Borrowed words in f. Is it true that all words with the letter F are of French origin?! I mean in Russian spelling! b) combination of railway w: alien - rus

Most words with the letter “F” in Russian are borrowed. Pushkin was proud that in “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” there was only one word with the letter “f” - fleet. There are only 74 words in the Russian language that begin with the letter “Y”. But most of us remember only “yod, yogi” and the city “Yoshkar-Ola”. There are words in the Russian language that start with “Y”. These are the names of Russian cities and rivers: Ygyatta, Yllymakh, Ynakhsyt, Ynykchansky, Ytyk-kyyol. The only words in the Russian language with three letters “e” in a row are long-necked (and others on the -neck, for example, crooked-, short-) and “snake-eater”. In the Russian language there is a word with a unique prefix for the language - ko-zakoulok. The only word in the Russian language that does not have a root is take out. It is believed that this word contains the so-called zero root, which alternates with the root -im- (take out-im-at). Previously, until about the 17th century, this verb looked like take out, and it had a material root, the same as in remove, embrace, understand (cf. remove, embrace, understand), but later the root -nya- was reinterpreted as the suffix - well- (as in stick, blow). The only one-syllable adjective in the Russian language is angry. In the Russian language there are words with prefixes unique to the language and -, - total and total and a- - perhaps (obsolete a vos "and vos will not be lucky"), formed from the conjunctions and and a. The words bull and bee have the same root. In works of ancient Russian literature, the word bee was written as “bychela”. The alternation of vowels ъ/ы is explained by the origin of both sounds from one Indo-European sound U. If we recall the dialect verb to buchachat, which has the meaning of “roar, hum, buzz” and is etymologically related to the words bee, bug and bull, then it becomes clear what the general meaning of these words Until the 14th century in Rus', all indecent words were called “absurd verbs.” In the 1993 Guinness Book of Records, the longest word in the Russian language was named “X-ray electrocardiographic”, in the 2003 edition “excessively considerate”. In the Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language A.A. Zaliznyak edition 2003, the longest (in letters) common noun lexeme in dictionary form is the adjective “private entrepreneurial”. Consists of 25 letters. The longest verbs are “to re-examine”, “to substantiate” and “to internationalize” (all - 24 letters; word forms -uyuschimi and -hivsya 25 letters each); The longest nouns are “misanthropy” and “excellency” (24 letters each; word forms -ami – 26 letters each, however, “misanthropy” is practically not used in plurals. h.); The longest animate nouns are “eleventh-grader” and “clerk” (21 letters each, word forms -ami – 23 letters each); The longest adverb recorded by the dictionary is “unsatisfactory” (19 letters); however, it must be taken into account that the overwhelming majority of qualitative adjectives in -y / -iy form adverbs in -o / -e, which are not always recorded in the dictionary; The longest interjection included in the Grammar Dictionary is “physical education-hello” (15 or 14 letters depending on the status of the hyphen); The word "accordingly" is the longest preposition and the longest conjunction at the same time. It consists of 14 letters. The longest particle “exclusively” is a letter shorter. Insufficient verbs. Sometimes a verb does not have any form, and this is due to the laws of euphony. For example: “win.” He will win, you will win, I... will win? Shall I run? will I win? Philologists suggest using the replacement constructions “I will win” or “I will become a winner.” Since there is no first person singular form, the verb is insufficient.

From the English word finish (final part of sports competitions)

• 1) All words containing a letter f , – borrowed:

• buffet, fireworks, shoes

• 2) All words starting with a letter Yu , – borrowed:

• south(Staroslav.) – dinner(Russian)

• 3) All nouns on -and I – borrowed:

• army, situation

• 4) Almost all words starting with a letter uh , – borrowed:

• epilogue, eucalyptus, popsicle

• 5) Almost all words starting with a letter A, – borrowed:

• lamb (Staroslav.) – lamb(Russian)

• 6) Almost all words that have double consonants in their roots are borrowed:

