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Napoleon I Bonaparte August 15, 1769 - May 5, 1821 - Emperor of the French in 1804 -1815, French commander and statesman who laid the foundations of the modern French state.

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Napoleon was born in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, which for a long time was under the control of the Genoese Republic. In 1755, Corsica overthrew Genoese rule and from that time on virtually existed as an independent state under the leadership of the local landowner Pasquale Paoli, whose secretary was Napoleon's father. In 1768, the Republic of Genoa sold its rights to Corsica to the French King Louis XV. In May 1769, at the Battle of Pontenuovo, French troops defeated the Corsican rebels, and Paoli emigrated to England. Napoleon was born 3 months after these events. Paoli remained his idol until the 1790s.

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Napoleon was the second of 13 children of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino, five of whom died at an early age. The family belonged to the minor aristocrats and lived on the island since the beginning of the 16th century. Although in the past Carlo Buonaparte was one of the drafters of the Constitution of Corsica, he submitted to the French sovereignty in order to be able to educate his children in France. This helped him gain the favor of the French.

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Parents of Napoleon Bonaparte

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In 1771, Carlo received the post of assessor and became a representative of the nobility in the Corsican parliament in Paris. Initially, the children studied at the city school of Ajaccio, later Napoleon and some of his brothers and sisters studied writing and mathematics with the abbot. Napoleon achieved particular success in mathematics and ballistics.

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Thanks to cooperation with the French, Carlo Buonaparte managed to achieve royal scholarships for his two eldest sons, Joseph and Napoleon. In December 1778, both boys left the island and were taken to college in Autun, mainly for the purpose of learning French. The following year, Napoleon entered the cadet school in Brienne. Napoleon had no friends at college, since he came from a not very rich family, and besides, he was a Corsican, with a pronounced patriotism for his native island and hostility towards the French as the enslavers of Corsica. It was in Brienne that the name Napoleon Buonaparte began to be pronounced in the French manner - “Napoleon Bonaparte”.

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Napoleon achieved particular success in mathematics. He was most interested in such characters as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. Already from that early time, Napoleon worked extremely hard and read books in various fields of knowledge: travel, geography, history, strategy, tactics, artillery, philosophy. Thanks to his victory in the Queen's Necklace competition, he was accepted into the Royal Cadet School (École royale militaire) in Paris.

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He studied excellently during this period, read a lot, making extensive notes. On February 14, 1785, his father died and Napoleon assumed the role of head of the family. That same year, he completed his education early and began his professional career in Valence with the rank of lieutenant. In June 1788 he was transferred to Oxonne. To help his mother, he took in his 11-year-old brother Louis to raise him. He lived in those days, as before, extremely poorly, eating milk and bread twice a day. However, Napoleon tried not to show his depressing financial situation.

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In his spare time, Napoleon loved to read and also wrote. He read a lot, and diverse literature, from novels to textbooks, from the works of Plato to the works of contemporary authors at that time - Voltaire, Pierre Corneille, Lavater, as well as scientific articles. Along with this, Napoleon read articles about military affairs. Bonaparte showed extraordinary efficiency and hard work. Napoleon's journalistic works during the revolutionary period indicate that his political sympathies were on the side of the Jacobins.

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Released in 1785 from the Paris Military School into the army with the rank of lieutenant, Bonaparte in 10 years went through the entire hierarchy of ranks in the army of what was then France. In 1788, as a lieutenant, he tried to enter the Russian service, but was refused by Lieutenant General Zaborovsky, who was in charge of recruiting volunteers to participate in the war with Turkey. Bonaparte's first combat experience was participation in an expedition to Sardinia. The landing force landed from Corsica was quickly defeated, but Lieutenant Colonel Buonaparte, who commanded a small artillery battery of four guns, distinguished himself: he made every effort to save the guns, but they still had to be riveted, since by the time they were brought to the coast, only small ones remained there court.

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In 1789, having received leave, he went home to Corsica, where he was found by the French Revolution, which he unconditionally supported. In 1793, Pasquale Paolo declared the independence of Corsica from France, Napoleon regarded this as a betrayal of the ideas of the Great French Revolution and renounced the ideas of Paolo, whom he considered his idol in childhood. He openly opposed the policy of the Corsica authorities for complete independence and, due to the threat of political persecution, left the island and returned to France.

