Analysis of the work fatal eggs with quotes. Bulgakov Encyclopedia (short) "fatal eggs

"FATAL EGGS"

Tale. Published: Nedra, M., 1925, No. 6. Included in the collections: Bulgakov M. Diaboliad. Moscow: Nedra, 1925 (2nd ed. - 1926); and Bulgakov M. Fatal eggs. Riga: Literature, 1928. In an abbreviated form under the title "Ray of Life" story R. Ya. printed: Krasnaya Panorama, 1925, .No. 19-22 (in No. 22 - under the title "Fatal Eggs"). One of the sources of the plot of R. I. served as the novel of the English writer HG Wells (1866-1946) "Food of the Gods" (1904), which deals with wonderful food that accelerates the growth of living organisms and the development of intellectual abilities in giant people, and the growth of the spiritual and physical capabilities of mankind leads in the novel to a more perfect world order and the collision of the world of the future and the world of the past - the world of giants with the world of pygmies. In Bulgakov, however, the giants are not intellectually advanced human individuals, but especially aggressive reptiles. In R. I. Wells' other novel, "The Struggle of the Worlds" (1898), where the Martians who conquered the Earth suddenly die from terrestrial microbes, was also reflected. Bulgakov's reptiles approaching Moscow fall prey to the fantastic August frosts.

Among the sources of R. I. There are also more exotic ones. So, the poet Maximilian Voloshin (Kiriyenko-Voloshin) (1877-1932), who lived in Koktebel in the Crimea, sent Bulgakov a clipping from a Feodosia newspaper of 1921, which said “about the appearance of a huge reptile in the region of Kara-Dag Mountain, to capture which was sent company of Red Army soldiers. The writer and literary critic Viktor Borisovich Shklovsky (1893-1984), who served as the prototype for Shpolyansky in The White Guard, in his book Sentimental Journey (1923) cites rumors that circulated in Kyiv in early 1919 and, perhaps, fueled Bulgakov's fantasy:

“They said that the French had a violet ray with which they could blind all the Bolsheviks, and Boris Mirsky wrote a feuilleton “The Sick Beauty” about this ray. Beauty is an old world that needs to be treated with a violet ray. And never before had the Bolsheviks been so feared as at that time. They said that the British - they were not sick people - that the British had already landed herds of monkeys in Baku, trained in all the rules of the military system. It was said that these monkeys cannot be propagated, that they attack without fear, that they will defeat the Bolsheviks.

They showed with their hands a arshin from the floor the growth of these monkeys. It was said that when one such monkey was killed during the capture of Baku, it was buried with an orchestra of Scottish military music and the Scots wept.

Because the instructors of the monkey legions were the Scots.

A black wind was blowing from Russia, the black spot of Russia was growing, the “sick beauty” was delirious.”

In R. I. a terrible violet ray parodic turned into a red ray of life, which also caused a lot of trouble. Instead of marching on the Bolsheviks with miraculous fighting monkeys, allegedly brought from abroad, at Bulgakov's, hordes of giant ferocious reptiles, hatched from eggs sent from abroad, approach Moscow.

In the text of R. I. the time and place of writing the story are indicated: "Moscow, 1924, October." The story existed in the original edition, different from the published one. December 27, 1924 Bulgakov read R. Ya. at a meeting of writers at the cooperative publishing house "Nikitinsky subbotniki". On January 6, 1925, the Berlin newspaper Dni responded to this event in the column Russian Literary News: “The young writer Bulgakov recently read the adventurous story Fatal Eggs. Although it is literary insignificant, it is worth getting acquainted with its plot in order to get an idea of ​​this side of Russian literary creativity.

The action takes place in the future. The professor invents a method of unusually rapid reproduction of eggs with the help of red solar rays ... A Soviet worker, Semyon Borisovich Rokk, steals his secret from the professor and orders boxes of chicken eggs from abroad. And so it happened that at the border they confused the eggs of reptiles and chickens, and Rokk received eggs of bare-footed reptiles. He spread them in his Smolensk province (where all the action takes place), and boundless hordes of reptiles moved to Moscow, besieged it and devoured it. The final picture is a dead Moscow and a huge snake wrapped around the bell tower of Ivan the Great.

The theme is fun! Noticeable, however, is the influence of Wells (Food of the Gods). Bulgakov decided to rework the end in a more optimistic spirit. The frost came, and the bastards died out ... ".