• terrace, tunnel, profession, bisector

• 7) Many nouns, in the root of which two vowels appear in a row, are borrowed:

• poet, maestro, sidewalk

• 8) Many nouns that have the same vowel letters in adjacent syllables: a, and, y,– borrowed:

• drum, barn, visit, lyrics, chest, corn

• 9) Words with incomplete vowel combinations at the root: -ra-, -la-, -le-, -re-– borrowed from Old Church Slavonic:

• gate - gate scarf - towel milk - milk breg - shore

Indicate borrowed words

• 1) lampshade 2) curtain 3) cold 4) careless 5) anniversary 6) array 7) lecture

• 8) cockroach 9) jacket 10) tunnel 11) dialect 12) laureate 13) little house 14) sign

Copy the text by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks. Indicate borrowed words.

• Bamboo grows incredibly quickly and can move a meter away in a single twig. Its young shoots are edible. Young bamboo sometimes breaks through the asphalt because it is very lax. The bamboo forests that look like many columns are also amazing.

• People build houses from bamboo stalks and furnish them with bamboo furniture. And the Japanese army used to have guns with bamboo barrels. Ra_blooms and bears fruit once in a lifetime - once every hundred years.

Body position - posture (French), marksman - sniper (English) (French); (Dutch).

• Body position - posture (French), marksman - sniper (English) hand movement accompanying or replacing any statement - gesture (French); embankment to protect an area from flooding - dam (Dutch).

• The word migrated to us from Europe umbrella, consisting of two roots: zon - which means “sun”, and dek - “roof”. And all together this meant “roof from the sun,” because an umbrella protects not only from rain, but also from the scorching rays of the sun.

• Bread came from the ancient Germanic language.

External reasons for borrowing

• 1. Along with borrowing a thing or concept. For example, with the advent of such realities as car, conveyor, radio, cinema, TV, laser and many others, their names have also entered the Russian language.

• 2. Designation using a foreign word for some special type of objects. For example, to denote a servant in a hotel, the French has become stronger in Russian. word receptionist, to denote a special type of jam (in the form of a thick, homogeneous mass) - English. jam.

Internal reasons for borrowing

• 1. The tendency to replace descriptive names with one-word ones. For example: sniper - instead of marksman, tour – instead of circular route travel, motel – instead of hotel for autotourists, sprint - instead of sprinting

• 2. Strengthening borrowed words with a certain morphological structure in the language So, in the 19th century. Russian language was borrowed from English gentleman And policeman At the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. added to them athlete, record holder, yachtsman(meaning persons and common element -men).

• 3. The influence of foreign culture is dictated by the fashion for foreign words. These are the words exclusive, price-leaf, charisma, security, teenager

Old Slavonicisms

• a) combinations ra, la, re, le in the root or prefix in native Russian combinations oro, olo, here, olo, For example: hail - rus. city,a country - rus. side,cold - rus. cold;

• b) combination railway w: alien – rus. stranger,cloth– now Russian. colloquial-dialect clothes;

• c) consonant sch in accordance with the original Russian h: lighting– Russian candle,burning – rus. hot,power - rus. be able;

• d) initial e with native Russian O: single, unit, unique – rus. alone, autumn– rus. autumn.

• In the 90s the influx of borrowings into the Russian language increased greatly, which was associated with changes in the sphere of political life, economics, culture and moral orientation of society.

Borrowings are beginning to occupy leading positions in the political life of the country: president, parliament, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, electorate, consensus etc.; in the most advanced branches of science and technology: computer, display, file, monitoring, player, pager, fax, as well as in financial and commercial activities: auditor, barter, broker, dealer, investment, conversion, sponsor, trust, holding and so on.

• The cultural sphere is being invaded bestsellers, westerns, thrillers, hits, showmen, digests, casting. Everyday speech is changing rapidly with non-Russian names appearing: Snickers, Twix, hamburger, cheeseburger, Sprite, shopping

Divide the words into groups depending on their origin. Tuxedo, headquarters, meeting, jacket, adit, postmaster, athlete, gin, stack, Orenburg, fine, spinning, prodigy, grandmaster, gentleman

MOST OF WORDS WITH THE LETTER “F” IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ARE BORROWED

Pushkin was proud that in “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” there was only one word with the letter “f” - fleet.

