Second militia At the end of 1611, the Moscow state presented a spectacle of complete visible destruction. The Poles took Smolensk; a Polish detachment burned Moscow and fortified itself behind the surviving walls of the Kremlin and China Town; the Swedes occupied Novgorod and deployed one of their

During the Time of Troubles, the first militia was led by Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov, a Russian political and public figure. He came from a seedy noble family of Ryazan. The first people's militia included service people - nobles from Tula, Seversk, Kaluga and Ukrainian lands, children of boyars, Cossacks. They were joined by the remaining military detachments of Vasily Shuisky.

Internal political situation in Russia (1608-1610)

At the time of the creation of the first militia (it was headed by P. P. Lyapunov), the internal situation in the country consisted of the following tragic events. False Dmitry II, who appeared in 1607, secured significant support and approached Moscow, wanting to capture it, but he failed to do this, and he stopped in Tushino, located 12 km from the capital. It was recognized by many Russian cities. The exceptions were Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk, Kolomna and most cities of Siberia. These cities remained loyal to Shuisky.

The situation was difficult. The only way out, according to Shuisky, is to enlist the support of the Swedes. Charles IX met him halfway and sent a significant detachment of Swedes to Russia. They were led by Jacob Delagardie, and the detachment of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky came from the Russian side. Together they carried out several operations against the troops of False Dmitry II, liberating a number of territories, including the city of Pskov. These events are reflected in a historical work called Vremnik by Ivan Timofeev.

Polish intervention

In 1609 Concerned about this situation, the Polish king Sigismund III invaded the Moscow kingdom. Polish troops under the leadership of the Lithuanian hetman Jan Sapieha captured most of the territory of central Russia, besieged Smolensk, but were unable to take it. False Dmitry, after many of his comrades and troops abandoned him, was forced to flee to Kaluga, where he was killed.

The detachments of Sapieha and Zholkiewski, moving further into the interior of the country and reaching Moscow, besieged it. This served as a prerequisite for the organization of the first militia, headed by the small nobleman P. P. Lyapunov. The Swedes captured Novgorod and Ladoga. The Polish hetmans send a letter to the boyars, in which they proposed betrayal - to depose Vasily Shuisky and elect Prince Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund, as king.

Shuisky was deposed and tonsured a monk. In September 1610, the gates of the Kremlin were opened and the Poles entered it, taking possession of the treasury and all the treasures. The prince Vladislav, shouted out by the boyars, was recognized as the king, subject to the adoption of the Orthodox faith, which he did not intend to accept.

Creation of the first militia (led by I. Lyapunov)

The outrages of the Poles in all the occupied lands led to the fact that the patriotic movement went in three directions:

• From above - this is the rejection of the Poles as non-believers represented by the Orthodox Church. Patriarch Hermogenes, despite the threat of the boyars and Poles, sent letters to all parts of the country in which he called on all Orthodox Christians to defend their state.
• Service people - the nobles understood that the Polish protege would be served by the Poles, who flocked to Moscow from everywhere. The outsiders did not need their services. In addition, their estates located in the occupied territories were subjected to plunder and destruction. Therefore, the first people's militia began to be created, headed by the nobleman P.P. Lyapunov.
• Below - the peasants, tired of the robbery of the Poles and Ukrainian Cossacks who sided with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, took their property and livestock and went into the forests, where spontaneous resistance groups arose. The Poles, coming to the villages in the hope of finding food and fodder, as well as guides, were left with nothing.

The Russians, misled, supported False Dmitry II and considered him the true heir of Ivan the Terrible, could not come to terms with the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists. The popular movement against the hated Poles expanded.

Realizing the seriousness of their situation, the Poles called for help from the Cossacks, who were the first to encounter Lyapunov’s militia by besieging the city of Pronsk, but the Zaraysk governor Dmitry Pozharsky came to his aid, who helped put the Cossacks to flight.

March on Moscow

P.P. Lyapunov, who led the first people's militia, appealed to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to help defeat the enemy. In addition, appeals from Patriarch Hermogenes were sent to them with a call to defend Orthodoxy and the Russian land. Here a second people's militia was created, led by the zemstvo elder Minin, which advanced to Moscow in March 1611, along the way acquiring new detachments organized in the cities through which they passed.

Lyapunov's militia was replenished with former supporters of False Dmitry: boyars and princes, as well as Cossack atamans Prosovetsky and Zarutsky, who later betrayed him. In March 1611, the militia moved to Moscow. The detachments of the first militia were led by Lyapunov and Pozharsky. They besieged the city, within which an uprising broke out.

The 7,000-strong Polish garrison in Moscow, which included 2,000 German mercenaries, brutally suppressed the uprising; by order of Hetman Gonsevsky, the city was set on fire. But Prince Pozharsky’s troops managed to penetrate the city. They settled in Zamoskvorechye. Attempts by the Poles to dislodge them from there were unsuccessful. In the battle on Lubyanka, Prince Pozharsky was wounded, he was transported to the Trinity Monastery. The Poles settled in Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.

Betrayal of the Cossacks

Having surrounded the Poles, the leaders of the militia did not continue the offensive, but began to build the bodies of the future government. A new Zemsky Sobor was formed, the basis of which was the headquarters of the militia. It was at this time that fundamental disagreements between the nobility and the Cossacks emerged; these contradictions were expressed primarily in the relations between Prokopiy Lyapunov and Ivan Zarutsky.

This became known to the Poles, they used their old and proven method - fabrication, in this case a forged letter allegedly written by Lyapunov. It said that the leader of the first militia was allegedly going to destroy the Cossack atamans. Having summoned the unsuspecting Lyapunov to the Cossack circle, the Cossacks hacked him to death with swords. All the nobles left the camp.

