Who wins: Does the Earth revolve around the Sun or vice versa? The rotation of the earth around its axis Which arrow does the earth rotate around the sun.

A serious debate has erupted on the Internet over the shape of the Earth and its behavior in near-Earth space. “So far only enthusiasts and some scientists are participating in it; Higher education is in no hurry to join this process,” this is what those who have just joined this topic think.

But that's not true. A couple of years ago, I personally met with the president of one of the leading mathematical research institutes of the RAS system. This institute has been engaged in a mathematical search for the shape of the Earth since the 80s of the last century. The head of the department conducting these studies was also present at the meeting.

So, already in the 80s of the 20th century it became clear that the existing model of the Earth did not correspond to reality. Therefore, the Russian Academy of Sciences began the search for the correct shape of the Earth.

Today we will consider only one aspect of this problem - why the Earth does not fly anywhere in the so-called “space”.

The generally accepted model, which we will refer to as the “old” model, states that the Milky Way galaxy revolves around the center of the Universe, the Sun revolves around the center of our galaxy, the Earth revolves around the Sun, and finally, the Moon revolves around the Earth.

The result is a complex movement. In it, only the Milky Way galaxy rotates around the center of the Universe in a circular orbit.

But the Sun moves in space not in a circular orbit, but in a complex orbit. It is called an epicycloid. Such an orbit is obtained if a body (the Sun) rotates around one center (the center of the galaxy), and it, in turn, rotates around another center - the center of the Universe.

Depending on the ratio of the parameters of all movements, the appearance of the epicycloid also changes.

But the most important thing is that the Earth moves not around the stationary Sun, but around the Sun moving along a second-level epicycloid.

To make it easier to understand the system of movements, imagine that one smooth circle that the galaxy makes around the motionless center of the Universe is one period of vibration of the string (the first octave). The epicycloid along which the Sun moves around the center of the Universe is a second-order harmonic (second octave). The epi-epicycloid along which the Earth moves around the center of the Universe is a third-order harmonic (third octave).

Therefore, if the Earth moved as the Higher School claims, then the movement of such an Earth would occur in those same three octaves.

And now the main thing. In this example, we – observers – looked at the system from the outside, that is, from the position of the stationary center of the Universe.

But in reality, we are on the same moving Earth, which makes the complex movements we described.

Can you imagine what we should see in the sky?!

Look again at the pictures of epicycloids. In them, the radii of movement can be considered the direction of our gaze, directed to the sky, and the entire background of the sheet can be considered the same motionless sky full of stars.

Look what we have to observe in the sky! Jumping stars that move not in circular orbits, but in orbits formed by an inverse epicycloid of the third order.

What do we see in reality?

Star tracks. Smooth. Round. Undeformed.

At the end of the 15th century, people did not have sufficient data to help build a correct model of the Universe. In those days, there was not even normal mathematics, much less physics. All laws and mathematical analytics were invented much later.

An invented character named Nicolaus Copernicus simply could not adequately describe the visible world. He had neither physical nor mathematical tools for this.

Why do we, living in the 21st century, still religiously believe in his stupid dogma? Why don’t we include analytics worthy of the 21st century?

Editor-in-chief of the newspaper "President",

Why does the earth rotate on its axis? Why, in the presence of friction, has it not stopped over millions of years (or maybe it has stopped and rotated in the other direction more than once)? What determines continental drift? What is the cause of earthquakes? Why did dinosaurs become extinct? How to scientifically explain periods of glaciation? In what or more precisely how to scientifically explain empirical astrology?Try to answer these questions in sequence.

Abstracts

1. The reason for the rotation of planets around their axis is an external source of energy - the Sun.
2. The rotation mechanism is as follows:
   • The sun heats the gaseous and liquid phases of the planets (atmosphere and hydrosphere).
   • As a result of uneven heating, ‘air’ and ‘sea’ currents arise, which, through interaction with the solid phase of the planet, begin to spin it in one direction or another.
   • The configuration of the solid phase of the planet, like a turbine blade, determines the direction and speed of rotation.
3. If the solid phase is not sufficiently monolithic and solid, then it moves (continental drift).
4. The movement of the solid phase (continental drift) can lead to acceleration or deceleration of rotation, up to a change in the direction of rotation, etc. Oscillatory and other effects are possible.
5. In turn, the similarly displaced solid upper phase (the earth’s crust) interacts with the underlying layers of the Earth, which are more stable in the sense of rotation. At the contact boundary, a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat. This thermal energy is apparently one of the main reasons for the heating of the Earth. And this boundary is one of the areas where the formation of rocks and minerals occurs.
6. All these accelerations and decelerations have a long-term effect (climate), and a short-term effect (weather), and not only meteorological, but also geological, biological, genetic.

