Romanov motor transport psychology. Subject and tasks of transport psychology

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AUTONOMOUS NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION
ADDITIONAL PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
HUMANITIES EDUCATION"
ABSTRACT
by discipline:
TRANSPORT PSYCHOLOGY
on the topic of:
CONCEPT OF ATTENTION, BASIC TYPES OF ATTENTION.
I've done the work
listener 2.11 module
Hook
Alexander
Leonidovich
Scientific director
____________________
___
candidate of psychology Sciences, Associate Professor
Shelepanova N.V.

2
Novosibirsk 2017

2.1. Main properties of attention
11
2.2. Development of driver stability and intensity 14

CONCLUSION
18
LITERATURE
19

4
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that attention
is one of the most important functions in a driver’s work. According to statistics for 7
months of 2017, 29 traffic accidents were registered on the roads of Syktyvkar
transport accidents in which 32 people were injured
varying degrees of severity. During the same period last year there was
38 road accidents in which 41 children were injured. Growth of dead participants in DD by
drivers' fault increased by 20% (from 5 to 6 people)
Only 15% of all road accidents occurred due to driver inattention.
It is attention that ensures the reception and processing of information, so
necessary when driving on the road.

An inattentive driver on the road poses a danger to everyone
road users. A dangerous situation usually leads to
the tragedies that we see every day.
Object of study: motor transport psychology
Subject of research: attention, its types and properties
Purpose of the study: to study the types and properties of attention
Research objectives:
1. Conduct a theoretical review of the literature.
2. Study all types and properties of attention
When writing the abstract, three sources of literature were studied.
P.A.Pegin Transport psychology, A.N.Romanov Motor transport
psychology, Dormashov Yu.B., Romanov V.Ya. Psychology of attention.

6
a prepared student does not fall asleep over a book and is able to
work on yourself, expanding your horizons.
External conditions influence the organization of voluntary attention. More difficult
force yourself to be attentive in an unusual environment, when
many additional stimuli appear. Therefore it is best
works when there is a clear regime, a specially designed workplace
prepared when extraneous irritants are eliminated. It's unlikely to succeed
concentrate if the tape recorder is turned on at full power.
Voluntary attention decreases with fatigue, taking most
sedatives and stimulants, for example
sleeping pills; when taking alcohol, tranquilizers. Main types
voluntary and involuntary attention are closely related
Post-voluntary attention is attention that arises on the basis of
arbitrary, after it, when maintaining it is no longer required
volitional efforts. According to psychological characteristics, post-voluntary
attention is close to involuntary: it also arises on the basis of interest
to the subject, but the nature of interest in this case is different - it manifests itself in
the result of the activity. This can be illustrated by the following
way: at first, work does not captivate a person, he forces himself to do
it, makes serious volitional efforts to maintain concentration, but
He gradually gets carried away, gets involved - he becomes interested.

8
The stability of attention depends, of course, in addition, on a number of
conditions. These include: features of the road situation, its degree
difficulties, familiarity, understandability, and, finally, individual characteristics
personality. Among the latter, the most important is, first of all, the ability
through a conscious volitional effort to maintain one’s
attention at a certain level, even if the situation to which it is
directed, is not of immediate interest, and keeping it in
the spotlight comes with its own challenges.
2. Focus
Indicates a connection with a specific object or party
activity and expresses the intensity of this connection.
Focus (concentration) is keeping attention on one thing
object or activity, complete absorption in a phenomenon or thoughts. She
provides an in-depth study of cognizable objects. Indicator
intensity is “noise immunity”, the inability to distract
attention from the subject of activity to extraneous stimuli. When
the driver is focused and not distracted by external stimuli.
3. Distribution of attention
This is an opportunity to focus attention on several objects or
successfully perform several actions at the same time.
When distributing attention, we are therefore talking about the possibility
its concentration not in one, but in two or more different focuses.
This makes it possible to simultaneously perform several rows of actions and
keep track of multiple independent processes without losing any of them
out of your attention. Napoleon could, as they say, simultaneously
dictate to his secretaries the seven responsible diplomatic
documents. Some chess players can lead simultaneously with an unrelenting
Divided attention is
attention to several parties.
a professionally important feature for the driver’s profession. Distribution

9
attention is very important for the industrial training master, who
you need to keep in your field of vision the situation on the road, the student’s action
driving and other road users.

Distribution of attention consists of the ability to disperse attention
over a large space, perform several types in parallel
activity or perform several different actions. Notice, that,
when it comes to dividing attention between different types
activities, this does not always mean that they are literally
are executed in parallel. This happens rarely, and such an impression
created due to the ability of a person to quickly switch from one type
activity to another, managing to return to the continuation of the interrupted
before forgetting sets in.
This property depends on the psychological and physiological
human condition. When tired, in the process of performing complex types
activities that require increased concentration of attention, its area
the distribution usually narrows. (For example - monotonous long
long distance travel)
4. Switching attention

Switching attention is the ability to quickly
switch off from some settings and switch on to new, corresponding
changed conditions. Switching attention is understood as its
transfer from one object to another, from one type of activity to another.
This characteristic of human attention is manifested in speed, with
which he can transfer his attention from one object to another,
Moreover, such a translation can be either involuntary or voluntary.
In the first case, the individual involuntarily transfers his attention to something
such that he was accidentally interested, and in the second consciously, by effort

10
will forces himself to concentrate on something, even not very
an interesting object in itself. Switching attention, if it
occurs on an involuntary basis, may indicate its
instability, but such instability is not always based
viewed as a negative quality. She often contributes
temporary rest of the body, analyzer, preservation and restoration
performance of the nervous system and the body as a whole.