Zarutsky, after the approach of the Novgorod militia led by Minin and Pozharsky, fled, taking with him Marina Mnishek and her son. The first militia ceased to exist.

The catastrophic situation that developed by the end of 1610 stirred up patriotic sentiments and religious feelings, forced many Russian people to rise above social contradictions, political differences and personal ambitions. The weariness of all layers of society from the civil war and the thirst for order, which they perceived as the restoration of traditional foundations, also affected them.

Gradually it became clearer that solving problems was impossible only within a local framework, a mature understanding of the need for an all-Russian movement. This was reflected in the people's militias gathered in Russian provincial cities. The church conducted continuous preaching in favor of the unity of all Orthodox Christians.

In the spring of 1611, the first militia was formed from different parts of the Russian land. Soon the militia besieged Moscow, and on March 19 a decisive battle took place, in which the rebel Muscovites took part. It was not possible to liberate the city. Remaining at the city walls, the militia created the highest authority - the Council of the Whole Land. It served as the Zemsky Sobor, in whose hands there was legislative, judicial and partially executive power. The executive branch was headed by P. Lyapunov, D. Trubetskoy and I. Zarutsky and began to recreate the orders. On June 30, 1611, the “Verdict of the Whole Land” was adopted, which provided for the future structure of Russia, but infringed on the rights of the Cossacks and also had a serfdom character. After the murder of Lyapunov by the Cossacks, the first militia disintegrated.

By this time, the Swedes had captured Novgorod and besieged Pskov, and the Poles, after a months-long siege, had captured Smolensk. Sigismund 3 declared that it was not Vladislav, but he himself, who would become the king of Russia, which would thus become part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A serious threat to Russian sovereignty has arisen.

The critical situation that developed in the fall of 1611 accelerated the creation of a second militia. Under the influence of the letters of Patriarch Hermogenes and the appeals of the monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod, the Zemsky elder K. Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky in the fall of 1611 created a second militia with the goal of liberating Moscow and convening the Zemsky Sobor to elect a new king and restore the national monarchy. The put forward program: the liberation of the capital and the refusal to recognize a sovereign of foreign origin on the Russian throne, managed to rally representatives of all classes who abandoned narrow group claims for the sake of saving the Fatherland. In the spring of 1612, the militia moved to Yaroslavl. In conditions of anarchy, the second militia takes over the functions of state administration, creates in Yaroslavl the Council of the Whole Land, which included elected members of the clergy, nobility, civil servants, townspeople, palace and black-growing peasants, and forms orders. In August 1612, the militia, supported at a critical moment by Trubetskoy’s Cossacks, prevailed over the army of Hetman K. Khodkevich and entered Moscow. After the liquidation of the attempts of the Polish detachment of Khodkiewicz to penetrate the Kremlin to help the Polish there, the garrison surrendered. On October 26, 1612, Moscow was liberated.

The beginning of the Romanov reign. Results and consequences of the Time of Troubles.

In the specific historical conditions of the beginning of the 17th century. the priority was the restoration of central power, which meant the election of a new king. A Zemsky Sobor met in Moscow, at which, in addition to the Boyar Duma, the highest clergy and the capital's nobility, numerous provincial nobility, townspeople, Cossacks and even black-sown (state) peasants were represented. 50 Russian cities sent their representatives.

The main question was the election of a king. A fierce struggle broke out around the candidacy of the future tsar at the council. Some boyar groups proposed calling a “prince’s son” from Poland or Sweden, others nominated candidates from the old Russian princely families (Golitsyns, Mstislavskys, Trubetskoys, Romanovs). The Cossacks even offered the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek (“warren”).

After much debate, the members of the cathedral agreed on the candidacy of 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov, the cousin of the last tsar from the Moscow Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich, which gave reason to associate him with the “legitimate” dynasty. The nobles saw the Romanovs as consistent opponents of the “boyar tsar” Vasily Shuisky, while the Cossacks saw them as supporters of “Tsar Dmitry”. The boyars, who hoped to retain power and influence under the young tsar, did not object either. This choice was determined by the following factors:

The Romanovs satisfied all classes to the greatest extent, which made it possible to achieve reconciliation;

Family ties with the previous dynasty, the youthful age and moral character of 16-year-old Mikhail corresponded to popular ideas about the shepherd king, an intercessor before God, capable of atonement for the sins of the people.

In 1618, after the defeat of the troops of Prince Vladislav, the Deulin Truce was concluded. Russia lost the Smolensk and Seversk lands, but Russian prisoners returned to the country, including Filaret, who, after being elevated to the patriarchate, became the de facto co-ruler of his son.

On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor announced the election of Mikhail Romanov as Tsar. An embassy was sent to the Kostroma Ipatiev Monastery, where Mikhail and his mother “nun Martha” were hiding at that time with a proposal to take the Russian throne. This is how the Romanov dynasty established itself in Russia, ruling the country for more than 300 years.

One of the heroic episodes of Russian history dates back to this time. A Polish detachment tried to capture the newly elected tsar, looking for him in the Kostroma estates of the Romanovs. But the headman of the village of Domnina, Ivan Susanin, not only warned the tsar about the danger, but also led the Poles into impenetrable forests. The hero died from Polish sabers, but also killed the nobles lost in the forests.

In the first years of the reign of Mikhail Romanov, the country was actually ruled by the Saltykov boyars, relatives of the “nun Martha,” and from 1619, after the return of the Tsar’s father, Patriarch Filaret Romanov, from captivity, the patriarch and “great sovereign” Filaret.

