What is the inconsistency of the social process? What is progress? Types, forms, examples of progress

1. The contradictory nature of social progress

Any person even slightly familiar with history will easily find in it facts indicating its progressive progressive development, its movement from lower to higher. Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens) as a biological species stands higher on the ladder of evolution than its predecessors - Pite Canthropus, Neanderthals. “The progress of technology is obvious: from stone tools to iron ones, from simple hand tools to machines that enormously increase the productivity of human labor, from the use of the muscular power of humans and animals to steam engines, electric generators, nuclear energy, from primitive means of transportation to cars, airplanes , spaceships” 1. The progress of technology has always been associated with the development of knowledge, and the last 400 years - with the progress of primarily scientific knowledge. Humanity has mastered, cultivated, adapted almost the entire earth to the needs of civilization, thousands of cities have grown - more dynamic types of settlements compared to the village. In the course of history, forms of exploitation have been improved and softened, and with the victory of socialism, the exploitation of man by man is completely eliminated.

It would seem that progress in history is obvious. But this is by no means generally accepted. In any case, there are theories that either deny progress or accompany its recognition with such reservations that the concept of progress loses all objective content and appears as relativistic, depending on the position of a particular subject, on the system of values with which he approaches history.

And it must be said that the denial or relativization of progress is not completely groundless. The progress of technology, which underlies the growth of labor productivity, leads in many cases to the destruction of nature and the undermining of the natural foundations of the existence of society. Science is used to create not only more advanced productive forces, but also destructive forces that are increasingly powerful. Computerization and the widespread use of information technology in various types of activities limitlessly expand a person’s creative capabilities and at the same time pose a lot of dangers for him, starting with the emergence of various new diseases (for example, it is already known that long-term continuous work with computer displays negatively affects vision , especially in children, gives additional mental stress that can cause mental disorders in some people) and ending with possible situations of total control over personal life.

The development of civilization brought with it a clear softening of morals and the establishment (at least in the minds of people) of the ideals of humanism. But in the 20th century, two of the bloodiest wars in human history took place; Europe was flooded with a black wave of fascism, which publicly announced that the enslavement and even destruction of people treated as representatives of “inferior races” was completely legitimate.

Until now, in South Africa, the apartheid system, also based on the division of people into “superior” and “inferior” races, tenaciously clings to its privileges. In the 20th century, the world is periodically shaken by outbreaks of terrorism from right- and left-wing extremists, for whom human life is a bargaining chip in their political games. Widespread drug addiction, alcoholism, crime - organized and unorganized - is all this evidence of human progress? And do all the wonders of technology and the achievement of interaction, the law that expresses the essence of the historical process, determine its progressive orientation, its main driving forces?

In addition, in their actions and assessments, people are guided by interests, and what some people or social ruins consider progress, others often evaluate from opposite positions. The transition from capitalism to socialism for representatives of the Marxist worldview is unconditional progress, despite all the difficulties, possible zigzags and contradictions. But from the point of view of the bourgeoisie, its class interests, this transition does not look progressive at all. However, does this give grounds to say that the concept of progress depends entirely on the assessments of the subject, that there is nothing objective in it?

2. Objective criterion of progress

One can pose the question this way: is there an objective criterion of social progress or not? If it exists, then, guided by it, perhaps by identifying the direction of social changes, show that their assessment as progressive or regressive has objective grounds, independent of the position of the subject and the nature of his interests. If such a criterion does not exist, then a relativistic interpretation of progress is justified, that is, its recognition or denial is arbitrary and depends on subjective assessments.

From the standpoint of materialism, this problem can be solved quite unambiguously. The development of society is a natural process. “The general direction of the historical process is determined by the development of the productive forces of society, including man and the means of labor created by him” 1 . The development of productive forces indicates the degree to which man has mastered the forces of nature, the possibilities of their use as the material foundations of human life, and determines the change in relations of production.

The more material opportunities a person has in his activities, the higher the level of development of society. Therefore, it is in the development of productive forces that one should look for an objective criterion of social progress. In comparison with it, the progressiveness of a particular social system is determined.

The development of a social person in the main sphere of his activity - in production - is the basis for his development in all other spheres of activity. It is no coincidence that K. Marx and F. Engels emphasized: “What is the life activity of individuals, so are they themselves. What they are coincides, therefore, with their production - coincides both with what they produce and with how they produce” 1. Man is a subject, unlike other elements of the productive forces, and the origins of all his life activity lie in social production. Thus, the subjective qualities of the proletariat, which are formed in the process of its labor activity, cohesion, a sense of collectivism, class solidarity, etc., manifest themselves not only in production.

So, the highest and universal, objective criterion of social progress is the development of productive forces, including the development of man himself 2 .