There are only 74 words in the Russian language that begin with the letter “Y”. But most of us only remember “ iodine, yogi" and the city of "Yoshkar-Ola".
There are words in the Russian language that start with “Y”. These are the names of Russian cities and rivers: Ygyatta, Yllymakh, Ynakhsyt, Ynykchansky, Ytyk-kyyol.
The only words in the Russian language with three letters “e” in a row are long-necked (and others on the -neck, for example, crooked-, short-) and “snake-eater”.

In the Russian language there is a word with a unique prefix for the language - ko-zakoulok.

The only word in the Russian language that does not have a root is take out. It is believed that this word contains the so-called zero root, which alternates with the root -im- (take out-im-at). Previously, until about the 17th century, this verb looked like take out, and it had a material root, the same as in remove, embrace, understand (cf. remove, embrace, understand), but later the root -nya- was reinterpreted as the suffix - well- (as in stick, blow).
The only one-syllable adjective in the Russian language is angry.

In the Russian language there are words with prefixes unique to the language and -, - total and total and a- - perhaps (obsolete a vos "and vos will not be lucky"), formed from the conjunctions and and a.

The words bull and bee have the same root. In works of ancient Russian literature, the word bee was written as “bychela”. The alternation of vowels ъ/ы is explained by the origin of both sounds from one Indo-European sound U. If we recall the dialect verb to buchachat, which has the meaning of “roar, hum, buzz” and is etymologically related to the words bee, bug and bull, then it becomes clear what the general meaning of these words

Until the 14th century in Rus', all indecent words were called “absurd verbs.”

In the 1993 Guinness Book of Records, the longest word in the Russian language was named “X-ray electrocardiographic”, in the 2003 edition “excessively considerate”.
In the Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language A.A. Zaliznyak edition 2003, the longest (in letters) common noun lexeme in dictionary form is the adjective “private entrepreneurial”. Consists of 25 letters.

The longest verbs are “to re-examine”, “to substantiate” and “to internationalize” (all - 24 letters; word forms -uyuschimi and -hivsya 25 letters each);
The longest nouns are “misanthropy” and “excellency” (24 letters each; word forms -ami – 26 letters each, however, “misanthropy” is practically not used in the plural);

The longest animate nouns are “eleventh-grader” and “clerk” (21 letters each, word forms -ami – 23 letters each);

The longest adverb recorded by the dictionary is “unsatisfactory” (19 letters); however, it must be taken into account that the overwhelming majority of qualitative adjectives in -y / -iy form adverbs in -o / -e, which are not always recorded in the dictionary;

The longest interjection included in the Grammar Dictionary is “physical education-hello” (15 or 14 letters depending on the status of the hyphen);

The word "accordingly" is the longest preposition and the longest conjunction at the same time. It consists of 14 letters. The longest particle “exclusively” is a letter shorter.

Insufficient verbs. Sometimes a verb does not have any form, and this is due to the laws of euphony. For example: “win.” He will win, you will win, I... will win? Shall I run? will I win? Philologists suggest using the replacement constructions “I will win” or “I will become a winner.” Since there is no first person singular form, the verb is insufficient.

It turns out that the letter “F”, so dear and close to the Russian heart, is actually “foreign”. And once upon a time it simply was not in the Russian alphabet (before the Cyrillic alphabet). It’s worth looking into the Russian dictionary and trying to find words starting with the letter “F” that are of original Slavic origin. You don’t even have to waste your time, in the dictionary you will only see words borrowed from other languages.....
And almost all words starting with the letter “F” are French...