The Troubles shook the royal power, which inevitably increased the importance of the Boyar Duma. Mikhail could not do anything without boyar council. The local system, which regulated relationships within the ruling boyars, existed in Russia for more than a century and was exceptionally strong. The highest positions in the state were occupied by persons whose ancestors were distinguished by nobility, were related to the Kalita dynasty and achieved the greatest success in their careers.

The transfer of the throne to the Romanovs destroyed the old system. Kinship with the new dynasty began to take on paramount importance. But the new system of localism did not take hold immediately. In the first decades of the Troubles, Tsar Mikhail had to put up with the fact that the first places in the Duma were still occupied by the highest titled nobility and the old boyars, who had once judged the Romanovs and handed them over to Boris Godunov for execution. During the Time of Troubles, Filaret called them his worst enemies.

To enlist the support of the nobility, Tsar Mikhail, having no treasury or lands, generously distributed Duma ranks. Under him, the Boyar Duma became more numerous and influential than ever. After Filaret's return from captivity, the composition of the Duma was sharply reduced. The restoration of the economy and state order began.

In 1617, in the village of Stolbovo (near Tikhvin), an “eternal peace” was signed with Sweden. The Swedes returned Novgorod and other northwestern cities to Russia, but the Swedes retained the Izhora land and Korela. Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea, but it managed to get out of the war with Sweden. In 1618, the Truce of Dowlin was concluded with Poland for fourteen and a half years. Russia lost Smolensk and about three dozen more Smolensk, Chernigov and Seversk cities. The contradictions with Poland were not resolved, but only postponed: both sides were not able to continue the war any further. The terms of the truce were very difficult for the country, but Poland refused to claim the throne.

The Time of Troubles in Russia is over. Russia managed to defend its independence, but at a very heavy price. The country was ruined, the treasury was empty, trade and crafts were disrupted. It took several decades to restore the economy. The loss of important territories predetermined further wars for their liberation, which placed a heavy burden on the entire country. The Time of Troubles further strengthened Russia's backwardness.

Russia emerged from the Troubles extremely exhausted, with huge territorial and human losses. According to some estimates, up to a third of the population died. Overcoming economic ruin will be possible only by strengthening serfdom.

The country's international position has sharply deteriorated. Russia found itself in political isolation, its military potential weakened, and for a long time its southern borders remained practically defenseless. Anti-Western sentiments intensified in the country, which aggravated its cultural and, ultimately, civilizational isolation.

The people managed to defend their independence, but as a result of their victory, autocracy and serfdom were revived in Russia. However, most likely, there was no other way to save and preserve Russian civilization in those extreme conditions.

The main results of the turmoil:

1. Russia emerged from the “Troubles” extremely exhausted, with huge territorial and human losses. According to some estimates, up to a third of the population died.

2. Overcoming economic ruin will be possible only by strengthening serfdom.

3. The country’s international position has sharply deteriorated. Russia found itself in political isolation, its military potential weakened, and for a long time its southern borders remained practically defenseless.

4. Anti-Western sentiments have intensified in the country, which has aggravated its cultural and, ultimately, civilizational isolation.

5. The people managed to defend their independence, but as a result of their victory, autocracy and serfdom were revived in Russia. However, most likely, there was no other way to save and preserve Russian civilization in those extreme conditions.

THE FIRST MILITARY OF 1611 is a military and political formation created with the goal of liberating Moscow from Polish-Lithuanian troops and further fighting them.

Tra-di-tion of the name of military militias (see also the Second militia of 1611-1612) established, restored goes to see S.M. So-lov-e-vu and more than once -niya of military people, acting in the composition of various state-political organizations. la-ge-ray in the Time of Troubles, known earlier - in 1604-1606 and especially at the end of 1608 - 1609.

The formation of the first militia in Jan-va-re - on the March of 1611, in a considerable degree of equanimity, became from -that's a drastic change in the situation in the Russian state. From the end of August 1610, two processes took place in parallel. On the one hand, pro-is-ho-di-lo in most cases voluntarily when-not-see-sya- gi ko-ro-le-vi-chu Vla-di-sla-vu (future Polish king Vla-di-slav IV) as the Russian Tsar on the basis of do-go-vo -ra dated August 17 (27), 1610, under-pi-san-no-go get-man S. Zhol-kev-sky with “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-na”, you-stu -fallen on behalf of “all ranks” of the Russian state. The agreement should have been confirmed in the translations of the Russian “great” words and the Polish king and pre-po-la-ga-lo, in particular, the transfer of ko-ro-le-vi-cha to the right-of-glory, his quickest arrival in Russia, You are from the country of the Ko-ro-lion-skih ranks. On the other hand, Vladimir's father, the Polish king Si-gis-mund III, sought to establish personal power in the Russian state. He did not intend to recognize the agreement either as a whole or in its individual articles (with the exception of the article) about the election of his son by the Russian Tsar), he considered it necessary to pro-ve-de-de-de-in a second time at the same time on his name and in the name of Vla-di-sla-va. To fight against the forces of False Dmitry II and establish control over the loyal False Dmitry II cities Ro-lyu would not-about-ho-di-ma be free from other military actions of the army, to maintain something he is on-me-re -was funded by funds from the Russian treasury. From-here-you-are-on-stay-chi-voe-tre-bo-va-nie Si-giz-mun-da III about ka-pi-tu-la-tion gar-ni-zo- to Smo-len-ska (with no-se-no-gi only in his name). Ka-pi-tu-la-tsiya and the further fate of Smo-len-ska became, on the initiative of the Polish se-na-to-ditch, from November 1610 Ti-che-ski single-st-ven-noy theme on the per-re-go-vo-rah with the Russian “great-in-salt-st-vom”. “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-na” under-keep-zhi-va-la in the main points according to the position of Si-giz-mun-da III in its gram-mo-ts to in Slam and to Smolensk (November 1610 - January 1611). She actually recognized the king as the pre-ro-ga-ti-you of the supreme power to govern the country (August before -the thief did not give any right for this).

