Attacks in crowded places. The world's largest terrorist attack in history: list, description and interesting facts
This is also one of the main types of panic and panic in the daily life of any state, the Russian Federation is also not immune from these sabotage.
Terror is a Latin word meaning fear, horror is a policy of intimidation that suppresses political opponents by violent measures (up to physical destruction).
About 500 extremist groups and organizations are engaged in political terrorism in the world. Over the past ten years, they have committed about seven thousand acts of international terrorism, in which more than 5 thousand people died. After the collapse of the USSR, extremist groups actively began to form and operate in our country.
However, the traditions of terrorism in Russia, unfortunately, are already rich. In addition to the well-known case with the eldest son of the Ulyanov family (after which the younger one promised to go “another way”), hundreds of explosions were carried out - from attempts on the lives of Russian tsars and politicians to “actions of intimidation” of civilians. On May 14, 1906, during such an explosion on the Cathedral Square in Sevastopol, 8 people died on the spot. During the explosion of P. A. Stolypin's dacha on Aptekarsky Island, 32 people were killed, 22 were injured.
Most cases of mining and explosions in recent years in Russia are not of a political nature. Most often, these are acts of intimidation, murder or competitive warfare directed against a specific person. Although there are examples of thoughtless cruelty, such as, for example, the explosion at the Moscow McDonald's snack bar, in which 9 people were injured due to the fact that a former criminal threw a grenade at a bet through the window of the 108th police station.
The attackers have a rich arsenal - from home-made devices to F-1, RGD-5 grenades, anti-tank mines or the Mukha disposable grenade launcher, which in 1993 on the black market in Moscow cost about a million rubles.
Very often, the simplest method of mining is used - a grenade or a bunch of grenades is tied to a car. The checks are threaded into the ring with a fishing line, the end of which is attached to a fixed object next to the machine. The car moves off, the fuse is pulled out of the socket. If you have become afraid of mining, the direct meaning is to use little tricks of information protection: install your secrets in the cabin and on the hood (such as a piece of a match at a certain level or a glued hair). If the “alarm” is broken, do not start the car, inspect it and, at the slightest suspicion, contact the specialists.
In many cases, vigilant victims managed to avoid tragedy. One of the Moscow businessmen even neutralized a grenade found under his car. Clutching it in his hand, he turned to the guard of the hotel, "Cosmos" for advice, and then the two of them reached the Yauza River, into which the driver immediately threw a grenade that exploded.
Of course, it is better not to risk it and leave the disposal of the explosive device to specialists. The danger of an explosion can be judged by the following signs:
unknown bundle or part in the car or outside;
remains of various materials atypical for the area;
stretched wire, cord;
wires or electrical tape hanging from under the car;
in the country - prominent areas of freshly dug or dried land;
near the apartment - traces of repair work, areas with broken color, the surface of which differs from the general background;
someone else's bag, briefcase, box, any object that is close to your car.
Sometimes terrorists also use the mail channel. Thus, the explosion of a device sent in a postal envelope crippled the secretary of the military attache of the British embassy in the United States, as well as the secretary of the rocket expert Professor Piltz in Germany. Such facts were also noted in Moscow.
Letters with a plastic mine are characterized by an unusual thickness (more than 3 mm), elasticity similar to rubber, a weight of at least 50 grams and careful packaging. There may be various spots, punctures on the envelope, a specific smell is possible. The persistent desire to hand the letter into the hands of the addressee and inscriptions like: “Open only in person”, “Personally in hand. Secret”, etc. A suspicious letter should not be opened or folded, exposed to heat or water.
It is secretaries who suffer, since one of the traditional options for protection against explosive devices for a leader is not to enter anywhere first and only accept items from the hands of a bodyguard or secretary. By the way, there have been cases when “gentlemen from the risk group” asked a gullible neighbor to start and warm up their car for a small fee, and opened the door to their own apartment with a stick.
As in many other cases, preventive measures in defense against terrorist attacks turn out to be the most effective means, although it must be admitted that there are no ideal means here at all. A special protection system, developed for each individual case by security specialists (counterintelligence, police or private detective), includes many organizational and technical issues, and all this is very expensive.
With an increase in the likelihood of a terrorist attack (threats, blackmail, noticed surveillance), it is necessary not only to take precautionary measures more carefully, but to introduce a different level of personal security regime - from information protection, special measures at the workplace, in transport and housing, up to a change of residence.
In recent years, “moral terror” has also become more widespread - a schoolboy who is not ready for a test calls 02 with a message about a bomb at school, an airplane passenger who is late for his flight goes to the airport with the same news, and an unsuccessful actor in this simple way he spoils the premiere for his colleagues.
Like all messages to the emergency services of the city, such calls are recorded, an investigation is underway, and the traced person can then think about his mistake in the camera, since the voice is unmistakably identified.
Another type of explosion in the city is the dangerous behavior of the citizens themselves, for example, when they decide to check a gas leak with a lit match. Or, with her help, get rid of poplar fluff, as the laundry workers at the Cosmos Hotel did in 1985, when they saw a ventilation shaft clogged with fluff. The resulting volumetric explosion tore apart the ceiling, eight people were burned.