The ability to switch means flexibility of attention is very important
and often a very necessary quality.
The ease of switching varies from person to person: some with easy
switchability easily and quickly move from one job to another; at
For others, “entering” a new job is a difficult operation requiring
more or less long time and considerable effort.
Individual factors also play a known role in switching speed.
characteristics of the subject, in particular his temperament.
5. Attention span
The question of the amount of attention, i.e. the number of homogeneous objects,
which covers attention, a special question.
The volume of attention refers to the number of objects that we
we can cover with sufficient clarity at the same time. It is known that
a person cannot think about different things and do things at the same time
various works. This limitation forces us to split up the incoming
information from the outside into parts that do not exceed the capabilities of the processing
systems. An important and defining feature of attention span is
the fact that it practically does not change with training and training.
The volume of attention is such a characteristic of it, which is determined
amount of information that can simultaneously be stored in the sphere
increased attention (consciousness) of a person. Numerical characteristics

11
The average attention span of people is 57 units of information. She usually
established through experience during which a person is very
A large amount of information is presented in a short time. What he
during this time he manages to notice, and characterizes his attention span.
Since the experimental determination of attention span is associated with
short-term memory, it is often identified with the volume
short-term memory.
Chapter 2. FEATURES OF DRIVER ATTENTION
2.1 Main properties of attention

12
Sustainability of attention is the ability to concentrate in the process
work for a long time. Sustainability is determined by time
constant intensity of attention (tension). With sustainability
attention is closely related and its concentration is focusing only on
one object with simultaneous distraction from everything else. U
the driver's concentration is acceptable for short periods of time
periods of time, for example when passing pedestrian crossings,
public transport stops, intersections, dangerous passages
turns,

execution

etc.
The space in which most of the time is concentrated
The driver's attention to different objects is called the concentration field
attention. The driver's gaze stops the longest at the field boundaries, because...
It is there that new objects may appear. With increasing speed
car, the size of the field of concentration decreases.
The higher the speed, the less time the driver has to
make the right decision in an emergency situation. IN
As a result, small objects at a relatively large distance can
remain unnoticed, and as the car approaches, find yourself outside
fields

driver.
The amount of attention is characterized by the number of objects that can
be perceived by the driver at the same time. Human attention span
is 46 objects, if the perception conditions are not too complex, U
experienced drivers; attention span is greater than that of beginners.
Distribution of attention - the driver’s ability to control and

13
simultaneously successfully perform several different actions. Usually
distributes attention between two dissimilar actions, with one
some of them are familiar to him. For example, driving a car is safer
if the driver pays full attention to the road situation, while his hands
and the legs work automatically. Successful distribution of attention between
two completely unfamiliar activities is difficult.
(Beginner drivers do not fully control the car,
because it cannot perform several operations while driving. IN
emergency situation requirements for the distribution of driver attention
are rising. He must look, think and act at the same time.
Switching and distribution of attention in combination with the correct
sequence of actions and observation activity are the basis
experience, taking into account the traffic situation and driver precautions.
In conditions of intense changes in road conditions, the driver
must perceive it as fully, quickly and accurately as possible. These
the driver's abilities, depending on his knowledge, experience and condition,
are characterized by the development of his basic properties of attention.
Attention is the most important psychophysiological characteristic of a driver,
assessing his ability to concentrate consciousness on any
object (phenomenon) or action with simultaneous distraction from others.
Insufficiently developed attention properties are one of the common causes of errors
driver,

attracting

Attention is characterized by several properties. Ability
the driver perceives several

14
objects, phenomena or actions is assessed by the volume of attention. Experienced
the driver can perceive no more than five objects within 1 s, in conditions
poor visibility or heavy traffic during this time - only one
- two objects. At complex intersections with a large number of participants
road traffic, the attention span of novice drivers does not allow them
perceive all the information necessary for safe operation
by car.
Having perceived as fully as possible in a specific road situation
information, the driver distributes attention to individual objects,
consistently and deliberately focusing primarily on
those with whom you have to interact or who
pose a traffic hazard. Such objects include primarily
total passing and oncoming vehicles, as well as stationary vehicles and
pedestrians. Approximately 5-25% of the driver's time is spent on
perception of objects (road signs and markings, traffic lights, intersections
roadways, etc.), with the help of which he orients himself on the road.
Following the car in front, the driver most of the time
focuses attention on him, expecting the possible from him
maneuver.
braking
or

In some cases, the attention span of even an experienced driver can be
be insufficient to capture all objects or phenomena,
arising in the path of the vehicle. In modern road
conditions, unexpected appearance on the route of movement is often possible
car of a pedestrian or a car driven by an unruly
driver. Therefore, the driver must be prepared to shift attention to

phenomena,
15

emerging

suddenly.
2.2 Development of driver stability and intensity of attention
Different road conditions require different intensities
(tension) of attention. When driving in heavy traffic,
when overtaking, at difficult intersections, the greatest
intensity of attention, which will provide a more complete and accurate perception.
The intensity of attention decreases under monotonous driving conditions
(straight sections of long road, night time, etc.).
In such conditions, the driver’s readiness to act may deteriorate.
unexpected change in traffic conditions, speeding, leaving
P.
into oncoming traffic,
hard braking, etc.
The space where the driver's attention is spent most of the time
focuses on various objects on the road and near the road
space is called the field of concentration of attention. Form of this field
depends on the outline of the space perceived by the driver. If part
the road is closed from observation (road turn, change in longitudinal
road profile, stationary vehicle, buildings), then the shape of the field
changes shape accordingly. In such cases, the driver's gaze
is recorded longest and with the greatest intensity at the field boundaries, so
how exactly here a new object can unexpectedly appear on the road.
As the vehicle speed increases, the driver tries to observe
road at a greater distance, while the dimensions of the concentration field
attention decreases (the angle of view narrows), and attention becomes more

17
Involuntary attention can help or hinder transition
attention into the voluntary. Thus, if involuntarily perceived objects (not
directly related to driving) have
the intensity of irritation is greater than the objects in the road environment,
the driver is distracted. At the same time, the conditions for the perception of important
objects - roads, road signs, cars, pedestrians, etc.
Intensity of attention as the mobilization of human activity, in its
turn, characterized by concentration, stability and distribution.
An experienced driver will never cover six-eight at the same time
objects, or three or four signs. It combines all objects in this way,
so that there would be no more than four points of concentration of his perception.