Separate assignments to various posts (including in the pri-kazy) in Moscow on behalf of the king began from the end of August 1610 years, masses - from September September. Beginning in September 1610, Si-gis-mund III began to implement numerous complaints in the localities and even here rank without real consideration of the layers of life on earth in this or that county. At the end of the year, at the Ko-ro-Levo headquarters near Smo-lensk, they were already middle and lower for official positions -next level both in the capital and in the places (then where-after-were the individual com-plaints in the city- before the wars of the Polish and Lithuanian roads).

Under the pre-log-gom of the fight against the detachments of False Dmitry II S. Zhol-kev-sky on the initiative of “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-ny” » introduced the Ko-ro-levsky gar-ni-zon into Moscow on the night of September 21 (October 1), 1610 (in October 1610 he took the key -vye-zi-tions in the Krem-le, Ki-tai-go-ro-de and Bel-lom go-ro-de). The decisions of “Seven-bo-yar-schi-ny” and the activity of the call from the se-re-di-ny of November - December 1610 control Li-ro-va-lis commander of the Ko-ro-lev-sky gar-ni-zon A.K. Gon-sev-sky and sent-by Si-giz-mun-dom III of his becoming-len-ni-ka-mi. The assassination of False Dmitry II on December 11 (21), 1610, which caused a crisis in the troops of the self-proclaimer and in the territories under his control. ri-to-ri-yah, let Si-giz-mun-du III uk-re-drink their influence there too.

Information about the na-me-re-ni-yahs and actions-st-vi-yahs of the Polish king as they entered the cities of the Russian state as from Mo- sk-you, and from “ve-li-ko-go po-sol-st-va” from near Smo-len-ska (in December 1610, it turned out to be actually under arrest stoma).

The re-establishment in Moscow is prin-tsi-pi-al-but from-me-ni-lo lo-zun-gi and political program first militia. In the April crucifixion grams, disseminated on behalf of P.P. La-pu-no-va according to the cities, sfor-mu-li-ro-va-ny renunciation of the pri-ne-se-niya of the pri-sya-gi and Si-giz-mun-du III , and ko-ro-le-vi-chu Vla-di-sla-vu, a ban on providing them with any help, any service, demand -the idea of ​​an armed struggle with the goal of expelling the Russian state from the territory of the Russian state (mostly from Moscow and from near Smo-lensk) all military for-mi-ro-va-niya Re-chi Po-spo-li-toy. In ideological terms, this trak-va-lo is like the restoration of the su-ve-re-ni-te-that royal power and non-za-vi -si-mo-sti of the Russian state, as the preservation of the official status of the Russian Orthodox Church. Discussion of questions about the no-si-te-le of the supreme power, deadlines, possible can-di-da-tahs and us- lo-vi-yah from-bra-niya no-vo-go mo-nar-ha from-cla-dy-va-elk.

Resurrection in Moscow and the arrival of the first militia to the capital of the sti-mu-li-ro-va-li you-stu-p-le-niya and in other regions nah. So, in the ap-re-le, a number of Russian nobles of the western counties rebelled (Smo-len-sko-go, Do-ro-go-buzh-sko-go, Bel -sko-go, To-ro-pets-ko-go, Vya-zem-sko-go, etc.) led by the military leader I.N. Sal-you-to-you (formerly the active side of the co-ro-la), directed by Si-giz-mun-dom III with not-pain- we'll move from a number of Lithuanian roads on a march to uk-re-p-le-niya the Ko-ro-Leo-gar-ni-zo-nov along the road to Mo -sk-ve. Already in the beginning of whose way you were killed, and Sal-ty-kov wrote a letter from the co-ro- for you are his troops from the Russian state. This performance was largely connected with the mass of you con-fi-ska-tsiya-mi in-place and ra-zo-rit. re-press-siya-mi against the Smolensk nobles, once again by the spring of 1611. Soon Sal-ty-kov, together with other individuals, attempted to form an army in Bryansk for military operations against the Royal troops near Smolensk. As a result, most of the nobles of the western counties ended up by the end of June in the first militia near Moscow.

Practically at the same time with the movement from the ranks of the first militia to Moscow, not later than on March 1611, in Nov-go-ro-de po-sa-di-li in the prison of the ko-ro-lion-skogo before-sta-vi-te-lya - battle-ri-na I.M. Sal-you-ko-va, actually fulfilling the functions of the 1st Voivodeship (arrived in the city in early October 1610, brought almost the entire Novgorod land to the throne in the name of Vla-di-sla-va, later executed as a traitor). For example, in the se-re-di-not March of the 1st Vo-vo-da Nov-go-ro-da Prince I.N. Odo-evsky Bolshoy and Nov-gorod promised military help the first militia. Rat-ni-ki set off from Nov-go-ro-da to Moscow on April 21 (May 1), 1611, but it’s unlikely they managed to get there before the camp of the first militia, the Novgorod authorities were hardly the first in the country to recognize in the se-re-di-not ap-re-la not-behind-us all the lands in the name of Vla-di-sla-va, and before-everyone in the estate of the palace lands. At the beginning of May, full-fledged representatives of the first militia arrived in Novgorod - so-called V.I. Bu-tur-lin (from the vicinity of La-pu-no-va), Prince S.G. Zve-ni-go-rod-sky and others.

