How to spell “mak - mok - moch”. Word index for the section “Spelling”
There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.
1. Roots with letters a and o.
gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, scorch, burn out, tanned, fire victim, combustible; But: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without accent): residue, dross, scorch, cinder(along with the cinder option).
zar-zor. In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin(bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and dawn(plural of the word dawn), dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn(military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play dawn).
kas - kos. This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: cf. touch, touch, touch, touching, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable(the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).
clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel, o is written, for example: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, incline, bow down, inclined, adamant And bow, bow, bow.
speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words meaning “to cover with drops, splashes”: sprinkle, sprinkling(from sprinkle), sprinkle, sprinkled, sprinkle; the letter a - in words with the meaning “to cover with small specks, dots”: marked, marked(from drip meaning “to cover with specks, to apply specks”), inclusion. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.
lag - log - lie . In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written before g, and before z - o, for example: state, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, But: lay down, lay out, set aside, lay down, offer, attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, put aside. The emphasis is always on: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in the modern language, o is written without stress before g.
pop - mok - moch . In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning “dip, immerse in liquid”: dip, dip, dip; letter o - in words meaning “get wet”: get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet(in the rain), in words derived from wet (e.g., wet, phlegm, phlegm, wood lice) (under stress - in words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet etc.), and in words with the meaning “to dry with something that absorbs moisture”: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, soak, wet, soaked(cf. under emphasis: wets, soaked; about verbs in -ivat type wet, soak see § 34, note 2).
pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). A is written without accent: solder, solder, unsolder, soldering iron etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, soldered, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.
swim - swim. A is written without accent: floating, fin, floater, floater(grass; beetle; water opossum), plover (beetle), phalarope (bird), float, floatable, afloat, floating; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.
Note. In a word quicksand(ground) letter is written s, as in other words derived from the verb float - float: float, float, blur and so on.
equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal “identical”, for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equate, equalize, compare, comparison, equalize(in something), equalize (score), straighten, level out(for example, lines - “make equal in length”), equalize, equation, leveling, equal, equal, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.
The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective “smooth, straight, without unevenness”, for example: level (bed, road surface), level out, level out, level out, level out(make it even, smooth, straight).
However, in words equally, same age related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following is written: the letter a - in the verb to equal (in a line, during construction) and words derived from it equalize, equalize, level out(in service); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.
different - different In numerous compound words with the first part diverse (various, versatile, discordant etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under the accent - a ( different, difference, vary) and about ( discord, discord, scattered).
ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel is written: a) before s (without subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, overgrowth, algae, undergrowth; the exception is the industry and its derivatives ( sectoral, intersectoral, multi-sectoral); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, growth, outgrowth, outgrowth, sprout, teenage(along with the teenage option); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.
Under stress before s (with and without subsequent t) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.
skak - skok - skok - skoch. If the root ends in k, then the letter a is written in place of the unstressed vowel, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, skipping rope, galloping, galloping, galloping, although the emphasis is o, for example: jump, jump, bounce, jump, jump(for verbs in -ivat like jump, see § 34, note 2).
If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb to jump and verbs derived from it (for example: I'm galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping), as well as in the elephant there is a jump (the forms of the same verbs are tested - for example, gallop, let's gallop, and derivatives jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs with -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - forms of the same verbs, except to jump out: jump up, jump off and so on.).
Wed: I'll skip (one hundred versts), skip it(verb forms gallop, gallop) And I'll pass, I'll pass(verb forms slip through, slip through); I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump up, jump up approach at a gallop") and I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump, jump"to quickly move closer to someone or to rise sharply").
creation - creature. In words create, creation, creator, created, create etc. the letter o is written without accent; under stress - not only about ( creative, creativity), but also a ( creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without emphasis.
2. Roots with letters i and e.
shine(k,t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shines, brilliant, brilliance, resplendent, sparkle; e - in other cases, for example: shine, shine, brilliant, shining, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, shine. Under stress - e and e: shine, glitter, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.
vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives ( hang down, hang down etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, droop etc. (cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in words hang out, signboard, suspended, hinged, suspended(cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang).
lip-lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter and is written in an unstressed position (cf. under stress: sticky, stick), and in words sculpt, stick, stick etc. - letter e (cf. under stress: sculpts, sticks, sculpting).
sid - se(d). In place of the unstressed vowel the following is written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sit) and its derivatives ( sit, sit up, sitter, get-togethers and so on.); the letter e - before the hard d: rider, saddle (in the latter in the plural forms - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sciatic, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle ( saddle, saddle, saddle, saddle). Under stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, diligent; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit and prefixes - also a (in writing i): I'll sit down, sit down, sit down.
Note 1. About writing vowels And And e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.
Note 2. In verbs with a common part -take(eg. borrow, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to perfective verbs in -yay (take, accept, raise, understand, appease etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel a letter And; the same in the verb take out(cf. owl view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress And in forms like take away, lift, remove(these are forms of verbs in -no), rarely - in derivative words: photo, in an embrace.
Note 3. Letter And in place of an unstressed vowel it is also written at the root of verbs conjure And curse. In the corresponding perfective verbs and other words with the same root, the letter is written (both in unstressed position and under stress) l: curse, curse, curse, damn, curse, curse and so on.
1. Roots with letters a and o.
zar - zar. In place of the unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin (bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and zori (plural of the word dawn), zorka, zorenka, zoryushka, zorya (military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play zorya).
clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written about, for example: bow, bow, bow, bow, deviate, bow, bow, bow; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, bow, bend, inclined, inflexible and bow, bow, bow.
speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words with the meaning ‘to cover with drops, splashes’: sprinkle, sprinkling (from sprinkle), sprinkling, sprinkled, sprinkling; the letter a - in words with the meaning ‘to cover with small specks, dots’: speckled, speckled (from krápat meaning ‘to cover with speckles, apply speckles’), interspersed. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.
lag - log - lie. In place of the unstressed vowel before g it is written a, before z - o, for example: to set out, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, but: lay down, lay out, put aside, put, sentence come to life , attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, side. The emphasis is always about: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in modern language, o is written without stress before g.