Concentration (intensity) of attention is the degree of its
tension when perceiving an object, and the greater the concentration
attention,
the more complete and clear the perception of the object.
A competent, reliable driver does not always concentrate his attention
the same: at an intersection he looks for six-eight points of danger
(conflict) during normal traffic, on a straight and good road - one
points.
two

Sustained attention is understood as the ability to
maintain a state of attention on performing one task and on
subjects directly related to this task. Absence
sustained attention sharply affects the quality of work performed, and
its duration depends on the driver’s qualifications. (The higher

18
driver's qualifications, the more stable his attention) High
Steady attention of drivers requires driving a car in
conditions of intense traffic flow and difficult road conditions,
in unfavorable atmospheric and climatic conditions of the environment
environment, i.e. in cases where perceived
driver loads, which, as stated earlier, can lead to
fatigue. At the same time, the degree of change in the stability of attention
determined by the intensity and duration of exposure to the specified
loads
A change in the driver's attention span may result in mild
distractibility, absent-mindedness (due to weakness of voluntary attention),
in complete instability of attention or, conversely, in excessive attention
intensity, when a person is focused on one object and is unable to
notice nothing else. The last type of possible degree change
attention may arise due to emotional shifts caused by
fear,

deep

experiences

etc.
Distribution of attention is a person’s ability to
perception of several different actions simultaneously. Qualification
the driver is higher, the more economically his perceivers work,
analyzing, decision-making and executive bodies. This savings creates
reserve of attention for an unforeseen event. Any of those performed by the driver
actions to drive a car are possible only if
the analyzer system receives a certain amount of information about
state of road objects and traffic situation.

19
CONCLUSION
In life, it is difficult to determine due to what specific quality of attention
success is achieved in activities: large volume, or fast
switchability and good distribution. When they talk about someone as
an attentive person, they mean a holistic characteristic, and not
separate property. Thus, the properties of attention are very important for
future drivers, since the situation on the roads of our country is unsafe.
Most of the roads are in disrepair. In this regard, it is of great importance
development of driver attention.

20
LITERATURE
1. Dormashov Yu.B., Romanov V.Ya. Psychology of attention M.: Trivola,
1995.347 p.
2. P.A.Pegin Transport psychology Khabarovsk Publishing house TOGU
2005
3. A.N.Romanov Automotive psychology; Educational aid for students
higher education institutions/Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov.M.: Publishing
Center "Academy", 2002. 224 p.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

NABEREZHNOCHELNY INSTITUTE (BRANCH) OF THE FEDERAL

STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"KAZAN (VOLGA) FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Motor transport psychology

Guidelines for performing practical work for full-time and part-time students of all specialties

Naberezhnye Chelny

Motor transport psychology: Guidelines for performing practical work for full-time and part-time students of all specialties. /Compiled by Ph.D. Burganova N.T. – Naberezhnye Chelny: Publishing and Printing Center of NChI KFU, 2014. – 48 pages.

Methodological instructions were compiled at the Department of Social Sciences of the National Research Institute of KFU. They include basic psychological and physiological tests to establish professional suitability and predisposition to drive a vehicle, determine reliability and performance in various situations, methods for performing practical work in the field of motor transport psychology and processing the results obtained.

Reviewers:

Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor L.M. Zakirova,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor I.R. Mavleev

Published in accordance with the decision of the scientific and methodological council of Kazan State Federal University.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Motor transport psychology is a science that deals with issues of management, interaction between operator and equipment, design and operation of the MMC (environment-man-machine) system, called engineering psychology. The human factor in technology began to be used on a strictly scientific basis only with the advent of engineering psychology. The famous psychologist A.N. Leontiev wrote in this regard: “It is necessary to see a person in the machine or, in other words, to describe the machine through the prism of human activity.” This has become one of the principles of engineering psychology.

Engineering psychology combines two areas of scientific knowledge that are distant in nature, such as psychology and technology. As a technical science, engineering psychology studies control panels, the nature and sources of information in order to determine the requirements that they place on a person. As a psychological science, engineering psychology studies mental processes and physiological properties of a person, finding out what requirements for technical devices arise from the characteristics of the human body, i.e. solves the problem of adapting technology to human working conditions and his capabilities.

Motor transport psychology develops students’ knowledge of engineering psychology in motor transport and involves their use in further practical activities to improve methods of teaching and training drivers. He studies the characteristics of the behavior and emotional sphere of road users, develops scientifically based work and rest regimes to take into account the psychophysiological and personal characteristics of a person when operating cars, roads and organizing traffic.

The problem of traffic safety is becoming more acute every day, despite significant efforts being made to solve it. Today, the statistics of road accidents have become tangible for any reader of the magazine - anyone can easily find friends who have been in an accident, if this trouble did not happen to them themselves. The analysis leads to the inexorable conclusion that no organizational or technical measures, taken separately, will radically reduce the accident rate, because 60–70% of road accidents occur as a result of mistakes by drivers and pedestrians. Therefore, the most important reserve for reducing road accidents lies in increasing the overall level of driving skill.

These guidelines for performing practical work in the discipline “Vehicle Psychology” for students will help to consolidate the theoretical foundations of the course, gain skills in testing and researching psychophysiological characteristics of an individual, learn to determine, using tests, professionally important qualities of a driver, such as temperament, attention, emotional stability, sensorimotor coordination, reaction speed, vision properties, etc.

