkov - M.: Veche, 2000. - 638 p.
Yuri Lubchenkov's book "The Most Famous Commanders of Russia" ends with the names of the marshals of the Great Patriotic War Zhukov, Rokossovsky, Konev.
19. Maganov V.N.“This was one of our most capable chiefs of staff” [Text] / V.N. Maganov, V.T. Iminov // Military Historical Journal. - 2002. - N12 .- pp. 2-8
The activities of the chief of staff of the association, his role in the organization of military operations and command and control of the troops of Colonel General Leonid Mikhailovich Sandalov are considered.
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Vatutin N. F., Vasilevsky A. M., Zhukov G. K.
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About Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Stepanovich Konev - a man of difficult but amazing fate, one of the outstanding commanders of the 20th century.
22. Malashenko E. I. Warrior of the Vyatka Land [Text] / E. I. Malashenko // Military history magazine. - 2001. - N8 .- P.77
About Marshal I. S. Konev.
23. Malashenko, E. I. Commanders of the Great Patriotic War [Text] / E. I. Malashenko // Military History Journal. - 2005. - N 1. - P. 13-17
A study about the commanders of the Great Patriotic War, who played an important role in leading the troops.
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28. Malashenko, E. I. Commanders of the Great Patriotic War [Text] / E. I. Malashenko // Military History Journal. - 2005. - N 5. - P. 15-25
29. Maslov, A. F. I. Kh. Bagramyan: “...We must, we definitely must attack” [Text] / A. F. Maslov // Military History Journal. - 2005. - N 12. - P. 3-8
Biography of Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan.
30. Artillery Strike Master[Text] / prepared material. R.I. Parfenov // Military History Journal. - 2007. - N 4. - S. 2nd from the region.
To the 110th anniversary of the birth of Marshal of Artillery V.I. Kazakov. short biography
31. Mertsalov A. Stalinism and war [Text] / A. Mertsalov // Motherland. - 2003. - N2 .- P.15-17
Stalin's leadership during the Great Patriotic War. Place of Zhukov G.K. in the leadership system.
32. "We are in vain now We’re fighting” [Text] // Motherland. - 2005. - N 4. - P. 88-97
Recording of a conversation between military leaders and political workers that took place on January 17, 1945 with General A. A. Epishev. The question of the possibility of ending the Great Patriotic War earlier was discussed. (Bagramyan, I. K., Zakharov, M. V., Konev, I. S., Moskalenko, K. S., Rokossovsky, K. K., Chuikov, V. I., Rotmistrov, P. A., Batitsky, P. F., Efimov, P. I., Egorov, N. V., etc.)
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About General Alexander Vasilyevich Gorbatov, whose life was inextricably linked with the army.
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On the establishment of the Order of "Victory" and the military leaders awarded to it (Zhukov, G.K., Vasilevsky A.M., Stalin I.V., Rokossovsky K.K., Konev, I.S., Malinovsky R.Ya., Tolbukhin F.I., Govorov L.A., Timoshenko S.K., Antonov A.I., Meretskov, K.A.)
35. Ostrovsky, A. V. Lvov-Sandomierz operation [Text] / A. V. Ostrovsky // Military History Journal. - 2003. - N 7. - P. 63
About the Lviv-Sandomierz operation of 1944 on the 1st Ukrainian Front, Marshal I. S. Konev.
36. Petrenko, V. M. Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky: “The front commander and the ordinary soldier at times have the same influence on success...” [Text] / V.M. Petrenko // Military Historical Journal. - 2005. - N 7. - P. 19-23
About one of the most prominent Soviet commanders - Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky.
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38. Pechenkin A. A. Front commanders of 1943 [Text] / Pechenkin A. A. // Military history magazine. - 2003. - N 10 . - pp. 9 -16
Military leaders of the Great Patriotic War: Bagramyan I. Kh., Vatutin N. F., Govorov L. A., Eremenko A. I., Konev I. S., Malinovsky R. Ya., Meretskov K. A., Rokossovsky K. K., Timoshenko S.K., Tolbukhin F.I.
39. Pechenkin A. A. Commanders of the fronts of 1941 [Text] / A. A. Pechenkin // Military History Journal. - 2001. - N6 .- P.3-13
The article talks about the generals and marshals who commanded the fronts from June 22 to December 31, 1941. These are Marshals of the Soviet Union S. M. Budyonny, K. E. Voroshilov, S. K. Timoshenko, Army Generals I. R. Apanasenko, G. K. Zhukov, K. A. Meretskov, D. G. Pavlov, I. V. Tyulenev, Colonel General A. I. Eremenko, M. P. Kirponos, I. S. Konev, F. I. Kuznetsov, Ya. T. Cherevichenko, Lieutenant General P. A. Artemyev, I. A. Bogdanov, M. G. Efremov, M. P. Kovalev, D. T. Kozlov, F. Ya. Kostenko, P. A. Kurochkin, R. Ya. Malinovsky, M. M. Popov, D. I. Ryabyshev, V. A. Frolov, M. S. Khozin, Major Generals G. F. Zakharov, P. P. Sobennikov and I. I. Fedyuninsky.
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The article is dedicated to the commanders of the fronts of the Red Army in 1942. The author provides a complete list of military leaders in 1942 (Vatutin, Govorov, Golikov Gordov, Rokossovsky, Chibisov).
41. Pechenkin, A. A. They gave their lives for the Motherland [Text] / A. A. Pechenkin // Military History Journal. - 2005. - N 5. - P. 39-43
About the losses of Soviet generals and admirals during the Great Patriotic War.
42. Pechenkin, A. A. Creators of the Great Victory [Text] / A. A. Pechenkin // Military History Journal. - 2007. - N 1. - P. 76
43. Pechenkin, A. A. Front commanders of 1944 [Text] / A. A. Pechenkin // Military History Journal. - 2005. - N 10. - P. 9-14
About the actions of the military leaders of the Red Army in offensive operations against the German invaders in 1944.
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About the fate of the commander of the Great Patriotic War Vasily Afanasyevich Khomenko.
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47. Rokossovsky, Konstantin Konstantinovich Soldier's duty [Text] / K. K. Rokossovsky. - M.: Voenizdat, 1988. - 366 p.
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Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov served as commander-in-chief of the ground forces for a relatively short time. It must be assumed that his irreconcilable character did not suit the court in the highest spheres.
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New information about the generals who died during the Great Patriotic War.