In May 1611, the formation of new military and state administration bodies in the first militia continued.

Most likely, according to the “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth”, P.P. became the official leaders of the first militia. Lya-pu-nov (played the leading role), as well as the Tu-shin battles, Prince D.T. Tru-bets-koy and I.M. Za-ruts-ky; no later than May 22 (June 1), 1611, all official decrees began to be issued on behalf of these individuals. A new deadline was set for arrival [no later than May 25 (June 4)] to serve in the first militia of nobles and children of the Boyars from under the con- troll districts for him. For example, when was the decision made about the restoration of state-administrative activity in the first militia under the call (already in the se-re-di-not of May - the local order and one of the pri-ka-call-of-the-fourths did not act). This was facilitated by the fact that during and after the uprising in Moscow, the ranks of the first militia became more than the lo-vi-noy of Moscow clerks and the big-shin-st-vom of the devil-sneeze. In the official press of the first militia from March to the end of July 1611, the personal seal La-pu-no was used va. In the first militia, along with the regiments (by the end of June there were at least five of them), with one hundred nobles, Strel-tsov, serving Cossacks, do separate groups of district children of Bo-Yarsky continue to exist, “ servants ta-tars,” as well as the hundred-nine ka-za-kovs led by ata-ma-na-mi. By July 1611, the first militia numbered approximately 12-14 thousand soldiers with very different qualities -vu-ru-same-neither, not-alone-with-military experience and s-s-st-ve-ven-but-did-chav-shi-mi-sya or- ga-ni-tational and dis-tsi-p-li-nar-ny-mi ha-rak-te-ri-sti-ka-mi. The artillery park of the first militia was limited and practically did not have siege weapons of large calibers.

Since June 1611, the strategic situation began to change not in favor of the first militia. On June 3 (13), 1611, the army of Si-gis-mun-da III took Smolensk. New re-go-vo-ry 15-16 (25-26) June before-sta-vi-te-lei Lya-pu-no-va with the way to Mo- sk-ve 7(17) June Ya.P. Sa-pe-goy (received fi-nan-so-vye ga-ran-tii from the commander of the Ko-ro-lev-sky gar-ni-zon in Moscow A.K Gon-sev-sko-go) pro-va-li-li. Sa-pe-ga window-cha-tel-but moved to the hundred-ro-well co-ro-la (in his presence “co-lo” of his co-pu-sa at -nya-lo decision about this back in May 1611) and on June 23 (July 3) he began active actions against the first militia. In battles with a foreign gar-ni-zon in Mo-sk-ve and sa-pe-zhin-tsa-mi from the ranks of the first militia ut-ra-ti-li part of the Nya-tykh earlier in-zi-tions.

At one time, from the beginning of June, there were in-ten-siv-nye re-go-vo-ry of the new city military waters and representatives of the vi-te-lei co-words with the active participation of V.I. Bu-tour-li-na with the commander of the Swedish corps Y.P. De la gar di; Bu-tur-lin mentioned the possible marriage of one of the two Swedish princes, the sons of Charles IX - Gus-ta, to the Russian Tsar -va Adol-fa or Kar-la Fi-lip-pa. The Swedes proposed to take Gus-ta-va Adolf, to conclude a Russian-Swedish military alliance against Re-chi Po-spo-li-that and provide military assistance in the fight against the ko-ro-lion-military forces, etc. After a few days, the discussion in “With the whole earth” of the Swedish proposals, the marriage of Gus-ta-va Adolf to the Russian Tsar took place. The official text of the “So-ve-ta...”, verified under-pi-sya-mi and pe-cha-cha-mi teaching-st-ni-kov for-se -yes, was accepted on June 22 (July 2) or June 23 (July 3) (on this day in Nov-gorod there was a right-le-na gra-mo from the first militia and a copy of the copy).

Acute shortage of ma-te-ri-al-no-go provision of rat-ni-kov of the first militia, not-ure-gu-li-ro-van-nost completely -powerful and functions of military pre-di-te-leys and government officials at different levels brought to the court -mi, as well as some of the ka-za-kov's number of human beings with the required solutions to these problems . The result of their consideration of the “With-the-whole-of-the-earth” was the adoption of “The-of-the-whole-of-the-earth” dated June 30 (July 10) 1611, which was confirmed by the government representatives P.P. La-pu-no-va, Prince D.T. Tru-bets-ko-go and I.M. Za-ruts-ko-go “in all sorts of zemstvo and military de-lekhs.” However, “Pri-go-vor...” limited their full power with the right of the “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth” to recall these persons in case of inappropriateness. above-le-zha-sh-sh-sh-f-the-full-of-their-obligations and from-take-new-ru-co-in-di-te-leys, and also not- about-ho-di-mo-stu-speak with “So-ve-that...” mortal decisions and decisions on land matters -lamas of public-state significance. With the same “Pri-go-vo-rum...” us-ta-nav-li-va-elk, that fi-nan-with-you, please. and others, upon entering the general treasury of the first militia, must give orders, not war - water and floors. In this case, it would also be necessary to formalize the complaint of new or return of previous locations (and from time -you and here are the rank) of the nobles and the Bo-Yar children who came to serve in the first militia. Were you clear principles of con-fi-ska-tion of land ownership of the parties to the kingdom in Mo-sk-ve, before everything received from him or “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-ny” (named after Vla-di-sla-va ); ut-ver-expected-to-the-norm about the return of all the palace and black-mow lands as the main ones of the de-gentle and na-tu-ral - fees. The lands of Tsar Va-si-lia Iva-no-vi-cha Shui-sky and False -Dmit-ria II, but “in the measure” of pro-is-ho-zh-de-niya, service units and position in the district corps -ra-tions. The action of the April 1610 decree of Tsar Vasiliy Shui-sky about the transfer of 1/5 of the local ok-la-da children of the Bo-Yar-skikhs for military services in the status of “you-have-served rank.” “Pri-go-thief...” for-cre-sawed the higher so-ci-al-no-go sta-tu-sa ka-za-kov: often ka-za-kov would- la ga-ran-ti-ro-va-possibility, if desired, and you have not met many conditions, enter into the number of cases living people “according to their father-st-vu” (that is, the city-born children of the Bo-Yars) with use-by-location and I lu-che-ne-eat de-tender sting. The remaining part of the Ka-za-kovs co-maintained the general status of the service people “according to the pri-bo-ru” (according to the birth of the Ka-za-kovs, they were composed of archers, push-ka-ri, etc.) with ga-ran-ti-de-tender and pro- permission provision, and in both cases there was no prospect of a restoration of their former status by dat-no-go or behind-vi-si-mo-go person. The price of logs, other payments and at-stations is connected with the rigid kim for-pre-that and s-ro-vym on-ka-za-ni-em self-free collections dep. from-rya-da-mi ka-za-kov (that practically was common in the Tu-shin la-ge).