The emergence of panic, panic moods and ways to overcome them in specific cases, possible with the inhabitants of our country in a crowd or at a rally.
a) crowd.
Some researchers believe that the crowd is a special biological organism. It acts according to its own laws and does not always take into account the interests of individual components - including their safety.
This becomes clear during any panic. Very often, the crowd becomes more dangerous than the natural disaster or accident that caused it. Studies by E. Karantelli (USA) show the following characteristic features of panic:
stampede is always directed away from danger (no attempts are made to somehow influence the onset of danger);
the direction of flight during panic is not random (the choice is for a familiar road or the one that others are running);
stampede is accocial in character (the strongest ties can be interrupted: a mother can leave a child, a husband can leave his wife, etc.); people become an unexpected source of danger to each other;
a panicked person always believes that the situation is extremely dangerous (the stampede stops when the person thinks he is outside the danger zone);
a panicked person does not think well, but his thoughts are not unreasonable (the problem is rather that he does not look for alternative solutions and does not see the details of his decision, sometimes the main ones, as in a case typical of fires: a jump from a deadly high height) .
The main psychological picture of the crowd looks like this:
Decrease in the intellectual beginning and increase in the emotional.
A sharp increase in suggestibility and a decrease in the ability to think independently.
The crowd needs a leader or an object of hatred, it will gladly obey or smash; the crowd is capable of both terrible cruelty and self-sacrifice, including in relation to the leader himself.
The crowd quickly fizzles out, having achieved something. People scattered into groups quickly come to their senses and change their behavior and assessment of what is happening
How to survive in the crowd? The best rule is to get far around it. If this is not possible, by no means go against the crowd. If the crowd carried you away, try to avoid both its center and its edge - the dangerous neighborhood of shop windows, gratings, embankment fences, etc. Dodge everything that is motionless in the way - pillars, pedestals, walls and trees, otherwise you can simply be crushed or smeared. Do not cling to anything with your hands - they can be broken. If possible, zip up. High-heeled boots can cost you your life, as can a loose shoelace.
Throw away your bag, umbrella, etc. If something has fallen (anything), in no case try to pick it up - life is more expensive. In a dense crowd, with the right behavior, the probability of falling is not as great as the probability of squeezing. Therefore, protect the diaphragm with your clasped hands, folding them over your chest. Another trick is to bend your elbows elastically and press them to the body. Shocks from behind should be taken on the elbows, the diaphragm should be protected by arm tension.
The main task in the crowd is not to fall. But if you still fell, you should protect your head with your hands and get up immediately! It is very difficult, but it is possible, to apply this technique: quickly pull your legs towards you, group yourself and try to stand up with a jerk. It is unlikely that you will be able to get up from your knees in a dense crowd - you will be knocked down. Therefore, one foot must rest (with a full sole) on the ground and straighten sharply, using the movement of the crowd. But I repeat - it is very difficult to get up, preliminary measures of protection are always more effective.
This universal rule, by the way, fully applies to the beginning of the crowd situation itself. At a concert, a stadium, think in advance how you will exit (not necessarily the same way that you entered). Try not to be near the stage, locker rooms, etc. - in the center of events. Avoid walls (especially glass), mesh partitions, etc. At the stadium in Sheffield (England), the tragedy showed that mainly people died, crushed by the crowd on the barrier nets. If the panic began due to a terrorist act, do not rush to aggravate the disorder with your movement, do not deprive yourself of the opportunity to assess the situation and make the right decision.
To do this, use auto-training techniques (if you own them, which is never superfluous) and express relaxation. Here are some simple tricks to choose from:
1. Look up while taking a full breath, and lowering your eyes to the horizon, exhale the air smoothly, freeing your lungs as much as possible and relaxing all the muscles. Even breathing promotes even demeanor. Take a few breaths in and out.
2. Look at something blue or imagine a rich blue background. Think about it for a second.
3. Say to yourself very firmly and confidently: "Not two!" This will help bring down the beginning emotional turmoil. You can also ask yourself by calling by name (better out loud): "... are you here?" And confidently answer yourself: “Yes! I'm here!"
4. Imagine yourself as a television camera that looks at you from a little side and from a height, evaluate your situation as an outsider - what would you do if you were involved in this situation?
5. Change your sense of scale. Take a look at the eternal clouds. Smile through force, bring down fear with an unexpected thought or memory. Turn to God in prayer.
If the crowd is dense but motionless, you can try to get out of it using psychosocial techniques. For example, pretending to be sick, drunk, crazy, pretending to be sick, etc. In short, you have to force yourself to keep your composure, be informed - and improvise.
b) meeting.
If you are going to a rally, you should know if it is authorized by the authorities. Preliminary preparation depends on this information.
In Moscow, the organizers of the rally need to submit a notification 10-15 days before it starts (over 10 thousand participants - to the mayor, up to 10 thousand - to the prefect, up to 1 thousand - to the sub-prefect), which will indicate the purpose, form, place or routes of movement, start time and endings, expected number of participants, names, addresses, phone numbers of organizers, etc. The authorities may ban a rally, procession, demonstration or picket within five days after receiving the notification and send a written ban within two days.