According to the new requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, now novice drivers studying in driving schools are required to pass special psychological tests before obtaining a license. Such a requirement did not arise by chance. It is caused by the high level of accidents on domestic roads. Testing for drivers is not just another order from above, designed to create the appearance of activity in the ministry. This is a preliminary check of a person’s psychophysiological characteristics, on which the driver’s behavior on the road depends. Few people know that in military universities testing is an integral part of preliminary selection. Until recently, test data was only advisory in nature. However, time has shown that the majority of those who dropped out of university also failed the psychological tests. Therefore, tests are not so useless. And when learning to drive, they are simply necessary. They test memory, psychomotor skills, eye perception, stability, the ability to navigate in space, the ability to switch and distribute one’s attention, emotional stability, and performance dynamics. Personal qualities are also of no small importance for the driver, which can also be checked during testing. These are, first of all, temperament, conflict, a tendency to take risks and the ability to do monotonous work.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy

(FSBEI HPE "SibADI")"

Department of "Cars and Tractors"

LECTURE NOTES

by discipline

Transport psychology

for the direction of training

190700.62 Technology of transport processes

Developer Arbatskaya T.V.

Omsk – 2011

TRANSPORT PSYCHOLOGY

Tutorial

Developer Arbatskaya T.V. 1

1. SUBJECT AND TASKS OF TRANSPORT PSYCHOLOGY 5

1.1. Basic definitions 5

1.3. Human-machine and driver-vehicle systems 6

1.3.1. Man-machine system 6

1.3.2. Driver-vehicle system 7

1.4. Operator Reliability Concept 7

1.4.1. Suitability 7

1.4.2. Preparedness 7

1.4.3. Performance 7

1.4.4. Factors influencing driver reliability: 8

2. MENTAL ACTIVITY 8

2.1. Sensation and perception 8

2.1.1. Analyzers 8

2.1.2. Feelings 9

2.1.3. Sensitivity thresholds 9

2.1.4. Perception 11

2.2. Visual analyzer 12

2.2.1. Vision mechanism 12

2.2.2. Visual acuity 12

2.2.3. Field of view 13

2.2.4. Eye gauge 13

2.2.5. Dynamic eye 13

2.2.6. Color perception 14

2.2.7. Night vision 14

2.2.8. Vision and age 14

2.2.9. Effect of alcohol 15

2.3. Other analyzers 15

2.3.1. Hearing analyzer 15

2.3.2. Vestibular apparatus 15

2.3.3. Joint-muscular sensations 15

2.3.4. Skin sensations 15

2.4. Attention 15

2.4.1. Activity of attention 16

2.4.3. Breadth of attention 16

2.4.4. Distribution of attention 17

2.4.5. Switching attention 17

2.4.6. Attention intensity 17

2.4.7. Sustainability of attention 17

2.4.8. Absent-mindedness 17

2.5. Memory 18

2.5.1. Short-term memory 18

2.5.2. Long-term memory 18

2.5.3. Types of memory 18

2.5.4. Memory performance 18

2.6. Emotions 19

2.6.1. External manifestations of emotions 19

2.6.2. Emotions higher and lower 19

2.6.3. Emotion Stats: 19

2.6.4. Types of emotions 20

2.6.5. Emotional stability 20

2.7. Temperament 21

2.7.1. General characteristics of temperament types 22

2.8. Reaction time 23

2.8.1. Simple reaction time 23

2.8.2. Complex reaction time 24

3. Operator workstation 25

3.1. Truck driver's workplace 25

3.1.1. General requirements 25

3.1.2. Driver's working position 25

3.1.3. Workplace dimensions 25

3.1.4. Seat 26

3.1.5. Sleeping place 26

3.1.6. Main controls 26

3.1.7. Cabin 27

3.1.8. Visibility 28

3.1.9. Workplace factors 28

3.2. Instrument panel 28

3.3. Vehicle control systems 31

3.3.1. Controllability of the control system 31

3.3.2. Driver-vehicle system 31

3.3.3. Static characteristics of the control system 32

3.3.3.1. Conversion factor 32

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy

(FSBEI HPE "SibADI")"

Department of "Cars and Tractors"

LECTURE NOTES

by discipline

for the direction of training

190700.62 Technology of transport processes

Developer Arbatskaya T.V.