Confirmations

Having reviewed and compared the available astronomical data on the planets of the Solar System, I conclude that the data on all planets fit within the framework of this theory. Where there are 3 phases of the state of matter, the rotation speed is greatest.

Moreover, one of the planets, having a highly elongated orbit, has a clearly uneven (oscillatory) rotation rate during its year.

Solar System Elements Table

solar system bodies	Average Distance to the Sun, A. e.	Average period of rotation around an axis	Number of phases of the state of matter on the surface	Number of satellites	Sidereal period of revolution, year	Orbital inclination to the ecliptic	Mass (unit of Earth mass)
Sun		25 days (35 at the pole)		9 planets			333000
Mercury	0,387	58.65 days			0,241		0,054
Venus	0,723	243 days			0,615	3° 24’	0,815
Earth		23 h 56m 4s
Mars	1,524	24h 37m 23s			1,881	1° 51’	0,108
Jupiter	5,203	9h 50m		16+p.ring	11,86	1° 18’	317,83
Saturn	9,539	10h 14m		17+rings	29,46	2° 29’	95,15
Uranus	19,19	10h 49m		5+knot rings	84,01	0° 46’	14,54
Neptune	30,07	15h 48m			164,7	1° 46’	17,23
Pluto	39,65	6.4 days	2- 3 ?		248,9	17°	0,017

The reasons for the rotation of the Sun around its axis are interesting. What forces cause this?

Undoubtedly, internal, since the flow of energy comes from within the Sun itself. What about the unevenness of rotation from the pole to the Equator? There is no answer to this yet.

Direct measurements show that the speed of the Earth's rotation changes throughout the day, as does the weather. So, for example, according to “Periodic changes in the speed of rotation of the Earth have also been noted, corresponding to the change of seasons, i.e. associated with meteorological phenomena, combined with the characteristics of the distribution of land on the surface of the globe. Sometimes sudden changes in rotation speed occur without explanation...

In 1956, a sudden change in the Earth’s rotation rate occurred after an exceptionally powerful solar flare on February 25 of that year.” Also, according to “from June to September the Earth rotates faster than the average year, and the rest of the time it rotates more slowly.”

A superficial analysis of the map of sea currents shows that for the most part, sea currents determine the direction of rotation of the earth. North and South America are the transmission belt of the entire Earth, through them two powerful currents rotate the Earth. Other currents move Africa and form the Red Sea.

... Other evidence shows that sea currents cause parts of the continents to drift. “Researchers at Northwestern University in the United States, as well as several other North American, Peruvian and Ecuadorian institutions...” used satellites to analyze Andean landform measurements. “The data obtained were summarized in her dissertation by Lisa Leffer-Griffin.” The following figure (right) shows the results of these two years of observation and research.

Black arrows show the speed vectors of movement of control points. Analysis of this picture once again clearly shows that North and South America are the transmission belt of the entire Earth.

A similar picture is observed along the Pacific coast of North America; opposite the point of application of forces from the current there is an area of ​​seismic activity and, as a result, the famous fault. There are parallel chains of mountains that suggest the periodicity of the above described phenomena.

Practical application

The presence of a volcanic belt - an earthquake belt - is also explained.

The earthquake belt is nothing more than a giant accordion, which is constantly in motion under the influence of tensile and compressive variable forces.

By monitoring the winds and currents, you can determine the points (areas) of application of spinning and braking forces, and then using a pre-built mathematical model of a terrain area, you can mathematically strictly, using strength of material, calculate earthquakes!

The daily fluctuations of the Earth's magnetic field are explained, completely different explanations of geological and geophysical phenomena arise, and additional facts arise for the analysis of hypotheses about the origin of the planets of the solar system.

The formation of such geological formations as island arcs, for example the Aleutian or Kuril Islands, is explained. Arcs are formed from the side opposite to the action of sea and wind forces, as a result of the interaction of a mobile continent (for example, Eurasia) with a less mobile ocean crust (for example, the Pacific Ocean). In this case, the ocean crust does not move under the continental crust, but, on the contrary, the continent moves over the ocean, and only in those places where the ocean crust transfers forces to another continent (in this example, America) can the ocean crust move under the continent and arcs do not form here. In turn, similarly, the American continent transfers forces to the crust of the Atlantic Ocean and through it to Eurasia and Africa, i.e. the circle has closed.

Confirmation of such movement is the block structure of faults on the bottom of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; movements occur in blocks along the direction of action of forces.