If a rally is banned, it turns into an extreme situation even before it starts. But even if you are going to a sanctioned rally, you must follow the safety rules;
leave children at home
do not take piercing and cutting objects with you, do without a tie, scarf, bag, glassware;
without extreme necessity, do not take posters on poles and sticks - they can be used as weapons, and law enforcement officers can qualify them as weapons;
remove various signs and symbols from your clothes, if you are not a correspondent - do without a camera or a camera;
take your ID with you; fasten all buttons.
Rallies and demonstrations usually have their own topography. Analyze it from the very beginning. You must know whether a procession or breakthrough is planned and where, where the police stand, where the most dangerous areas are (glass windows, barriers, hatches, iron fences, bridges, etc.). Mentally try to make a map of the rally (view from above) with probable escape routes and emergency rescue through entrances, yards and lanes.
Do not stand near dumpsters, trash cans, cardboard boxes, prams, suitcases or bags without an owner: it is not known what is there and when it will explode. Do not step on bags or bags.
Do not approach aggressive groups that usually stand out at rallies. Do not try to get closer to the microphone or podium: experience shows that the outskirts of the rally are safer and relations between people are more reasonable there.
If the police started a dispersal operation or there was a clash between employees and hooligans, and you were nearby, do not lose your calm and control over yourself. It is recommended to stand without making sudden movements, not to scream or run (as long as possible) - otherwise you may be mistaken for a bully and it will be difficult to prove anything.
With all your appearance, you must express peacefulness, if you were detained, do not try to prove on the spot that you are here by chance.
It happens that during the dispersal of demonstrations, lycrigenic substances (tear gases) are used. "Bird cherry" breaks up in 1.5-2 hours. In the open air, it is impossible to create its lethal concentrations, poisoning of varying degrees is likely. You are lucky if you have contact lenses on your eyes. Mouth and nose can be protected with a handkerchief dipped in any liquid (any!).
But these funds help only in the first minutes. If the eyes are affected, it is necessary to blink quickly, so that the tears wash out the chemical agent, and a “folk remedy” is also offered - to rub the eyes with urine. In any case, the most reliable thing is to leave the place of application of lycrigenic substances as soon as possible if you do not have a gas mask with you.
During dispersal, panic and crowd flight are possible. In this case, it will very quickly become clear how conscientiously you completed the task of the topography of the rally and equipment.
And now - about one more danger, which is not as conspicuous as the others. Experience shows that a very likely thing at a rally or demonstration is to be fooled by a large political crowd.
Let us dwell only on some psychophysical features of mass demonstrations and rallies:
Extreme populism - simplicity of slogans, demands, decisions;
the obligatory unifying state of the crowd (the organizers use such techniques: collective swaying, holding hands, chanting short slogans - sometimes in turn by two parts of the crowd, general singing, clapping, jumping in place, etc.);
the obligatory atmosphere of today's victory (the fact of "victory" can be felt as a joint overcoming of any obstacles - for example, a ban, and the rally itself - "we have gathered!" or "so many of us have gathered"!);
almost complete shutdown of the analyzer functions of the psyche. There is a hypothesis that a large dense group of people is a new gigantic organism and the individual person in it almost does not belong to himself;
sharply increasing emotional assessments and reactions (from pronounced hatred for "strangers" - ideas, people - to almost tearful love for "ours").
After the rally, the question usually arises about the number of its participants. For orientation, you can use the calculation per square meter of area: in summer - no more than three people, in winter - 1-2 people. At the stands, the density is higher, then it decreases to 1 person per two square meters.
According to the police, no more than 7-8 thousand people can gather near the Park of Culture in Moscow, no more than 2 thousand on Staraya Square with all its lanes, no more than 7 thousand on Lubyanka with the crowd spreading to New Square and lanes. According to experts from the Moscow police, during the entire long-term rally period, more than 35,000 people have never gathered on Manezhnaya Square.
Current page: 7 (the book has 12 pages in total)
§ 21. Explosions in crowded places
One of the most massive terrorist acts is the organization and conduct of explosions in crowded places (diagram 24).
Scheme 24. Places of mass congestion of people
Such actions lead to numerous victims, cause fear and panic among the population. While in these places, you need to exercise increased vigilance. Pay attention to people with strange behavior, to packages, bags, packages and other items left unattended. The following signs may also indicate the possible installation of an explosive device:
Crack, smell and smoke, indicating burning;
The ticking of clockwork;
Receiving antennas in places where they are inappropriate;
Wire or cord.
Suspicious persons, objects and situations should be immediately reported to an employee of the institution (vehicle driver) or a law enforcement officer.
With an immediate threat of an explosion, you must quickly lie down on the ground (floor) and cover your head with a bag (briefcase) or hands. If possible, take cover around the corner of the building (concrete urn, thick tree, pole).
REMEMBER: the severity of the defeat of a person standing out of cover is about 6 times greater than that of a person lying or behind cover.