During the course of Ya.P.’s strength. Sa-pe-gi for pro-vol-st-vi-em from a number of ladies of the first militia managed to regain control over the uk-re-p-le-niya-mi Be- lo-go-ro-da and again recapture the No-vo-de-vi-chiy monastery. Starting from July 5 (15), the detachments of the first militia continued to set up islands and other forts. construction in Za-mo-sk-vo-river, opposite the Kremlin (the first ones were launched back in May). Once upon a time, in accordance with the norms “When-go-ra...” on-ka-za-za-kov you- called for a sharp increase in their not-to-will-st-va (on-right-len-no-go per-so-nal-but against P.P. La-pu-no-va as before -sta-vi-te-la serving the nobility and initiation -gla-sia ka-za-kov with the serving nobility. At one time, there was a meeting between the first militia, how many I.M.’s secret plans are known. For-ruts-ko-go about the re-da-che tro-on the son of False Dmitry II and M. Mni-shek “tsa-re-vi-chu” Ivan Dmit-rie-vi -chu Wo-ryong-ku. On-the-neck of the pro-ti-standing service of the nobility and the Ka-za-kov, mustache-lip-linen practical-ti-coy at -me-not-niya of the article “Pri-go-vo-ra...” about the payment for self-free collection of feed for ka-za-ka-mi and pro-vo -ka-tsi-ey A.K. Gon-sev-sko-go (in ka-za-whose ta-bo-ry under-bro-si-li under-del-ku - gra-mo-tu “in all cities” supposedly from named La-pu-no-va with the call to “beat the ka-za-kov”), led to a political explosion. On ka-zach-em kru-gu July 22 (August 1) La-pu-nov, despite the ar-gu-men-you about not-under-lin-but. -sti gra-mo-you “in all cities”, was za-rub-len. Un-legal lordship over him lived na-cha-lo so-tsi-al-no-mu, and as a result, a political race -lu in the ranks of the first militia. In fact, the leadership of the first militia passed to Za-ruts-ko-mu. Departure from the district of the nobility (mostly on its own, and also under the authority of servants on -meaning and from the official permission to travel to the estate) and change-to-officials in most of the st-st-ve- the call (now they are headed by the dia-ki of Tu-shin-sko-go la-ge-rya) led to an intensification of the role of the ka-za-kov in the first militia, which became the first step in the formation of the service of the Ka-za-che-st-va as a leading military -words in the country. Since 1611, there are known facts of their capture in localities of district children of the Bo-Yars and foreigners in the Russian service, using -sche-niy department ka-za-kov with the change of so-tsi-al-no-go sta-tu-sa, the establishment of official Russian de-gentle and pro-liberties. collections from the high-lying volosts and monastery districts in the central region in favor of one or another Cossack village.

Not-good-for-the-first militia came from-me and in the north-of-the-pas-de-de-country, where it was captured kor-pu-som Ya.P. De-la-garde New-ro-da July 16-17 (26-27) the active phase of the Swedish inter-ven-tion continued in the 17th century. Soon De-la-gar-di us-ta-no-wild control practically over the entire New-Gorod land. After this, on July 25 (August 4), 1611, the Russian new city authorities (1st Voivode Prince I.N. Odoevsky Bolshoi and others. ), Metropolitan Isidor, the local church council and local communities, relying on the co-responsibility of -go-thief of the first militia, under-pi-sa-li on behalf of “the whole New-city-go-go-su-dar-st-va” before-go-thief with De-la -gar-di about the election of one of the two sons of the Swedish king Charles IX go-su-da-rem Nov-go-ro-da with per-spec -ti-voy dis-pro-str-string action-st-vie do-go-vo-ra for the whole “Mo-s-kov-go-su-dar-st-vo”. One-on-one before the first militia in August 1611, fact-ti-che-ski de-non-si-ro-va-li the former pri-govor “Co-ve” -that of the whole earth" about the election of Gus-ta-va Adolf to the Russian throne.