Bulgakov himself, in a diary entry on the night of December 28, 1924, described his impressions of reading R. Ya. on "Nikitinsky subbotniks" as follows: "When I went there - a childish desire to excel and shine, and from there - a complex feeling. What's this? Feuilleton? Or audacity? Or maybe serious? Then not baked. In any case, there were about 30 people sitting there, and not one of them is not only a writer, but does not even understand what Russian literature is.

I’m afraid that no matter how they put me for all these exploits “in places not so remote” ... These “Nikitinsky Subbotniks” are musty, Soviet slave rags, with a thick admixture of Jews.” It is unlikely that the opinions of visitors to Nikitinskiye Subbotniks, whom Bulgakov put so low, could force the writer to change the ending of R. Ya. There is no doubt that the first, “pessimistic” end of the story existed. Bulgakov's former neighbor in the Bad Apartment, writer Vladimir Lyovshin (Manasevich) (1904-1984), gives the same version of the final, as if improvised by Bulgakov in a telephone conversation with the Nedra publishing house, when the text was not yet ready: “... The story ended with a grandiose a picture of the evacuation of Moscow, which is approached by hordes of giant boas. It should be noted that, according to the memoirs of P. N. Zaitsev (1889-1970), secretary of the editorial office of the Nedra almanac, Bulgakov immediately transferred R. Ya. in finished form, and most likely V. Lyovshin's memories of the "telephone improvisation" of the finale are a memory error. About the existence of R. I. with a different ending, an anonymous correspondent reported to Bulgakov in a letter on March 9, 1936 in connection with the inevitable removal of the play “The Cabal of the Holy Ones” from the repertoire, naming among what “is written by you, but maybe. and is attributed and transmitted”, “ending option” R. i. and the story "Heart of a Dog" (it is possible that the variant of the ending of R. Ya. was written down by someone present at the reading on December 27, 1924 and later ended up in samizdat).

It is interesting that the real “pessimistic” ending almost literally coincided with the one proposed by the writer Maxim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) (1865-1936) after the publication of the story, which was published in February 1925. On May 8 of the same year, he wrote to the writer Mikhail Leonidovich Slonimsky (1897-1972): “I liked Bulgakov very much, very much, but he did not finish the story. The march of reptiles to Moscow has not been used, but think what a monstrously interesting picture it is! Obviously, Gorky remained unaware of the note in Dnya on January 6, 1925, and he did not know that the end he proposed existed in the first edition of R. Ya. Bulgakov never recognized this Gorky review, just as Gorky did not suspect that in Bulgakov's diary entry on November 6, 1923, the author R. Ya. spoke of him very highly as a writer and very low as a person: “I read Gorky’s masterful book “My Universities” ... Gorky is unsympathetic to me as a person, but what a huge, strong writer he is and what terrible and important things he says about the writer.

Obviously, the author of My Universities (1922) from his Western European “beautiful distance” did not imagine the absolute obsceneness of the final version with the occupation of Moscow by hordes of giant reptiles. Bulgakov, most likely, realized this and, either under pressure from censorship, or anticipating its objections in advance, remade the ending of R. I.

There is no doubt that, fortunately for the writer, censorship saw in the campaign of reptiles against Moscow in Russia. only a parody of the intervention of 14 states against Soviet Russia during the civil war (the bastards are foreign, since they hatched from foreign eggs). Therefore, the capture by hordes of reptiles of the capital of the world proletariat was perceived by the censors only as a dangerous allusion to the possible defeat of the USSR in a future war with the imperialists and the destruction of Moscow in this war. For the same reason, the play “Adam and Eve” was not released later, in 1931, when one of the leaders of Soviet aviation, Ya. . In the same context in R. I. could be perceived curium mor, against which neighboring states establish cordons. It meant the revolutionary ideas of the USSR, against which the Entente proclaimed the cordon sanitaire policy. However, in fact, Bulgakov’s “impudence” in R. Ya., for which he was afraid to get into “places not so remote”, was different, and the system of images in the story primarily parodied somewhat different facts and ideas.

The main character is R. i. - Professor Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov, inventor of the red "ray of life". It is with the help of this beam that monstrous reptiles are brought to light, threatening the death of the country. The red ray is a symbol of the socialist revolution in Russia, carried out under the slogan of building a better future, but which brought terror and dictatorship. The death of Persikov during a spontaneous riot of the crowd, excited by the threat of an invasion of Moscow by invincible giant reptiles, personifies the danger that the experiment begun by V. I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks concealed to spread the "red ray" at first in Russia, and then throughout the world .

Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov was born on April 16, 1870, because on the day R. I began to act. in an imaginary future of 1928, he turns 58 on April 16. Thus, the main character is the same age as Lenin. April 16 is also not a random date. On this day (according to New Style) in 1917, the leader of the Bolsheviks returned to Petrograd from exile. It is significant that exactly eleven years later, Professor Persikov discovered a wonderful red ray. For Russia, the arrival of Lenin in 1917 became such a ray, the next day he promulgated the famous April Theses calling for the development of the “bourgeois-democratic” revolution into a socialist one. The portrait of Persikov is also very reminiscent of the portrait of Lenin: “A wonderful head, a pusher, with bunches of yellowish hair sticking out on the sides ... Persikov's face always bore a somewhat capricious imprint. On the red nose are old-fashioned small glasses in a silver frame, the eyes are shiny, small, tall, stooping. He spoke in a creaky, thin, croaking voice and, among other oddities, had this: when he said something weightily and confidently, he turned the index finger of his right hand into a hook and screwed up his eyes. And since he always spoke confidently, because his erudition in his field was absolutely phenomenal, the hook very often appeared before the eyes of Professor Persikov's interlocutors. From Lenin here - a characteristic bald head with reddish hair, an oratorical gesture, a manner of speaking, and finally, the famous squint of eyes, which entered the Leninist myth. The vast erudition, which, of course, Lenin had, also coincides, and even Lenin and Persikov speak the same foreign languages, speaking French and German fluently. In the first newspaper report about the discovery of the red ray, the professor's surname was misrepresented by a reporter from hearing to Pevsikov, which clearly indicates the burriness of Vladimir Ipatievich, like Vladimir Ilyich. By the way, Persikov is named Vladimir Ipatievich only on the first page of the R. Ya., and then everyone around him calls him Vladimir Ipatievich - almost Vladimir Ilyich.

A hidden allusion to the February and October revolutions is also contained in that episode of R. Ya., where Professor Persikov "in the 25th, in the spring, became famous for cutting off 76 students during exams, and all of them on naked bastards:" How, you don’t Do you know the difference between naked reptiles and reptiles? - Asked Persikov ... Be ashamed. You are probably a Marxist?" - "Marxist," the stabbed one answered, fading away. "So, please, in the fall." This contains a clear allusion to the fact that the Bolsheviks, who lost in the March "days of freedom", came to power in the autumn " . And the similarity of "naked reptiles" and "reptiles" is seen by the writer in that the poorest sections of the peasantry and the working class, and the intelligentsia ("naked"), who supported the October Revolution, later began to grovel before the new government with ease.

In the Leninist context of the image of Persikov, a foreign, specifically German explanation finds its explanation - judging by the inscriptions on the boxes, the origin of the eggs of reptiles, which then, under the influence of the red ray, almost captured (and in the first edition of R. Ya. even captured) Moscow. It is known that after the February Revolution, Lenin and his comrades were transported from Switzerland to Russia through Germany in a sealed wagon (it is not for nothing that it is emphasized that the eggs that arrived at Rocca, which he takes for chicken, are covered with labels all around). It is curious that the likening of the Bolsheviks to gigantic bastards marching on Moscow was already made in a letter from a nameless insightful Bulgakov reader in a letter on March 9, 1936: “Dear Bulgakov! You yourself predicted the sad end of your Moliere: among other reptiles, undoubtedly, the non-free press hatched from the fatal egg.

Among the prototypes of Persikov was also the famous biologist and pathologist Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov (1875-1955), whose surname was parodied in the surname of the main character R. Ya. And it is no coincidence that it was parodied, for it was Abrikosov who dissected Lenin's corpse and removed his brain. In R. I. this brain, as it were, was transferred to the scientist who extracted it, unlike the Bolsheviks, a gentle man, and not a cruel one, and carried away to self-forgetfulness by zoology, and not by the socialist revolution.

It is possible that the idea of ​​the ray of life in R. I. Bulgakov was prompted by his acquaintance with the discovery in 1921 by biologist Alexander Gavrilovich Gurvich (1874-1954) of mitogenetic radiation, under the influence of which mitosis (cell division) occurs. In fact, mitogenetic radiation is the same thing that is now called the fashionable term "biofield". In 1922 or 1923 A. G. Gurvich moved from Simferopol to Moscow, and Bulgakov could even meet with him.