After the explosion, if injured, you need to provide yourself with all possible first aid. In the absence of injuries, to the best of your ability, you need to help other people.
Questions and tasks
1. Why do terrorists often choose crowded places for their actions?
2. What crowded places are close to your home?
3. From newspapers and magazines, pick up material about explosions carried out by terrorists in crowded places.
4. What signs may indicate the possibility of planting an explosive device?
5. What should be done in case of an immediate threat of an explosion?
First aid and healthy lifestyle
Chapter 4
Fundamentals of medical knowledge and first aid
§ 22 First aid equipmentWhenever you go on a hike, be sure to bring a first aid kit with you. For this purpose, you can use a small box, preferably a metal one. What should be collected in a first aid kit? If the group will consist of 10-15 people, then the following medical supplies, medicines and tools should be put in the first-aid kit:
Dressing material: flat bandages (narrow, medium and wide, 2 packs each), tubular bandages (No. 1, 2 and 3 - 2 packs each), individual dressing bag (1 pack), sterile wipes (1 pack), absorbent cotton (1 pack), bactericidal adhesive plaster (6-10 pieces);
Disinfectants: hydrogen peroxide 2% (3 bottles of 40 ml), tincture of iodine 2% (1 bottle of 30 ml), brilliant green 2% (1 bottle of 30 ml);
Medicines: painkillers - analgin or baralgin in tablets (1 pack of 10 pieces), triad (1 pack of 10 pieces), soothing and anti-allergic - diazolin or suprastin, tavegil (1 pack of 10 pieces), antipyretic - paracetamol (1 pack of 10 pieces);
Ointments based on snake and bee venom (1 tube of viprosal or viprotox, 1 tube of apizartron);
Medical instruments: scissors, hemostatic tourniquet, thermometer, soft (mesh) splint, tweezers.
Before using medicines and ointments, you should carefully study the instructions for them.
Medicinal plants can be used to provide first aid for ailments, illnesses or injuries.
nettle leaves, for example, contain substances that stimulate tissue healing and promote blood clotting. Fresh crushed leaves are applied to the wound. For the same purpose, you can use pollen from a mature puffball mushroom, which is sprinkled and at the same time pressed tightly against the wound. Used as cotton fluff of willow-herb and cattail(the top layer is removed from the cattail, and then the core, resembling cotton wool, is removed).
Has an anti-inflammatory effect ash bark which contains a lot of tannins. It is removed from a not very young, but not very old branch and applied with its juicy side to the wound. The iodine solution can be replaced lungwort juice.
Fresh plantain and wormwood juice stops bleeding, disinfects wounds, has analgesic and healing properties. Use this juice for bruises, sprains, insect bites. To do this, plantain and wormwood leaves are simply crushed and applied to the injured area.
Wild berries can also be used to provide first aid. Information about the medicinal properties of some berries is given in Appendix 6.
Questions and tasks
1. What disinfectants, medicines and ointments should be in a first aid kit when traveling?
2. What can dressings and medical instruments be useful for on a hike?
3. Name medicinal plants that can be used for first aid.
4. Walking with your parents in the forest or park, try to find medicinal plants. What can they be used for?
5. Tell us about the medicinal properties of wild berries that grow in your area.
§ 23. Dangerous animals, first aid for insect and snake bitesAmong the many animals that live on our planet, there are many that pose a danger to health, and sometimes to human life. These, first of all, should include snakes, some spiders, fish and stinging insects. Necessary and useful information about these animals is contained not only in the text of this paragraph, but also in Appendix 8.
Insect bites
In the spring, as soon as the sun begins to warm, nature comes to life. Insects wake up: bees, wasps, horseflies, mosquitoes and aggressive hornets (these are very large wasps). The bites of these insects can cause complications to human health, sometimes even life-threatening. When an insect bites, a poisonous substance enters the wound, which causes poisoning of the body. The body's response to insect bites is called allergic reaction.
For many people, it can be quite strong. In this case, the person needs urgent help.
Signs of an insect bite rather inexpressive: a barely noticeable wound forms on the skin. However, after a few (15–20) minutes, swelling, redness, soreness, and itching on the skin may appear at the site of the bite. Body temperature may rise. A rash may appear all over the body. There is a headache.
The most severe consequences can be if the mucous membrane of the mouth is stung, when bees or wasps accidentally enter the mouth with sweet foods (fruits, sugar, jam).
First aid with insect bites, it comes down to reducing the body's response to the action of a poisonous substance.
After a bite of a poisonous insect (bee, bumblebee), as a rule, a sting with a vial filled with poison remains in the wound. It must be carefully removed, then rinse the wound with alcohol. It is recommended to apply cold (ice) to the bite site.
After that, the victim should be given 1-2 tablets of diazolin (or suprastin, tavegil) and 1-2 tablets of calcium gluconate. If the condition of the victim continues to worsen, it is necessary to deliver him to the doctor as soon as possible. Plentiful drinking is recommended.
tick bites
In the spring, after hibernation under the moss and fallen leaves, hungry ticks awaken, which can attack a person at any time of the day or night, infecting him with encephalitis, Lyme disease, and typhus viruses.