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By the time of his appearance near Toulon (September 1793), he held the rank of captain of regular artillery, but in addition he also confirmed the rank of lieutenant colonel of volunteers (from September 17). Already in Toulon in October 1793, Bonaparte received the post of battalion commander (corresponding to the rank of major). Finally, appointed chief of artillery in the army besieging Toulon occupied by the British, Bonaparte carried out a brilliant military operation. Toulon was taken, and at the age of 24 he himself received the rank of brigadier general - something between the ranks of colonel and major general. The new rank was awarded to him on January 14, 1794.

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After the Thermidorian coup, Bonaparte was first arrested due to his connections with Augustin Robespierre (August 10, 1794, for two weeks). After his release due to a conflict with the command, he resigns. In August 1795 he received a position in the topographic department of the Committee of Public Safety.

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On March 9, 1796, Bonaparte married the widow of the general, Count of Beauharnais, executed during the Jacobin terror, Josephine, the former mistress of one of the then rulers of France, P. Barras. Some consider Barras's wedding gift to the young general to be the commander of the Italian Army (the appointment took place on February 23, 1796), but Bonaparte was proposed by Carnot for this position. Already being the commander of the Italian army, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the troops of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Austria, which glorified him as one of the best commanders of the Republic. Thus, “a new military and political star rose” on the European political horizon, and a new era began in the history of the continent, the name of which for many 20 years will be “Napoleonic Wars.”

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Marriages and children. 1st wife: (from March 9, 1796, Paris) Josephine de Beauharnais (1763-1814), Empress of the French. They had no children. Divorced since December 16, 1809. 2nd wife: (from April 1, 1810, Saint-Cloud) Marie-Louise of Habsburg-Lorraine (1791-1847), Archduchess of Austria, Empress of the French. Had one son: Napoleon II Bonaparte (1811-1832)

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The crisis of power in Paris reached its climax by 1799, when Bonaparte was with his army in Egypt. The corrupt Directory was unable to ensure the gains of the revolution. In Italy, Russian-Austrian troops, commanded by Alexander Suvorov, liquidated all of Napoleon's acquisitions, and there was even a threat of invasion of France. Under these conditions, a popular general who returned from Egypt, relying on an army loyal to him, dispersed the representative bodies and the Directory and proclaimed a consular regime (November 9, 1799).

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According to the new constitution, legislative power was divided between the State Council, the Tribunate, the Legislative Corps and the Senate, which made it helpless and clumsy. The executive power, on the contrary, was gathered into one fist by the first consul, that is, Bonaparte. The second and third consuls had only advisory votes. The constitution was approved by the people in a plebiscite (about 3 million votes against one and a half thousand) (1800). Later, Napoleon passed a decree through the Senate on the lifetime of his powers (1802), and then proclaimed himself Emperor of the French (1804).

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Napoleon was allowed to choose officers to accompany him; they were Henri-Gracien Bertrand, Charles Montolon, Emmanuel de Las Cases and Gaspard Gourgo, who were with him on the English ship. On August 7, 1815, the former emperor left Europe aboard the ship Northumberland. Nine escort ships carrying the 3,000 soldiers that would guard Napoleon on St. Helena accompanied his ship.

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Napoleon is doomed to inactivity. His health was deteriorating, Napoleon and his retinue blamed this on the unhealthy climate of the island.
Napoleon's health condition steadily deteriorated. From 1819 he became ill more and more often. Napoleon often complained of pain in his right side and his legs were swollen. His attending physician diagnosed him with hepatitis. Napoleon suspected that it was cancer - the disease from which his father died. In March 1821, Napoleon's condition deteriorated so much that he no longer doubted his imminent death. On April 13, 1821, Napoleon dictated his will. He could no longer move without outside help, the pain became sharp and painful. Napoleon Bonaparte died on Saturday, May 5, 1821, at 17:49. He was buried near Longwood in an area called "Geranium Valley."