Pictured in R. i. chicken pestilence is, in particular, a parody of the tragic famine of 1921 in the Volga region. Persikov is a comrade of the chairman of Dobrokur, an organization designed to help eliminate the consequences of the death of chicken stock in the USSR. Dobrokur clearly had as its prototype the Committee for Assistance to the Starving, created in July 1921 by a group of public figures and scientists who opposed the Bolsheviks. The Committee was headed by former ministers of the Provisional Government S. N. Prokopovich (1871-1955), N. M. Kishkin (1864-1930) and a prominent figure in the Menshevik Party E. D. Kuskova (1869-1958). The Soviet government used the names of the participants in this organization to obtain foreign aid, which, however, was often used not at all to help the starving, but for the needs of the party elite and the world revolution. Already at the end of August 1921, the Committee was abolished, and its leaders and many ordinary participants were arrested. It is indicative that in R. I. Persikov also dies in August. His death symbolizes, among other things, the collapse of the attempts of non-party intelligentsia to establish civilized cooperation with the totalitarian government. An intellectual standing outside of politics is one of Persikov's hypostases, all the more shading the other - the parody of this image in relation to Lenin. As such an intellectual, Bulgakov's acquaintances and relatives could serve as prototypes for Persikov. In her memoirs, the second wife of the writer L. E. Belozerskaya expressed the opinion that “describing the appearance and some of the habits of Professor Persikov, M. A. repelled from the image of a living person, my relative, Evgeny Nikitich Tarnovsky”, a professor of statistics, who had them at the same time had to live. It is possible that in the figure of the main character R. I. some features of Uncle Bulgakov were also reflected on the part of the mother of the surgeon Nikolai Mikhailovich Pokrovsky (1868-1941), the indisputable prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky in The Heart of a Dog.

There is also a third hypostasis of the image of Persikov - this is a brilliant scientist-creator, who opens a gallery of such heroes as the same Preobrazhensky, Molière in The Cabal of the Saints and Molière, Efrosimov in Adam and Eve, the Master in The Master and Margarita. In R. I. Bulgakov, for the first time in his work, raised the problem of the responsibility of a scientist and the state for the use of a discovery that could harm humanity. The writer showed the danger that the fruits of the discovery will be appropriated by unenlightened and self-confident people, and even those with unlimited power. Under such circumstances, catastrophe can occur much sooner than general prosperity, as shown by the example of Rocca. This surname itself may have been born from the abbreviation ROKK - the Russian Red Cross Society, in whose hospitals Bulgakov worked as a doctor in 1916 on the Southwestern Front of the First World War - the first catastrophe that humanity experienced before his eyes in the 20th century. And, of course, the name of the unlucky director of the Krasny Luch state farm indicated fate, an evil fate.

Criticism after the release of R. i. quickly figured out the political hints hidden in the story. A typewritten copy of an excerpt from an article by the critic M. Lirov (M. I. Litvakov) (1880-1937) about Bulgakov's work, published in 1925 in No. 5-6 of the journal Print and Revolution, has been preserved in Bulgakov's archive. In this passage, it was about R. I. Bulgakov emphasized here the most dangerous places for himself:

“But the real record was broken by M. Bulgakov with his “story” “Fatal Eggs”. This is really something remarkable for the "Soviet" almanac.

Professor Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov made an extraordinary discovery - he discovered a red sunbeam, under the influence of which the eggs of, say, frogs instantly turn into tadpoles, tadpoles quickly grow into huge frogs, which immediately multiply and immediately begin mutual extermination. And the same is true of all living creatures. Such were the amazing properties of the red ray discovered by Vladimir Ipatievich.

This discovery was quickly learned in Moscow, despite the conspiracy of Vladimir Ipatievich. The nimble Soviet press was greatly agitated (here is a picture of the mores of the Soviet press, lovingly copied from life ... the worst tabloid press of Paris, London and New York) (I doubt that Lirov had ever been to these cities, and even more so was familiar with the mores local press. - B. S.). Now the “gentle voices” from the Kremlin rang on the phone, and the Soviet ... confusion began.

And then a disaster broke out over the Soviet country: a devastating epidemic of chickens swept through it. How to get out of a difficult situation? But who usually brings the USSR out of all disasters? Of course, agents of the GPU. And then there was one Chekist Rokk (Rock), who had a state farm at his disposal, and this Rokk decided to restore chicken breeding at his state farm with the help of Vladimir Ipatievich's discovery.