Note. In the word quicksand (soil) the letter s is written, as in other words derived from the verb swim - swim: float, swim up, blur, etc.
The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective smooth ‘smooth, straight, without unevenness’, for example: level (bed, road surface), level, level, level, level (make even, smooth, straight).
ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written: a) before s (without a subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, shoot, algae, undergrowth; exception - industry and its derivatives (industry, inter-industry, diversified); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, teenage (along with the variant teenage); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.
jump - jump - jump - jump. If the root ends in k, then in place of the unstressed vowel the letter a is written, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, jump rope, gallop, on a gallop, gallop, although under the stress - o, for example: gallop, gallop, rebound, jump, jump (about -ivat verbs like jump, see § 34, note 2).
If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb skakat and verbs derived from it (for example: I jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump), as well as in the elephant jump (the forms of the same verbs are used to check - e.g., jump, jump, and derivatives of jump, gallop); the letter o - in prefixed verbs ending in -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - with forms of the same verbs, except jump out: jump up, jump off, etc.) P.).
Wed: I'll skip (a hundred miles), proskachi (forms of the verb to skip, will skip) and proskoch', skip (forms of the verb to skip, will slip); I’ll jump up, jump up (forms of the verb podskakat, podskakʹet approach jumping’) and jump up, jump up (forms of the verb jump up, jump up ‘with a quick movement to approach someone or rise sharply’).
creation - creature. In the words create, creation, creator, created, get up, etc., the letter o is written without emphasis; under the emphasis - not only about (creative, creativity), but also a (creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without stress.
2. Roots with letters i and e.
shine (k, t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shine, shine, shine, brilliant, shine; e - in other cases, for example: sparkle, sparkles, shiny, sparkling, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle. Under stress - e and e: shine, shine, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.
lip - lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter i is written in an unstressed position (cf. under the stress: sticky, stick), and in the words sculpt, stick, stick, etc. - the letter e (cf. under the stress: sculpts , stick, modeling).
sid - se(d). In place of an unstressed vowel, the following are written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sat) and its derivatives (sit, sit, sit, sit, sit, etc.); the letter e - before the hard d: saddle, saddle (in the latter in the plural - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sedal, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before the soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle (saddle, sedelnik, cheresedelnik, sedeltse). Under the stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, assiduous; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit down and prefixes - also a (in the letter I): sit down, sit down, sit down.
Note 2. In verbs with a common part - take (e.g., occupy, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to the perfect verbs of - take (occupy, accept, raise, understand, appease and etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter i; the same in the verb to take out (cf. sov. view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress and in forms such as take away, lift, remove (these are forms of verbs in -nyat), rarely - in derivative words: snapshot, in an embrace.
Note 3. The letter and in place of an unstressed vowel is also written in the root of the verbs to conjure and curse. In the corresponding verbs of the perfect form and other words with the same root, the letter l is written (both in an unstressed position and under stress): curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, etc.
APPENDIX 5. “MAK-MOK” AND “EVEN-ROVN”
Alternation of vowels in roots "MAK-MOK" AND "RAVN-ROVN"
« Write and get wet written blotter, blotter a piece of paper» .
to submerge something in liquid
To get wet, to soak all contents in milk, soaking, soaking under rain in ink, soak, soaked reputation
2) phraseology "raze to the ground" (destroy to the ground)
1) equal, identical (by quality value);
3) drill
4) equal + preposition C
3) calm, always the same;
4) straight, without thickenings or bends
asphalt surface, incomparable, incomparable with no one, straighten the edges, catch up in service, trim sheets, catch up with a passerby, equate, equate quantities, alignment to the middle bed with something with the ground, level with the ground equation, balanced Human track.
Vowel alternation in the root "mak/mok"
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Roots with alternating o - a
Roots with unchecked vowels
The spelling of vowels in many words cannot be checked by stress: With O tank, in O ldyr, in A trash and etc.; You should look up such words in a dictionary and remember their spelling.
braid - cas, lodge - lag
In the roots kos- - kas-, lie- - lag- letter is written A, if the root is followed by a suffix -A-, For example: To A s-a-tsya (but to O s-noose), to A s-a-telny (but O s-new); izl A g-a-t (but izl O f-it), sl A g-a-t (but sl O live).
clone - clan, tvor - creature, gor - gar
In the roots clone- - clan-, creation- - creature-, gor- - gar- no accent letter is written O, For example: on cl O n yat, with cl O n meaning, according to cl O n to be; TV O R yeah, TV O R meaning, connection TV O R to go; behind G O R ely, for G O R ah, G O R there is, G O R eing.
Fundamentally zar- - zar- (h A R I - h O R And - h O R yka) no accent is written A, For example: h A R I, h A R Nitsa, h A R hey, oh h A R yeah, oh h A R eing.
pilaf - pilaf
Root swim- - swim- spelled with a letter O only in a nutshell: pl O V ec, pl O V sneeze, in other cases is written A: With pl A V lie, pl A V nickname, by pl A V OK, pl A V ounce(bug) , pl A V teaching(Remember the word pl s wun- layers of subsoil saturated with water.)