What should and what exists, the formation of norms and ideals that meet the objective requirements imposed by information civilization on the individual and society. 2. Existing problems of progress in the sphere of morality The main problems of progress in the sphere of morality are: 1. Good and evil. In the historical development of value consciousness, in the history of moral philosophy and moralistics, despite the preservation...

...% instead of 31.3% in 2006. CONCLUSION The purpose of the first part of the comprehensive thesis was to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the results of the functioning of crop production LLC "Progress-Agro" Peschanokopsky district of the Rostov region, identify unresolved problems of the industry, substantiate financial and related them organizational and managerial measures to improve its economic efficiency

That other factors will remain unchanged. If the cost of 1 ton of rapeseed decreases by 1%, the level of profitability of its production will increase by 0.35%, under the same conditions. 2.3 Ways to increase the efficiency of rapeseed production in the Progress-Vertelishki agricultural production complex of the Grodno region As noted in paragraph 2.1, the level of profitability of rapeseed production fell over the period from 1995 to 2004. Having analyzed...

So the principles of working with them (analysis and description, constructing a story based on them) in general will not differ radically from working with planar images. All iconographic works that we consider as an object of analysis in a history lesson are combined and further replaced by the generalizing term “picture”. Alice in the famous work of Lewis Carroll rightly noted that "...

CONTRADICTION

- English sop-tradt"ctortness/contradictt"uness; German Widerspruchlichkeit. One of the signs of illogical thinking, expressed in the fact that in the same reasoning about the same subject, taken at the same time and in the same relation, opposite or contradictory statements are made that exclude each other.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

Synonyms:

See what “CONTRADICTION” is in other dictionaries:

Duality, inconsistency; illogicality, confusion, vagueness, inconsistency, alogism, inconsistency, paradoxicality, illogicality. Ant. consistency Dictionary of Russian synonyms. inconsistency 1. duality, contradictory... ... Synonym dictionary

CONTRADICTION, inconsistency, many. no, female (book). distracted noun to contradictory; the presence of contradictions in something. Conflicting evidence. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

CONTRADICTORY, oh, oh; Iv. Containing a contradiction (1 value). Conflicting opinions. Contradictory statement. Conflicting feelings (complex, ambivalent). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

inconsistency- - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Topics of energy in general EN inconsistency ... Technical Translator's Guide

J. abstract noun according to adj. Efremova's controversial Explanatory Dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency, inconsistency (Source: “Full ... ... Forms of words

inconsistency- contradictory, and... Russian spelling dictionary

inconsistency- Syn: duality, contradictory Ant: consistency... Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary

CONTRADICTION- English contradicttuness; German Widerspruchlichkeit. One of the signs of illogical thinking, expressed in the fact that in the same reasoning about the same subject, taken at the same time and in the same relation, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of sociology

inconsistency- contradiction... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

Books

Appealing the conclusions of forensic examinations, R.G. Ambartsumov. For the first time, the manual raises and discusses the issues of appealing the conclusions of forensic examinations in criminal proceedings, the discrimination of the current legislation on ...

Subject: "Problems of Social Progress"

Type of lesson: learning new material

Lesson form: lesson with elements of technology for developing critical thinking and “business game” technology.

Lesson 2 of 3.

Educational goals:

Educational:

based on the study of new material and in the course of repeating what has already been studied, repeat the basic concepts, clarify the vision of progress in different eras, show the inconsistency of progress;

promote the development of the ability to create logical circuits.

Educational:

develop the ability to depict material in the form of a diagram, drawing, and read it;

develop the ability to express one’s point of view, conduct a reasoned debate, and draw conclusions;

develop analytical-synthesizing thinking cadets.

Educational:

draw students' attention to the problem of inconsistency of progress;

contribute to improving the level of communication culture;

ability to work in pairs, contribute to improving interaction within the educational team.

Methodological goals:

studying new material based on the formation of a vision of the inconsistency of social progress;

activation of cognitive activity of cadets through the use of technology for the development of critical thinking; "business game"

motivation of interest in learning through the formation of the cadet’s own attitude to the problem posed.

Lesson equipment

Power Point Presentation – “Social Progress”

During the classes

Before the lesson, ask a question in order to decide which group the children will fall into when working in the lesson.

Several statements are given on the screen; your task is to identify the problem or problems discussed in today's lesson and explain the logic of your thinking. Ranking of problems, formulation of the lesson topic.

“History is not the sidewalk of Nevsky Prospekt” N.G. Chernyshevsky.

“Progress only indicates the direction of movement, and it is indifferent to what awaits at the end of this path - good or evil” (J. Huizinga).

« Progress is movement in a circle, but increasingly faster” (L. Levinson)

“The progress of technology gives us ever more advanced means of moving backwards” (O. Huxley)

"Regression has occurred as often as progress" (Spencer)

“If they shout: “Long live progress!”, always respond: “Progress of what?” S. Lec.