The habitat of forest mites is usually a mixed forest with a predominance of deciduous trees and young growth and with the presence of a dense grass cover, as well as thickets of shrubs.
Tick bites may not be noticed: for humans, they are painless. When bitten, some ticks introduce the encephalitis virus into the wound along with their saliva. In 10–15 days, a person affected by the encephalitis virus has a fever and a fever. Then there are signs of damage to the central nervous system: headaches, nausea, vomiting, inability to move the muscles of the face, neck, upper and lower extremities.
The disease can end with a complete recovery or death of the patient. Often, the disease leaves behind severe injuries, and the person becomes disabled.
Remember that the greatest danger of infection with tick-borne encephalitis is in May, June and in the first half of July, not only in the forest, but also in the park, in the country.
How to protect yourself from encephalitis
Going to the forest, you need to protect yourself from ticks crawling under clothes and sticking them to the body. For this purpose, it is recommended to use clothes in the form of tightly closed overalls. Trousers are tucked into boots or boots, a shirt into trousers and tightened with a wide belt, the cuffs of the sleeves are tightly bandaged to the hands with a strip of cloth or a bandage. The collar should fit snugly around the neck. It is better to tie a head with a scarf, tightly closing the ears and neck.
Buy drugs that repel insects, and apply them to exposed skin, clothing, a backpack, and even shoes.
Regularly conduct self- and mutual examinations of clothing and body. Every 2 hours and when leaving the forest, carefully inspect clothes and body.
For parking, choose dry, unshaded glades away from shrubs and trees. Clear them from grass, deadwood, shrubs and do not arrange dumps of household waste there.
After returning from the forest, do not enter the house in outerwear without first examining yourself and your clothes in order to timely detect and destroy ticks.
Destroy ticks found on the surface of clothing immediately by throwing them into a fire or into a jar of kerosene. You should not crush them, especially with your hands, and if this happens, you should immediately wash your hands with soap and water.
Adhering ticks are best removed at the first-aid post. This is important for the timely administration of a drug to the victim that protects against the disease. The sooner the attached tick is removed, the less the risk of infection with encephalitis. If the first-aid post is far away, the tick must be removed independently. In the place where the tick stuck, you need to drop oil, kerosene or petroleum jelly. At the same time, the tick begins to suffocate, and it can be removed with tweezers. The proboscis or head remaining at the site of the bite is removed, like a splinter, with a needle or thread loop calcined on fire. The bite site is treated with alcohol or iodine. After that, you should definitely consult a doctor.
snake bites
Wandering through the forest, picking berries or mushrooms is always a great pleasure. But where there are snakes, one must be very careful. Snakes are useful reptiles. In a small amount, snake venom has a healing effect. It is used in many ointments. The snake will never attack first and always seeks to avoid meeting a person. So don't kill snakes. They must be protected, like all nature. But if the snake after all bitten a person, it is necessary to give him first aid very quickly and send him to the doctor urgently.
The bites of poisonous snakes are very dangerous for humans.
Signs of a bite of such snakes: large dots (drops of blood) are visible on the skin - bite marks. In this place, swelling quickly increases and bruises form. After 2-6 hours, the temperature rises, the victim feels dizzy, dry mouth, thirst, nausea, sometimes drowsiness or, conversely, arousal.
First aid for a bitten snake
Rinse bite wounds with boiled water or a weak solution of hydrogen peroxide.
If there is a special device for suction, then it must be applied to the wound and pull the blood along with the poison. You can suck out the poison with your mouth (at least 15 minutes), constantly spitting it out.
Apply a dry bandage (preferably sterile), provide the victim with complete rest (lay, warm, cover with blankets), give the bitten limb an elevated position to reduce swelling.
Put cold on the bite site (ice pack, a plastic bag filled with cold water, a clean cloth soaked in cold water). After 10 15 minutes, the cold must be changed. This procedure prevents the rapid absorption of the poison into the body.
Give the victim plenty of fluids (3-4 liters) to reduce the concentration of the poison and more quickly remove it from the body.
Give the victim a laxative (solution of table salt or baking soda).
Take the victim to a doctor for qualified assistance.
You can not cut the wound with a knife, cauterize it, apply a tourniquet above or below the bite site.
Precautions for venomous snake bites
Don't walk barefoot in the woods.
In places where snakes are found, it is better to walk in leather or rubber boots or wear thick woolen socks, and trousers tucked into socks.
Do not lie down on the ground without a felt pad.
In places where poisonous snakes are found, be extra careful, especially at night.
When walking or picking mushrooms and berries in the forest, have a cane or stick in your hand, with which you can push the grass in front of you so that the snake can crawl away.
Questions and tasks
1. Why are insect bites dangerous to health?
2. Bites of which insects are the most dangerous for humans?
3. What is the reaction of the body to insect bites called?
4. List the signs of an insect bite.
5. How to provide first aid for an insect bite?
6. Your friend was bitten by a wasp (conditionally). Give him first aid.
7. Why are tick bites dangerous? What is encephalitis?
8. How to protect yourself from tick bites?
9. How to remove a stuck tick?
10. Get acquainted with the two situations described below and determine which is emergency and which is extreme.
A. You went camping in the summer. During the passage through the swamp, one of the participants did not notice the snake basking in the sun, and she, frightened, bit him. He noticed two large yellow spots on her head (already). The snake got away. The nearest village is 3 km along a forest path. There is a dispensary in the village.