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Konev, Ivan Stepanovich (Marshal of the Soviet Union)
57. Suvorov, Victor. Suicide: Why Hitler attacked the Soviet Union [Text] / V. Suvorov. - M.: AST, 2003. - 379 p.
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Zhukov G. K., Govorov L. A., Meretskov K. A., Dukhanov M. P., Romanovsky V. Z.
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Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich.
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About little-known pages of the life of Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky.
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Rokossovsky K. K., Zhukov G. K., Konev I. S.
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The military career of one of the most outstanding commanders of the Great Patriotic War, Marshal K. A. Meretsky.
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About Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov.
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The history of the Battle of the Khalkhin Gol River in 1939, the biography of commander Georgy Zhukov.
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About the fate of Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov.
On the path to progress and evolution, humanity has always faced wars. This is an integral part of our history and you should know about the greatest warriors, laws, battles. This time we offer a rating that presents the greatest commanders of all times. No one will dispute the fact that history is written by the winners. But this speaks of the greatness and power of leaders who were able to change attitudes towards the world. This list will highlight the greatest leaders who have played a significant role in the history of the Earth.
The most outstanding commanders in history!
Alexander the Great
From early childhood, Macedonsky wanted to conquer the whole world. Although the commander did not have a massive physique, it was difficult to find equal opponents for him in battle. He preferred to participate in military battles himself. Thus, he showed his skill and delighted millions of soldiers. Setting an excellent example for the soldiers, he strengthened the fighting spirit and won victory - one after another. That's why he received the nickname "The Great". Was able to create an empire from Greece to India. He trusted the soldiers, so no one let him down. Everyone responded with devotion and obedience.
Mongol Khan
In 1206, the Mongol Khan, Genghis Khan, was proclaimed the greatest commander of all time. The event took place on the territory of the Onon River. The leaders of the nomadic tribes recognized him unanimously. Shamans also predicted power over the world for him. The prophecy came true. He became a majestic and powerful emperor, feared by everyone without exception. Founded a huge empire, uniting devastated tribes. Was able to conquer China and Central Asia. In addition, he achieved submission from the inhabitants of Eastern Europe, Khorezm, Baghdad and the Caucasus.
"Timur is lame"
Another one of the greatest commanders, who received the nickname due to his wounds against the khans. As a result of the fierce battle, he was wounded in one leg. But this did not stop the brilliant commander from conquering most of Central, Western, and South Asia. In addition, he managed to conquer the Caucasus, Rus' and the Volga region. His empire smoothly flowed into the Timurid dynasty. It was decided to make Samarkand the capital. This man had no equal competitors in saber control. At the same time, he was an excellent archer and commander. After the death, the entire area quickly disintegrated. Consequently, his descendants turned out to be not so gifted leaders.
"Father of Strategy"
How many have heard of the best military strategist of the Ancient World? Surely not, which is due to the extraordinary behavior and thinking of Hannibal Bark, who received the nickname “Father of Strategy.” He hated Rome and everything connected with this Republic. He tried with all his might to defeat the Romans and fought the Punic Wars. Successfully used flanking tactics. He was able to become the head of an army of 46,000 people. He completed the mission perfectly. With the help of 37 war elephants he crossed the Pyrenees and even the snow-capped Alps.
National Hero of Russia
Speaking about Suvorov, it should be noted that he is not only one of the great commanders, but also a national Russian hero. He managed to complete all military attacks with victory. Not a single defeat. Throughout his entire military career, he did not know a single defeat. And during his life he carried out about sixty military offensives. He is the founder of Russian military art. An excellent thinker who had no equal not only in battle, but also in philosophical reflection. A brilliant man who personally participated in Russian-Turkish, Swiss and Italian campaigns.
Brilliant commander
An excellent commander and simply a brilliant person who ruled from 1804 to 1815. The great leader at the head of France was able to achieve amazing heights. It was this hero who created the basis for the modern French state. While still a lieutenant, he began his military career and developed many interesting ideas. At first he simply took part in hostilities. Later he was able to establish himself as a fearless leader. As a result, he became a brilliant commander and led an entire army. He wanted to conquer the world, but was defeated at the Battle of Buterloo.
Expelled the Crusaders
Another warrior and one of the greatest commanders is Saladin. We are talking about an outstanding organizer of military operations, the Sultan of Egypt and Seria. He is the "defender of the faith." It was thanks to this that they managed to gain the trust of a huge army. He received an honorary nickname during battles with the crusaders. Was able to successfully complete the battle in Jerusalem. It was due to this leader that the Muslim lands were liberated from foreign invaders. He delivered the people from all representatives of foreign faiths.
Emperor of the Roman Empire
It would be strange if the name Julius did not appear on this list. Caesar is one of the greats not only due to his analytical thinking and unique strategies, but also due to his extraordinary ideas. Dactator, commander, writer, politician - these are just a few of the merits of a unique person. He could perform several actions simultaneously. This is actually why he was able to have such an influence on the people. A gifted person has practically taken over the whole world. To this day, legends are made about him and films are made.
Famous generals
Abercrombie Ralph(1734–1801) - English general. The creator of the English army, which was able to defeat Napoleon's troops and become the main military force in the world of the 19th century. He personally won several important victories, but his main merit was bringing care for the soldier into the life of the army. For the first time in the world, Abercrombie began to build comfortable barracks, created a field kitchen service, etc.
Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great(356–323 BC) - great ancient conqueror, king of Macedonia. He defeated the Persians at Granicus (334), Issus (333), Gaugamela (331), conquered Persia, Babylon, Central Asia, and reached the Indus River.
Alexander (Yaroslavin) Nevsky(1220–1263) - Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Vladimir. The winner of the Swedes on the river. Neva (1240), Teutonic knights (Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipsi, 1242).
Attila(406–453) - from 433, the king of the Huns, the son of Mundzuk, in 441, having killed his co-ruler, brother Bleda, in Hungary, became the sole ruler; in 434–441, having subjugated the Alans, Ostrogoths, Gepids, Heruls and many other tribes, he created a powerful tribal union that controlled a vast territory from the Rhine to the borders of China; in 436 he defeated the first Burgundian kingdom. After a series of devastating campaigns into the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire (443, 447–448), as a result of which the Huns forced the empire to pay a huge annual tribute, Attila rushed west to Gaul, but was defeated in the battle of the Catalaunian fields (451). During the campaign of 452, he came close to Rome, but retreated, limiting himself to a ransom.