“Every progress... is at the same time a regression, because it consolidates one-sided development in many other directions” F. Engels.

Result - recording of discussion problems on the board:

Possible options

Which path is humanity following: Cyclic cycle? A series of ups and downs? Ascent from low to high? Movement from higher to lower?

Is there social progress?

Is progress good or evil?

How to measure social progress?

Universal criterion of progress - utopia or reality?

Teacher- That. Our task in class is to discuss the identified problems, draw conclusions and self-determinate in relation to each of them.

Subject - The problem of the direction of social development. The problem of social progress.

I suggest you draw our lesson problem in the form of a diagram

Based on previously acquired knowledge, name the areas of social development known to you.

Translate material from verbal to graphic form. Explain the reasons for the discrepancies and whether these scenarios can be considered mutually exclusive. Try to argue with the authors of the statements.

Possible answers.

Hesiod, Nietzsche, Hegel, Marx, Toynbee, Vico, Plato, Aristotle

Popper Condorcet, Turgot Spengler

The result is to formulate a definition of progress and regression.

define the concept of “progress”;

select synonyms for this term;

define the concept of “regression”;

choose synonyms for this term.

Learning a new topic:

Today we will talk about understanding social progress. There are two such understandings.

First– when the social process is understood as development, progress, as a transition from lower levels of social systems to higher ones, from less perfect forms of social structure to more developed forms. This approach is called “linear” or “progressive” progress.

Second approach based on a cyclical understanding of the historical process, on the idea of the repetition of the main processes of social life. This is the so-called theory of cycles.

(show diagrammatically two approaches to social progress in your notebook). Explanation of diagrams.

So, We have come to the conclusion that social scientists call the main directions of social development WHAT?– progress and regression. What position will we take? We will answer this question at the end of the lesson after discussing intermediate problems.

(element of a business game) Recently, we have been broadcasting a lot of programs on TV, where viewers discuss problems together with experts. To self-determinate on the problem of the lesson, let’s imagine the following situation: you have become participants in an open studio, where the pressing issue of the consequences of changes in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. First, let's remember those areas that make up the life of society. How many are there? ( 4: economic, social, spiritual, political).

Before the lesson, I asked you to make an assessment of the consequences of changes in Russia from 1991 to 2015). Some cadets consider them positive, some - negative. And I asked you to sit according to your answers. As a result, we had 2 groups.

Now the task of your groups is to discuss their position on positive or negative consequences and express their opinion according to the answer scheme: thesis - argument - example)

After discussion, thus we can conclude that we have supporters and opponents of progress. Why do we evaluate certain phenomena differently?

Answer- Progress is contradictory. Let's prove it.

Group work

1 group with the text of the textbook (clause 2 of paragraph 15) and

Group 2 with the text of the document and drawing up a table

The inconsistency of progress

Manifestation of inconsistency

progress

Positive consequences

Negative consequences

Conclusion: Progress is contradictory and relative. And why?

1.inconsistency of criteria

2. diversity, complexity and dynamism of society itself

3. subjectivity of evaluation of the same phenomena (relativity of progress)

Now I suggest you return to our lesson problem diagram, etc. , the problem that we faced at the beginning of the lesson has been solved. As a conclusion, I suggest you fill out this diagram

Contradictory progress:

1. In the “head” of the fish, write down the problem that we considered:

The process of historical development is contradictory

2. write down positive progress on the top “bones”:

Progress of technology, development of industry,

discoveries in the field of nuclear physics,

use of personal computers,

growth of cities (urbanization)

3. write down the negative consequences of progress on the lower “bones”, paired with the upper ones:

Ecological crisis,

atomic weapon,

illnesses (decreased vision, mental disorders, physical inactivity),

social isolation,

stress on the human body (stress, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, etc.)

4. formulate the conclusion in the “tail” of the fish:

society, of course, develops and progresses, but at the same time, progress also has its contradictions, which lie, first of all, in the consequences.

We will study what this depends on in the next lesson.

1. par. 15 items 2.4

2. Working with the source p. 155-156 in writing.

Appendix 2.

Read the text, fill out the table

The contradictions of progress

The current phase of progress, full of miracles and contradictions, has brought mankind many generous gifts, but at the same time has profoundly changed our entire small human universe, posed hitherto unprecedented tasks for humanity and threatens it with unheard-of troubles.

Even now, in fact, humanity has no choice but to approach the next phase of its development as quickly as possible - the one where, combining its power with wisdom worthy of it, it will learn to maintain all human affairs in harmony and balance. But this can only happen due to an unprecedented chain of events, which I call the “human revolution.”