B. You went camping in the summer. During the march through the swamp, one of the participants did not notice the snake basking in the sun, and she, frightened, bit him. He noticed that there were no two large yellow spots on her head, she was gray, with a dark wavy stripe on her back (viper). The snake got away. The village is close, but there is no hospital there.
Check your answer with the one given in the "Answers to tasks" section at the end of the textbook.
11. What effect does snake venom have on a person in a small amount?
12. Where is snake venom used?
13. Name the signs of a snake bite.
14. What should be done when providing first aid for snake bites?
15. How to protect yourself from snake bites while walking in the forest?
16. Agree with your parents that one of them was bitten by a snake (conditionally). Give him first aid. Do it quickly, as suggested in the tutorial.
When help is provided, explain what is recommended to do to protect against snake bites.
§ 24. First aid for burnsThermal burn
Exposure to temperatures above +42 °C causes damage, which is called thermal burn. Why above +42 °C? Yes, because it is a critical temperature that destroys human tissues and all life on Earth. By the way, the normal human body temperature is +36.6 °C. And in our smaller brothers, beloved dachshunds, spaniels, collies, shepherd dogs, poodles and dogs of all other breeds, the body temperature is approximately +37 ° C.
Degrees of burns and their signs
1st degree redness and swelling of the skin, burning sensation.
Grade 2 blisters that contain a clear liquid, redness around the blisters, a burning sensation (the blisters should never be opened).
3rd degree partial (superficial) charring of the skin, dark or gray skin, extensive blisters.
4th degree charring not only of the skin, but also of the tissues located under it (muscles, bones). Burns are accompanied by sharp pain, burning at the site of injury. If the area of the burn is very large, then this may result in the death of the victim. A 1st degree burn usually resolves on its own in 3 to 4 days. All other burns should be treated under medical supervision.
First aid for skin burns
Remove the source of the burn (remove or cut off smoldering clothing) from the surface of the body. Linen, bitumen, metal, etc. adhering to the body must not be removed by force. Clothes need to be cut with scissors.
Using an ice pack or cold water, cool the burnt area for 5-10 minutes. If the integrity of the burn blisters is not broken, it is possible to cool the burnt surface with a jet of cold water, ice or snow.
Treat healthy skin around the burn with a solution of alcohol, brilliant green, and apply a sterile bandage to the burned surface.
With limited burns of the 2nd-4th degree, the burn should be covered with a sterile napkin or any clean cloth (cotton), the victim should be given hot tea or coffee, mineral water (any).
REMEMBER: do not remove dirt adhering to the skin, pieces of fabric, wood, metal with force, open blisters, tear off crusts, apply ointment dressings to burns.
With limited burns, healing occurs within 5-7 days. All this time, the affected skin should not be kept in water for a long time, rubbed, polluted. If these conditions are not met, there may be complications.
When receiving burns of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree, you must consult a doctor and do not self-medicate.
Sunburn
All life on Earth depends on the energy of the Sun. The visible light that the Sun emits is very useful and essential for human growth and development. Sun tanning contributes to the normal development of the child's skeleton. Children will never get rickets if they are in the sun. However, the sun's rays can cause serious harm to human health. With a very long stay in the sun, you can get a real burn. Therefore, it is necessary to sunbathe in the sun with great care. There must be a headdress on the head: a panama hat, a scarf, a cap made of natural fabrics in light colors.
Signs of sunburn
Such a burn causes ultraviolet radiation from the sun, which has a rather strong effect on the skin and the entire human body. The skin turns red in a very short time. Body temperature rises, headache and malaise appear. On the skin, a burn of the 1st and even the 2nd degree can occur.
First aid for sunburn
Protect skin from further exposure to sunlight.
Lubricate the burnt surface with a moisturizer or kefir, yogurt.
Cold lotions are acceptable: apply a cloth soaked in cold water to the burned surface.
Usually after 1-2 days the burn goes away.
Questions and tasks
1. What are the degrees of thermal burns?
2. How to distinguish a 1st degree burn from a 3rd degree burn by appearance?
3. What symptom is the most typical for 2nd degree burns?
4. What are the main first aid actions for thermal burns.
5. Discuss with parents how to provide first aid for a burn, for example due to careless handling of a hot pan.
6. What precautions should be taken to avoid sunburn?
7. Name the signs of a sunburn.
8. How to give first aid to a person who has received a sunburn?
§ 25. Heat and sunstrokeOverheating the body in hot weather or in a stuffy room can lead to heat stroke or sunstroke.
Under heat stroke understand the disease state of the body caused by prolonged exposure to high ambient temperature. Heatstroke can be caused by excessive exercise, lack of drinking water, impervious tight clothing. Such a blow is possible not only in the open air, but also in rooms with a high temperature, for example, in a steam bath or a hot shop.