Fundamentally grow- - grew- (R A st And - R O With lo) no accent before st
And sch
is written A (You R A st it, car R A st, on R A st education, growing up A puppy, wed A whelping);
before With without follow-up T
is written O (You R O With, You R O With shy, water R O With eh, not enough R O With l).
equal - equal
Root equal- mainly written in words that are related in meaning to “ equals th» ( "same"
): R A vn dimensional, R A vn significant, with R A vn that's it, that's it R A vn O, and also in the words: R A opinion, p A pay attention, r A listening, now A got the hang of it, p A vnina;
root exactly mainly written in words related in meaning to “ exactly th» (« smooth», « straight
"), For example: R O vn yat(tracks), under R O vn yat(flower beds), etc., ur O ven, r O yay.
poppy - mok - moch
Root poppy- written in words meaning "to lower or lower something into liquid in order to nourish this liquid": m A To at(bread into milk) about m A To no(pen into inkwell);
root mok- written in words meaning “to let liquid through, to become wet”: boots about m O To yut, You m O To no(in the rain), paper about m O To yes, about m O To studio paper, about m O To Ashka.
Before h (urine-) - the letter is always written O, For example: m O h it, on m O h and about m O h oh, you m O h new(cf. under emphasis: m O h it, with m O h new; about verbs in -ivat type With m A h come on, you m A h to live see Roots with verified vowels).
skak - skoch
Fundamentally jump- - jump- no accent before h usually written O, before To- letter A, For example: V sk O h go (but sk A To at), on sk O h go (but on sk A To y), for sk O h yeah, you sk O h ka.
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Words for the rule mak mok
Level, align, align, leveled asphalt, leveler, leveling, leveling surface, incomparable, incomparable with no one, straighten the edges, catch up in service, trim sheets, catch up with a passerby, equate, equate quantities, alignment to the middle, plain, plain, isosceles, equinox, equal, equality, equal, level, level bed, peer, equal, comparison, comparable with something, comparative-historical, compare with the ground, level with the ground (destroy, wipe off the face of the earth), equation, balanced Human, equate, incomparable, plain, equinox, level track.
1) equal, identical (by quality value);
2) smooth, without acceleration or deceleration;
Alternation of vowels in roots "MAK-MOK" AND "RAVN-ROVN"
2) having the same meaning, occupying the same position as someone else;
2) phraseology "raze to the ground" (destroy to the ground)
« Write and get wet written blotter, blotter a piece of paper» .
2) Lose salinity, acidity, pungency, etc. from being in water.
To get wet, to soak all contents, get wet in the rain, soaked in milk, soaking, soaking under rain, dipping, dip, wet, wet, woodlice, sputum, soaked, waterproof, dipped in ink, soak, soaked reputation, soak, soak, wet, soak, blotter, blotter, soaking, soaked, wet.
Words for the rule mak mok
1) Let liquid pass through, become wet, damp;
1) flat, smooth, without depressions or hills
Verification work _____________________________________________________
pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). Without stress it is written a: solder, solder, solder, soldering iron, etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, sealed, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.
swim - swim. Without stress it is written a: floating, fin, float, float (grass; beetle; water possum), float (beetle), float (bird), float, float, afloat, float; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.
cas - braid This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: Wed. touch, touch, touch, tangent, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable (the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).
However, in words equal, coeval, related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following are written: the letter a - in the verb equate (in a line, during formation) and the words derived from it equal, equate, level (in line); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.
gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, burn out, burn out, tanned, burnt out, combustible; but: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without emphasis): residues, izgar, burnt, cinder (along with the cinder variant).
vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives (hang, hang, etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, hang, etc. (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in the words hang out, signboard, suspended, suspended, in weight (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang).
poppy - mok - moch. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning ‘dip, immerse in liquid’: dunk, dunk, dip; the letter o - in words with the meaning 'to become wet': to get wet, to get wet, to get wet, to get wet (in the rain), in words derived from wet (for example, wet, sputum, sputum, wood lice) (under the stress - in the words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet, etc.), and in words with the meaning 'to dry with something. absorbing moisture’: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, wet, wet, soaked (cf. under stress: wet, soaked; for verbs in -ivat like wet, soak, see § 34, note 2).
equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal 'same', for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equalize, equalize, compare (s), comparison, equalize (in something), equalize (count), equalize, level (for example, lines - 'make equal in length'), equalize, equalize, equalize, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.
different - different In numerous complex words with the first part, heterogeneous (various, multilateral, disparate, etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under stress - a (different, difference, differ) and o (discord, disparate , scattered).
§ 35. There are roots in which the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.
Note 1. For the writing of vowel letters i and e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.
Under the stress before s (followed by t and without it) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.
- -ber-/-bir-: I’ll take it – I’ll take it; I'll sort through - I'll sort through; I will choose - I will choose;
- -even-/-cheat-: deduction – subtract; honor - to honor (there are exceptions here: combine, combination, couple);
- -der-/-dir-: pull out – tear out; tear off - tear off;
- -stele-/-steel-: spreads – covers; lay - spread;
- -mer-/-world-: die out – die out; die - die;
- -burned-/-zhig-: burn – burn; light up - light up;
- -ter-/-tir-: rub – rub; to rub – to rub;
- -shine-/-shine-: sparkle – shine; spinner - brilliant;
- -per-/-pir-: unlock – unlock; locked - locked.
There are four alternating roots, the correct spelling of which depends on the stress.
The letters “a” and “o”, included in the following roots with alternation, will depend on the subsequent consonant:
2. Alternation -rast-/-rasch-/-ros-: “a” is used before the combination with “t” or “sch”; “o” is written before “s”: grow – grow – grew up; age – fusion – overgrowth. There are quite a few exceptions here: moneylender, Rostok, industry, Rostov, Rostislav.
3. Alternation -skak-/-skoch-: “a” is used before “k”, before “h” it is necessary to write “o”: jump - upstart; to skip - to skip. There are exceptions to the rule: jump, jump.
The rule is quite simple: in roots with alternating “e - and” you should write “and” if there is a suffix “a” after the root. It is much more difficult to remember these roots, and there are many of them:
Roots with alternation: spelling, examples
Particularly difficult are roots with alternating vowels, where it is necessary to correctly interpret the meaning of the word.