Some facts are explained:

• why did the dinosaurs become extinct (the rotation speed changed, the rotation speed decreased and the length of the day increased significantly, possibly until the direction of rotation completely changed);
• why periods of glaciation occurred;
• why some plants have different genetically determined daylight hours.

Such empirical alchemical astrology also receives an explanation through genetics.

Environmental problems associated with even minor climate change, through sea currents, can significantly affect the Earth's biosphere.

Reference

The power of solar radiation when approaching the Earth is enormous ~ 1.5 kW.h/m

2 .

The imaginary body of the Earth, limited by a surface that is at all points

perpendicular to the direction of gravity and has the same gravitational potential is called the geoid.

In reality, even the surface of the sea does not follow the shape of the geoid. The shape that we see in the section is the same more or less balanced gravitational shape that the globe has achieved.

There are also local deviations from the geoid. For example, the Gulf Stream rises 100-150 cm above the surrounding water surface, the Sargasso Sea is elevated and, conversely, the ocean level is lowered near the Bahamas and over the Puerto Rico Trench. The reason for these small differences is winds and currents. Eastern trade winds drive water into the western Atlantic. The Gulf Stream carries away this excess water, so its level is higher than the surrounding waters. The level of the Sargasso Sea is higher because it is the center of the current cycle and water is forced into it from all sides.

Sea currents:

• Gulf Stream system

The capacity at the exit from the Strait of Florida is 25 million m

3 / s, which is 20 times the power of all rivers on earth. In the open ocean, the thickness increases to 80 million m 3 / s at an average speed of 1.5 m/s.

Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)

, the largest current in the world's oceans, also called the Antarctic Circular Current, etc. Directed east and encircling Antarctica in a continuous ring. The length of the ADC is 20 thousand km, width 800 – 1500 km. Water transfer in the ADC system ~ 150 million m 3 / With. The average speed on the surface according to drifting buoys is 0.18 m/s.

Kuroshio

- an analogue of the Gulf Stream, continues as the North Pacific (traced to a depth of 1-1.5 km, speed 0.25 - 0.5 m/s), Alaskan and California currents (width 1000 km average speed up to 0.25 m/s, in the coastal strip at a depth below 150 m there is a steady countercurrent).

Peruvian, Humboldt Current

(velocity up to 0.25 m/s, in the coastal strip there are Peruvian and Peruvian-Chilean countercurrents directed to the south).

Tectonic scheme and Atlantic Ocean current system.

1 - Gulf Stream, 2 and 3 - equatorial currents(North and South Trade Wind Currents),4 - Antilles, 5 - Caribbean, 6 - Canary, 7 - Portuguese, 8 - North Atlantic, 9 - Irminger, 10 - Norwegian, 11 - East Greenland, 12 - West Greenland, 13 - Labrador, 14 - Guinean, 15 - Benguela, 16 - Brazilian, 17 - Falkland, 18 -Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)

1. Modern knowledge about the synchronicity of glacial and interglacial periods throughout the globe indicates not so much a change in the flow of solar energy, but rather cyclical movements of the earth's axis. The fact that both of these phenomena exist has been proven irrefutably. When spots appear on the Sun, the intensity of its radiation decreases. Maximum deviations from the intensity norm are rarely more than 2%, which is clearly not enough for the formation of ice cover. The second factor was studied already in the 20s by Milankovitch, who derived theoretical curves of solar radiation fluctuations for various geographical latitudes. There is evidence that there was more volcanic dust in the atmosphere during the Pleistocene. A layer of Antarctic ice of corresponding age contains more volcanic ash than later layers (see the following figure by A. Gow and T. Williamson, 1971). Most of the ash was found in a layer whose age is 30,000-16,000 years old. The study of oxygen isotopes showed that lower temperatures correspond to the same layer. Of course, this argument indicates high volcanic activity.

Average vectors of movement of lithospheric plates

(based on laser satellite observations over the past 15 years)

A comparison with the previous figure once again confirms this theory of the Earth’s rotation!

Palaeotemperature and volcanic intensity curves obtained from an ice sample at Bird Station in Antarctica.

Layers of volcanic ash were found in the ice core. The graphs show that after intense volcanic activity the end of glaciation began.

The volcanic activity itself (with a constant solar flux) ultimately depends on the temperature difference between the equatorial and polar regions and the configuration, topography of the surface of the continents, the bed of the oceans and the topography of the lower surface of the earth's crust!

V. Farrand (1965) and others proved that events at the initial stage of the Ice Age occurred in the following sequence 1 - glaciation,

2 - land cooling, 3 - ocean cooling. At the final stage, the glaciers melted first and only then warmed.