From the Kremlin came an order to Professor Persikov, so that he would lend his complex scientific apparatus to Rocca for the needs of restoring chicken breeding. Persikov and his assistant, of course, are outraged and indignant. And indeed, how can such complex devices be provided to the profane. After all, Rokk can do disasters. But the "gentle voices" from the Kremlin are relentless. Nothing, Chekist - he knows how to do everything.

Rokk received devices operating with the help of a red beam and began to operate on his state farm. But a catastrophe came out - and here's why: Vladimir Ipatievich wrote out reptile eggs for his experiments, and Rokk - chicken eggs for his work.

The Soviet transport, of course, mixed everything up, and instead of chicken eggs, Rokk received the “fatal eggs” of reptiles. Instead of chickens, Rokk spread huge reptiles that devoured him, his employees, the surrounding population and rushed in huge masses to the whole country, mainly to Moscow, destroying everything in their path. The country was declared under martial law, the Red Army was mobilized, the detachments of which died in heroic but fruitless battles. Danger already threatened Moscow, but then a miracle happened: in August, terrible frosts suddenly struck, and all the bastards died. Only this miracle saved Moscow and the entire USSR.

But on the other hand, a terrible riot took place in Moscow, during which the “inventor” of the red ray, Vladimir Ipatievich, also died. Crowds of people burst into his laboratory and shouted: “Beat him! World Villain! You unleashed the bastards!" - tore him apart.

Everything fell into place. The assistant of the late Vladimir Ipatievich, although he continued his experiments, he failed to open the red beam again.

The critic M. Lirov stubbornly called Professor Persikov Vladimir Ipatievich, also emphasizing that he was the inventor of the red ray, i.e. as if the architect of the October socialist revolution. Those in power were clearly given to understand that behind Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov, the figure of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was peeping, and R. I. - a libelous satire on the late leader and the communist idea in general. M. Lirov focused the attention of possible biased readers of the story on the fact that Vladimir Ipatievich died during a popular uprising, that they kill him with the words "world villain" and "you dismissed the reptiles." Here one could see an allusion to Lenin as the proclaimed leader of the world revolution, as well as an association with the famous "hydra of revolution", as the opponents of Soviet power expressed it (the Bolsheviks, in turn, spoke of the "hydra of counterrevolution"). It is interesting that in the play The Run (1928), completed in the year when the action takes place in the imaginary future of R. Ya., the “eloquent” messenger Krapilin calls the hangman Khludov “the world beast”. The picture of the death of the protagonist R. Ya., parodying the already mythologized Lenin, from the indignant "crowds of people" (this sublimely pathetic expression is an invention of a critic, it is not in Bulgakov's story) could hardly please those who were in power in the Kremlin. And neither Wells nor Lirov, nor other vigilant readers could deceive. Elsewhere in his article on Bulgakov, the critic argued that “from mentioning the name of his progenitor Wells, as many are now inclined to do, Bulgakov’s literary face is not at all cleared up. And what is Wells, really, when here the same boldness of fiction is accompanied by completely different attributes? The resemblance is purely external ... "We note that in fact the connection here can be even more direct: G. Wells visited our country and wrote the book Russia in the Dark" (1921), where, in particular, he spoke about meetings with Lenin and called the Bolshevik leader, who spoke with inspiration about the future fruits of the GOELRO plan, the "Kremlin dreamer" - a phrase that has become widespread in English-speaking countries, and later played up and refuted in the play "Kremlin Chimes" (1942) by Nikolai Pogodin (Stukalov) (1900-1962) . In R. I. a similar "Kremlin dreamer" depicts Persikov, detached from the world and immersed in his scientific plans. True, he does not sit in the Kremlin, but he constantly communicates with the Kremlin leaders in the course of action.