Omsk – 2011

TRANSPORT PSYCHOLOGY

Tutorial

Developer Arbatskaya T.V. 1

1. SUBJECT AND TASKS OF TRANSPORT PSYCHOLOGY 5

1.1. Basic definitions 5

1.3. Human-machine and driver-vehicle systems 6

1.3.1. Man-machine system 6

1.3.2. Driver-vehicle system 7

1.4. Operator Reliability Concept 7

1.4.1. Suitability 7

1.4.2. Preparedness 7

1.4.3. Performance 7

1.4.4. Factors influencing driver reliability: 8

2. MENTAL ACTIVITY 8

2.1. Sensation and perception 8

2.1.1. Analyzers 8

2.1.2. Feelings 9

2.1.3. Sensitivity thresholds 9

2.1.4. Perception 11

2.2. Visual analyzer 12

2.2.1. Vision mechanism 12

2.2.2. Visual acuity 12

2.2.3. Field of view 13

2.2.4. Eye gauge 13

2.2.5. Dynamic eye 13

2.2.6. Color perception 14

2.2.7. Night vision 14

2.2.8. Vision and age 14

2.2.9. Effect of alcohol 15

2.3. Other analyzers 15

2.3.1. Hearing analyzer 15

2.3.2. Vestibular apparatus 15

2.3.3. Joint-muscular sensations 15

2.3.4. Skin sensations 15

2.4. Attention 15

2.4.1. Activity of attention 16

2.4.3. Breadth of attention 16

2.4.4. Distribution of attention 17

2.4.5. Switching attention 17

2.4.6. Attention intensity 17

2.4.7. Sustainability of attention 17

2.4.8. Absent-mindedness 17

2.5. Memory 18

2.5.1. Short-term memory 18

2.5.2. Long-term memory 18

2.5.3. Types of memory 18

2.5.4. Memory performance 18

2.6. Emotions 19

2.6.1. External manifestations of emotions 19

2.6.2. Emotions higher and lower 19

2.6.3. Emotion Stats: 19

2.6.4. Types of emotions 20

2.6.5. Emotional stability 20

2.7. Temperament 21

2.7.1. General characteristics of temperament types 22

2.8. Reaction time 23

2.8.1. Simple reaction time 23

2.8.2. Complex reaction time 24

3. Operator workstation 25

3.1. Truck driver's workplace 25

3.1.1. General requirements 25

3.1.2. Driver's working position 25

3.1.3. Workplace dimensions 25

3.1.4. Seat 26

3.1.5. Sleeping place 26

3.1.6. Main controls 26

3.1.7. Cabin 27

3.1.8. Visibility 28

3.1.9. Workplace factors 28

3.2. Instrument panel 28

3.3. Vehicle control systems 31

3.3.1. Controllability of the control system 31

3.3.2. Driver-vehicle system 31

3.3.3. Static characteristics of the control system 32

3.3.3.1. Conversion factor 32

3.3.3.2. Dead band 33

3.3.3.3. Idling 33

3.3.3.4. Hysteresis 34

3.3.3.5. General approach to choosing static characteristics parameters 34

3.3.4. Dynamic response 34

3.3.4.1. Typical dynamic links 34

3.3.4.2. Vehicle control systems 36

3.3.4.2.1. Brake control 36

3.3.4.2.2. Steering (trajectory) control 37

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TRANSPORT PSYCHOLOGY is... What is TRANSPORT PSYCHOLOGY?

TRANSPORT PSYCHOLOGY is a direction of research in labor psychology, the main task of which is to find opportunities to rationalize the work of workers in different sectors of transport. Technology has achieved its greatest successes in railway and road transport, and somewhat less so in sea and river transport. T.P. pays the greatest attention to the study of the work of drivers, although workers of other professions do not stand aside. The main goal of transport workers is to improve conditions and increase labor productivity of transport workers. Technology strives to create conditions in all production facilities and linear departments of transport, in vehicle cabins, in which a person can work productively without unnecessary mental and physical stress and not experience the adverse effects of the external environment. Particular attention is paid to reducing mental stress, which is continuously increasing due to the increase in speed and intensity of traffic. The main reasons for psychological stress are an increase in the volume of information processed by operational personnel (drivers, machinists, dispatchers, etc.), an increase in the intensity of their work, time shortages, failures and malfunctions of rolling stock, etc. To reduce the negative consequences of these phenomena, etc. develops special measures. Another area of research in technology is related to the psychological rationalization of vehicle cabins, centralized control panels, workplaces of workers in various transport professions, working tools, etc. Much attention is paid to aspects of working with personnel. Here, issues of professional guidance, selection and training of transport workers and, above all, drivers are resolved, issues of interaction in work teams are studied. An urgent problem for all types of transport is increasing traffic safety and reducing the accident rate due to the psychological factor. Together with safety psychology, technology takes an active part in solving these problems. In addition to the general psychological problems characteristic of all types of transport, transport solves problems specific to each type of transport.

Encyclopedic dictionary of psychology and pedagogy. 2013.

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Transport psychology

Transport psychology in professional activities

A look into the history of transport psychology shows that practical problems were posed in it before scientific ones. The practical aspect in transport psychology began in the first two decades of this century. At that time there was no system as such in the activities of transport psychologists; there were only some practical works of individual specialists. The focus at this early stage was on determining fitness to drive vehicles on the railway, as well as trams and horse-drawn carriages. Although at the same time the first criteria for “suitability to drive a vehicle” were put forward and the prerequisites for its application were developed, practical interests were still clearly brought to the fore. Thus, the term “transport psychology” was not yet entirely appropriate, since it was more about a special psychological test of professional compliance.

Nevertheless, the significance of this initial stage in the history of transport psychology cannot be underestimated for further development. On the scale of the entire economy, occupational selection plays a minor role compared to other psychological tasks. After 40 years we returned to discuss this problem.

Until the mid-50s, the term “transport psychology” only covered the medical examination of vehicle drivers. In the second half of the 50s, institutions were created such as the Medical-Psychological Institute at the Union of Technical Supervision Workers in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Transport-Psychological Institute at the Board of Trustees for Road Safety in Austria. Solving the problems of psychophysiological compliance with driving vehicles occupied and now occupies a significant place in the activities of all these institutions. But at the same time, the lack of methodological research in special areas of knowledge became more and more apparent, for example, the problem of choosing objective criteria for testing psychological compliance with driving vehicles. This has further exacerbated the disagreement between other aspects of transport psychology. The emergence of transport psychology as a scientific discipline, which is now introduced as a subject in departments at some universities, also dates back to approximately the same period of time.

In 1953, a section of transport psychology was founded at the Union of German Psychologists (FRG) under the leadership of Winkler, and in 1967 a scientific circle for the study of transport psychology was established under the leadership of Sander as a general professional body of the German Society of Psychology and the Union of German Psychologists ( Germany).

The development of transport psychology over the past 20 years has been the concretization of a new approach to applied psychology: the absence of a pronounced opposition between scientific research and practice, and increasingly close interaction between them. A specialist in transport psychology is increasingly turning to research work and the practical implementation of the results of scientific research. Such specialists currently work, for example, in the technical inspection authorities in German-speaking countries or in the Federal Office of Roads in Germany, the Trustee Council for Road Safety in Austria, in the Advisory Committee for the Prevention of Road Accidents in Berlin, in the Transport Medical Service in the GDR, as well as in universities where there is a department of transport psychology. On the other hand, psychologists who deal with transport psychology at universities, along with their teaching and scientific activities, are increasingly turning to solving practical problems, for example, testing psychological suitability for driving a vehicle.