The movements of lithospheric plates (blocks) are too slow to directly cause such consequences. Let us remember that the average movement speed is 4 cm per year. In 11,000 years they would have moved only 500 m. But this is enough to radically change the system of sea currents and thus reduce heat transfer to the polar regions

. It is enough to turn the Gulf Stream or change the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and glaciation is guaranteed!

The half-life of the radioactive gas radon is 3.85 days; its appearance with variable debit on the surface of the earth above the thickness of sandy-clay deposits (2-3 km) indicates the constant formation of microcracks, which are the result of unevenness and multidirectionality of constantly changing stresses in it. This is another confirmation of this theory of the Earth's rotation. I would like to analyze a map of the distribution of radon and helium around the globe, unfortunately, I do not have such data. Helium is an element that requires significantly less energy for its formation than other elements (except hydrogen).

A few words for biology and astrology.

As you know, a gene is a more or less stable formation. To obtain mutations, significant external influences are required: radiation (irradiation), chemical exposure (poisoning), biological influence (infections and diseases). Thus, in the gene, as by analogy in the annual rings of plants, newly acquired mutations are recorded. This is especially known in the example of plants; there are plants with long and short daylight hours. And this directly indicates the duration of the corresponding photoperiod when this species was formed.

All these astrological “things” make sense only in connection with a certain race, people who have lived for a long time in their native environment. Where the environment is constant throughout the year, there is no point in the signs of the Zodiac and there must be its own empiricism - astrology, its own calendar. Apparently, the genes contain a not yet clarified algorithm for the behavior of the organism that is realized when the environment changes (birth, development, nutrition, reproduction, diseases). So this algorithm is what astrology is trying to find empirically

.

Some hypotheses and conclusions arising from this theory of the Earth's rotation

So, the source of energy for the rotation of the Earth around its own axis is the Sun. It is known, according to , that the phenomena of precession, nutation and the movement of the Earth's poles do not affect the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation.

In 1754, the German philosopher I. Kant explained the changes in the acceleration of the Moon by the fact that the tidal humps formed by the Moon on the Earth, as a result of friction, are carried along with the solid body of the Earth in the direction of the rotation of the Earth (see figure). The attraction of these humps by the Moon in total gives a couple of forces that slow down the rotation of the Earth. Further, the mathematical theory of the “secular slowdown” of the Earth’s rotation was developed by J. Darwin.

Before the appearance of this theory of the Earth’s rotation, it was believed that no processes occurring on the Earth’s surface, as well as the influence of external bodies, could explain changes in the Earth’s rotation. Looking at the above figure, in addition to the conclusions about the deceleration of the Earth’s rotation, deeper conclusions can be drawn. Note that the tidal hump is ahead in the direction of the Moon's rotation. And this is a sure sign that the Moon not only slows down the rotation of the Earth, but and the rotation of the Earth supports the movement of the Moon around the Earth. Thus, the energy of the Earth’s rotation is “transferred” to the Moon. More general conclusions regarding the satellites of other planets follow from this. Satellites have a stable position only if the planet has tidal humps, i.e. the hydrosphere or a significant atmosphere, and at the same time the satellites must rotate in the direction of the rotation of the planet and in the same plane. The rotation of satellites in opposite directions directly indicates an unsteady regime - a recent change in the direction of rotation of the planet or a recent collision of satellites with each other.

The interactions between the Sun and planets proceed according to the same law. But here, due to the many tidal humps, oscillatory effects should take place with the sidereal periods of the planets' revolution around the Sun.

The main period is 11.86 years from Jupiter, as the most massive planet.

1. A New Look at Planetary Evolution

Thus, this theory explains the existing picture of the distribution of angular momentum (amount of motion) of the Sun and planets and there is no need for the hypothesis of O.Yu. Schmidt on accidental capture by the Sun “protoplanetary cloud." V.G. Fesenkov’s conclusions about the simultaneous formation of the Sun and planets receive further confirmation.

Consequence

This theory of the rotation of the Earth may result in a hypothesis about the direction of evolution of the planets in the direction from Pluto to Venus. Thus, Venus is the future prototype of the Earth. The planet overheated, the oceans evaporated. This is confirmed by the above graphs of paleotemperatures and intensity of volcanic activity, obtained by studying an ice sample at Bird station in Antarctica.

From the point of view of this theory,if an alien civilization originated, it was not on Mars, but on Venus. And we should look not for Martians, but for the descendants of Venusians, which we, perhaps, to some extent, are.