Second alternation: -equal-/-equal. It is necessary to pay attention to the result of the action. In words that talk about leveling, making the same, you should write -equal-: quadratic equation; compare by height, keep balance. If we mean the process of forming a flat surface, the letter “o” is written at the root: level the hole; level the asphalt; level the beds. There are exceptions to this rule: plain, level, level and all its derivatives, equally.
First, let's look at the unstressed positions when you should write the letter “o”. First of all, these are the roots -gor-/-gar-: tan - tanned; fumes - burn; to flare up - in full swing. It should be noted that under the accent you should write the letter that is clearly heard. There are exceptions to the rule, these are words soot, scorch, fumes. The etymology of these roots is interesting. Historically words grief And burn- single-rooted. Grief was something that burns and torments from the inside. Here's an adjective hot begins its existence with “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”
Also, the vowel “a” in the roots -kas-/-kos- depends on the subsequent suffix -a-: touch - touch; tangent - touch.
“O” is written in an unstressed position in the roots -clone-/-clan-: worship - bow down; leaned over, evasion. The accent should use the letter that is clearly audible: slope, slope.
For example, -mak-/-mok-: here you should pay attention to the process. If, according to the context, it is observed that something was completely immersed in liquid, dipped, then in this case the root -mac- is used: dip cookies in compote; dip a pen into an inkwell; dip bread in jam. It’s another matter if the word means that the object passed liquid through itself: blotter liner; the child got his feet wet; wet hair s; blot what was written.
Lesson summary: “Alternating vowels in roots equals
Students working individually hand in their work. The teacher gives a grade to a student working at the blackboard.
Agapovsky district, Chelyabinsk region
Look up the meaning of the words in the explanatory dictionary, what is the difference between them?
5. Students come up with pairs of word combinations in which the same words with the roots equal-/rovn-, mak-/mok- are spelled differently.
8. Homework instruction (2 min)
Conclusion from the photo: the text written from a photograph can be of different styles (artistic, scientific), the themes of the narrative are also varied - animals, the life of animals in winter, saving wolves. Animals are one of the most vulnerable creatures that need care and protection, as they are constantly hunted.
At home, students compose a spelling dictation according to the rule they have learned. They identify roots in words, explaining their spelling.
Conclusion on the assignment: words unevenness, flaw, coeval, blotter, dip, get wet are the object under study, since they have the root equal-/equal- or mak-/mok-.
At home, students completed exercise 337 according to the task: copy the text, insert the missing letters, highlight the roots in the words. Before checking homework, students answer the following questions:
Weak students check their homework using flashcards. Medium - according to a stencil. The strong compile a summary table for homework.
Task: check the degree of assimilation of the material covered; updating basic knowledge.
Conclusion on the assignment: among words with the roots equal- / rovn-, mak- / mok- there are homonymous forms, the spelling of which differs depending on the context.
If the root contains letters T or SCH, then we write the letter A, but if these letters ABOUT.
If the meaning of the word "identical, similar" then we write A, but if the word means "flat, smooth, straight" then we write ABOUT.
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The same thing with lightning - but what about lightning? The emphasis is on A, but we don’t write O
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If the meaning of the word "immerse in liquid" then we write A, but if the word means "to pass liquid" then we write ABOUT.
If the root is followed by a suffix A, then at the root we write the letter AND, but if the suffix A no, then the letter is written at the root E.
If the root is followed by a suffix A, then at the root we write the letter A, but if the suffix A no, then the letter is written at the root ABOUT.
Thank you for writing all the rules, it helped me a lot. I used to have 3 on this topic, but now I have 5.
If on the roots - gAr - And – clan - the emphasis falls, then we write the letter in them A, but if these roots are unstressed, then we write in them ABOUT.
Roots with alternation
If to the root - zar - The accent does NOT fall, then we write the letter in it A, but if this root is stressed, then we write in it ABOUT.
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TEXTBOOK: spelling
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TEXTBOOK: spelling
Choose the correct answer options. To check the completed task, click the “Check” button.
Spelling roots with alternating vowels
In order to remember the rules for choosing letters in roots with alternating vowels, you need to divide these roots into two groups: the first group combines roots with alternating vowels I and E, the second group consists of roots with alternating vowels A and O.
I. In the roots BIR/BER, DIR/DER, MIR/MER, PIR/PER, TIR/TER, BLEST/BLIST, ZHEG/ZHIG and others, the letter I is written only if the suffix -A- follows the root. For example: SHINE - SHINE, DIE - DIE, WIPE - WIPE. The exceptions to the rule are the words COMBINE AND COMBINATION.
II. The spelling of roots with alternating vowels A and O may depend on the place of stress in the word, on the meaning of the word, and on those letters that follow the alternating vowel.
1. The spelling of the roots GOR/GAR, CLONE/CLAN, CREATIVE/TVAR, PLOV/PLAV, ZOR/ZAR depends on the place of stress in the word. Under the stress in these roots, what is heard is written, it is impossible to make a mistake there, but vowels written in an unstressed position should be learned by heart: GOR, CLONE, CREATURE, PLAV, ZAR. Exceptions: FOGES, COMBUS, SMOKE, SWIMMER, SWIMMER.
2. The choice of letter in the roots MAK/MOK and EQUAL/ROVN depends on the meaning of the word. The word with the meaning “immerse in liquid” is written with the letter A (DIP THE BRUSH INTO THE PAINT), but if its meaning is “gradually soak”, then it should be written O (SHOES WET WET). A word meaning “smooth, horizontal, straight” should be written with the letter O (LEEVELEN THE GROUND IN A FLOWER BED), and a word meaning “identical” should be written with the letter A (EQUALITY IN HEIGHT, BALANCED PERSON). Exceptions: PLAIN, PEER, EQUAL, LEVEL.