Babur Zahir ad-Din Muhammad (Babur the Conqueror)(1483–1530) - Uzbek and Indian ruler, commander, founder of the Mughal state in India. At the age of 12, he inherited the throne of Fergana from his father. For many years he waged an internecine struggle with other feudal lords. In 1504 he was expelled from Central Asia by Uzbek nomads and in the same year conquered Kabul. From Kabul, Babur began campaigning against India in 1519 and in 1525 launched a campaign against Delhi. In the battles with the Delhi ruler Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in April 1526 and with the Rajput prince Sangram Singh at Khanua (near Sikri) in 1527, Babur won victories. By 1529, Babur's domain included eastern Afghanistan, the Punjab and the Ganges valley, up to the borders of Bengal.
Bagration Petr Ivanovich(1765–1812) - Russian general, one of the military leaders in the Patriotic War of 1812, participant in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of A.V. Suvorov. Mortally wounded in the battle of Borodino (1812).
Batu (Batu, Sain Khan)(c. 1207–1256) - Mongol khan, son of Jochi, grandson of Genghis Khan. Leader of the all-Mongol campaign in Eastern and Central Europe (1236–1242). Conquered the Volga-Kama Bulgaria (1236–1241), ravaged the principalities of North-Eastern and Southern Rus' (1237–1238, 1239–1240), fought in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc. From 1242 he ruled the lands of the Jochi ulus to the West of the Urals , founded the Golden Horde.
Bolivar Simon(1783–1830) - liberator of South America from Spanish rule. As a result of his activities, five states gained independence - Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia (named after Bolivar).
Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich(1853–1926) - Russian and Soviet commander. During the First World War in 1914–1916 - commander of the 8th Army; Adjutant General (1915). From March 17, 1916 - Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front; in May - August he led the offensive, which later received the name “Brusilovsky breakthrough” - one of the largest operations on the Russian-German front.
Hannibal(247–183 BC) - an outstanding Carthaginian commander. During the Second Punic War, he crossed the Alps, won a number of victories over Rome, but in 202 at Zama he was defeated by the Romans.
Grant Ulysses Simpson(1822–1885) - American political and military leader, commander-in-chief of the army of the North during the American Civil War of 1861–1865, army general, 18th President of the United States (1869–1877).
Gribual Jean Baptiste de(1715–1789) - French general. "Father" of modern artillery. Under him, artillery became an independent branch of the military, division into calibers was carried out, the mobility of guns was increased, etc. Thanks to him, French artillery became the best in Europe.
Guderian Heinz Wilhelm(1888–1954) - German colonel general, commander of tank formations, chief of the Wehrmacht General Staff. Developed new principles for the use of tank forces.
Denikin Anton Ivanovich(1872–1947) - Lieutenant General of the Russian Army. During the Civil War, he commanded the White Volunteer Army, then was the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia.
Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich(1896–1974) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union. In 1939, he defeated Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol, during the Great Patriotic War he commanded troops in the battles for Moscow and Leningrad, and coordinated the actions of the fronts in the Battle of Stalingrad. Signed on behalf of the USSR the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Germany in World War II.
Charlemagne(742–814) - king of the Franks from 768, emperor from 800. The Carolingian dynasty is named after him. After the death of his father Pepin the Short (768), Charlemagne began to rule part of the Frankish state (the other was in the possession of his brother Carloman), and from 771 he became the sole ruler of the reunited state. Almost the entire 46-year reign of Charlemagne was spent in continuous wars. Historians have counted 53 campaigns in which he took direct part. However, unlike many military leaders and statesmen who were no less belligerent, Charles proved himself not only as an outstanding commander, but also as an outstanding strategist.
Charles XII(1682–1718) - King of Sweden, talented commander. At the beginning of the Northern War of 1700–1721, he won a number of major victories, but then suffered a crushing defeat from the Russian troops led by Peter I.
Clausewitz Karl(1780–1831) - German military theorist, Prussian general. He developed many principles of strategy and tactics, formulated the position of war as a continuation of politics.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich(1745–1813) - an outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general. Commander-in-Chief of Russian troops in the Patriotic War of 1812. He exhausted Napoleon's troops in the battles of Maloyaroslavets and Borodino, forced Napoleon to retreat and defeated him on the river. Berezina.
Marlborough, Duke(John Churchill) (1650–1722) - English military officer and statesman who distinguished himself during the War of the Spanish Succession. Has a reputation as the most outstanding English commander in history. For his services, he was awarded the titles of Earl and then 1st Duke of Marlborough. From 1701, he was commander-in-chief of the English forces on the continent during the War of the Spanish Succession of 1701–1714, winning victories at Hochstedt (1704), Ramilly (1706), Oudenard (1708) and Malplaquet (1709).
Mehmed II Fatih (Conqueror)(1432–1481) - Turkish Sultan, an outstanding commander. He pursued a policy of conquest and personally led the campaigns of the Turkish army. He conquered Constantinople (1453) and made it the capital of the Ottoman Empire, effectively putting an end to the existence of Byzantium. Under Mehmed II, the independence of Serbia was liquidated (1459), Morea (1460), the Empire of Trebizond (1461), Bosnia (1463), Fr. Euboea (1471), the conquest of Albania was completed (1479), the Crimean Khanate was subjugated (1475).
Moltke Helmut Carl Bernard von(1800–1891) - Marshal of Prussia. For more than 30 years he headed the Prussian General Staff. Prussia was able to unite the small German states, defeat the then superpowers Austria and France, and become the dominant power in Europe. Moltke developed the rules of strategy and tactics of modern war: the use of large armies, railways, communications, mobilization; transfer of troops over long distances; specialization of officers, etc.
Montgomery of Alamein (Bernard Lowe)(1887–1976) - English field marshal. In World War II, he won a victory at El Alamein over the troops of German Field Marshal Rommel. He commanded the 21st Army that landed in Normandy and liberated Belgium and Northern Germany.
Moritz of Orange(1567–1625) - statesman and commander of the Republic of the United Provinces (Netherlands). Son of William I of Orange. Stathouder (head of the executive power) of the provinces of Holland, Zeeland and West Friesland (since 1585), since 1590 also of Utrecht and Overijssel, from 1591 of Geldern, and from 1621 of Groningen. Moritz of Orange was an outstanding commander and military reformer. He introduced uniform training of troops, strict military discipline, laid the foundations of new, linear tactics, improved the tactics of defense and siege of fortresses; he created a new type of cavalry - reitars (cuirassiers), light artillery. In the 1590s, under his leadership, the liberation of the republic from Spanish troops was completed, over which Moritz of Orange won a number of victories (the largest was at Newport in 1600).
Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte)(1769–1821) - Emperor of France, an outstanding commander. He led victorious wars, significantly expanding the territory of France, but was defeated in the war against Russia, abdicated the throne, retook Paris, and after the defeat at Waterloo (1815) he was exiled to the island of St. Helena, where he died.
Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich(1802–1855) - Russian naval commander, admiral, winner of the Battle of Sinop (1853). Successfully led the defense of Sevastopol. Mortally wounded in battle.
Nelson Horatio(1758–1805) - Viscount, English naval commander. With decisive actions he defeated the French fleet at Aboukir and Trafalgar. Created new maneuverable naval combat tactics. He was mortally wounded in battle.
Pershing John Joseph(1860–1948) - American general. He commanded the American Expeditionary Force in Europe in World War I. Modernized the US Army - it was under him that tanks, automatic weapons, cars, etc. were adopted.
Peter I the Great(1672–1725) - Russian Tsar, since 1721 - Emperor. Skillfully led the troops during the capture of the Noteburg fortress, in the victorious battles with the Swedes at Lesnaya (1708) and near Poltava (1709). He laid the foundations of Russian military art and founded the navy.
Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich(1578–1642) - prince, Russian commander, national hero. Member of the 1st Zemsky militia in 1611, one of the leaders and commanders of the 2nd Zemsky militia. In 1613–1618 he led military operations against the Polish invaders.
Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich(1896–1968) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union and Poland. During the Great Patriotic War, he commanded various fronts, participated in the defeat of German troops at Stalingrad, in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin operations.
Rommel Erwin (1891–1944) - German commander, field marshal general. Commanded German troops in North Africa, Italy and France. Conspirator against Hitler, executed.
Sadah ad-Din(Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, in European sources: Saladin) (1138–1193) - ruler of Egypt, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, an outstanding commander. The son of Ayyub ibn Shadi, one of the military leaders of the Syrian Sultan Nur ad-Din, who successfully fought the crusaders. After the death of Nur ad-Din in 1174–1186, he subjugated his Syrian possessions and some of the possessions of minor Iraqi rulers. On July 3–4, 1187, the army of Salah ad-Din defeated the crusaders near Hittin (Palestine), took Jerusalem on October 2, 1187, and then expelled the crusaders from most of Syria and Palestine.
Skobelev Mikhail Dmitrievich(1843–1882) - Russian general, liberator of Bulgaria from Turkish rule. In the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878, he successfully commanded a detachment near Plevna, then a division in the battle of Shipka-Sheinovo.
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich(1729–1800) - an outstanding Russian commander and military theorist. Generalissimo. Began serving as a corporal in 1748. During the Russian-Turkish wars, he won victories at Kozludzha, Kinburn, Fokshani, etc., and took the Izmail fortress by storm. He carried out the Italian and Swiss campaigns brilliantly, defeated the French troops on the river. Adda, b. Trebbia and Novi. He created original theories of combat and training of troops.
Tamerlane (Timur)(1336–1405) - Central Asian statesman, conqueror and commander. He created a huge state with its capital in Samarkand, defeated the Golden Horde, conquered Iran, Transcaucasia, India, Asia Minor, etc.
Togo Heihachiro(1848–1934) - Japanese admiral, commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. On May 27, 1905, in the Battle of Tsushima, the Japanese fleet under the command of Togo completely defeated the 2nd and 3rd Pacific squadrons.
Tourenne Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne(1611–1675) - Marshal of France. The greatest French commander, who distinguished himself in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and the conquests of Louis XIV. The creator of the professional army of France and French hegemony in Europe.
Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich(1744–1817) - Russian admiral, naval commander, one of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet. He developed and applied maneuverable naval combat tactics, defeating the Turkish fleet at Tendra and Kaliakria, and successfully carried out the Mediterranean campaign of the Russian squadron against France.
Themistocles(525–460 BC) - Athenian statesman and commander during the Greco-Persian Wars (500–449). Being the leader of the so-called. The maritime party, reflecting the interests of the trade and craft classes and the poor, Themistocles sought to transform Athens into a maritime power (he fortified the harbor of Piraeus, created a navy of 200 triremes). He was the initiator of the creation in 478–477 BC. e. The Delian League (a union of coastal cities and islands of the Aegean Sea), played a decisive role in organizing the united Greek forces of resistance to the Persians, and won a number of victories over them (including at Salamis in 480 BC).
Foch Ferdinand(1851–1929) - Marshal of France (1918), British Field Marshal (1919) and Marshal of Poland (1923). At the beginning of the First World War he commanded a corps, then the 9th Army, and in 1915–1916 he commanded Army Group North. From May 1917 - Chief of the General Staff, from April 1918 - Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces. Played a significant role in the Allied victory over the coalition of the Central Powers.
Friedrich II Great(1712–1786) - Prussian king since 1740, from the Hohenzollern dynasty, a major commander; as a result of his policy of conquest (the Silesian Wars of 1740–1742 and 1744–1745, participation in the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, in the first partition of Poland in 1772), the territory of Prussia almost doubled.
Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich(1885–1925) - Soviet statesman and military leader, military theorist. During the Civil War, he commanded an army, a group of troops during the defeat of Kolchak, and the Southern Front during the defeat of Wrangel's troops. After the war he carried out military reform. Author of several works on military science.
Khmelnitsky Bogdan (Zinovy) Mikhailovich(1595–1657) - Ukrainian statesman and military leader, hetman of Ukraine (1648). In 1647, Khmelnytsky was arrested, but was soon released and fled to the Zaporozhye Sich. In January 1648, under the leadership of Khmelnytsky, the Liberation War of the Ukrainian people of 1648–1654 began. During the war, the hetman acted simultaneously as a commander, diplomat and organizer of Ukrainian statehood. Under his leadership, victories were won at Zheltye Vody, in the Battle of Korsun in 1648, near Pilyavtsy. The troops under the leadership of Khmelnitsky won the Battle of Zborovsky in 1649, but the betrayal of an ally - the Crimean Khan - forced Khmelnitsky to conclude the Zborovsky Peace Treaty with Poland in 1649. After the defeat of the Cossack troops near Berestechko in 1651, the difficult Peace of Belotserkov was concluded. The armed struggle of the Ukrainian people under the leadership of Khmelnytsky continued and led to the defeat of the Polish army near Batog in 1652. After the decision of the Russian government to reunite Ukraine with Russia, Bogdan Khmelnitsky headed the Pereyaslav Rada in 1654, which solemnly confirmed this act.
Caesar Gaius Julius(102-44 BC) - ancient Roman dictator, commander. He conquered and subjugated to Rome all of Trans-Alpine Gaul (present-day France), won a victory in the civil war with Pompey’s supporters and concentrated unlimited power in his hands. Killed by Republican conspirators.