Phantom fantôme is borrowed from French; fantôme – “ghost, apparition, illusion, chimera”; goes back to the Greek. phantasma – “vision, ghost”;
Fantômas Fantômas The word “Fantômas” was most likely born from the merger of the French. fantôme – “ghost, apparition” and a segment of the word masque – “mask, mask”;
headlight phare French - lighthouse, named after the island of Pharos near Alexandria, famous in ancient times for its lighthouse
farce borrowed from the 18th century; French farce "farce" - "joke, trick, trick, farce", as well as "filling"; from fr. verb farcire - “to fill, fill”; hence the word → minced meat
minced meat farce was borrowed in the 18th century from German. through the French; French farce "farce" - "filling, mixture"; from the French verb farcire “to fill, fill, fill, stuff”
the façade was borrowed from the 18th century; French façade - literally: front view, front side; from Italian facciata, derived from faccia - "face"
the façon style was borrowed from the Petrine era; French façon - “style, cut”, “appearance, manners”; goes back to Latin. factionem - “direction, school”, “action”
fatalism fatalisme borrowed in the 18th century; French fatalisme - derived from Latin. fatalis - “predetermined by fate”, derived from fatum “fate”; hence all derivatives → fatal, fatalist
fauna faune borrowed in the 19th century from French; faune (zool.) – fauna; goes back to Latin. Fauna - "wife of Faun, goddess of forests and fields", literally - "favorable", derived from Latin. favere - "to favor"
earthenware faïence borrowed in the first half of the 19th century; French language faïence -
federation federation borrowed in the 18th century from French; goes back to Latin. foederatio "union, union", derived from foederare - "conclude an alliance, enter into an association", derived from foedus - "union
extravaganza féerie borrowed from the 19th century; French féerie - literally: a magical spectacle, a world of wonder, derived from the French. fée "fairy, sorceress";
feuilleton feuilleton borrowed in the 19th century; French feuilleton – literally: “section, article on a literary or scientific topic, excerpt”, as well as “thick paper”, a diminutive derived from the French. feuille - "leaf";
the phenomenon of phenomène was borrowed in the 18th century; French phenomène - literally: “phenomenon, miracle of nature, rare occurrence”; rises
feudal feudal borrowed in the 19th century from French; goes back to Latin. feodalis, derived from feodum - “land given by the lord for hereditary use to the vassal”
farm ferme borrowed in the first half of the 19th century; French ferme - farm, hamlet, manor; from fr. the verb fermer - “to lock, close, close, barricade”;
enzyme ferment borrowed from French; ferment - literally: “leavened, fermented; bacteria that causes fermentation"; goes back to Latin. fermentum – “fermentation, leaven”;
festival festival borrowed in the second half of the 19th century; French festival - “holiday, festival”; goes back to Latin. festivus - “festive, cheerful”, derived from festa - “holiday”
fetish fetiche borrowed in the 18th century; French fétiche – literally: “idol, talisman”; from the Portuguese fetisso - “witchcraft, amulet”, dating back to Latin. facticius - “artificial, made” (i.e. not a nugget!);
felt feutre is borrowed from French; feutre – “felt, felt”, derived from the French. verb feutrer – “to felt wool, felt”
fairy fée borrowed in the 19th century; French fée – sorceress; goes back to Latin. fata - "goddess of fate", from fatum - "fate"; → see "fatal"
fillet filet was adopted in the 18th century; French filet - literally: “thread, vein”, a diminutive formation from the French. fil - “fiber, thread”; fillet proper - “a fiber of animal tissue, a thin cut of meat”
filigrane borrowed in the 18th century; French filigrane - literally: "fine work", "jewelry"; from Italian filigrano - fine work (filo - "thread", grano - "grain")
the ending finale was borrowed in the first half of the 19th century; French finale - literally: “final syllable, finale”, from French. fin – “end, ending”; goes back to Middle Latin. finalis, derived from finis - "end"
finance finances borrowed in the 18th century; from French verb financer - “to pay, to provide with money”;
pistachio pistache borrowed in the 18th century; French pistache - pistachio; from Italian pistacchio, going back to the Greek. pistakion
chip fiche literally: card, piece of paper, ticket; borrowed in the first half of the 19th century; French fiche - “chip, peg, card, note”, from French. verb ficher - “to drive in, hammer in, hammer in”
bottle flacon borrowed in the 19th century; French flacon - “bubble, flask, flask”; from Middle Latin flasca - "bottle"