3. The spelling of the roots LAG/LOG, RAST/RASH/ROS, KAS/KOSN, SKAK/SKOCH depends on the letters following the alternating vowels. Consider the examples: OFFER - OFFER, PLANT - GROW - GROWN, TOUCH - TOUCH, JUMP - JUMP. Exceptions: INDUSTRY, ROSTOK, USURER, ROSTOV, ROSTISLAV and JUMP, JUMP.
1. A small noble house in the Moscow style, in which Avdotya Nikitishna Kukshina lived, was located in one of the newly developed streets of the city. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)
2. Wait, I was frank with you, somehow involuntarily I howled to you all at once - I lived, but if anything gets to him, I’ll just say that you lied. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)
3. Ernest slammed the empty mug onto the counter, grabbed a bottle from the refrigerator, uncorked it and placed it over the mug. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)
4. All my attention was drawn to the mileposts, which I noticed from afar, and to the clouds, previously scattered across the sky, which, having taken on ominous, black shadows, now gathered into one large, gloomy cloud. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)
5. In broad daylight... they killed none other than the commander-in-chief of the German army in Ukraine, Field Marshal Eichhorn, an incomparable and proud general... (Mikhail Bulgakov. The White Guard.)
6. Let conscience... torment the old traders on their deathbed! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)
7. I bow respectfully and, leaning on my saber, say: “I am happy, great sovereign, that I could shed blood for my fatherland, and would like to die for it; but if you are so merciful that you allow me to ask you, I ask for one thing - let me destroy my enemy, the foreigner St. Jerome.” (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)
8. I involuntarily want to quickly run through the desert of adolescence and reach that happy time when again a truly tender, noble feeling of friendship with a bright light illuminated the end of this age and marked the beginning of a new, full of charm and poetry, time of youth. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)
9. The teacher unfolded the notebook and, carefully shaking the pen, wrote Volodya five in the column of successes and behavior in beautiful handwriting. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)
10. Grabbing her left hand with her right hand, on which there was a ring, she looked around in amazement, looking at the sea and the green dawns; but no one moved, no one hid in the bushes, and in the blue, far-lit sea there was no sign, and a blush covered Assol, and the voices of the heart said a prophetic “yes.” (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)
11. On one side of the road there is a vast winter field, cut here and there by shallow ravines, shining with wet earth and greenery and spreading out like a shady carpet to the very horizon; on the other hand, an aspen grove, overgrown with walnut and bird cherry undergrowth, stands as if in an abundance of happiness, does not move and slowly drops light drops of rain from its washed branches onto last year’s dry leaves. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)
12. Dead, Longren bent down and saw an eight-month-old creature intently looking at his long beard, then he sat down, looked down and began to twirl his mustache. (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)
13. From all these conversations, some kind of sediment was accumulating in my soul, it’s not clear what. And it did not dissolve over time, but, on the contrary, kept accumulating and accumulating. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)
14. Levin began to attack, ran from above as much as he could and went down, holding his balance with his hands in an unusual movement. (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina.)
15. I spent the night in the closet, and no one came to me; only the next day, that is, Sunday, they moved me to a small room next to the classroom, and locked me up again. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)
16. She had a smile that lit up everything around. (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina.)
17. Everyone who was skating seemed to be completely enthusiastic about overtaking her, catching up with her, even talking to her and having fun completely independently of her, taking advantage of the excellent ice and good weather. (Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.)
18. And here the green grass grows for your sheep, and here the flowers grow red, from which you can weave a wreath for your hat.” (N.M. Karamzin. Poor Liza.)
19. Having found the keys in the indicated place, I was about to unlock the box, when I was stopped by the desire to find out what item was unlocked by the tiny key hanging on the same bunch. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)
20. In the opposite corner of the city there was a lamp burning in front of a large dark image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons.)
21. ...That valet who forgot to give Napoleon waterproof boots on the 24th was the savior of Russia. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)
22. At dawn, two new batteries, set up in the night, on the river occupied by the Prince of Eckmuhl, will open fire on two opposing enemy batteries. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)
23. The crowd broke out again, and the sexton led Petya, pale and not breathing, to the Tsar’s cannon. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)
24. Pierre noticed how after each cannonball that hit, after each loss, the general revival grew more and more intense. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)
25. Maria, who almost slid down the wing, screamed in fear, but the plane quickly pulled out. (V. Pelevin. Chapaev and emptiness.)
26. And if someone sniffs tobacco, with what courtesy he treats it to him and with what cordiality he offers it to the right and left! (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)
27. Then the close circle of merchant women parted; but when the young man jumped out of it, the old woman screamed after him... (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: A Tale from Modern Times.)
28. Near our house there was a ditch... and we... used to try to jump over it. (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)
29. Your sister made the same decision: she intends to go to a monastery, grace came to us at the same time. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)
30. And for quite a long time all these people silently looked at the distant flames of a new fire. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)
31. Lisa returned to her hut in a completely different state than in which she left it. (N.M. Karamzin. Poor Liza.)
32. And is it possible to expect perfection at such a tender age? (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)
33. From the dawn a ship rose; he floated up and stopped in the very middle of the sky. (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)
34. They shot at him for two hours, but they couldn’t hit him. For two hours he pretended to be dead. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)
35. He did not even allow the possibility of a comparison between his wife and Fenechka, but he regretted that she decided to look for him. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)
36. The brilliance of their deeds, which illuminates us too, imposes on us the obligation to give them the same honor... (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan or the Stone Guest.)
37. I was already studying for nothing when he finished his work - it was a letter to Irina. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)
38. For a long time I looked at Masha, who, lying on the chest, was wiping away tears with her scarf, and, trying in every possible way to change my view of Vasily, I wanted to find the point of view from which he could seem so attractive to her. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)
39. ...I understand perfectly well that this world that we see could not have grown like a mushroom overnight. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)
40. So, as said, the student Anselm fell ... into a dreamy apathy, which made him insensitive to all external influences of ordinary life. (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: a fairy tale from modern times.)