Biography Napoleon was born in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, which for a long time was under the control of the Genoese Republic. In 1755, Corsica overthrew Genoese rule and from that time on virtually existed as an independent state under the leadership of the local landowner Paolo Pasquale, whose secretary was Napoleon's father. In 1768, the Republic of Genoa sold its rights to Corsica to the French King Louis XV. In May 1769, at the Battle of Pontenuovo, French troops defeated the Corsican rebels, and Paolo emigrated to England. Napoleon was born 3 months after these events. Paolo remained his idol until the 1790s.

Beginning of a military career Released in 1785 from the Paris Military School into the army with the rank of lieutenant, Bonaparte in 10 years went through the entire hierarchy of ranks in the army of what was then France. In 1788, as a lieutenant, he tried to enter the Russian service, but was refused by Lieutenant General Zaborovsky, who was in charge of recruiting volunteers to participate in the war with Turkey. Literally a month before Napoleon’s request for admission into the Russian army, a decree was issued on the admission of foreigners to serve at a lower rank, to which Napoleon did not agree. In the heat of the moment, he ran out from Zaborovsky, shouting that he would offer his services to the King of Prussia: “The King of Prussia will give me the rank of captain.”

Coming to power The power crisis in Paris reached its apogee in 1799, when Bonaparte was with troops in Egypt. The corrupt Directory was unable to ensure the gains of the revolution. In Italy, Russian-Austrian troops under the command of Field Marshal A.V. Suvorov liquidated all Napoleon's acquisitions, and even the threat of their invasion of France arose. Under these conditions, the popular general who returned from Egypt, with the help of Joseph Fouche, relying on an army loyal to him, dispersed the representative bodies and the Directory and proclaimed the consulate regime (November 9, 1799).

Domestic policy Having become a full-fledged dictator, Napoleon radically changed the country's government structure. Napoleon's domestic policy consisted of strengthening his personal power as a guarantee of preserving the results of the revolution: civil rights, land ownership rights of peasants, as well as those who bought national property during the revolution, that is, confiscated lands of emigrants and churches.

Mathematics For his services in mathematics, Napoleon was elected academician of the French Academy of Sciences. Among other achievements, the following can be noted: The problem about equilateral triangles, which bears his name. He proposed a simple way to construct a square using one ruler with two notches. This decision was a significant step towards proving the possibility, using only a compass or only a ruler with two serifs, to make any constructions that can be done with a compass and a sans-serif ruler.

Marriages and children 1st wife: (from March 9, 1796, Paris) Josephine de Beauharnais (), Empress of the French. They had no children. Divorced since December 16, 1809. 2nd wife: (from April 1, 1810, Saint-Cloud) Marie-Louise of Habsburg-Lorraine (), Archduchess of Austria, Empress of the French.
Death of Napoleon Napoleon's health steadily deteriorated. From 1819 he became ill more and more often. Napoleon often complained of pain in his right side and his legs were swollen. His attending physician, François Antommarchi, diagnosed hepatitis. Napoleon suspected that it was cancer, the disease from which his father died. In March 1821, Napoleon's condition deteriorated so much that he no longer doubted his imminent death. On April 13, 1821, Napoleon dictated his will. He could no longer move without outside help, the pain became sharp and painful. Napoleon Bonaparte died on Saturday, May 5, 1821, at 17:49.

3 Wars with coalitions First coalition – Messrs. (England, Prussia, Naples, Tuscany, Austria, Spain, Holland) The first coalition - gg. (England, Prussia, Naples, Tuscany, Austria, Spain, Holland) Second coalition - gg. (England, Russia, Türkiye, Austria, Kingdom of Naples) Second coalition - gg. (England, Russia, Turkey, Austria, Kingdom of Naples) Third Coalition - 1805 (Russia, England, Austria, Sweden, Turkey, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) Third Coalition - 1805 (Russia, England, Austria, Sweden, Turkey, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) Fourth Coalition (England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony, Sweden) Fourth Coalition (England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony, Sweden) Fifth Coalition - 1809 (Austria, England and Spain) Fifth Coalition - 1809 (Austria, England and Spain) Sixth Coalition (Russia, Sweden, England, Austria and Prussia) Sixth Coalition (Russia, Sweden, England, Austria and Prussia) Seventh Coalition – 1815 (England, Russia, Austria and Prussia) Seventh Coalition – 1815 (England, Russia, Austria and Prussia) ANTI-FRENCH COALITIONS temporary military-political alliances of European states that sought to restore in France the monarchical Bourbon dynasty, which fell during the French Revolution.