M. Lirov, who became adept at literary denunciations (only literary ones?), Incidentally, he himself disappeared safely in the next wave of repressions in the 1930s, sought to read and show “who should” even what was in R. I. there was no stopping at outright rigging. The critic claimed that Rokk, who played the main role in the tragedy, was a Chekist, an employee of the GPU. Thus, a hint was made that in R. I. real episodes of the struggle for power that unfolded in the last years of Lenin’s life and in the year of his death are parodied, where the Chekist Rock (or his prototype F.E. The Kremlin and leads the country to disaster with their inept actions. Actually in R. i. Rokk is not a Chekist at all, although he conducts his experiments in the Krasny Luch under the protection of GPU agents. He is a participant in the civil war and revolution, into the abyss of which he throws himself, “changing his flute for a destructive Mauser,” and after the war, “edits a“ huge newspaper ”in Turkestan, having managed to become famous as a member of the“ supreme economic commission ”for his amazing work on irrigating the Turkestan the edges". The obvious prototype of Rocca is the editor of the Kommunist newspaper and the poet G.S. Astakhov, one of the main persecutors of Bulgakov in Vladikavkaz in 1920-1921. and his opponent in the debate about Pushkin (although the resemblance to F. E. Dzerzhinsky, who headed the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the country from 1924, can also be seen if desired). In "Notes on the Cuffs" a portrait of Astakhov is given: "bold with an eagle face and a huge revolver on his belt." Rokk, like Astakhov, has as his attribute a huge revolver - a Mauser, and edits a newspaper, only not in the native outlying Caucasus, but in the native outlying Turkestan. Instead of the art of poetry, to which Astakhov considered himself involved, who reviled Pushkin and considered himself clearly superior to the "sun of Russian poetry", Rokk is committed to the art of music. Before the revolution, he was a professional flutist, and then the flute remains his main hobby. That is why he tries at the end, like an Indian fakir, to bewitch the giant anaconda by playing the flute, but without any success. We also note that in the novel by Bulgakov’s friend from Vladikavkaz Yuri Slezkin (1885-1947) “The Girl from the Mountains” (1925), G. S. Astakhov is depicted in the guise of the poet Avalov, a member of the revolutionary committee and editor of the main city newspaper of the Ossetian revolutionary committee, a young man with a beard , in a cloak and with a revolver.

If we accept that one of the prototypes of Rocca could be L. D. Trotsky, who really lost the struggle for power in 1923-1924. (Bulgakov noted this in his diary as early as January 8, 1924), one cannot but marvel at the completely mystical coincidences. Trotsky, like Rokk, played the most active role in the revolution and civil war, being chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council. At the same time, he was also engaged in economic affairs, in particular, the restoration of transport, but switched entirely to economic work after leaving the military department in January 1925. In particular, Trotsky briefly headed the main committee on concessions. Rokk arrived in Moscow and received a well-deserved rest in 1928. With Trotsky, this happened almost at the same time. In the autumn of 1927 he was taken out of the Central Committee and expelled from the party, at the beginning of 1928 he was exiled to Alma-Ata, and literally a year later he was forced to leave the USSR forever, to disappear from the country. Needless to say, all these events took place after the creation of R. I. M. Lirov wrote his article in the middle of 1925, during a period of further intensification of the intra-party struggle, and, it seems, in the calculation that readers would not notice, he tried to attribute to Bulgakov its reflection in R. Ya., written almost a year earlier.

Bulgakov's story did not go unnoticed by the informers of the OGPU either. On February 22, 1928, one of them reported: “The implacable enemy of the Soviet government is the author of The Days of the Turbins and Zoya’s Apartment, Mikh. Afanasyevich Bulgakov, former Smenovekhovets. One can simply be amazed at the patience and tolerance of the Soviet government, which still does not prevent the distribution of Bulgakov's book (ed. "Nedra") "Fatal Eggs". This book is a brazen and outrageous slander against the Red authorities. She vividly describes how, under the influence of a red ray, reptiles gnawing each other were born, who went to Moscow. There is a vile place there, a vicious nod towards the late comrade LENIN, who lies a dead toad, which even after death has an evil expression on its face (here we mean a giant frog, bred by Persikov with the help of a red beam and her aggressiveness, and “even after her death there was an evil expression on her muzzle” - a hint at the body of Lenin, preserved in the mausoleum - B.S.). How this book of his walks freely is impossible to understand. It is read avidly. Bulgakov is loved by young people, he is popular. His earnings reach 30,000 rubles. in year. One tax he paid 4,000 rubles.

Because he paid that he was going to go abroad.

These days he was met by Lerner (we are talking about the famous Pushkinist N. O. Lerner (1877-1934. - B. S.). Bulgakov is very offended by the Soviet government and is very dissatisfied with the current situation. You can't work at all. Nothing is certain. Need necessarily or again war communism or complete freedom. The coup, says Bulgakov, should be made by a peasant who finally spoke his real native language. In the end, there are not so many communists (and among them are “such”), and there are tens of millions of offended and indignant peasants. Naturally, during the first war, communism will be swept out of Russia, etc. Here are the thoughts and hopes that are swarming in the head of the author of "Fatal Eggs", who is now about to take a walk abroad. It would be quite unpleasant to release such a "bird" abroad... By the way, in a conversation with Lerner, Bulgakov touched on the contradictions in the policy of the Soviet authorities: - On the one hand, they shout - save. And on the other hand: if you start saving, they will consider you a bourgeois. Where is the logic?