flannel flanelle borrowed through German. Flanell or directly from French. flanelle goes back to English flannel, from Cymric. gwlan - "wool"
flâner borrowed in the second half of the 19th century; French flâner - literally: “to loiter, wander, chill”; considered Scandinavian (from Norwegian flana - “to walk back and forth”);
phlegmatic phlegmatique
phlegmatique
borrowed in the 18th century from French; goes back to Latin. phlegmaticus, rendering the Greek. phlegmatikos, derived from phlegma - according to Hippocrates - “cold fluid in the body”, “inflammation”, from Greek. phlégma – mucus;
flair
orange blossom fleur d"orange French fleur d"orange - literally “orange flower”; white flowers of the orange tree, in a number of countries - part of the bride’s wedding dress; orange blossom was considered a symbol of innocence and eternal youth; and orange flowers are widely used in perfumery, because compositions in which it is present are always sensual and deep.
flirt flirt borrowed from German. Flirt, flirten or directly from French. flirt (read “flirt”) - “flirting, flirting”, from French. verb flirter - “to flirt, flirt”; from English to flirt, goes back to Old French. fleureter - "to flutter from flower to flower"
fleet flotte borrowed at the end of the 17th century; French flotte - "fleet"; from fr. verb flotter – “to swim, stay on the surface”; from Spanish flota - fleet;
the foyer was borrowed from the 19th century; French foyer - literally: “hearth, firebox”, “home”, as well as “theater, club, courtyard, hostel”; goes back to Latin. focarium - "focus", derived from focus - "hearth"
background fond borrowed in the 19th century; French fond - “background, base”; from Latin fondus - base
fonds fund borrowed in the Petrine era; French fonds - “soil, earth”; from Latin fondus - "main part", "foundation, earth"
fondue fondue from the French. fondu - literally: “molten, melted”; from fr. verb fondre – “to melt, melt, melt”;
fountain fontaine from narodnolat. fontana; lat. fons - source
afterburner forçage coercion, forcing
force force was borrowed in the Petrine era through it. forcieren from French. the verb forcer - “to force, force, take by force, strain, strengthen”, from French. force "strength, strength";
force force is a word meaning “to flaunt, to show off”, formed on the basis of the French. force – “strength, strength”
force majeure force majeure literally: force majeure, extraordinary circumstance; from fr. the words force - “strength” and majeur - “exceptional, main, important”;
fort fort borrowed in the 19th century; French fort – “strong, strong, durable, solid” from Latin. fortus - “strong, solid”;
photography photographie borrowed in the mid-19th century; French photographie - “photography, photographing, filming”, English. photograph, neologism of 1839 by physicist and astronomer J. Herschel based on the Greek. phōs, phōtos - "light" and graphein - "write"
fragment fragment borrowed in the 18th century; French fragment - literally: “fragment”, “fragment, splinter, fragment”; goes back to Latin. fragmentum, derived from frangere - “to break, break”
the phrase phrase was borrowed in the 18th century; French phrase - “phrase, sentence, figure of speech”; from Middle Latin phrasis, rendering Greek. phrasis - "turnover", derived from phrazō - "I speak, I express a thought"
tailcoat frac is borrowed from French; frac – “tailcoat” - a type of frock coat with flaps cut out at the front
frivolous frivole borrowed in the second half of the 19th century; French frivole – “empty, frivolous, frivolous, frivolous”; goes back to Latin. frivolus - “frivolous, vulgar”, “insignificant, insignificant”, “fragile”, re-formation of friolus, derived from friare - “to crush”
meatball fricadelle borrowed from French: fricadelle – meatball; from Italian frittadella - "fried cutlet" (original word - fritto - "fried")
fricassee fricassée borrowed from the 18th century; French fricassée - “meat and poultry stew”, from French. verb fricasser - “stew, fry”
fryer friture literally: frying; melted butter;
genitive case frontis - “front side, forehead”; pediment fronton borrowed from French; fronton - “pediment”; from lat. frons, genitive case from frontis - “forehead, front side”;
fougère wine glass borrowed at the end of the 19th century; French – fougère - “wine glass”, comes from the name of the proper Fougères - the name of the French city of Fougères, where wine glass was produced
fumigator (fumigation) fumigation is borrowed from the French language; fumigation - “fumigation”; from fr. verb fumer - “smoke (sya), smoke, smoke, smoke (sya)";
funiculaire borrowed in the Soviet era from French; funiculaire - literally "rope";