41. Spiegelberg, who had been sitting in the corner throughout the conversation, ... quickly jumps up and nods ... (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)
42. The large abandoned wooden city had to burn. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)
43. Her trust in old Lisa is growing stronger every day... (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: a fairy tale from modern times.)
44. Sitting down at the table, I pulled a stack of papers towards me, dipped the pen into the inkwell and wrote in large letters at the top of the sheet: “Caution, the doors are closing! Next station "Dynamo"! (V. Pelevin. Omon Ra.)
45. Here you should have looked at him, how he, with two pistols in his hands, ran up to the carriage! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)
46. ... In this regard, I have the ambition of a conqueror who always flies from victory to victory and is unable to set the limit to his lusts. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)
47. What else will happen when the magnificent plants reach full maturity! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)
48. Black kid gloves touched the wiped Cheviot, and the eyes of the one being pushed were completely glassy. (Mikhail Bulgakov. The White Guard.)
49. Now run there and say that I will take his head off so that everything will be done in a week. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)
How to get maternity capital for building a house - conditions in 2018 + advice from a lawyer on paperwork The HeatherBober magazine welcomes its readers! In touch is Eduard Stembolsky, an expert on economic and […]
The Russian language is rich in spelling patterns, every child knows this. Since childhood, in Russian language lessons, we have been learning numerous rules that we can’t count, but all in order to know the correct spelling of words. It’s impossible to count all the spellings of the Russian language, there are so many of them that even philologists sometimes confuse and forget them. This article will help you understand the basic rules of spelling.
Children begin to learn this rule, as a rule, in first grade or kindergarten. The rule helps you find out which letter is written at the root of a word. For example, in the word “och_rovaniye” you can write both the letter “o” and the letter “a”. To find out which letter is written in a word, you need to choose a word with the same root. The appropriate word would be “chara”, because here the emphasis falls on the letter “a”. This means that “charm” is also written with the letter “a” at the root.
It is worth considering that spelling patterns in Russian can overlap. For example, another, no less important rule would be the spelling “cha, sha.” Words starting with “cha, sha” are always written with the letter “a”. For example, thicket, chara, charm, cup, etc.
Unchecked vowels at the root of a word are the least favorite rule of schoolchildren in primary school. After all, when writing words with such a spelling, no rules will help. Spellings of the Russian language with an uncheckable vowel are fundamentally not checked; the spelling of such words must be remembered. Vowels cannot be checked in words such as: birch, raspberry, vinaigrette, alley, factory, people, banana, chocolate, diamond, etc. The spelling of such words must be remembered once and for all so as not to make mistakes.
It is very important to study the rule of unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word, because this spelling is often found in writing. Most often, unpronounceable consonants are radically checked. For example: dangerous - dangerous, heart - heart, sun - sun, giant - giant, happy - happiness, silent - rumor, etc.
In fact, people often make mistakes in prefixes ending in z- and s-, even if they know Russian well. Spellings of prefixes are common, so you just need to remember what the spelling of the prefix depends on. The prefixes for z- and s- are: voz-/res-, through-/through-, vz-/vs-, voz-/res-, from-/is-, once-/ras-, without-/bes- and roses-/ros-.
In order to understand which letter is being written, you need to look at the next one. If the consonant letter following the prefix is unvoiced (k, p, t, sh, shch, f, x, ch, s, c), then the prefix is written with the letter “s”, this rule is provided for in the Russian language. Spelling patterns indicate that if the subsequent sound is voiced, then a prefix ending in “z” is written. Examples with “s”: flare up, painting, discolor, endless, etc. Examples with “z”: excessive, joyless, product, look, etc.
Alternating vowels in roots is an important rule that will accompany the student from 5th to 11th grade. The spelling for alternating vowels in roots is found in almost all exams, such as the OGE (GIA) and the Unified State Exam.
Spelling patterns for the Russian language provide for the existence of four alternation groups, each of which must be considered in detail:
- Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the subsequent suffix:
At the root of the word the letter “and” is written if the suffix -a- follows: freeze (but freeze), burn (but burn), shine (but shine), etc.
The root of the word is written “a” if the suffix is -a-: touch (but touch), offer (but offer), etc.
- Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the stress in the word:
If the emphasis in a word falls on the letter “a”, then the root is also written “a”: tan, bow, glow, dawn, etc.
If the stress in a word does not fall on the root, then it is written “o”: creation, bow, sunbathe, dawn, etc.
- The spelling of a vowel in the root of a word depends on the letter behind that vowel:
The letter “a” is written before “st” and “sch”: plant, grown, etc. The letter “o” is written in all other cases. Exceptions: sprout, teenage, growth, moneylender, Rostov, etc.
“A” is written before “k”, and “o” is written before “h”: jump, jump, etc. Exceptions: jump, gallop, etc.
In the first case, it is written “a” if the meaning of the word has the meaning of immersion in water: to dip, dip, etc. It is written “o” with the meaning of liquid: wet, to get wet, wet, etc.
In the second case, “a” is written when the meaning is synonymous with the word “same”: equal, equal, etc. “O” is written when the meaning is synonymous with the word “straight”: even, align, etc.
The Russian language is rich in various rules. Spellings occur here and there. This is exactly the case with the letters “i”, “s” after the consonant “c”, schoolchildren very often get confused in their spelling. In fact, in order to correctly write words with such a spelling, you need to remember in which cases they write “and” and in which “s”:
- “and” is written at the root of words: number, quote, circus, cylinder, etc.
- “and” is written in words starting with “tion”: nation, lecture, conference, information, privatization, etc.