The wider transport psychology is considered as a professional activity, the more direct its impact on the behavior of specific individuals in a real traffic situation. A specialist in transport psychology performs this function in the same way as all other psychologists who express in practice the content of their activities.

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Studying driver reliability in Russia and abroad

The history of the formation of transport psychology shows that practical problems were posed in it before scientific ones. The practical aspect in transport psychology began in the first two decades of this century. At that time there was no system as such in the activities of transport psychologists; there were only some practical works of individual specialists. The focus at this early stage was on determining fitness to drive vehicles on the railway, as well as trams and horse-drawn carriages. Although at the same time the first criteria for “suitability to drive a vehicle” were put forward and the prerequisites for its application were developed, practical interests were still clearly brought to the fore. Thus, the term “transport psychology” was not yet entirely appropriate, since it was more about a special psychological test of professional compliance.

In the modern understanding, transport psychology is a discipline that studies the role of the human factor in ensuring the efficiency and safety of transport. This is a branch of psychology that studies the processes and means of interaction between man and machine. Transport psychology justifies its purpose only in close connection with all other special psychological disciplines. But from the point of view of the tasks facing it, it is closely intertwined with transport, road and automotive technology, transport medicine and transport sociology, as well as transport law. The origins of transport psychology were the German psychologist Hugo Munstenberg, who in 1910 published the first work on the professional assessment of the actions of urban transport drivers and their driver compliance with road safety requirements. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he first began to develop and use psychological tests to assess a person's professional abilities.

The works of V. I. Konoplyanko, V. M. Mishurin, A. N. Romanov, A. I. Vaisman, M. A. Kotik, E. M. Lobanov, V. are devoted to the study of the influence of individual driver qualities on road safety. N. Pushkin, V. S. Merlin, T. A. Polyanova, R. V. Rotenberg, K. Marbe, W. Bingham, R. Donald, W. Crawford, F. McKenna, G. Mayerhofer and others.

At the beginning of the last century, a fairly extensive list of various human qualities was compiled that affected the accuracy and safety of his work, which at that time already took into account the criteria for professional selection for dangerous types of professions. However, psychological research was aimed at identifying, through experiment, only individual behavioral qualities of a person that affect the accuracy of work. The lack of a general theory connecting the deep mental manifestations of a person with his behavioral correlates and the actual results of his work naturally caused them dissatisfaction.

Karl Marbe came to the conclusion that in the objective activity of a person there can be stripes (periods) of good and bad results, due to positive and negative attitudes, respectively. The ability to switch settings does not correlate with indicators of the level of intelligence, performance, and does not depend on speed qualities. People with good attitude switching will have little exposure to danger, while people with poor switching ability will seem to “lag behind” in their adaptation to changes in the world around them and will therefore be prone to accidents. Based on theoretical premises about the leading role of attitudes, Marbe concluded that both early and later injuries arise for the same reason - due to a poor attitude to work and low switchability of attitudes. He considered the ability to switch settings as an innate natural quality of a person. The repetition of accidents was interpreted as the result of a natural disposition, resulting mainly from a low innate ability to switch settings. This theory has raised doubts on a number of fundamental issues.

Domestic scientist T. A. Polyanova studied the individual style of the operator’s activity in relation to the work of a car driver: the concept of integral individuality was introduced. She found that the individual characteristics of drivers are reflected in their driving style and identified two styles: in one, preference was given to the indicative aspect of activity, and in the other, to the performing aspect. Studies have shown that the second style turned out to be more dangerous and is associated with a greater number of road accidents. In his works, V.S. Merlin comes to the conclusion that the individual style of activity is the connecting link between different levels of individuality - from biochemical to socio-psychological, i.e., it performs a system-forming function in relation to individuality as a morphological system. Features of performing executive and indicative actions occupy a central place in the system of labor techniques, since they primarily influence the results of activity. At the same time, these results also depend on the characteristics of the activity related to its other aspects.

The Austrian scientist E. Mittenecker believed that the main cause of emotional interference is the conflict between two jointly acting dispositions - achieving a given goal and avoiding mistakes (maintaining safety). On this occasion, Ehlers expressed the opinion that the reasons for the predisposition to accidents, in all likelihood, should be sought in how the subject perceives the situation and the task that has arisen in it, to what extent he strives to achieve the goal and how realistic he considers the occurrence of an accident case. D. Klebelsberg also identified two general dispositions in the behavior of drivers: the desire for pleasure from fast and successful driving and the desire for autonomy and competition.

The research of the American scientist Hugo Munsterberg became very famous at the beginning of the twentieth century. He developed the fundamentals of psychotechnics, studied the problems of enterprise management, professional selection, career guidance, industrial training, adapting technology to a person’s mental capabilities and other factors in increasing the productivity of workers and the income of entrepreneurs. He also worked on issues of forensic psychology and testimony, clinical psychology, and educational psychology. Münsterberg argued that the best way to increase labor productivity is to select positions for employees that correspond to their individual psychological characteristics, in particular characterological and intellectual. A special instrumental technique was developed to assess driving abilities. His research in his works was continued by K. Tramm, who added the following to the professionally important qualities of a driver: good vision and hearing, good memory, the ability to resist fatigue, the ability to work with equipment.

The American scientist W. Bingham, studying the accident rate of car drivers, discovered that a small group of drivers in 2-3 years “accumulated” as many accidents and breakdowns as all other drivers of a large automobile enterprise did not accumulate. He identified three characteristic features of drivers prone to accidents: these people more often than others committed socially unacceptable acts, had more health defects, and had worse abilities (according to test results).

In our country, the problem of road accidents and adaptive behavior of road users has also received a lot of attention. In 1928, J.M. Lyam studied the professional suitability of car drivers. S. M. Vasilevsky published works on improving the qualifications of drivers. In the 40s, the works of F.N. Brailovsky and P.V. Venetsian were devoted to professional selection, and the psychological characteristics of the driver’s profession were studied by G.M. Levigurovich, V.N. Arbuzov, V.N. Lanina, K.V. Starkova and etc. .