1. Ecology and climate

Thus, this theory refutes the idea of ​​a constant (zero) heat balance. In the balances known to me, there is no energy from earthquakes, continental drift, tides, heating of the Earth and the formation of rocks, maintaining the rotation of the Moon, or biological life. (It turns out that biological life is one of the ways to absorb energy). It is known that the atmosphere producing wind uses less than 1% of the energy to maintain the current system. At the same time, 100 times more of the total amount of heat transferred by currents can potentially be used. So this 100 times greater value and also wind energy are used unevenly over time for earthquakes, typhoons and hurricanes, continental drift, ebbs and flows, heating of the Earth and the formation of rocks, maintaining the rotation of the Earth and the Moon, etc.

Environmental problems associated with even minor climate change due to changes in sea currents can significantly affect the Earth's biosphere. Any ill-considered (or deliberate in the interests of any one nation) attempts to change the climate by turning (Northern) rivers, laying canals (Kanin Nos), building dams across the straits, etc., due to the speed of implementation, in addition to direct benefits, will certainly lead to change the existing “seismic equilibrium” in the earth’s crust, i.e. to the formation of new seismic zones.

In other words, we must first understand all the interrelations, and then learn to control the rotation of the Earth - this is one of the tasks of the further development of civilization.

P.S.

A few words about the effect of solar flares on cardiovascular patients.

In the light of this theory, the effect of solar flares on cardiovascular patients apparently does not occur due to the occurrence of increased intensity of electromagnetic fields on the Earth's surface. Under power lines, the intensity of these fields is much higher and this does not have a noticeable effect on cardiovascular patients. The effect of solar flares on cardiovascular patients appears to be through exposure to periodic change in horizontal accelerations when the Earth's rotation speed changes. All kinds of accidents, including those on pipelines, can be explained in a similar way.

1. Geological processes

As noted above (see thesis No. 5), at the contact boundary (Mohorovicic boundary) a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat. And this boundary is one of the areas where the formation of rocks and minerals occurs. The nature of the reactions (chemical or atomic, apparently even both) is unknown, but based on some facts the following conclusions can already be drawn.

1. Along the faults of the earth's crust there is an ascending flow of elemental gases: hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, etc.
2. The flow of hydrogen is decisive in the formation of many mineral deposits, including coal and oil.

Coal methane is a product of the interaction of a hydrogen flow with a coal seam! The generally accepted metamorphic process of peat, brown coal, hard coal, anthracite without taking into account the flow of hydrogen is not sufficiently complete. It is known that already at the stages of peat and brown coal there is no methane. There is also data (Professor I. Sharovar) on the presence in nature of anthracites, in which there are not even molecular traces of methane. The result of the interaction of a hydrogen flow with a coal seam can explain not only the presence of methane itself in the seam and its constant formation, but also the entire variety of coal grades. Coking coals, flow and the presence of large amounts of methane in steeply dipping deposits (the presence of a large number of faults) and the correlation of these factors confirm this assumption.

Oil and gas are a product of the interaction of a hydrogen flow with organic residues (a coal seam). This view is confirmed by the relative location of coal and oil deposits. If we superimpose a map of the distribution of coal strata on a map of the distribution of oil, the following picture is observed. These deposits do not intersect! There is no place where there would be oil on top of coal! In addition, it has been noted that oil lies, on average, much deeper than coal and is confined to faults in the earth’s crust (where an upward flow of gases, including hydrogen, should be observed).

I would like to analyze a map of the distribution of radon and helium around the globe, unfortunately, I do not have such data. Helium, unlike hydrogen, is an inert gas, which is absorbed by rocks to a much lesser extent than other gases and can serve as a sign of a deep hydrogen flow.

1. All chemical elements, including radioactive ones, are still being formed! The reason for this is the rotation of the Earth. These processes take place both at the lower boundary of the earth's crust and at the deeper layers of the earth.

The faster the Earth rotates, the faster these processes (including the formation of minerals and rocks) go. Therefore, the crust of the continents is thicker than the crust of the ocean beds! Since the areas of application of the forces braking and spinning up the planet, from sea and air currents, are located to a much greater extent on the continents than in the ocean beds.

Meteorites and radioactive elements

If we assume that meteorites are part of the solar system and the material of meteorites was formed simultaneously with it, then the composition of meteorites can be used to check the correctness of this theory of the Earth’s rotation around its own axis.