It would be a great, and perhaps fatal, mistake if right now we did not fully realize the importance and urgent need for such an evolution, for all the unrest and crises of our time are both the cause and the consequence of humanity’s inability to adapt to the new reality of our time. Problems of demography, unemployment, underutilization of social and economic opportunities of society, shortages and irrational management of resources, inefficiency, inflation, insecurity and the arms race, environmental pollution and destruction of the biosphere, the already noticeable human impact on the climate and many, many other problems intertwined with each other, like the tentacles of a giant octopus, entangled the entire planet. The danger is so great and real that it can be averted and the current situation can somehow be corrected only through the joint, coordinated efforts of all countries and peoples. But so far, despite any warnings, no effective measures have been taken to solve at least one of these problems. Meanwhile, the number of unsolved problems is growing, they are becoming more and more complex, their interweaving is becoming more intricate, and their “tentacles” are squeezing the planet in their grip with increasing force.

Only a qualitative leap in the entire evolution of human thinking and behavior can help us chart a new course, breaking the vicious circle in which we find ourselves. Of course, it is very difficult to achieve such profound psychosocial changes in human nature itself, but it is by no means impossible.

A. Peccei.

Appendix 3.

Inconsistency of progress (fill in the table)

Manifestation of inconsistency

progress

Examples (facts of social reality)

Positive consequences

Negative consequences

Annex 1.

Question: What do you think are the consequences of social changes in Russia in post-Soviet times? (from 1991 to 2015)?. If you think they are positive, sit in the 1st row; if you think they are negative, then sit in row 3?

Let us recall the facts from the history of the 19th and 20th centuries: revolutions were often followed by counter-revolutions, reforms by counter-reforms, radical changes in the political structure by the restoration of the old order. (Think about what examples from domestic or world history can illustrate this idea.) If we tried to depict the progress of mankind graphically, then we would get not an ascending straight line, but a broken line, reflecting the rise and fall, ebb and flow in the struggle of social strength, accelerated movement forward and giant leaps back. There have been periods in the history of different countries when reaction triumphed, when the progressive forces of society were persecuted, when reason was suppressed by the forces of obscurantism. You already know, for example, what disasters fascism brought to Europe: the death of millions, the enslavement of many peoples, the destruction of centers of culture, bonfires from the books of the greatest thinkers and artists, the inculcation of misanthropic morality, the cult of brute force. But it’s not just about such breaks in history. Society is a complex organism in which different “bodies” function (enterprises, associations of people, government institutions, etc.), various processes (economic, political, spiritual, etc.) occur simultaneously, and various human activities unfold. These parts of one social organism, these processes, various types of activity are interconnected and at the same time may not coincide in their development. Moreover, individual processes and changes occurring in different areas of society can be multidirectional, that is, progress in one area may be accompanied by regression in another. Thus, throughout history, the progress of technology is clearly visible: from stone tools to iron ones, from hand tools to machines, from the use of the muscular power of humans and animals to steam engines, electric generators, nuclear power plants, from transportation by pack animals to cars, high-speed trains, airplanes, spaceships, from wooden abacus with dominoes to powerful computers. But the progress of technology, the development of industry, chemicalization and other changes in the field of production have led to the destruction of nature, to irreparable damage to the human environment, and to the undermining of the natural foundations of the existence of society.

Thus, progress in one area was accompanied by regression in another. The process of historical development of society is contradictory: both progressive and regressive changes can be found in it. The progress of science and technology has had mixed consequences. Discoveries in the field of nuclear physics made it possible not only to obtain a new source of energy, but also to create powerful atomic weapons. The use of computer technology has not only unusually expanded the possibilities of creative work, but also caused new diseases associated with long-term, continuous work at the display: visual impairment, mental disorders associated with additional mental stress. The growth of large cities, the complication of production, the acceleration of the rhythm of life - all this has increased the load on the human body, created stress and, as a consequence, pathologies of the nervous system and vascular diseases. Along with the greatest achievements of the human spirit, the world is experiencing an erosion of cultural and spiritual values, drug addiction, alcoholism, and crime are spreading. Humanity has to pay a high price for progress. The conveniences of city life are paid for by the “diseases of urbanization”: traffic fatigue, polluted air, street noise and their consequences - stress, respiratory diseases, etc.; ease of travel in a car due to congestion of city highways and traffic jams. Attempts to speed up progress sometimes come at a prohibitive cost. Our country in the 20-30s. XX century took first place in Europe in terms of production volumes of a number of the most important industrial products. Industrialization was carried out at an accelerated pace, the mechanization of agriculture began, and the level of literacy of the population increased. These achievements had a downside: millions of people who became victims of severe famine, hundreds of thousands of families expelled from their places of habitual residence, millions of repressed people, and the subordination of people’s lives to total regulation and control. How to evaluate these contradictory processes? Are positive changes that come at such a high price progressive? With such ambiguity of change, is it possible to talk about social progress as a whole? To do this, it is necessary to establish what is the general criterion of progress, which changes in society should be assessed as progressive and which should not.