A significant place in the development of transport psychology is occupied by the creative processing and mutual enrichment of similar areas in railway, maritime transport and aviation. The names of Soviet scientists D. F. Gorbov, E. A. Derevyanko, V. D. Nebylitsin, K. K. Platonov, E. A. Mileryan, M. A. Kotik, K. M. Gurevich and many are known all over the world others.

Honored Worker of Science and Technology Prof. L. L. Afanasyev, Ph.D. N.A. Ignatov and Yu. Borover in their works point out the variety of psychophysiological characteristics of the driver and their dependence on operating conditions, which create certain difficulties in assessing the influence of the human factor on road safety. The most fundamental studies of the psychophysiological characteristics of the driver were carried out in our country by V. N. Pushkin, L. N. Nersesyan and N. A. Ignatov. The main ideas of these works are to develop recommendations and methods for conducting psychophysiological studies of the driver.

Nowadays, the influence of drivers of various vehicles on traffic safety continues to be widely studied.

The works of V. M. Mishurin and A. N. Romanov reveal the essence of the influence of psychophysiological and personal qualities of the driver on traffic safety. In particular, it is indicated that the psychological stability of the subject depends on such features as: sensation and perception, speed and accuracy of sensorimotor reactions, attention, thinking, memory, emotions, as well as on such personality qualities as: temperament and character, moral qualities . Driver errors are caused by various negative factors: bad roads, poor organization of traffic, technical imperfections or vehicle malfunctions, unfavorable weather conditions. And as a result, one of the ways to reduce the number of errors for these reasons is to take maximum account of the psychophysiological characteristics of drivers. Moreover, the psychological reliability of the driver is achieved purposefully, by training professionally important qualities, in the process of training and subsequent professional activities.

R.V. Rotenberg names the driver’s mental inertia when moving from one driving condition to another as the main cause of road accidents. The driver misses the moment when it is necessary to reduce speed, thereby not providing sufficient control over the movement of the car. A. I. Vaisman and his colleagues developed the theoretical foundations of the method of psychophysiological professional selection of drivers, which includes determining the time and accuracy of simple differentiated reactions, the ability to assess spatio-temporal relationships, the ability to probabilistic forecasting, emotional stability, operational and long-term memory and a number of others indicators. The driver's reliability may decrease as a result of his increased propensity to take risks, emotional instability, aggressiveness, inadequate reality of the hierarchy of values, and a sense of superiority over others.

V.I. Konoplyanko notes in his works that such qualities as complex reaction time, attention indicators, and speed of information processing have a significant impact on the reliability of the driver’s work.

M. A. Kotik and A. M. Emelyanov, revealing the essence of human nature when controlling moving objects, highlight the following aspects of this problem: the influence of his individual mental qualities, the influence of his current mental states, the influence of mental processes that arise during his control activity. The works of V.D. Nebylitsyn and E.A. Mileryan explore the strength of the nervous system, attention, distribution of attention, sensorimotor reaction. Analyzing various points of view on the connection between temperament and the properties of the nervous system, the authors come to the conclusion that the properties of the nervous system, the type of higher nervous activity, are not identical to temperament, but constitute only the natural basis on which temperament is formed. V. D. Nebylitsyn introduced the concept of “reliability of a human operator” and developed the idea that the leading role in the “human factor” belongs to the natural properties of the nervous system. V.D. Nebylitsyn always insisted that the study of individual properties of the nervous system, their structure and combinations should precede the identification of types of nervous activity. Analyzing various points of view on the connection between temperament and the properties of the nervous system, he came to the conclusion that the properties of the nervous system, the type of higher nervous activity, are not identical to temperament, but constitute only the natural basis on which temperament is formed.

Currently, psychophysiological selection of car drivers is carried out in almost all countries where motorization has reached a high level. The introduction of such selection makes it possible to increase the reliability of drivers, reduce the number of accidents, reduce material losses and human casualties. Increasing driver reliability can be achieved by improving his professional training and skills training, which is one of the tasks of organizing professional selection and training.

Transport psychology illuminates the problem of how to reduce traffic accidents and make the process of driving safer by restructuring road behavior. Striving to improve road traffic and not taking into account the human factor means dooming the entire system to failure in advance. Transport psychology, in the process of its formation as a scientific discipline, has identified very acute problems of interaction between man and technology; it studies the basic forms of road users and ways of influencing them, and allows the use of the results of fundamental research to solve applied problems. The relevance of modern applied research in the field of transport psychophysiology is largely determined by modern safety requirements aimed at preserving human life and health in modern society.

Literature:

Zhirkov, R. A. Hardware and software complex for psychophysiological selection of drivers / R. A. Zhirkov, P. A. Kolpakov, V. Yu. Vetluzhskikh; Industry fund of algorithms and programs. - M., - 2003.-116 p.

Romanov, A. N. Automotive psychology: textbook. aid for students Higher textbook establishments/A. N. Romanov. - M.: Academy, 2002.- 224 p.

Konoplyanko, V.I. Fundamentals of driving and road safety: textbook. allowance / V. I. Konoplyanko, V. V. Zyryanov, Yu. V. Vorobyov. - M.: Higher. school 2005. - 271 p.

Klebelsberg D. Transport psychology / D. Klebelsberg; lane with him. M.: Transport, 1989. - 367 p.

Nebylitsyn V.D. Problems of individuality psychology. Moscow - Voronezh, 2000.

Nebylitsyn V.D. Psychophysiological studies of individual differences. - M.: Publishing house "Science", 1976

Pushkin V.P., Nersesyan J1.C. Driver psychology. M.: Knowledge, 1969.- 32 p.

Vaisman A.I. Once again about psychophysiological professional selection // Automobile transport No. 12, 1992, P. 9.