Genghis Khan (Temujin, Temujin)(1155–1227) - founder and great khan of the Mongol Empire, organizer of aggressive campaigns against the peoples and states of Asia and Europe.
Eisenhower Dwight David(1890–1969) - American general. Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Western Europe during World War II. 34th President of the USA.
Jan III Sobieski(1629–1696) - Polish commander, from 1666 - full crown hetman, from 1668 - great crown hetman, from 1674 - king of Poland. Being the great crown hetman, he commanded Polish troops in the Polish-Turkish war of 1672–1676, defeating the Turkish army on November 11, 1673 in the battle of Khotyn. In April 1683, John III entered into an alliance with the Austrian Habsburgs to resist Turkish aggression; Having come to the aid of the Austrians, he completely defeated the Turkish army in the battle of September 12, 1683 near Vienna, thus stopping the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe.
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From the book Famous Killers, Famous Victims author Mazurin OlegOleg Mazurin FAMOUS KILLERS, FAMOUS VICTIMS Two killers are milling around the entrance, waiting for a client. One of them is visibly worried. Another, watching how nervous his partner is, asks him with a grin: “What are you, bro, are you worried?” - Yes, the client took a long time
From the book Crossword Guide author Kolosova SvetlanaOutstanding statesmen, commanders of Russia 4 Shein, Alexei Mikhailovich - boyar, generalissimo (1696).5 Witte, Sergei Yulievich - Minister of Finance, Prime Minister at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Greig, Samuil Karlovich - admiral of the 18th century. Minin, Kuzma Minich –
From the book Berlin. Guide by Bergmann JurgenOutstanding statesmen, generals of other countries 3 Cyrus II, the Great - the first king of the Achaemenid state in 558–530. BC e.4 Davout, Louis Nicolas - Marshal of France in 1804, in 1815 Minister of War during the “Hundred Days”.5 Batu - Mongol Khan of the 1st half of the XIII
From the book Thoughts and Sayings of the Ancients, indicating the source author Dushenko Konstantin VasilievichFamous sculptors 3 Moore, Henry - English sculptor of the 20th century. Famous works: “King and Queen”, “Mother and Child”. Ryud, Francois - French sculptor of the 1st half of the 19th century. Representative of romanticism. Famous work - the relief "Marseillaise" on the Arc de Triomphe on
From the book Stervology. Lessons in beauty, image and self-confidence for a bitch author Shatskaya EvgeniaFamous martial artists 5 Pinda, Emmanuel - France: karate champion. Ryska, Wilhelm - Netherlands: twice Olympic champion in judo. Saito, Hitoshi, Japan - judoka, twice champion. 6 Mackay, Pat - England: karate champion. Skulls, Wade – USA: 821 victories.7 Akimoto, Mitsugu
From the book I Explore the World. Wonders of the world author Solomko Natalia ZorevnaFamous hunters 3 Min - Russian hunter, writer.5 Lvov, L.A. - Russian hunter, author of books about hunting. Palen - Russian hunter, count. Urvan - Russian hunter.6 Paskin - Russian hunter.7 Lukashin - hunter from the Pskov province. Nazimov, A.V. – Tver hunter.8 Karpushka
From the book Disasters of the Body [The influence of stars, deformation of the skull, giants, dwarfs, fat men, hairy men, freaks...] author Kudryashov Viktor EvgenievichFamous hippologists 4 Witt, V.O.5 Griso, F. Orlov-Chesmensky, A.G.6 James, F. Shishkin7 Kabanov Kuleshov8 Guerinier, F.R. Caprilli,
From the book Universal Encyclopedic Reference author Isaeva E. L.FAMOUS DESIGNERS Friedrichstadt Passages, block 206, Friedrichstr. 71, metro station Franzosische Straße on line U6 or Stadtmitte on line U2. Cerruti, Gucci, Moschino, Yves Saint Laurent, Strenesse, Rive Gauche, Louis Vuitton, Etro, La Perla are represented here. Many designers have their own boutiques on Kurfürstendamm, for example, Burberry, Chanel, Jil Sander,
From the book The best thoughts and sayings of the ancients in one volume author Dushenko Konstantin VasilievichGenerals and statesmen Lucius Vitellius (Lucius Vitellius) exclaimed, congratulating (Emperor) Claudius on the centenary games: “I wish you to celebrate them more than once!” (Plutarch. “Vitellius”, 3, 1) (138, p.247)
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From the author's bookFamous fat people The ancient Greeks and Romans, who amazed the world with their beauty and strength, fought against obesity and ridiculed fat people. Soldiers, for example, were not allowed to exceed the established body weight, and cavalrymen with a tendency to be overweight had their saddles confiscated. Hippocrates
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From the author's bookGenerals and statesmen Lucius Vitellius [Lucius Vitellius] exclaimed, congratulating [Emperor] Claudius on the centenary games: “I wish you to celebrate them more than once!” (Plutarch. “Vitellius”, 3, 1) Hannibal * After the defeat in the Second Punic War Hannibal fled to Syria.
The exploits of the heroes of the ancient world still excite the imagination of descendants, and the names of the greatest commanders of antiquity are still heard. The battles they won remain classics of military art, and modern military leaders learn from their examples.
Pharaoh Ramses II, who ruled Egypt for more than 60 years, was not without reason mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts with the title “Victor”. He won many victories, the most important of which was over the Hittite kingdom, which had long been Egypt's main enemy.
Its most famous episode was the Battle of Kadesh, which involved several thousand chariots on both sides.
The battle went on with varying degrees of success. At first, success was on the side of the Hittites, who took the Egyptians by surprise. But the reserves arrived in time and turned the tide of the battle. The Hittites found themselves pressed against the Orontes River and suffered heavy losses during their hasty crossing. Thanks to this, Ramses was able to conclude a profitable peace with them.
In the wars of the Egyptians and the Hittites, chariots were one of the main striking forces. Sometimes knives were attached to their wheels, literally mowing down the enemy’s ranks. But when fleeing or losing control of the horses, this terrible weapon sometimes involuntarily turned against its own. The chariots of the Hittites were more powerful, and the warriors on them often fought with spears, while the more maneuverable chariots of the Egyptians had archers.
Cyrus the Great (530 BC)
When Cyrus II became the leader of the Persian tribes, the Persians were divided and were in vassal dependence on Media. By the end of Cyrus's reign, the Persian Achaemenid power extended from Greece and Egypt to India.