- “s” is written in the endings and suffixes of words: (no) queen, (shawl) Lisitsyn, (no) stepdaughter, etc.
- “s” is written in exception words: gypsy, chicken, chick-chick, chick, tiptoe, etc.
The spelling of prefixes makes the Russian language quite complicated. Spellings for this part of the word are found very often and in large quantities. However, the rule for the pre- and prefixes is quite easy to remember.
- It has the meaning of the prefix re-: stop, block, successor, etc.
- Gives the word the highest degree of quality: precious, kind, extol, excel, exceed, etc.
- Proximity matters: seaside, homestead, court, station, etc.
- It has the meaning of addition and approximation: fasten, bring, etc.
- Indicates the incompleteness of the action: close, lie down, begin, subside, etc.
- Indicates the completeness of the action: cut, muffle, etc.
As you know, all spellings of the Russian language have been studied for many years. In order to be literate and educated, you need to memorize these spelling rules and do practical tasks. Schools go over every spelling rule carefully.
Unstressed vowels in the roots of words can be different:
Their writing follows different patterns. Read the rules, look at the examples.
To complete the task correctly, you need to be able to determine which of these three cases the examples in your version of the CMM belong to.
The task requires knowledge of how words are written. To answer correctly, you need to be able to accurately identify the spelling. This action is similar to going through passport control at the border: the border guard looked at you, looked at the photo in your passport, and the way is clear. Before you are 5 words and the wording of the task. First understand what to look for.
If the task is on tested vowels, this is one thing, if on alternating vowels, then another.
In an unstressed position, the same vowel is written at the root of the word as under stress.
Why do we write the letter O, but not A in the words: goats and, ate goats? Because - who? z s!
Choose the same word, but in a different form: goat? , goat - who? PS(plural) or a related word, that is, a word with the same root: goat? , goat - who? zii, ko? zlik.
- words with different meanings: frequency - pure, purity - often
- words with alternating vowels in the root: sunbathe - tan, dawn - dawn
- other types of verbs: be late - be late, assimilate - assimilate
This is the stupidest of all rules, because it is not a rule at all! Why? Because there is no action that would help decide which letter to write. The only thing you can do is find the right word in the dictionary. All textbooks advise this. But a dictionary may not be at hand. This means that such words need to be memorized. The more such words you know, the better. Gradually, you will develop intuition, and words with unchecked vowels will not create difficulties. So, despite the seeming stupidity, this rule is very useful!
If you cannot classify a word among words with alternating vowels in the roots and find test words (by changing the form of the word or looking for words with the same root), then you have a word with an untestable vowel.
After successfully passing the Unified State Exam, you can return to tip No. 1. It won't harm your life.
The alternation of vowels in the roots of Russian words is a systemic phenomenon. There are many roots with alternating vowels, but in school practice they study a mandatory list. It includes 20 roots, which are presented below. You need to remember them and firmly know the entire list. This will help you avoid many annoying mistakes.
Sometimes they ask me in letters: “Why don’t you give the root -log-? After all, in fact, alternation is not - lag-//-lozh-, A -lag-//-log-//-false-?»
It's simple. I propose the option that is presented in most school textbooks. The unified exam is being prepared by FIPI, which promises that differences in programs will not affect the exam result. So far this setting has been followed. A - log- don’t let it bother you: it only comes with an accent! Forgery, pledge, pretext and others. And in the tasks you will only have words with unstressed roots. Therefore, I believe that you should not be distracted by this and other similar cases.
For those who want to know not a short, school list of 20 roots, but a complete list of all roots with alternating vowels, I recommend the most authoritative source: “The Complete Academic Directory,” edited by V. Lopatin.
If in a word with roots: -ber- // -bir- , -per- // -pir- , -zheg- // -zhig- , -mer- // -mir- , -ter- // -tir- , -der- // -dir- , -even- // -cheat- , - shine- // - shine- , -steel- // - style-
there is a suffix a ,
write at the root And: take away , shine ,
there is no suffix a, write e: takes it, shines.
- there is a suffix a , write at the root A: touch, touch,
- no suffix A, write O: touch, touch
“to pass liquid, to absorb liquid,” then write o: you got wet in the rain ,
“immerse in liquid”, write a: poppy .
“even, smooth”, write o: you smooth the road , to level the holes ,
"equality", write A: have equal rights, equal outsider.
no accent, write O: mountains and? T , clone and? wasted , creation and? t ,
under stress, write as you hear: for ha? R , cla? n yat , yours? quality , twa? ry .
Exception:
at? soot
without emphasis, write a: dawn? , dawn? tsy
under stress, write as you hear: zo? ri.
without emphasis, write a: float? To,
write under stress as you hear: pla? wow, pla? swimming, swimming? V.
Exception: tall? k, Rostov? y, usurious? k, you? height, teenager? vyy(along with the literary norm subro? stock) and their derivatives: sprout, usurer and etc.
Words are also written with the letter o Rostov, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov the Great, Rostov, Rostislav.
jump and verb forms jump and its derivatives: I’ll gallop, I’ll gallop, I’ll skip, I’ll skip, I’ll skip, I’ll skip, etc.
derivatives of verbs jump and verbs based on - jump off( t):
1) gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop
2) jump, jump, jump, jump, jump off
Examples:
List of roots
which
Necessarily
need to know
to each:
To search for the desired word, click Ctrl+F. Also check out this great service that will allow you to check a word for errors.
It is difficult to find a test word for an unstressed root because it has fallen out of active use.
It is difficult to find a test word for an unstressed root because the meanings of the roots currently differ in meaning.
In this case, you have to rely on your reading and linguistic intuition. If you doubt them, refer to List 1.
The vowel in a word can be checked with different stressed roots.
Pay attention to the meaning of the root (it is easy to recognize from the context). Choose a test word that is close in meaning. If you find it difficult to do this, refer to list 2.