Where are you, sons of Harmony?..
Here! And with bold fingers
Touch the dormant string,
Heated by bright rays...

F. Tyutchev

The letter “F” in Russian is “alien” and its carrier words in the language are most often borrowed from foreign dictionaries. Ukrainians who speak only Ukrainian do not hear at all " f", and they themselves say instead of Philip - Pylypp. This letter does not exist in Lithuanian either. And it's not just us who have some hearing peculiarities. The Japanese also cannot hear some letters. Here is what V. Otkupshchikov writes about this:

« Sounds and their combinations. Phonetic ( sound) the structure of different languages ​​is not the same. Each of us had the opportunity to verify this when studying foreign languages. For example, in German there are no native words with the sound [zh], in English - with the sound [ts], in French - with the sound [ts] or [h]. None of these languages ​​have words with the sound [s]. And vice versa - the Russian language lacks many sounds common to German, English, French and other languages.

Slavic languages ​​once lacked the sound [f]. Try to open a Russian dictionary starting with the letter F and find there at least one ancient native Slavic word. There will only be borrowed words starting with this letter. You will encounter the same phenomenon in the Lithuanian language, where there are no native words with the sound [f].

Already on the basis of one such feature, we can sometimes come to the conclusion about the foreign origin of the word we are interested in. In other cases, a sound, although normal for a given language, appears in a position unusual for it. For example, the sound [f] in native Latin words occurs only in the initial position: faba[faba] - “bean”, ferrum[ferrum] - “iron”, focus[focus] - “hearth”, etc. That's why words like scrofa[skro:fa] - “pig” and rufus[ru:fus] - “red”, are considered borrowings in the Latin language.”

This very accurate presentation of the situation with sound variations in various European languages ​​was taken, as stated above, from the book of V. Otkupshchikov, already cited more than once. A few notes and comments.

So that the quotes do not seem to readers the absolute truth - as we are used to with the classics - we will sow a number of fruitful doubts. First of all, the sound is actually " Y"in European languages ​​there is. That is, at least there was. This is evidenced by the presence of the letter “ Y» in almost all European languages. It was taken from Latin, where it was called “upsilon”. In European “languages” it is called “ game”, i.e., according to Western grammarians, it means “I-Greek”. What sound should “Y” have so that to express it would require introducing a new sign for “ AND"compared to the existing one" I" Grammarians do not yet answer this question, limiting themselves to “examples of sounds” in which there really is no “Y”. However, if we try to write down some word (for example, Ryzhkov), where the letter “s” already sounds, we will definitely need “ Y»: Ryzhkov. And if we try to read English words, where there is already a “u” through “s”, then sometimes we will begin to get amazing sounds. English ladies, for example, ( Lady, reads “lady”) will sound like “Frets”. And Ryazan begins to smell sweetly from England. This might seem like a coincidence if it weren't for the next episode with the letter "F".

If the words are borrowed from Latin, then the “correct” sound is “ F" - This " P" By restoring their original sound (the correct sound is access to the proto-language, not yet distorted!), we will often obtain a purely Slavic (Russian) sound that coincides with the meaning of the word:

FLOT[fleet] - RAFT, shutting (floating, instead of foreign “flotation”), rafters, rafters. All in all: “Fly fan raft planes with your raft leaders (fleet - raft).”