5 First anti-French coalition 1792 - 1797 French victory in the Italian War. contributed to the collapse of the coalition.

6 First anti-French coalition 1792 - 1797 The main task of French diplomacy was to make the most profitable use of military victories and to create a belt of independent states along the eastern border of the state, which would ensure French dominance over Central Europe and Italy.

9 The war in Europe resumed in the spring of 1799 under unfavorable conditions for France. The French army retreated across the Rhine. Having marched rapidly, Russian troops, led by A.V. Suvorov, ousted the French from Northern Italy. Second anti-French coalition 1798 – 1802 September 10 September 27, 1799 Swiss campaign A.V. Suvorov (crossing the Alps towards Austria). In 1800, due to disagreements with its allies, Russia left the coalition, and it disintegrated. England alone continued military operations against France, but in 1803 it was also forced to conclude a truce.

10 Autumn 1805 Austria and Russia declare war on France Autumn 1805 Austria and Russia declare war on France October - surrender of the Austrian army (K. Mack) to the French near Ulm. October - surrender of the Austrian army (K. Mack) to the French near Ulm. October - defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet (P. Villeneuve) by the English (G. Nelson) at Cape Trafalgar, English supremacy at sea October - defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet (P. Villeneuve) by the English (G. Nelson) at Cape Trafalgar, English supremacy at sea The Third Anti-French Coalition of 1805 The Allies wanted to expel the troops of Napoleonic France from the territories they had captured and restore the pre-revolutionary order in France. December - defeat of Russian-Austrian troops (Alexander) by the French (Napoleon) near Austerlitz, collapse of the Third Coalition December - defeat of Russian-Austrian troops (Alexander) by the French (Napoleon) near Austerlitz, collapse of the Third Coalition

October 12, 1806 defeat of Prussian troops by Napoleon in the Battle of Jena-Auerstadt, occupation by the French of most of Prussia Fourth anti-French coalition. The creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon's new conquests and the announcement of a continental blockade of England (economic isolation, that is, a ban on European states maintaining trade and other ties with England) contributed to the creation in September 1806 of the fourth anti-French coalition

February 13, 1807 - an unsuccessful attempt by the French to defeat Russian troops near the city of Preussisch-Eylau (East Prussia); June 14, 1807 - battle - at Friedland, defeat of the Russian army June 14, 1807 - battle - at Friedland, defeat of the Russian army. Fourth anti-French coalition

June 14, 1807 - Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon: Russia’s accession to the continental blockade; Russia's joining the continental blockade; conclusion of a military alliance with France; conclusion of a military alliance with France; consent to the creation consent to the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw on the territory of Poland Grand Duchy of Warsaw on the territory of Poland (a springboard for a possible invasion of Russia) (a springboard for a possible invasion of Russia) The Fourth Anti-French Coalition.

The brewing conflict with Russia In the summer of 1810, both empires began preparing for war. December 1810 - Alexander l signed a law on a new tariff for the import of new goods. Napoleon saw this as a direct challenge to France. On August 15, 1811, at a gala reception for the diplomatic corps, Napoleon declared that Russia had no allies, since it had taken Tarnopol from Austria; Prussia has Bialystok; Sweden has Finland. "The continent is against you! I don’t know if I’ll beat you, but we’ll fight.”

19 Sixth anti-French coalition. On April 5, 1812, the St. Petersburg Union Treaty was concluded between Russia and Sweden. On April 5, 1812, the St. Petersburg Union Treaty was concluded between Russia and Sweden. After Napoleon's invasion of Russia began, on July 6 (18), 1812, the Peace of Orebro was signed between Russia and Great Britain, eliminating the state of war between the two powers that had existed since 1807. On December 18 (30), 1812 in Taurogen, the Prussian General York signed a neutrality convention with the Russians and withdrew troops to Prussia. On January 18 (30), 1813, a treaty similar to the Taurogen Treaty was signed by the commander of the Austrian corps, General Schwarzenberg (Seichen Truce), after which he surrendered Warsaw without a fight and went to Austria.