Cyrus treated the vanquished humanely, left the conquered regions substantial self-government, respected their religions, and, thanks to this, avoided serious uprisings in the conquered territories, and some opponents preferred submission to war on such lenient terms.
In the battle with the legendary Lydian king Croesus, Cyrus used an original military stratagem. In front of his army, he placed camels taken from the convoy, on which archers were sitting, firing at the enemy. The enemy's horses were frightened by unfamiliar animals and caused confusion in the ranks of the enemy army.
The personality of Cyrus is covered in numerous legends, in which it is difficult to distinguish truth from fiction. So, according to legend, he knew by sight and by name all the soldiers of his large army. After 29 years of reign, Cyrus died during another campaign of conquest.
Miltiades (550 BC – 489 BC)
The Athenian commander Miltiades became famous, first of all, for his victory in the legendary battle with the Persians at Marathon. The positions of the Greeks were such that their army blocked the path to Athens. The Persian commanders decided not to engage in a land battle, but to board ships, bypass the Greeks by sea and land near Athens.
Miltiades seized the moment when most of the Persian cavalry was already on the ships, and attacked the Persian infantry.
When the Persians came to their senses and launched a counteroffensive, the Greek troops deliberately retreated in the center and then surrounded the enemies. Despite the Persian superiority in numbers, the Greeks were victorious. After the battle, the Greek army made a 42-kilometer forced march to Athens and prevented the remaining Persians from landing near the city.
Despite the merits of Miltiades, after another unsuccessful military expedition against the island of Paros, where the commander himself was wounded, he was accused of “deceiving the people” and sentenced to a huge fine. Miltiades was unable to pay the fine, and was listed as an insolvent debtor who was prohibited from engaging in government activities, and soon died of his wounds.
Themistocles (524 BC – 459 BC)
Themistocles, the greatest Athenian naval commander, played a key role in the Greek victories over the Persians and the preservation of Greece's independence. When the Persian king Xerxes went to war against Greece, the city-states united in the face of a common enemy, and adopted Themistocles' plan for defense. The decisive naval battle took place off the island of Salamis. In its vicinity there are many narrow straits and, according to Themistocles, if it were possible to lure the Persian fleet into them, the enemy’s large numerical advantage would be neutralized. Frightened by the size of the Persian fleet, other Greek commanders were inclined to flee, but Themistocles, sending his messenger to the Persian camp, provoked them to immediately begin battle. The Greeks had no choice but to accept the battle. Themistocles' calculations were brilliantly justified: in the narrow straits, large and clumsy Persian ships turned out to be helpless in front of the more maneuverable Greek ones. The Persian fleet was defeated.
Themistocles' merits were soon forgotten. Political opponents expelled him from Athens, and then sentenced him to death in absentia, accusing him of treason.
Themistocles was forced to flee to his former enemies, to Persia. King Artaxerxes, the son of Xerxes, defeated by Themistocles, not only spared his longtime enemy, but also gave him several cities to rule. According to legend, Artaxerxes wanted Themistocles to participate in the war against the Greeks, and the commander, unable to refuse, but not wanting to harm his ungrateful homeland, took poison.
Epaminondas (418 BC – 362 BC)
The great Theban general Epaminondas spent much of his life fighting against the Spartans, who dominated mainland Greece at the time. At the Battle of Leuctra, he first defeated the Spartan army, which until then had been considered invincible in land combat. Epaminondas' victories contributed to the rise of Thebes, but aroused the fears of other Greek city-states, who united against them.
In his last battle at Mantinea, also against the Spartans, when victory was almost in the hands of the Thebans, Epaminondas was mortally wounded, and the army, confused without a commander, retreated.
Epaminondas is considered one of the greatest innovators in the art of war. It was he who first began to distribute forces unevenly along the front, concentrating the main forces in the direction of the decisive blow. This principle, called “oblique order tactics” by contemporaries, is still one of the fundamental principles in military science. Epaminondas was one of the first to actively use cavalry. The commander paid great attention to cultivating the fighting spirit of his warriors: he encouraged Theban youths to challenge young Spartans to sports competitions so that they would understand that these opponents could be defeated, not only in the palaestra, but also on the battlefield.
Phocion (398 BC – 318 BC)
Phocion was one of the most cautious and prudent Greek commanders and politicians, and in difficult times for Greece, these qualities turned out to be most in demand. He won a number of victories over the Macedonians, but subsequently, realizing that fragmented Greece was unable to resist the strong Macedonian army and believing that only Philip II could stop the Greek strife, he took a moderate position, which seemed treacherous to the famous orator Demosthenes and his supporters.
Thanks to the respect that Phocion enjoyed among the Macedonians, including Alexander the Great, he managed to achieve easy peace terms for the Athenians.
Phocion never sought power, but the Athenians elected him as a strategist 45 times, sometimes against his will. His last election ended tragically for him. After the Macedonians took the city of Piraeus, eighty-year-old Phocion was accused of treason and executed.
Philip of Macedon (382 BC – 336 BC)
Philip II, the Macedonian king, is best known as the father of Alexander the Great, but it was he who laid the foundation for his son’s future victories. Philip created a well-trained army with iron discipline, and with it he managed to conquer all of Greece. The decisive battle was the Battle of Chaeronea, as a result of which the united Greek troops were defeated, and Philip united Greece under his command.
Philip's main military innovation was the famous Macedonian phalanx, which his great son later used so skillfully.
The phalanx was a close formation of warriors armed with long spears, and the spears of subsequent rows were longer than those of the first. The bristling phalanx could successfully resist cavalry attacks. He often used various siege machines. However, being a cunning politician, he whenever possible preferred bribery to battle and said that “a donkey loaded with gold is capable of taking any fortress.” Many contemporaries considered this method of waging war, avoiding open battles, unworthy.
During his wars, Philip of Macedon lost an eye and received several severe wounds, as a result of one of which he remained lame. But he died as a result of an assassination attempt by one of the courtiers, outraged by the king’s unfair judicial decision. At the same time, many historians believe that the killer’s hand was directed by his political enemies.
Alexander the Great (356 BC – 323 BC)
Alexander the Great is probably the most legendary commander in history. Having ascended the throne at the age of twenty, in less than thirteen years he managed to conquer most of the lands known at that time and create a huge empire.
From childhood, Alexander the Great prepared himself for the hardships of military service, leading a harsh life that was not at all typical for a royal son. His main feature was the desire for fame. Because of this, he was even upset about his father’s victories, fearing that he would conquer everything himself, and there would be nothing left for his share.