Of course, one cannot vouch for the literal accuracy of the transmission by an unknown agent of Bulgakov's conversation with Lerner. However, it is quite possible that it was precisely the tendentious interpretation by the scammer R. i. contributed to the fact that Bulgakov was never released abroad. In general, what the writer said to the Pushkinist is in good agreement with the thoughts captured in his diary "Under the heel." There, in particular, there are arguments about the likelihood of a new war and the inability of the Soviet government to withstand it. In a note dated October 26, 1923, Bulgakov cited his conversation on this topic with a neighbor baker: “He considers the actions of the authorities to be fraudulent (bonds, etc.). He said that two Jewish commissars in the Krasnopresnensky soviet had been beaten up by those who came to the mobilization for arrogance and threats with a revolver. I don't know if it's true. According to the baker, the mood of the mobilized is very unpleasant. He, a baker, complained that hooliganism among young people was developing in the villages. In the head of the little one is the same as in everyone else - in his own mind, he understands perfectly well that the Bolsheviks are swindlers, they don’t want to go to war, they have no idea about the international situation. We are a wild, dark, unfortunate people. Obviously, in the first edition of R. I. the capture of Moscow by foreign bastards symbolized the future defeat of the USSR in the war, which at that moment the writer considered inevitable. The invasion of reptiles also personified the ephemerality of the NEP prosperity, drawn in a fantastic 1928 rather parodic. The same attitude towards NEP is the author of R. Ya. expressed in a conversation with N. O. Lerner, information about which reached the OGPU.

On R. I. There were interesting responses from abroad as well. Bulgakov kept in his archives a typewritten copy of a TASS report dated January 24, 1926, entitled "Churchill is afraid of socialism." It said that on January 22, British Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill (1874-1965), in a speech in connection with labor strikes in Scotland, pointed out that "the terrible conditions that exist in Glasgow give rise to communism", but "we do not want to see on Moscow crocodile eggs on our table (underlined by Bulgakov - B.S.). I am sure that the time will come when the liberal party will render all possible assistance to the conservative party in the eradication of these doctrines. I am not afraid of a Bolshevik revolution in England, but I am afraid of an attempt by the socialist majority to arbitrarily introduce socialism. One tenth of socialism, which ruined Russia, would completely destroy England ... ”(It is difficult to doubt the validity of these words today, seventy years later).

In R. I. Bulgakov parodied V.E. Meyerhold, mentioning "the theater named after the late Vsevolod Meyerhold, who died, as you know, in 1927, when staging Pushkin's Boris Godunov, when trapezes with naked boyars collapsed." This phrase goes back to one joke conversation in the editors of Gudok, which is reported by the head of the fourth page of this newspaper, Ivan Semenovich Ovchinnikov (1880-1967): “The beginning of the twenties ... Bulgakov is sitting in the next room, but for some reason he has his sheepskin coat morning brings to our hanger. The sheepskin coat is one of a kind: it has no fasteners and no belt. He put his hands in the sleeves - and you can consider yourself dressed. Mikhail Afanasyevich himself certifies the sheepskin coat as follows:

Russian goof. Fashion of the late seventeenth century. In the annals for the first time it is mentioned under 1377. Now at Meyerhold's, in such shocks, Duma boyars are falling from the second floor. The injured actors and spectators are taken to the Sklifosovsky Institute. I recommend to see…”

Obviously, Bulgakov suggested that by 1927 - exactly 550 years after the first mention of okhabny in the annals, Meyerhold's creative evolution would come to the point that the actors playing the boyars would be removed from the okhabny and left in what their mother gave birth, so that only directing and acting technique replaced all historical scenery. After all, Vsevolod Emilievich said at one of his lectures in February 1924 about the production of Godunov: to all the tragedy ... "

There are in R. I. and other parody sketches. For example, the one where the fighters of the First Cavalry, at the head of which "in the same raspberry hood, like all riders, rides who became legendary 10 years ago, aged and gray-haired commander of the equestrian mass" - Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny (1883-1973), - perform in a campaign against reptiles with a thieves' song, performed in the manner of the "Internationale":

No ace, no queen, no jack,

We will beat the bastards, no doubt,

Four on the side - yours are not there ...