20 Sixth anti-French coalition. 1813 - entry of Russian troops into Prussian territory. the beginning of foreign campaigns of the Russian army, the formation of a new coalition (Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and from August - Austria) October Battle of the Nations near Leipzig. Allied Army G.L. Blucher 300 thousand people French army Napoleon 180 thousand people. Defeat and retreat of the French Battle of Leipzig 1813

22 March 30, 1814 - entry of allied troops into Paris April 6, 1814 - Napoleon's abdication of the throne, proclamation of Louis XVI's brother Count of Provence as King of France under the name Louis XVIII. April 1814 - Napoleon's exile to the island of Elba in the Tyrrhenian Sea May 1814 - publication by Louis XVIII of the Constitutional Charter with guarantees of civil rights Sixth anti-French coalition.

23 Seventh Anti-French Coalition Seventh Anti-French Coalition Hundred Days Coalition - Attempt to Napoleon to Return to the Square s t and Hundred Days - Attempt at Napoleon to return to power and March - flight of N. Bonaparte Island of Elba, landing in France June - Napoleon's entry into Paris June 18 - Battle of Waterloo (Belgium) French army Napoleon Prussian (G.L. Blucher) and Anglo-Dutch (A.W. Wellington) armies Defeat of Napoleon June 22 - abdication; link to St. Helena (British possession in the Atlantic Ocean) under heavy guard (until death in 1821) Battle of Waterloo 1815

24 September June 1815 Interrupted for the period of the Hundred Days of Napoleon All European powers took part except Turkey The main goal is to restore the status quo ante Bellumstatus quo ante Bellum the situation that existed before the war Congress of Vienna Principle of legitimism: Europe, gathered in the person of its sovereigns and diplomats at the Congress of Vienna, must, in the redistribution lands and changes in territorial boundaries to leave in an inviolable form what existed before the start of the revolutionary wars.

25 The main decisions of the Congress of Vienna are the return of France to the borders as of January 1792; the return of France to the borders as of January 1792; approval of the Bourbon restoration; approval of the Bourbon restoration; restoration of absolutism in Spain; restoration of absolutism in Spain; consolidation of the fragmentation of Germany (German Confederation of 39 states and free cities) and Italy (under Austrian rule with the exception of Piedmont); consolidation of the fragmentation of Germany (German Confederation of 39 states and free cities) and Italy (under Austrian rule with the exception of Piedmont); the unification of the Netherlands and Belgium into the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the unification of the Netherlands and Belgium into the Kingdom of the Netherlands; restoration of the pre-war borders of Austria and Prussia; restoration of the pre-war borders of Austria and Prussia; transfer of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw to Russia. transfer of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw to Russia. September 27, 1815 Creation of the Holy Alliance of Monarchs and Peoples Founders: Austria, Russia, Prussia, France joined England was not included Objectives of the “Holy Alliance...”: maintaining law and order in Europe (legitimacy of borders and political regimes) maintaining law and order in Europe ( legitimacy of borders and political regimes) preventing revolutions. preventing revolutions. Major decisions of the Congress of Vienna

Spivak Ekaterina - 9th grade student of the Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School in the village of Znamya Oktyabrya, Podolsk district

The story of the great commander of France.

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Prepared by 8B class Spivak student Ekaterina Napoleon I Bonaparte

Napoleon I Bonaparte - Emperor of the French in 1804 - 1815, French commander and statesman who laid the foundations of the modern French state.

In November 1799, he carried out a coup d'état (18 Brumaire), as a result of which he became first consul, thereby effectively concentrating all power in his hands. On May 18, 1804 he proclaimed himself emperor. Established a dictatorial regime. He carried out a number of reforms (the adoption of the civil code (1804), the founding of the French Bank (1800), etc.).