For the same unstressed root, it is sometimes possible to select two test words of the same root with different stressed vowels.
Most likely, you are faced with the phenomenon of full agreement and disagreement. Do not check roots with full vowel combinations –olo- and –oro- and cognates with partial vowel combinations –la- and –ra-.
Pay special attention to the insidious root –sid- / -sed-. Remember the spelling of words with this root:
The unstressed vowel O in the roots of perfective verbs cannot be checked by imperfective forms. - yat, - yat:
look... third - see(verb considers is not a test word).
It's hard to remember exception words. Sometimes it is not possible to remember which vowel to write in a given exception word.
Think of exceptions as dictionary words. Remember them separately from the rules. To make it easier to remember, refer to List 3. Insert letters instead of ellipses.
It is possible to mistakenly attribute the spelling “Unstressed vowel in the root, verified by stress” to a word with an alternating root and vice versa.
rostock - an unstressed vowel at the root is verified by the word podros.
Distinguish between roots that are tested by stress and roots that have vowel alternation.
Rostok - we have before us an exception to the spelling “Alternation of vowels in the root -rast- (-rasch-) \ -ros-.”
Difficulties arise when interpreting the meanings of words with the roots –equal- and –equal-.
Does trimming your hair mean making it the same? Straight?
Indeed, the rule cannot be directly applied to all cases with roots –equal- and –equal-. Remember the spelling of the words: level, level.
For a word with a dubious consonant, it is sometimes difficult to find a test word.
If you cannot find a test word, refer to list 4.
You are unsure of spelling a word with a possible unpronounceable consonant.
In some words with the same root, either a double consonant or a single consonant is written in the root (tone, but three-tone).
Foreign roots in some Russian words lose the double consonant. Please note the following cases:
Also, do not confuse two similar roots: -ball- (at the ball, ball gown) and –ball- (five-point storm, the highest score).
In some borrowed words, after a consonant or vowel, instead of the letter E, the letter E is written. How to distinguish such words?
After consonants and after the vowel I, the letter E is usually written in such words.
The exception is the word project, the spelling of which must be remembered.
competition, torment - litigation (other - Russian root – traction-, -heavy-, -tyaz-);
defuse the situation - defuse the gun - defuse the beds;
close the ranks - seal the river - tighten the schedule - pay the bill;
shine a lamp - dedicate life to society - dedicate to a secret;
keep the house clean - frequency of fluctuations - ambition;
to evoke melancholy - to curl hair - to wind wire onto a reel;
to blind with light - to blind from clay - the eyes stick together;
the crow made a nest - put a stain on the dress - took it down the stairs;
Gold-embossed binding - tight on funds;
1) Cases in which it is difficult to find a test word for a given word.
feeling - in other words language in this word the consonant [v] sounded clearly.
2) Cases in which the check may lead to an error.
skillful - skillful (do not confuse with the words art, artificial).
In most cases, unstressed vowels are checked by stress:
You should not check unstressed vowels in perfective verbs with imperfective verbs - to yat / -yat(in them the stressed vowel changes):
In roots with alternating vowels, the unstressed vowel is checked not by stress, but by special rules. These roots can be grouped into four groups.
1. Alternating roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the stress:
Tv..rit; start..start; zag..rel; for nothing; z..mother; float..wok; remember; press..small
In these roots, different vowels can be sounded and written under stress (for example, dawn, zar?revo; inclined, bow, etc.).
In the unstressed position, the following variants of roots are written in them:
2. Roots in which the spelling of a vowel depends on the subsequent consonant: -SKAK- / -SKOCH-, -RAST- (-RASH-) / -ROS-, -LAG- / -LOZH-
Posk..cal; upscale; sk..chock; grow..sti; vyr..sli; lay..walk; gender..live.
3. Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the presence of the suffix -a-
3.1. Roots -ber / bir-a; ter / tyr-a; per/pir-a; der/dir-a; stel/steel-a; glitter / shine-a; even/cheat-a; zheg/zhig-a; measures/world-a.
Here the spelling of the vowel depends on the suffix -a- after the root.
If the root is followed by the suffix -a-, the root is written I.
If the root is followed by the suffix -a-, the root is written A.
Prik about the dream - after the root there is no suffix -a-.
4. Roots close in meaning, in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the meaning
If the meaning of the root is associated with the concepts even, smooth, straight,
Vyr o heed (the road) - make it more straight, smooth (the root matches the meaning -ROVN-).
Compare segments - compare them (the root matches the value -RAVN-).
If the meaning of the root is associated with the concept of letting liquid through, becoming wet, then we write -mok- (-moch-).
If the meaning of the root is associated with the concept of lowering into liquid, then we write -mac-.
Tested consonants are divided into two types: dubious and unpronounceable.
The problem occurs at the end of the word ( pilaf(f)) and before some consonants ( piece of wood).
You need to check by placing dubious consonants in position before vowels ( pilaf, wood).
The problem arises in the position of consonants ( giant).
You need to check by placing possible unpronounceable consonants in a position before vowels or at the end of a word ( giants or giant).
Words whose spelling is not regulated by a spelling rule are called dictionary words.
Dictionary words are also written according to the spelling norm. This norm was established not according to one rule or another, but specifically for a given word. It is reflected in the spelling dictionary.
The school course requires knowledge of a certain minimum of vocabulary words that are included in the school spelling dictionary. In addition, the required minimum vocabulary words that should be memorized are located at the end of each school textbook on the Russian language.
Spelling of roots –mak-, -mok-. -mok- – “to be soaked in liquid” Example: to get wet, gets wet, blotter -mak- – “to be immersed in liquid and taken out” Example: to dip a brush.
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Word index for the section “Spelling”
Why does Abalkin think it is necessary? Why does the author think it is necessary to return to comprehension
The crescent moon is convex to the right in the evening