According to legend, when his teacher, the great Aristotle, told the young man that other inhabited worlds could exist, Alexander exclaimed bitterly: “But I don’t even own one yet!”
Having completed the conquest of Greece begun by his father, Alexander set off on an eastern campaign. In it, he defeated the Persian Empire, which had seemed invincible for a long time, conquered Egypt, reached India and was going to capture it too, but the exhausted army refused to continue the campaign, and Alexander was forced to return. In Babylon he became seriously ill (most likely from malaria) and died. After the death of Alexander, the empire fell apart, and a long-term war began between his generals, the diadochi, for the possession of its parts.
Alexander's most famous battle was the battle with the Persians at Gaugamela. The army of the Persian king Darius was an order of magnitude larger, but Alexander managed to break its front line with graceful maneuvers and delivered a decisive blow. Darius fled. This battle marked the end of the Achaemenid Empire.
Pyrrhus (318 BC – 272 BC)
Pyrrhus, king of the small state of Epirus in the Balkans, a distant relative of Alexander the Great, is considered one of the greatest generals in history, and Hannibal even ranked him first, above himself.
Even in his youth, Pyrrhus received combat training, participating in the wars of the Diadochi for the division of the inheritance of Alexander the Great. Initially, he supported one of the diadochi, but soon began to play his own game and, despite the relatively small forces of his army, almost became the king of Macedonia. But the main battles that made him famous were fought against Rome by Pyrrhus. Pyrrhus fought with both Carthage and Sparta.
Having defeated the Romans during the two-day battle of Ausculum and realizing that the losses were too great, Pyrrhus exclaimed: “Another such victory, and I will be left without an army!”
This is where the expression “Pyrrhic victory” comes from, meaning success that came at too great a cost.
The great commander was killed by a woman. During Pyrrhus's assault on the city of Argos, street fighting broke out. The women helped their defenders as best they could. A piece of tile thrown from the roof of one of them hit Pyrrhus in an unprotected place. He fell unconscious and was finished off or crushed by the crowd on the ground.
Fabius Maximus (203 BC)
Quintus Fabius Maximus was not at all a warlike man. In his youth, for his gentle character, he even received the nickname Ovikula (lamb). Nevertheless, he went down in history as a great commander, the winner of Hannibal. After crushing defeats from the Carthaginians, when the fate of Rome hung in the balance, it was Fabius Maximus that the Romans elected dictator for the sake of saving the fatherland.
For his actions at the head of the Roman army, Fabius Maximus received the nickname Cunctator (procrastinator). Avoiding, as far as possible, direct clashes with Hannibal's army, Fabius Maximus exhausted the enemy army and cut off its supply routes.
Many reproached Fabius Maxim for slowness and even treason, but he continued to stick to his line. As a result, Hannibal was forced to retreat. After this, Fabius Maximus stepped down from command, and other commanders took over the war with Carthage on enemy territory.
In 1812, Kutuzov used the tactics of Fabius Maximus in the war with Napoleon. George Washington acted similarly during the American War of Independence.
Hannibal (247 BC – 183 BC)
Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, is considered by many to be the greatest general of all time and is sometimes called the "father of strategy." When Hannibal was nine years old, he swore eternal hatred of Rome (hence the expression “Hannibal’s oath”), and followed this in practice all his life.
At the age of 26, Hannibal led the Carthaginian troops in Spain, for which the Carthaginians were in a fierce struggle with Rome. After a series of military successes, he and his army made a difficult transition through the Pyrenees and, unexpectedly for the Romans, invaded Italy. His army included African fighting elephants, and this is one of the few cases when these animals were tamed and used in warfare.
Rapidly moving inland, Hannibal inflicted three severe defeats on the Romans: on the Trebbia River, at Lake Trasimene and at Cannae. The latter, in which the Roman troops were surrounded and destroyed, became a classic of military art.
Rome was on the verge of complete defeat, but Hannibal, who did not receive reinforcements in time, was forced to retreat and then completely leave Italy with his exhausted army. The commander said with bitterness that he was defeated not by Rome, but by the envious Carthaginian Senate. Already in Africa, Hannibal was defeated by Scipio. After defeat in the war with Rome, Hannibal was involved in politics for some time, but was soon forced to go into exile. In the East, he helped the enemies of Rome with military advice, and when the Romans demanded his extradition, Hannibal, in order not to fall into their hands, took poison.
Scipio Africanus (235 BC – 181 BC)
Publius Cornelius Scipio was only 24 years old when he led the Roman troops in Spain during the war with Carthage. Things were going so badly for the Romans there that there were no others willing to take the position. Taking advantage of the disunity of the Carthaginian troops, he inflicted sensitive blows on them in parts, and, in the end, Spain came under the control of Rome. During one of the battles, Scipio used a curious tactic. Before the battle, for several days in a row he withdrew the army, built in the same order, but did not start the battle. When the opponents got used to this, Scipio changed the location of his troops on the day of the battle, brought them out earlier than usual and launched a rapid attack. The enemy was defeated, and this battle became a turning point in the war, which could now be transferred to enemy territory.
Already in Africa, on the territory of Carthage, Scipio used military stratagem in one of the battles.
Having learned that the allies of the Carthaginians, the Numidians, were living in reed huts, he sent part of the army to set fire to these huts, and when the Carthaginians, attracted by the spectacle of the fire, lost their vigilance, another part of the army attacked them and inflicted a heavy defeat.
In the decisive battle of Zama, Scipio met Hannibal on the battlefield and won. The war is over.
Scipio was distinguished by his humane attitude towards the vanquished, and his generosity became a favorite theme for future artists.
Marius (158 BC – 86 BC)
Gaius Marius came from a humble Roman family; he achieved eminence thanks to his military talents. He acted very successfully in the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, but he earned real glory in the battles with the Germanic tribes. During this period, they became so strong that for Rome, weakened by numerous wars in different parts of the empire, their invasion became a real threat. There were significantly more Germans than Maria's legionnaires, but the Romans had order, better weapons and experience on their side. Thanks to the skillful actions of Mary, the strong tribes of the Teutons and Cimbri were practically destroyed. The commander was proclaimed “the savior of the fatherland” and “the third founder of Rome.”
The fame and influence of Marius were so great that Roman politicians, fearing his excessive rise, gradually pushed the commander out of business.