There are iron and stone meteorites. Iron ones consist of iron, nickel, cobalt and do not contain heavy radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium. Stony meteorites are composed of various minerals and silicate rocks in which the presence of various radioactive components of uranium, thorium, potassium and rubidium can be detected. There are also stony-iron meteorites, which occupy an intermediate position in composition between iron and stony meteorites. If we assume that meteorites are the remains of destroyed planets or their satellites, then stone meteorites correspond to the crust of these planets, and iron meteorites correspond to their core. Thus, the presence of radioactive elements in stony meteorites (in the crust) and their absence in iron meteorites (in the core) confirms the formation of radioactive elements not in the core, but at the crust-core-mantle contact. It should also be taken into account that iron meteorites, on average, are much older than stone meteorites by about one billion years (since the crust is younger than the core). The assumption that elements such as uranium and thorium were inherited from the ancestral environment, and did not arise “simultaneously” with other elements, is incorrect, since younger stone meteorites have radioactivity, but older iron ones do not! Thus, the physical mechanism for the formation of radioactive elements has yet to be found! Perhaps it

something like a tunnel effect applied to atomic nuclei!

1. The influence of the rotation of the earth around its axis on the evolutionary development of the world

It is known that over the past 600 million years the animal world of the globe has changed radically at least 14 times. At the same time, over the past 3 billion years, general cooling and great glaciations have been observed on Earth at least 15 times. Looking at the paleomagnetism scale (see figure), one can also notice at least 14 zones of variable polarity, i.e. zones of frequent polarity changes. These zones of variable polarity, according to this theory of the Earth's rotation, correspond to periods of time when the Earth had an unsteady (oscillatory effect) direction of rotation around its own axis. That is, during these periods the most unfavorable conditions for the animal world should be observed with constant changes in daylight hours, temperatures, as well as, from a geological point of view, changes in volcanic activity, seismic activity and mountain building.

It should be noted that the formation of fundamentally new species of the animal world is confined to these periods. For example, at the end of the Triassic there is the longest period (5 million years), during which the first mammals formed. The appearance of the first reptiles corresponds to the same period in the Carboniferous. The appearance of amphibians corresponds to the same period in Devonian. The appearance of angiosperms corresponds to the same period in the Jura, and the appearance of the first birds immediately precedes the same period in the Jura. The appearance of conifers corresponds to the same period in the Carboniferous. The appearance of club mosses and horsetails corresponds to the same period in Devon. The appearance of insects corresponds to the same period in Devon.

Thus, the connection between the appearance of new species and periods with a variable, unstable direction of the Earth’s rotation is obvious. As for the extinction of individual species, the change in the direction of the Earth's rotation does not seem to have a major decisive effect, the main decisive factor in this case is natural selection!

References.

1. V.A. Volynsky. "Astronomy". Education. Moscow. 1971
2. P.G. Kulikovsky. “The Astronomy Amateur's Guide.” Fizmatgiz. Moscow. 1961
3. S. Alekseev. “How mountains grow.” Chemistry and life XXI century No. 4. 1998 Marine encyclopedic dictionary. Shipbuilding. Saint Petersburg. 1993
4. Kukal “Great mysteries of the earth.” Progress. Moscow. 1988
5. I.P. Selinov “Isotopes volume III”. The science. Moscow. 1970 “Rotation of the Earth” TSB volume 9. Moscow.
6. D. Tolmazin. “Ocean in motion.” Gidrometeoizdat. 1976
7. A. N. Oleinikov “Geological clock”. Bosom. Moscow. 1987
8. G.S. Grinberg, D.A. Dolin et al. “The Arctic on the threshold of the third millennium.” The science. St. Petersburg 2000

The earth is always in motion. Although we seem to be standing motionless on the surface of the planet, it continuously rotates around its axis and the Sun. This movement is not felt by us, as it resembles flying in an airplane. We're moving at the same speed as the plane, so we don't feel like we're moving at all.

At what speed does the Earth rotate around its axis?

The Earth rotates once on its axis in almost 24 hours (to be precise, in 23 hours 56 minutes 4.09 seconds or 23.93 hours). Since the Earth's circumference is 40,075 km, any object at the equator rotates at a speed of approximately 1,674 km per hour or approximately 465 meters (0.465 km) per second (40075 km divided by 23.93 hours and we get 1674 km per hour).

At (90 degrees north latitude) and (90 degrees south latitude), the speed is effectively zero because the pole points rotate at a very slow speed.

To determine the speed at any other latitude, simply multiply the cosine of the latitude by the planet's rotation speed at the equator (1674 km per hour). The cosine of 45 degrees is 0.7071, so multiply 0.7071 by 1674 km per hour and get 1183.7 km per hour.