At the end of the summer - in the autumn of 1611, the possibility of the first militia was active and effective military action. za-li-za-met-but og-ra-ni-chen-ny-mi. Three-day battles in Moscow on August 4-5 (14-15) and 7 (17) did not bring any decisive advantage - one of the sides, one part of the UK-re-p-le-niy in the southern part of the White city again came under the control of the ko-ro -Lion's troops, and most importantly - the foreign gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le was to become pro-free-st-vie. Since av-gu-sta-la, the ter-ri-to-ria has become co-creased, con-tro-li-rue-may before-in-di-te-la-mi and at-ka-za -mi of the first militia. So, for example, the cities of the Volga region (Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) decided not to let into their territory to-riu near-Mos-kov-nyh Ka-za-kov and on-the-name “With-the-whole-of-the-earth” war-vods. It turned out that the collection of fur coats in all counties for the winter for the militias was ineffective, we had big problems with the management that na-log-gov, with the supply of pro-vol-st-viya, bo-e-pri-pa-sov, additional forces. At the end of August and September 15 (25), after the art-ob-st-re-la, for-zhi-ga-tel-ny-mi poison-ra-mi from the ranks of the first militia before two unsuccessful attempts at assault on Ki-tai-go-ro-da. The Ko-ro-Left troops in August-September numbered from 5-6 to 8-9 thousand people, pro-fes-sio-nal-but under-go-to-len -nyh to a long-term military campaign (one of the most important pro-blems was conflicts with ko-ro -lem and his pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi because of not-you-pays sting-lo-va-nya). On September 24 (October 4), the corps of the great get-man of Lithuania, Y.K., approached the capital. Ho-ke-vi-cha, that you-well-di-lo militia-chen-tsev will abandon the No-vo-de-vi-chiy monastery and burn it, leaving no-one -rye other uk-re-p-le-nia. In the battle on September 25 (October 5), 1611, from the dam of Khod-ke-vi-cha and the sa-pe-zhin-tsam, they failed to win a decisive victory. troubles, at the same time, pro-vol-st-vie for the left-handed gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le was again available, and he himself became stronger because of the death of Ya.P. Sa-pe-gi. Ko-ro-Left troops outside the Krem-la z-mo-va-li and co-bi-ra-li pro-vol-st-vie in Tver, Suz-dal and Russia Comrade's lands, without fear of military actions from the side of the militia.

In September 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, the Second Militia of 1611-1612 began to form with the same troops. tic goals, but on wider social bases and with greater financial resources possible -tyakh. Despite the gradual strengthening of the Kri-zi-sa in the first militia, his power in the fall of 1611 recognized about 50 cities, and in Russia, the half of Prince D.T. Tru-bets-ko-go (November) all the ranks of the city-su-da-re-va yard and servants were practically represented lye novo-rya-not 13 district cor-po-ra-tions.

In December 1611 - January 1612, the military actions of the first militia were involved in attempts to prevent the delivery of food and fu-ra to the Polish-Lithuanian gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le, who turned out to be quite successful in the 1st de-ka- de de-cab-rya. The collapse of the first militia prompted recognition of its la-mi - K.D. Be-gi-che-vym and N.V. Lo-pu-hi-nym in January 1612 in Pskov False Dmitry III was saved by the tsar “Di-mit-ri-em Iva-no-vi-chem”, what did you call - a sharp re-action of the ru-ko-vo-di-te-ley of the Second militia. They are out of a strategy of action and instead of immediately moving to Moscow along the direct route then came to the formation of a large army and plan-to-measure how-to-get-away-from-them- ranks of the first militia from the cities of Verkh-nego and Middle Volga region, central and border districts with Novgorod, to co-call in Yaro-slav-le “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth” with a wide representation of the territory and co-words groups, the creation of a system of the most important pri-ka-calls. When I came to the camps of the first militia of False Dmitry III in March 1612 (according to some data, I.M. Za-rutsky contributed to this, according to others, he and D.T. sa-li in Ju-not in gra-mo-te to the ru-ko-vo-di-te-lyam of the Second militia) led-to to the new mass -I am leaving from under Moscow the military forces, the noble detachments and most of the government officials (mainly in Yaro- Slavl) and to the open rift with the Second opol. In the April district towns of the Second Militia, before the First Militia, before all the Trans-Ruts cue, we talked about “many wrongs”: the murder of P.P. La-pu-no-va, ka-zach-their gra-be-jah and kill-st-wah “on the road”, without permission once-yes-the-great authorities niya “with their advice”, in the presence of False Dmitry III. From the position of the pre-di-te-ley of the first militia in relation to the self-invitation (at the end of May his arrest va-li in Gdo-ve, then do-ta-vi-li in Mo-sk-vu and s-sa-di-li in prison), public acknowledgment of their mistakes -what a cru-sto-tse-lo-va-niya for him, their June-salt-st in Yaro-slavl (trying to maintain their influence and find someone -pro-miss with whether-de-ra-mi of the Second militia) did not lead to any significant results there. In general, the military actions of the first militia in the beginning of June 1612 were unsuccessful. Although the militias managed to keep most of their positions, Ya. K. Khod-ke-vich again supplied the Polish-Lithuanian gar-ni-zo-nu with food and fodder, carried out a change of gar-ni-troops zone, ensured care in Rech Po-spo-tu re-placed the half.

The final collapse of the first militia occurred after July 28 (August 7), 1612 I.M. Za-ruts-kiy, at the head of ka-zach-their squads (2.5-3 thousand people), left the camps of the first militia near Moscow when they were approaching -nii avan-gar-da of the Second militia. Regiment of Prince D.T. Tru-bets-koy settled on his-zi-tsi-yah (mainly in Trans-Mo-sk-vo-river) and actively studied in decisive battles with the squads of Y.K. Hod-ke-vi-cha August 22-24 (September 1-3). At the end of September 1612, the administrative structures of both militias merged.

The first militia became the first to torture the self-mo-or-ga-ni-za-tion of so-words and so-word groups (mainly different layers of “services” living people of the military rank" headed by the district nobility) for the decision of the public tasks of the state-political ha-rak-te-ra, formation of the military on a free basis, restoration of new institutes of management with shi-ro-kim at-me-no-choice-on-cha-la.