Kotik M. A., Emelyanov A. M. The nature of human operator errors (using examples of driving vehicles). M.: Transport, 1933. - 252 p.

Nersesyan JI. C. Psychological aspects of increasing the reliability of control of moving objects. M.: Promedek, 1992. - 287 p.

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Transport psychology

Transport psychology and its relationship with related disciplines

Related disciplines. Traditionally, “transport psychology” refers to the psychology of traffic participants in the road network, and participation in rail and air transportation is almost never included in this concept. While the difference between transport and aviation psychology (apparently not least because of the rather large variety of relevant forms of behavior) is presented relatively clearly, between transport and railway psychology there are more common points, since despite the existing differences In the problems of both disciplines, they still reveal much in common. True, the modern field of activity of railway psychology (at least in Germany and Austria and much less in the GDR) is insufficiently studied in comparison with the problems facing here. This can be explained by the relatively low share of mutual penetration of railway psychology and transport psychology.

The initial premises in the interpretation of transport psychology as a subsection of labor psychology vary in persuasiveness. This is explained by the fact that many of the main problems of labor behavior (conditions, forms of manifestation and behavior in labor relations) occur, for example, when driving a vehicle. Then behavior is associated with performance under certain conditions and in a given environment.

It is more difficult to argue for a comparison of transport psychology with labor psychology in those areas where there is no aspect of work as an activity, for example, in the behavior of pedestrians and drivers of personal transport.

Otherwise, transport psychology is more an applied scientific discipline than “everyday psychology.”

Related disciplines outside the scope of psychology. The profiling of transport psychology cannot be absolute, since it corresponds to an understanding that is rarely found outside of German-speaking countries. In this regard, there is a contrast between special aspects and tasks to be solved: which special discipline relates to the solution of the assigned problems or which special discipline can most contribute to the solution of the assigned tasks. The aspect of determining competence mainly contributed to current polemical debates and discussions in the specialty and only slightly to the constructive solution of the tasks. At the same time, the optimal compromise option is completely obvious: the one who contributes to solving the problem is competent.

This task orientation only became established in the German-speaking countries after a long period of development, overcoming significant professional prejudices, whereas in the UK and the USA, for example, it characterized the respective research institutions from the very beginning. This difference is not least expressed in the fact that for the traditional term “transport psychology” in German-speaking countries, there is no corresponding equivalent in other countries, be it the designation of a special discipline or the name of an institution. Research centers, institutes and laboratories are named there mainly in accordance with the tasks they solve and much less often according to the professional education of their employees.

If we bring to the fore the aspect of orientation to the tasks being solved, then it becomes clear that the goal of studying the behavior of a traffic participant on the streets and highways can be achieved based on completely different professional starting points. If it is necessary to select a system for conducting promising scientific research, then the following division is assumed: conditions of behavior, forms of behavior and supra-individual goals of behavior.

Related disciplines that deal primarily with the supra-individual conditions of traffic behavior include technical means of traffic control; automotive equipment.

Disciplines that study mainly the conditions and forms of behavior and states of road users consist of: transport psychology; transport medicine; transport sociology.

A special discipline that deals mainly with the supra-individual goals of road behavior is transport law (a set of legal norms governing the operation of transport).

Common to all of the above is the need for mutual complementation of knowledge.

Generalization

So, transport psychology as a scientific discipline can be classified as one of the new sections of applied psychology, which does not mean simply applying the results of psychological research in practice, it should be understood as a system for obtaining knowledge in certain areas of human behavior. The fundamental opposition between applied and non-applied psychology seems unconstructive, even if significant differences can be seen in some aspects (target settings, methodological aspects, processing of results). Transport psychology objectively studies the behavioral characteristics and emotional sphere of road users, as well as the possibility of using the results to solve practical issues.

Even before the emergence of transport psychology as a scientific discipline, the transport psychology of driving work began to develop. At the same time, the focus was primarily on the study of professional suitability for driving a vehicle. As progress was made in creating the scientific foundations of transport psychology in the early 50s, the field of activity of transport psychology invariably expanded in the direction of the psychological characteristics of people's participation in road traffic.

Transport psychology justifies its purpose only in close connection with all other special psychological disciplines. But from the point of view of the tasks facing it, it is closely intertwined with transport, road and automotive technology, transport medicine and transport sociology, as well as transport law.

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Motor transport psychology

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

NABEREZHNOCHELNY INSTITUTE (BRANCH) OF THE FEDERAL

STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"KAZAN (VOLGA) FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Guidelines for performing practical work for full-time and part-time students of all specialties

Naberezhnye Chelny

Reviewers:

Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor L.M. Zakirova,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor I.R. Mavleev

Published in accordance with the decision of the scientific and methodological council of Kazan State Federal University.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

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article transport psychology Kryuchek AL.docx - Article on the topic: "Transport psychology"

9 attention is very important for the master of industrial training, who needs to keep in his field of vision the situation on the road, the actions of the student behind the wheel and other road users.

Distribution of attention consists of the ability to disperse attention over a significant space, simultaneously perform several types of activities or perform several different actions. Note that when it comes to the distribution of attention between different types of activities, this does not always mean that they are literally performed in parallel. This rarely happens, and such an impression is created due to a person’s ability to quickly switch from one type of activity to another, managing to return to the continuation of the interrupted one before forgetting occurs. This property depends on the psychological and physiological state of a person. When tired, in the process of performing complex activities that require increased concentration, the area of its distribution usually narrows. (For example, a monotonous long trip over long distances)4. Switching attention

Switchability of attention consists in the ability to quickly switch off from some settings and join new ones that correspond to changed conditions. Switchability of attention is understood as its transfer from one object to another, from one type of activity to another. This characteristic of human attention is manifested in the speed with which it can transfer its attention from one object to another, and such a transfer can be both involuntary and voluntary. In the first case, the individual involuntarily transfers his attention to something that accidentally interests him, and in the second, consciously, with effort.