Sunstroke is also a painful condition of the body, which occurs due to severe overheating of the uncovered head by direct sunlight.
Signs heat and sunstroke are deterioration of health, weakness, redness of the skin, profuse sweating, nausea and vomiting. Breathing and heartbeat become more frequent, temperature rises. Loss of consciousness may occur.
When rendering first aid usually enough to move the victim to a cool place (in the shade). Free his neck and chest from tight clothing. Moisten the head with cold water (put a cold compress on the head). You can wipe the body of the victim with a piece of ice. It is not bad to give him a cold drink (tea, salted water, juice). The basic rules for providing first aid for overheating of the body are shown in Scheme 25.
Scheme 25. First aid for heat and sunstroke
To prevent the onset of heat or sunstroke in hot, sunny weather, you should periodically rest in the shade, swim or pour cool water on. The head should be covered from the sun with a hat, panama, scarf. Drink more liquids (tea, kvass, juices, fruit drinks). If possible, eliminate fatty foods from your diet.
Questions and tasks
1. What is heat stroke?
2. What is meant by sunstroke?
3. How is sunstroke different from heatstroke?
4. The following signs of heat stroke and sunstroke are incorrect. Define them.
Signs of heat and sunstroke: deterioration of health, weakness, redness of the skin, lack of sweating, nausea, increased breathing and heart rate, lower body temperature.
5. What are the main steps to take when helping a victim of heat or sunstroke.
6. What safety rules should be followed to protect against heat and sunstroke?
The way the terrorist attack in Barcelona on August 17 was carried out made it clear that extremist organizations planning attacks in crowded places were trying out new tactics and ways to carry them out. For these crimes, the perpetrators are increasingly choosing heavy vehicles that they aim at the crowd.
This is exactly what 31-year-old Tunisian Mohamed Lauege-Boulel did in Nice in the summer of 2016. He rented a Renault grocery delivery truck and crashed it into people in the city center.
This happened on Bastille Day, and therefore there were a lot of people on the streets of Nice. The attack killed 86 people and injured 308 others. The attacker was shot dead by the police.
A year later, according to a similar scenario, events developed in London. There, three intruders rented a van and began to shoot down people on the London Bridge across the Thames. After their car crashed into a curb, three terrorists jumped out and started attacking passers-by with knives. Eight people were killed in the attack. Three criminals were shot by the police.
In Barcelona, the terrorist chose a Fiat van. He drove to the beginning of the Rambla, which is the main tourist street in Barcelona, and crashed into a crowd of passers-by. According to the website of the newspaper El País, the driver drove the car 530 meters in zigzags to hook as many people as possible. The car, according to the publication, was moving at a speed of 80 km / h. The actions of the attacker claimed the lives of at least 13 people, more than a hundred people were injured. The driver of the van fled the scene. In all three cases, banned in Russia (IS) claimed responsibility for the attacks almost immediately.
Amateur attacks
According to the director of programs at the European Center for Strategic and Security Studies (ESISC) Evgenia Gvozdeva, one of the key differences (the organization is banned in the Russian Federation) and IS is that
the leadership of the first group (in the era of bin Laden) practically did not allow “amateur activities” in organizing terrorist attacks, and all operations, their time, place, modus operandi (mode of action) were very clearly planned and coordinated with the top.
Almost from the very beginning, ISIS, introducing its members to the countries of Western Europe, used Auftragstaktik (the combat doctrine of the 19th century, used by the Prussian army, in which the leadership set a goal for the subordinate and indicated a time period, providing relative freedom in the choice of means and a specific implementation strategy) .
“This is what we could already observe during the preparation of the attacks in Paris and Brussels, which were the most “centrally organized” terrorist attacks by ISIS. But, unlike al-Qaeda, the Islamic State leadership has constantly adapted its strategy of “war in Western Europe”, taking into account the experience of previous attacks, choosing what works best and abandoning ineffective methods,” she said. Gvozdev "Gazete.Ru".
She noted that the terrorist attack organized in Nice on July 14, 2016, set a new "trend", showing that with minimal preparation, without access to weapons and explosives, a lone terrorist is able to carry out an attack with a number of victims comparable to a carefully planned and coordinated terrorist attack in Paris on November 13, 2015. "From now on
IS is beginning to actively promote the strategy of "car attacks" in its ideology, offering its supporters to choose a car and a target of their choice. The results speak for themselves: since July 2016, three-quarters of the victims of terrorist attacks in Western Europe have died in “vehicle attacks”.
In most cases, such attacks have so far been carried out by “loner jihadists” (the exception is the terrorist attack in London), ”the expert emphasized.
She also added that the attack in Barcelona and the attempted terrorist attack in Cambrils represent a fundamentally new approach, when it is an organized terrorist cell that performs a “car attack” (according to the latest data, 12 terrorists were involved in the attack in Spanish cities).
Former head of the department for combating international terrorism, Yuri Sapunov, told Gazeta.Ru that there is nothing surprising in the new tactics of terrorists and the transition in it is quite logical.