At the same time, the career of Sulla, a former subordinate of Marius who became his enemy, was going uphill. Both sides did not disdain any means, from slander to political assassinations. Their enmity eventually led to civil war. Expelled from Rome by Sulla, Mari wandered around the provinces for a long time and almost died, but managed to gather an army and take the city, where he remained until the end, pursuing Sulla’s supporters. After the death of Marius, his supporters did not last long in Rome. Returning Sulla destroyed the grave of his enemy and threw his remains into the river.
Sulla (138 BC – 78 BC)
The Roman commander Lucius Cornelius Sulla received the nickname Felix (happy). Indeed, luck accompanied this man all his life, both in military and political affairs.
Sulla began his military service during the Numidian War in North Africa under the command of Gaius Marius, his future implacable enemy. He conducted affairs so energetically and was so successful in battles and diplomacy that popular rumor attributed to him much of the credit for victory in the Numidian War. This made Maria jealous.
After successful military campaigns in Asia, Sulla was appointed commander in the war against the Pontic king Mithridates. However, after his departure, Marius ensured that Sulla was recalled and he was appointed commander.
Sulla, having secured the support of the army, returned, captured Rome and expelled Marius, starting a civil war. While Sulla was at war with Mithridates, Marius recaptured Rome. Sulla returned there after the death of his enemy and was elected permanent dictator. Having brutally dealt with the supporters of Marius, Sulla some time later resigned his dictatorial powers and remained a private citizen until the end of his life.
Crassus (115 BC – 51 BC)
Marcus Licinius Crassus was one of the richest Romans. However, he made most of his fortune during the dictatorship of Sulla, appropriating the confiscated property of his opponents. He achieved his high position under Sulla thanks to the fact that he distinguished himself in the civil war, fighting on his side.
After the death of Sulla, Crassus was appointed commander in the war against the rebel slaves of Spartacus.
Acting very energetically, unlike his predecessors, Crassus forced Spartacus to take a decisive battle and defeated him.
He treated the vanquished extremely cruelly: several thousand captive slaves were crucified along the Appian Way, and their bodies remained hanging there for many years.
Together with Julius Caesar and Pompey, Crassus became a member of the first triumvirate. These generals actually divided the Roman provinces among themselves. Crassus got Syria. He planned to expand his possessions and waged a war of conquest against the Parthian kingdom, but was unsuccessful. Crassus lost the battle of Carrhae, was treacherously captured during negotiations and brutally executed, having molten gold poured down his throat.
Spartacus (110 BC – 71 BC)
Spartacus, a Roman gladiator originally from Thrace, was the leader of the largest slave revolt. Despite the lack of command experience and relevant education, he became one of the greatest commanders in history.
When Spartacus and his comrades fled from the gladiator school, his detachment consisted of several dozen poorly armed people who took refuge on Vesuvius. The Romans blocked all the roads, but the rebels performed a legendary maneuver: they descended from a steep slope using ropes woven from grape vines and struck the enemies from the rear.
The Romans initially treated the runaway slaves with contempt, believing that their legions would easily defeat the rebels, and they paid dearly for their arrogance.
The relatively small forces sent against Spartak were one by one defeated, and his army, meanwhile, was strengthened: slaves from all over Italy flocked to it.
Unfortunately, among the rebels there was no unity and no common plan for further actions: some wanted to stay in Italy and continue the war, while others wanted to leave before the main Roman forces entered the war. Part of the army broke away from Spartak and was defeated. An attempt to leave Italy by sea ended in failure due to the betrayal of the pirates hired by Spartak. The commander for a long time avoided a decisive battle with the legions of Crassus superior to his army, but in the end he was forced to accept a battle in which the slaves were defeated and he himself died. According to legend, Spartak continued to fight, already being seriously wounded. His body was literally littered with the corpses of the Roman legionnaires he had killed in the last battle.
Pompey (106 BC – 48 BC)
Gnaeus Pompey is known primarily as an opponent of Julius Caesar. But he received his nickname Magnus (Great) for completely different battles.
During the civil war he was one of Sulla's best generals. Then Pompey successfully fought in Spain, the Middle East, and the Caucasus and significantly expanded Roman possessions.
Another important task of Pompey was clearing the Mediterranean Sea from pirates, who had become so insolent that Rome experienced serious difficulties in transporting food by sea.
When Julius Caesar refused to submit to the Senate and thereby started a civil war, Pompey was entrusted with command of the troops of the republic. The struggle between the two great commanders went on for a long time with varying success. But in the decisive battle of the Greek city of Pharsalus, Pompey was defeated and forced to flee. He tried to raise a new army to continue the fight, but was treacherously killed in Egypt. Pompey's head was presented to Julius Caesar, but he, contrary to expectations, did not reward, but executed the murderers of his great enemy.
Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC)
Gaius Julius Caesar truly became famous as a commander when he conquered Gaul (now mostly French territory). He himself compiled a detailed account of these events, writing Notes on the Gallic War, which is still considered an example of military memoirs. Julius Caesar's aphoristic style was also evident in his reports to the Senate. For example, “I have arrived.” Saw. “Won” went down in history.
Having come into conflict with the Senate, Julius Caesar refused to surrender command and invaded Italy. At the border, he and his troops crossed the Rubicon River, and since then the expression “Cross the Rubicon” (meaning to take a decisive action that cuts off the path to retreat) has become popular.
In the ensuing civil war, he defeated the troops of Gnaeus Pompey at Pharsalus, despite the enemy's numerical superiority, and after campaigns in Africa and Spain he returned to Rome as a dictator. A few years later he was assassinated by conspirators in the Senate. According to legend, the bloody body of Julius Caesar fell at the foot of the statue of his enemy Pompey.
Arminius (16 BC – 21 AD)
Arminius, the leader of the German Cherusci tribe, is known primarily for the fact that with his victory over the Romans in the battle in the Teutoburg Forest, he dispelled the myth of their invincibility, which inspired other peoples to fight the conquerors.
In his youth, Arminius served in the Roman army and studied the future enemy well from the inside. After an uprising of Germanic tribes broke out in his homeland, Arminius led it. According to some sources, he was even his ideological inspirer. When three Roman legions sent against the rebels entered the Teutoburg Forest, where they could not line up in the usual order, the Germans, led by Arminius, attacked them. After three days of battle, the Roman troops were almost completely destroyed, and the head of the unlucky Roman commander Quintilius Varus, the son-in-law of Emperor Octavian Augustus himself, was shown around German villages.
Knowing that the Romans would certainly try to take revenge, Arminius tried to unite the Germanic tribes to repel them, but did not succeed. He died not at the hands of the Romans, but as a result of internal strife, killed by someone close to him. However, his cause was not lost: following the wars with the Romans, the Germanic tribes defended their independence.
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