FIRST[fyo:st] - first, firstborn - FINGER- a finger, one like a finger.

FLAME[flame] - flame - FLAME

FAKEL - TOW, - needs no comment.

FRESH[fresh] - (Fresh) = FRESH - fresh, - needs no comment.

FILE[file] - saw, file, system, line, card index, list - SAW = SAW, - needs no comment.

FLAT[flat] - flat - PLATO.

You can choose many such examples, of course, not all words in a row, due to the complexity of the origin of languages, will obey alone rule, but there is no doubt, a general rule has been discovered for all languages ​​of Indo-European origin - attempts to “get rid” of a foreign letter F lead to a more ancient layer, lead to the proto-language, and these words of the proto-language turn out to be recorded in living Slavic languages.

PHOENICIAN FINLAND OR FINISH WITH A KICK.

The word “finish”, as a designation of a stop, the final stage of a journey, or, in general, an ending, is found in almost all Indo-European, and especially European, languages. In most of them, this word is borrowed from Latin, where finis means end, border, stop, goal, “to close within”, “to limit to the border”, “to stop at the border”, “to finish”. In English final - final. In Slavic languages, practically in all, it is a borrowed word, used in a narrow sports sense: “the final limit of a speed sports competition,” “the final limit of a competition.” In this narrow sporting sense, the word is borrowed from English even by the French language, from where it was previously taken by the English (Latin from Old French), while in French, in a broader sense - “end, ending”, this word already existed in the form “ fin».

The correct spelling of this word is according to The first rule of grammar is “pin”, “pin”, if in Latin and French this word is preserved from the parent language, and is not a borrowing from a foreign language, say, South Dravidian.

The Russian language, having in the lexicon of foreign words all the European forms of the word with “ fin" - from “finish” and “finance” to “date” and “Finland”, each with its own alien unrelated and separate meaning, in this case retained a number of native words of the proto-language with the original proto-root “pin” - “kick”, “stammer” - stopping speech, “stammering”, “kick”, “punctuation marks”(i.e. in the true meaning of “finish signs”), with complete preservation of the original semantic meaning and complete coincidence in form, with the exception of the late letter “ F».

In Ukrainian - and we can read it at every tram stop - “ zupynka”, - the meaning of the proto-language was also preserved, and therefore in Old Russian (Common East Slavic). There are a number of derivatives of this root in other Slavic languages.

We only have to deal with the abundant polysemy of the root “fin” -a in order to once again be convinced of the emerging proto-lingualism of the vocabulary of the Russian language and all other Slavic languages.

The easiest way is with “finance” and “financiers”. It turned out that this is not a generalized term for the entire abundance of monetary relations, but in the primary sense of their “completion,” “stop,” “termination” in relation to monetary transactions. This means that the meaning of the primary meaning " pin" - "stops", "cessation" - retained the root "pin", and this meaning was preserved by the Slavic root under someone else's guise in relation to monetary relations, and then the semantic field expanded to a comprehensive symbol of exchange-monetary relations and operations. And in this expanded sense, the word returned to the Russian language as a borrowing under someone else’s guise of the letter “ F", and therefore occupied a new separate field of meaning, no longer subject to etymologization (research of origin) due to the borrowing of this word from a foreign language. And the field of meanings stored in the root of the proto-language, sad as it may be for the entire army of self-loving “PINanciets”, is a “scam,” that is, the word carries the connotation of a sudden “termination,” “stopping” of financial relations.

A very important phenomenon was discovered here - “borrowings are not etymologized” in the new semantic field of the language, which limits the systematic joint study of Indo-European languages. In view of the significance of this fact, we will quote V. Otkupshchikov in detail:

“...the development of principles and methods for studying borrowed words clearly lags behind the corresponding development in the field of etymological study of “one’s own” vocabulary. In any case, etymological dictionaries in articles devoted to borrowed words are often limited to simply indicating the fact of borrowing, without supporting this statement with any argumentation.

The Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogue “Cratylus” can find an interesting statement on the issue of borrowings: “If it is completely impossible to achieve any result using the means at his disposal, the etymologist can declare the word he is interested in borrowed from the language of the barbarians” (the ancient Greeks were barbarians called all non-Greeks)".

There are two points to note in this passage. Firstly - and this is very important! - borrowed words are usually not etymologized using the material of “their” language. This observation of Plato remains valid in our time, being one of the important criteria for identifying foreign language vocabulary.

Secondly, the absence of a reliable “native” etymology for a particular word has been considered (since the time of Plato!) to be a sufficient basis for declaring it a foreign language. After this, in some language the etymologist (usually without much difficulty) finds some word with the same or similar sound and meaning - and the issue of borrowing is considered resolved. Sometimes this is what authors of various etymological notes do these days.

Meanwhile, the etymologization of borrowed words is not such a simple matter. To establish the real (and not imaginary) origin of a foreign word, it is not enough to find in one of the languages ​​some word similar in sound and meaning. When there are a lot of different languages, such a word is usually almost always found somewhere. But comparison with this word in most cases does not prove anything. And to seriously confirm the alleged etymology, a whole system of evidence is needed. Moreover, the main evidence of linguistic order can be divided into phonetic, word-formation and semantic. You just need to keep in mind that in all these cases, the etymologization of borrowed words will differ in some specific features.

Therefore, “for serious confirmation” of the primacy of the meaning of the Russian root “ pin"in the whole fan of derived meanings (including borrowed ones), it is necessary to find where the meaning contained in the word "went to when traveling" kick”, and also find out how the meanings contained in the words “date”, “Finland”, “Phenicia” appeared. To do this, let us again turn to Latin, from where Europe borrowed all these words. (By the way, in Latin and Italian in parallel there was “ pina».)

In Latin pinus- pine, spruce, cedar, pinia- pine, pineal- pineal, pine-apple- pineapple, so this root should be found in many “forest”, “coniferous” and “palm” places: “Finlandia” is coniferous, cedar “Phoenicia” and even the “date” itself is of the same “coniferous-palm” origin. We have coniferous trees “Pinega”, “Pinsk”, “Pinskiye Boloty”, “Pina”. And then there is a spectrum of meanings associated with wood products - “pinnace”, “pinka” - a seaworthy vessel, “tweezers” (even with the verb “pinch”) - a brush, stick, shaft; PINch- chisel, punch, limit, constrain - the circle is closed! The rule worked for the original meaning of the root “PIN” in Russian. Therefore, it can be assumed that “kick” originally meant not only a form of push, but also a push with a stick - “kick”. In Slavic languages, the meaning of “pin” - stick in the word “back” (originally “spine”) has been preserved. In Spanish “spina” - thorn, splinter, paper clip, the meaning of a paper clip, to fasten is also in Slovak, in addition, in Russian there is a meaning of “kick” - to drive and create an obstacle [C-11].

Let's try to formulate the conclusion from the first observation as a certain rule that should be used when encountering words in Indo-European languages ​​with the letter " F" How distortion, a deviation from the ancient regular perfect form of proto-language, since this form was determined by syllabic writing with a clearly defined system of consonants and vowels.

Conclusion from observation. In all Indo-European languages, a rule characteristic of the Russian language applies: a more ancient layer of vocabulary is obtained if a borrowed word with someone else’s letter “F” or a word in one’s own vocabulary, deformed by this letter, is restored in the correct spelling. It is in this spelling that words take on a form closer to the common Indo-European proto-language, often coinciding with Slavic vocabulary.

Therefore, the rule can serve as an indicator in the analysis of ancient languages ​​to determine absolute time scales in language changes and historical analyzes of the development of nations. And also serve as a guide in intra-group and inter-group historical parallels and comparative language comparisons. The basis for comparison should be Slavic languages, and the resurrection of the common Slavic parent language becomes a priority task.

Ryzhkov L.

“On the antiquities of the Russian language”