The victorious Napoleonic Wars, especially the 2nd Austrian Campaign of 1805, the Prussian Campaign of 1806, and the Polish Campaign of 1807, contributed to the emergence of France as a major power on the continent. However, Napoleon's unsuccessful rivalry with the “mistress of the seas” Great Britain did not allow this status to be fully consolidated. The defeat of the Grande Armée in the war of 1812 against Russia marked the beginning of the collapse of the empire of Napoleon I. After the “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig, Napoleon could no longer resist the allies. The entry of anti-French coalition troops into Paris in 1814 forced Napoleon I to abdicate the throne. He was exiled to Fr. Elbe. Retook the French throne in March 1815 (One Hundred Days). After the defeat at Waterloo, he abdicated the throne for the second time (June 22, 1815). He spent the last years of his life on the island. St. Helena a prisoner of the British. His ashes have been kept in the Invalides in Paris since 1840.

general of the French revolutionary army, First Consul of the French Republic (from 1799), Emperor of France (May 18, 1804 - April 11, 1814, March 12, 1815 - June 22, 1815), King of Italy (from 1805), Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (from 1806) Titles:

Letizia Ramolino Napoleon was born in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, which was long under the control of the Genoese Republic. In 1755, Corsica overthrew Genoese rule and from that time on virtually existed as an independent state under the leadership of the local landowner Pasquale Paoli, whose secretary was Napoleon's father. In 1768, the Republic of Genoa sold its rights to Corsica to the French King Louis XV. In May 1769, at the Battle of Pontenuovo, French troops defeated the Corsican rebels, and Paoli emigrated to England. Napoleon was born 3 months after these events. Paoli remained his idol until the 1790s. Childhood

Napoleon was the second of 13 children of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino, five of whom died at an early age. The family belonged to the minor aristocrats and lived on the island since the beginning of the 16th century. Although in the past Carlo Buonaparte was one of the drafters of the Constitution of Corsica, he submitted to the French sovereignty in order to be able to educate his children in France. This helped him gain the favor of the French, and in 1771 Carlo received the post of assessor and became a representative of the nobility in the Corsican parliament in Paris. Napoleon achieved particular success in mathematics and ballistics.

Thanks to cooperation with the French, Carlo Buonaparte managed to achieve royal scholarships for his two eldest sons, Joseph and Napoleon (in total there were 5 sons and 3 daughters in the family). While Joseph was preparing to become a priest, Napoleon was destined for a military career. In December 1778, both boys left the island and were taken to college in Autun, mainly for the purpose of learning French, although Napoleon spoke with a strong accent all his life. The following year, Napoleon entered the cadet school in Brienne. Napoleon had no friends in college, since he came from a not very rich family, and besides, he was a Corsican, with a pronounced patriotism for his native island and hostility towards the French as the enslavers of Corsica. It was in Brienne that the name Napoleon Buonaparte began to be pronounced in the French manner - “Napoleon Bonaparte”. Youth

Napoleon achieved particular success in mathematics; the humanities, on the contrary, were difficult for him. For example, he was so weak in Latin that his teachers did not even allow him to take the exams. In addition, he made quite a lot of mistakes when writing, but his style became much better thanks to his love of reading. Napoleon was most interested in such characters as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. Already from that early time, Napoleon worked extremely hard and read books in various fields of knowledge: travel, geography, history, strategy, tactics, artillery, philosophy.

Thanks to his victory (which Napoleon was very surprised by) in the Queen's Necklace competition, he was accepted into the Royal Cadet School (École royale militaire) in Paris. There he studied the following subjects: hydrostatics, differential calculus, calculus of integrals, and public law. As before, he shocked teachers with his admiration for Paoli, Corsica, and hostility towards France. He fought a lot at that time, he was very lonely, Napoleon had practically no friends. He studied excellently during this period, read a lot, making extensive notes. True, he was never able to master the German language. Later, he expressed an extremely negative attitude towards this language and wondered how it was possible to learn even one of its words.

On February 14, 1785, his father died, and Napoleon took on the role of head of the family, although according to the rules, the eldest son (who was not as powerful as his brilliant brother) should have become the head of the family. That same year, he completed his education early and began his professional career in Valence with the rank of lieutenant. In June 1788 he was transferred to Oxonne. To help his mother, he took in his 11-year-old brother Louis to raise him. He lived in those days, as before, extremely poorly, eating milk and bread twice a day. However, Napoleon tried not to show his depressing financial situation.