First militia

The third stage of the Troubles is associated with the desire to overcome the conciliatory position of the Seven Boyars, which had no real power and was unable to force Vladislav to fulfill the terms of the agreement and accept Orthodoxy. Opponents of the current state of affairs were becoming increasingly widespread among the population. In order to stop the unrest, in October 1610, Gonsevsky arrested a number of representatives of prominent boyar families. On November 30, Patriarch Hermogenes made a call to fight the interventionists, who was also placed under strict arrest. Moscow found itself in virtual martial law.

The idea of ​​a national militia to liberate Moscow from the interventionists has matured in the country. In February-March 1611, the 1st Militia of Lyapunov and Prince Trubetskoy, as well as the Cossacks of Ataman Zarutsky, approached the walls of Moscow. The decisive battle, in which Muscovites and one of the militia governors, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, took part, took place on March 19. However, it was not possible to liberate the city: on the advice of Dmitry Molchanov, the Poles set the city on fire and thereby stopped the uprising of Muscovites. Nevertheless, areas of the White City remained in the hands of the militia, and the Poles, who controlled only the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod, found themselves isolated. But even in the militia camp there were internal contradictions, which resulted in armed clashes, in one of which, on July 22, 1611, Prokopiy Lyapunov was killed by the Cossacks, and the militia began to fall apart.

In the same year, the Crimean Tatars, without meeting resistance, ravaged the Ryazan region. After a long siege, Smolensk was captured by the Poles, and the Swedes, emerging from the role of “allies,” ravaged the northern Russian cities.

Second militia

The Second Militia of 1612 was led by the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin, who invited Prince Pozharsky to lead military operations. An important thing that Pozharsky and Minin were able to accomplish was the organization and unity of all patriotic forces. In February 1612, the militia moved to Yaroslavl to occupy this important point, where many roads crossed. Yaroslavl was busy; The militia stood here for four months, because it was necessary to “build” not only the army, but also the “land.” Pozharsky wanted to gather a “general zemstvo council” to discuss plans to combat the Polish-Lithuanian intervention and “how can we not be stateless in this evil time and choose a sovereign for us with the whole earth.” The candidacy of the Swedish prince Karl Philip, who “wants to be baptized into our Orthodox faith of Greek law,” was also proposed for discussion. However, the zemstvo council did not take place.

Meanwhile, the first militia completely disintegrated. Ivan Zarutsky and his supporters went to Kolomna, and from there to Astrakhan. Following them, several hundred more Cossacks left, but the bulk of them, led by Prince Trubetskoy, remained to hold the siege of Moscow.

In August 1612, the militia of Minin and Pozharsky entered Moscow and united with the remnants of the first militia. On August 22, Hetman Khodkevich tried to break through to the aid of his besieged compatriots, but after three days of fighting he was forced to retreat with heavy losses.

On September 22, 1612, one of the bloodiest events of the Time of Troubles took place - the city of Vologda was taken by the Poles and Cherkasy (Cossacks), who destroyed almost its entire population, including the monks of the Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery.

On October 22, 1612, the militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod by storm; The garrison of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth retreated to the Kremlin. Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory.

The Poles held out in the Kremlin for another month; in order to get rid of extra mouths, they ordered the boyars and all Russian people to send their wives out of the Kremlin. The boyars were very upset and sent Minin to Pozharsky and all the military men with a request to please accept their wives without shame. Pozharsky ordered them to tell them to let their wives out without fear, and he himself went to receive them, received everyone honestly and took each one to his friend, ordering them all to be content.

Driven to extremes by hunger, the Poles finally entered into negotiations with the militia, demanding only one thing, that their lives be saved, which was promised. First, the boyars were released - Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky, Ivan Nikitich Romanov with his nephew Mikhail Fedorovich and the latter’s mother Marfa Ivanovna and all other Russian people. When the Cossacks saw that the boyars had gathered on the Stone Bridge, which led from the Kremlin through Neglinnaya, they wanted to rush at them, but were restrained by Pozharsky’s militia and forced to return to the camps, after which the boyars were received with great honor. The next day the Poles also surrendered: Coward and his regiment fell to Trubetskoy’s Cossacks, who robbed and beat many prisoners; Budzilo and his regiment were taken to Pozharsky’s warriors, who did not touch a single Pole. Coward was interrogated, Andronov was tortured, how many royal treasures were lost, how many remained? They also found ancient royal hats, which were given as pawn to the Sapezhin residents who remained in the Kremlin. On November 27, Trubetskoy’s militia converged on the Church of the Kazan Mother of God outside the Intercession Gate, Pozharsky’s militia converged on the Church of St. John the Merciful on Arbat and, taking crosses and icons, moved to Kitay-Gorod from two different sides, accompanied by all Moscow residents; The militias converged at the Execution Place, where the Trinity Archimandrite Dionysius began to serve a prayer service, and now from the Frolovsky (Spassky) gates, from the Kremlin, another procession of the cross appeared: the Galasun (Arkhangelsk) Archbishop Arseny was walking with the Kremlin clergy and carried the Vladimirskaya: screams and sobs were heard in a people who had already lost hope of ever seeing this image dear to Muscovites and all Russians. After the prayer service, the army and people moved to the Kremlin, and here joy gave way to sadness when they saw the state in which the embittered infidels left the churches: uncleanness everywhere, images were cut, eyes were turned out, thrones were torn; terrible food is prepared in the vats - human corpses! The mass and prayer service in the Assumption Cathedral ended a great national celebration similar to which our fathers saw exactly two centuries later.”