The cosine of the required latitude can be easily determined using a calculator or looked at in the cosine table.

Earth rotation speed for other latitudes:

• 10 degrees: 0.9848×1674=1648.6 km per hour;
• 20 degrees: 0.9397×1674=1573.1 km per hour;
• 30 degrees: 0.866×1674=1449.7 km per hour;
• 40 degrees: 0.766×1674=1282.3 km per hour;
• 50 degrees: 0.6428×1674=1076.0 km per hour;
• 60 degrees: 0.5×1674=837.0 km per hour;
• 70 degrees: 0.342×1674=572.5 km per hour;
• 80 degrees: 0.1736×1674=290.6 km per hour.

Cyclic braking

Everything is cyclical, even the speed of rotation of our planet, which geophysicists can measure with millisecond accuracy. The Earth's rotation typically has five-year cycles of slowing down and speeding up, and the final year of the slowdown cycle is often correlated with a surge in earthquakes around the world.

Since 2018 is the latest in the slowdown cycle, scientists expect an increase in seismic activity this year. Correlation is not causation, but geologists are always looking for tools to try to predict when the next big earthquake will happen.

Oscillations of the earth's axis

The Earth rotates slightly as its axis drifts toward the poles. The drift of the Earth's axis has been observed to accelerate since 2000, moving eastward at a rate of 17 cm per year. Scientists have determined that the axis is still moving east instead of moving back and forth due to the combined effect of the melting of Greenland and , as well as the loss of water in Eurasia.

Axial drift is expected to be particularly sensitive to changes occurring at 45 degrees north and south latitude. This discovery led to scientists finally being able to answer the long-standing question of why the axis drifts in the first place. The axis wobble to the East or West was caused by dry or wet years in Eurasia.

At what speed does the Earth move around the Sun?

In addition to the speed of the Earth's rotation on its axis, our planet also orbits the Sun at a speed of about 108,000 km per hour (or approximately 30 km per second), and completes its orbit around the Sun in 365,256 days.

It was only in the 16th century that people realized that the Sun is the center of our solar system, and that the Earth moves around it, rather than being the fixed center of the Universe.

The movement of the planet in orbit is determined by two reasons:
- linear inertia of motion (it tends to rectilinear - tangential)
and the gravitational force of the Sun.

It is the force of gravity that will change the direction of movement from linear to circular. And gravitational forces applied to a smaller radius will act
stronger on the planet.
If we consider gravity as a force applied to the center, then this gives a change in the direction of movement to a circular one.
If we consider gravity as the sum of forces applied to the entire mass of the planet,
then this gives both a change in the motion vector to a circular one and rotation around an axis.

Look at the picture.
The planet has points located closer to the Sun and points more distant.
Point A will be closer to the Sun than point B.
And the attraction of point A will be greater than that of point B. Recall that the force of gravity depends on the radius squared.
When the planet moves clockwise, the gravitational force through point A will pull the planet away more than through point B. This difference in gravitational forces applied to diametrically opposite points of the planet, with simultaneous movement, creates rotation.

Thus, the period of revolution of the planet around its axis directly depends on the equatorial radius of the planet.
With large planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, the difference in the attraction of opposite points is greater and the planet rotates faster.

Table of solar days for planets and equatorial radius:
t r
Mercury..... - 175.9421 .... - 0.3825
Venus..... - 116.7490 .....-0.9488
Earth...... - 1.0 .... .. - 1.0
M a r s.... - 1.0275 ... ... - 0.5326
Jupiter..... - 0.41358 ... - 11.209
Saturn..... - 0.44403 .... - 9.4491
U r a n..... - 0.71835 ... - 4.0073
Neptune..... - 0.67126 ... - 3.8826
Pluto..... - 6.38766 .... - 0.1807

The first number is the period of rotation of the planet around its axis in Earth days, the second number is similar - the equatorial radius of the planet. And it is clear that the largest planet, Jupiter, rotates the fastest, and the smallest, Mercury, rotates the slowest.

In general, the reason for the rotation of the Earth can be explained simply.
As the planet moves in orbit, there is a constant change in the direction of its motion from straight to circular. And at the same time, a simultaneous rotation of the planet occurs, due to the fact that the points of attraction of planets located closer to the Sun will pull the planet more strongly than those further away.

For example, on Jupiter, where the planet is not a monolith, rotation occurs in layers. The equatorial movement of the layers is especially noticeable. And, interestingly, there is a reverse movement of some apparently lighter layers, which are replaced by harder and more massive layers.