“This is the cheapest way, which requires a minimum of costs. There are many heavy trucks and buses in Europe, some of them are abandoned, but they can still drive. The terrorists are well aware of this state of affairs,”
said the expert. According to him, law-abiding owners can equip many vehicles that could potentially be used for a terrorist attack with special beacons and a GPS system.
“Thus, it will be possible to track the movement of cars and try to take prompt measures if the car abruptly changed course or the driver of the car gave another reason for suspicion. This system is probably expensive, so it is not always installed,” Sapunov said.
According to him, it is also possible to install special barriers in the tourist areas of European cities, and the local police have repeatedly drawn the attention of the authorities of large tourist centers to this circumstance.
“But even if everyone accepts this, then, of course, this will not become a panacea for such attacks. The main element in countering terrorism is information about terrorist attacks, which will allow them to be prevented in time.
For example, often a lot of data about this flocks to the United States, but this intelligence agency is in no hurry to share it with colleagues from other countries. In addition, it is necessary to recruit agents in terrorist organizations for absolutely all countries that could potentially become the target of a terrorist attack, ”the specialist noted.
Knock just in case
His opinion is also shared by a veteran of the Alpha special forces unit of the FSB of the Russian Federation. “In this regard, a number of European countries could use the experience of Moscow, when no one puts heavy concrete blocks that disfigure the city (in general, after the arrival at the fair in Berlin, several heavy concrete blocks were installed in pedestrian zones in Moscow. - Gazeta.Ru ").
We have heavy flower beds in a number of public places, which allow minimizing the possible negative consequences of such “automobile terrorism,” he explained to Gazeta.Ru.
The expert stressed that the information that the most ordinary citizens can provide is critical for intelligence units fighting terrorism:
“Both the police and the FSB are now subject to strict requirements to respond to any appeals from citizens. Moreover, it is always emphasized that people may not be afraid of negative consequences for themselves if their suspicions are not confirmed. In most countries of the world, including Israel, which has vast experience in countering terrorism, a significant part of the work is based on the messages of ordinary people.”
According to Popov, the recent appeal of an elderly Muscovite helped prevent a terrorist attack in the Russian capital.
“About a year ago, an elderly woman who lives near the Polezhaevskaya metro station heard a snippet of a conversation on the landing of two people who were discussing the attack. She called the police, and thus the special services managed to prevent a terrorist attack in Moscow.
Therefore, all citizens are advised to report to the FSB about cases when, for example, a new neighbor has appeared on your floor, leading a suspiciously secluded lifestyle, or when all of a sudden some repair work has begun, but the housing office does not know about them, ”- said the specialist.
In the United States, since 1976, the practice of turning citizens to the police about impending crimes has been put on stream. Then in the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico, the Crime Stoppers organization was created. She opened a "hot" telephone line to receive messages from citizens about committed or upcoming crimes.
The experience of this structure was so successful that its analogues appeared in most American states. The scheme of their work is as follows: a person calls the “hot line” and transfers information to the operator, without disclosing either his name, address, or source of information, the operator registers the call and informs the informer of the registration number, after which he sends the message to the right place. The whistleblower can call the hotline later and ask if his call had any consequences.
If a crime has been solved or prevented thanks to the call, a reward is paid to the informant from the Crime Stoppers fund: the operator of the "hot line" tells the informant a password, by which the latter can anonymously receive money from the bank.
The amount of remuneration usually depends on the severity of the crime prevented and averages about $1,000. There are similar structures not only in the United States, they have been created in Canada, Australia, South Africa and some other countries of the world.
One of the most massive terrorist acts is the organization and conduct of explosions in crowded places (diagram 24).
Such actions lead to numerous victims, cause fear and panic among the population. While in these places, you need to exercise increased vigilance. Pay attention to people with strange behavior, to packages, bags, bundles and other items left unattended.
The following signs may also indicate the possible installation of an explosive device:
- crackling, smell and smoke, indicating burning;
- ticking clockwork;
- receiving antennas in places where they are inappropriate;
- stretched wire or cord.
Suspicious persons, objects and situations should be immediately reported to an employee of the institution (vehicle driver) or a law enforcement officer.
Scheme 24
Places of mass congestion of people
With an immediate threat of an explosion, you must quickly lie down on the ground (floor) and cover your head with a bag (briefcase) or hands. If possible, take cover around the corner of the building (concrete urn, thick tree, pole).
Remember: the severity of the defeat of a person standing outside the shelter is about 6 times greater than that of a person lying or behind cover.
After the explosion, if injured, you need to provide yourself with all possible first aid. In the absence of injuries, to the best of your ability, you need to help other people.
Questions and tasks
- Why do terrorists often choose crowded places for their actions?
- What crowded places are close to your home?
- From newspapers and magazines, pick up material about explosions carried out by terrorists in crowded places.
- What signs may indicate the possibility of planting an explosive device?
- What should be done in the event of an imminent explosion threat?
Absolute and relative coordinate system
Mongol invasion on the territory of Kazakhstan
Construction of a line of intersection of planes defined in various ways