In his spare time, Napoleon loved to read and also wrote. Tarle writes that at this time he studied more than created his own ideas. He read a lot, and diverse literature, from novels to textbooks, from the works of Plato to the works of contemporary authors at that time, for example Voltaire, Pierre Corneille, Lavater, as well as scientific articles. Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther was read by Napoleon many times. Along with this, Napoleon read articles on military affairs, and later, when he became increasingly interested in politics, Jean-Jacques Rousseau became his favorite author. A little later - Guilliam Raynal. Bonaparte showed extraordinary efficiency and hard work.

Napoleon's journalistic works during the revolution (“Dialogue of Love,” “Dialogue sur l’amour,” 1791, “Dinner at Beaucaire,” “Le Souper de Beaucaire,” 1793) indicate that his political sympathies were on the side of the Jacobins.

There is no word "impossible" in my dictionary. Napoleon Bonaparte

Exiled to the island of St. Helena, Napoleon lived there on the Longwood estate. Napoleon was allowed to choose officers to accompany him; they were Henri-Gracien Bertrand, Charles Montholon, Emmanuel de Las Cases and Gaspard Gourgo, who were with him on the English ship. In total, there were 27 people in Napoleon's retinue. On August 7, 1815, the former emperor left Europe aboard the ship Northumberland. Nine escort ships carrying the 3,000 soldiers that would guard Napoleon at Saint Helena accompanied his ship. On October 17, 1815, Napoleon arrived in Jamestown, the island's only port. The habitat of Napoleon and his retinue was the vast Longwood House (the former summer residence of the Governor General), located on a mountain plateau 8 kilometers from Jamestown. The house and the area adjacent to it were surrounded by a six-kilometer-long stone wall. Sentinels were placed around the wall so that they could see each other. Sentinels were stationed on the tops of the surrounding hills, reporting all of Napoleon's actions with signal flags. The British did everything to make Bonaparte's escape from the island impossible. The deposed emperor initially had high hopes for a change in European (and especially British) policy. Napoleon knew that the Crown Princess of the English throne, Charlotte (daughter of the Prince Regent, the future George IV), was a passionate admirer of his. However, the princess died in childbirth in 1817, while her father and sick grandfather were still alive, without having time to “summon” Napoleon, which he had hoped for. The new governor of the island, Goodson Law, further restricts the freedom of the deposed emperor: he narrows the boundaries of his walks, requires Napoleon to show himself to the guard officer at least twice a day, and tries to reduce his contacts with the outside world. Napoleon is doomed to inactivity. His health was deteriorating, Napoleon and his retinue blamed this on the unhealthy climate of the island. Saint Helena

Napoleon's tomb in the Les Invalides Napoleon's health condition steadily deteriorated. From 1819 he became ill more and more often. Napoleon often complained of pain in his right side and his legs were swollen. His attending physician diagnosed him with hepatitis. Napoleon suspected that it was cancer - the disease from which his father died. In March 1821, Napoleon's condition deteriorated so much that he no longer doubted his imminent death. On April 13, 1821, Napoleon dictated his will. He could no longer move without outside help, the pain became sharp and painful. Napoleon Bonaparte died on Saturday, May 5, 1821, at 17:49. He was buried near Longwood in an area called "Geranium Valley". In 1840, Louis Philippe, yielding to pressure from the Bonapartists, sent a delegation to Saint Helena to fulfill Napoleon's last wish - to be buried in France. Napoleon's body has been kept in the Les Invalides in Paris since 1840. The material for the manufacture of the monument installed here, sculpted from Karelian porphyry, was kindly donated to the French government by Emperor Nicholas I. There is a version that Napoleon was poisoned. However, the authors of the book “Chemistry in Forensics” L. Leistner and P. Bujtash write that “the increased content of arsenic in hair still does not give grounds to unconditionally assert the fact of deliberate poisoning, because the same data could have been obtained if Napoleon had systematically used drugs , which contain arsenic." Death of Napoleon

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