Reviews

Dear Nikolai!
There is no gravity. Newton's and Einstein's laws do not work.
Using such methods, it is impossible to substantiate the causes of rotation.
But the topic is interesting.
I hope that through joint efforts, and not on this site, we will solve it.

No. Gravity is all there! But we have not yet established the reasons for its appearance.
“Gravitational force,” a term conventionally accepted hereinafter, means an external influence on the body. Conventionally, in physics this is called the “force” of gravity.

And rotation occurs from the action of two forces: the inertia of rectilinear motion and its change to circular motion under the influence of the force of gravity, which in vector is perpendicular to the vector of inertia.

Dear Nikolai!

Dear Nikolai!
Your works already contain calculations, I won’t say, that substantiate the absence of gravity. These works aroused my interest in you, because it is clear that there is a large statistical material and on it, together and quickly we will build a science for ourselves, where many things will fall into place. And whether they accept it or not, it shouldn’t concern us. Let Volosatov prove it, and we will do it.

I can formulate my position on gravity like this.
Gravity, as an attractive force that arises between two bodies, does not exist.
There is an external influence on bodies, the consequence of which is the appearance of force, causing them to move towards each other. Force does not lead to the appearance of another force, but to movement. In this case, the vector of this force is directed along the line connecting these two bodies.
Not attraction, but movement towards.
And not the force arising in the bodies themselves, but the force of external influence.
Like the wind blows on a sail.
In general, I understand force as a factor of external influence.

Dear Nikolai!
Having refuted the forces and their reactions, you return to them again.
Yes, these are the “weights” of our teachings. It’s difficult to break away from them. I am still tearing myself away from the remnants of the teachings of the “institute”. But the physics of the world is completely different. You intuitively felt it. The rest is in personal correspondence.

No one doubts anymore that “she is still spinning.” But can anyone answer the question: why does she do this?

“There are seven hypotheses of the origin of the Earth and none of them is correct,” the professor told us during lectures on geoscience. Likewise, there are several possible answers to the question: “So why does the Earth rotate?”

Remember your 6th grade geography textbook?

The fact that the Earth rotates around its axis was proven back in 1543 by the Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus. He observed the movement of celestial bodies, discovered all the necessary evidence and provided precise mathematical calculations that the Earth makes one revolution around its axis per day.
The most common theory explains this rotation by processes that occurred during the formation of the planets. Clouds of cosmic dust “huddled together” and formed the embryos of planets. Other more or less large cosmic bodies were attracted to these small planets. Collisions with these bodies could give rotation to future planets. And then the planets continue to rotate by inertia. The speed of rotation of the Earth is not constant - for reasons that are not fully understood, it can change in one direction or another by thousandths of a second.
What made the planet rotate around its axis? Time, wind and asymmetry. The future Earth was not originally so round. It accumulated mass in collisions and was therefore asymmetrical. Due to its irregular shape, the planet became unstable, like a top, and at the same time it experienced constant impact from the solar wind, solar radiation and proto-matter (the same dust, gas and particles) with which it continued to collide. These forces are small, but thousands and millions of years and the “displaced center of gravity” of the celestial body led to the fact that one day the Earth came out of a state of unstable equilibrium and the planet began to rotate. And not just rotate, but spin up under the influence of the same forces - the energy of the sun and proto-matter.
Subsequently, the planets formed and took the form they have now, but they continue their rotation, fueled by the energy of the Sun.
It turns out that the Earth does not rotate on its own. It was “pushed” several billion years ago. And it still rotates by inertia.

Are you still wondering why the Earth rotates?

Another explanation for why the Earth rotates was recently proposed by Universe Today publisher Fraser Cain.
In one video, Fraser explains his theory in three minutes. According to him, it turns out that it’s all about inertia and conservation of angular momentum. Each particle, drifting in a vacuum, has its own moment. As soon as these atoms collide under the influence of an attractive moment, their angular momentum adds up. And therefore all bodies in space, including the Earth, rotate. The planets inherited their motion from the rotation of the solar system as a whole.
Without any unbalanced forces influencing them, the Sun and planets rotate by inertia for a billion years. And they will continue to spin until they collide with some object, billions, or even trillions of years later. Well, are you still wondering why the Earth rotates? The Earth rotates because it was formed in the accretion disk of a hydrogen cloud, which collapsed due to mutual attraction and should have conserved angular momentum. It continues to rotate by inertia. The reason everything spins in the same direction is because all objects formed in the same solar nebula billions of years ago.
Perhaps this is where I will finish retelling the hypotheses about why the Earth rotates. Because there is not a single one that is intelligible. All of them are just a weak attempt to explain the inexplicable.
Thank you for your attention.