A real case (or, at least, a rumor widely spread in Moscow) found its place here. On August 2, 1924, Bulgakov entered in his diary the story of his acquaintance, the writer Ilya Kremlev (Sven) (1897-1971), that “the GPU regiment went to a demonstration with an orchestra that played“ These girls all adore ”“. In R. I. The GPU was replaced by the First Cavalry, and such foresight, in the light of the article by M. Lirov cited above, turned out to be not superfluous at all. The writer, undoubtedly, was familiar with the testimonies and rumors about the customs of the Budyonnovsk freemen, who were distinguished by violence and robberies. They were captured in the book of stories Cavalry (1923) by Isaac Babel (1894-1940) (albeit in a slightly softened form against the facts of his Cavalry diary). It was quite appropriate to put a thieves' song in the rhythm of the "Internationale" into the mouths of the Budyonnovites. It is curious that in Bulgakov's diary the last entry, made more than six months after the publication of R. Ya., on December 13, 1925, is dedicated specifically to Budyonny and characterizes him quite in the spirit of Cavalry fighters singing the thieves "Internationale" in R. Ya.: I heard that Budyonny's wife had died. Then the rumor that suicide, and then, it turns out, he killed her. He fell in love, she interfered with him. Remains completely unpunished. According to the story, she threatened him that she would come out with the exposure of his cruelties with soldiers in tsarist times, when he was a sergeant-major. The degree of reliability of these rumors is difficult to assess today.

On R. I. There were critical and positive responses. So, Yu. Sobolev in "Dawn of the East" on March 11, 1925 assessed the story as the most significant publication in the 6th book of "Nedr", stating: "Only Bulgakov with his ironically fantastic and satirically utopian story" Fatal Eggs " unexpectedly falls out of the general, very well-intentioned and very decent tone. "Utopian" R. Ya. the critic saw “in the very drawing of Moscow in 1928, in which Professor Persikov again receives an “apartment with six rooms” and feels his whole life as it was ... before October.” However, in general, Soviet criticism reacted to R. Ya. negatively as a phenomenon that counteracts the official ideology. Censorship became more vigilant towards the novice author, and Bulgakov's next story, The Heart of a Dog, was never published during his lifetime. Also, the secretary of the American embassy in Moscow, Charles Boolen, who in the mid-30s was friends with Bulgakov, and in the 50s became ambassador to the USSR, according to the author R. Ya. it was the appearance of this story in his memoirs that he called as a milestone, after which criticism seriously fell upon the writer: “Coup de grace” (decisive blow (French) - B.S.) was directed against Bulgakov after he wrote the story “Fatal eggs ”(As we have already seen, the author often called R. I. not a story, but a story. - B.S.) ... The small literary magazine Nedra printed the story in its entirety before the editors realized that it was a parody of Bolshevism, which turns people into monsters that destroy Russia and can only be stopped by the intervention of the Lord. When the real meaning of the story was understood, an accusatory campaign was unleashed against Bulgakov. R. i. enjoyed great reader success and even in 1930 remained one of the most requested works in libraries.

On January 30, 1926, Bulgakov signed an agreement with the Moscow Chamber Theater to stage R. Ya. However, sharp criticism of R. I. in the censored press made the prospects of staging R. Ya. not too encouraging, and instead of R. i. "Crimson Island" was staged. The contract for this play, concluded on July 15, 1926, left the staging of R. Ya. as a fallback: “In the event that “Crimson Island” cannot, for any reason, be accepted for production by the Directorate, then M.A. Bulgakov undertakes instead of him, at the expense of the payment made for “Crimson Island”, to provide the Directorate with a a play based on the plot of the story "Fatal Eggs" ... "" Crimson Island "appeared on stage at the end of 1928, but was already banned in June 1929. Under those conditions, the chances of staging R. I. disappeared completely, and Bulgakov never returned to the idea of ​​staging.

The book is the greatest invention of mankind. Our age, the age of technology, it has a serious competitor - television, but most people still prefer the book.

With the advent of the book came criticism. If at first it was expressed only in conversations, then with the development of technology it took on a printed form. With the development of the press, criticism began to reach the majority of readers, thus it had a huge impact on the author. These articles could lift the writer to the pinnacle of fame, or they could “kill” him. The most dangerous thing is when criticism depends on the political structure of the country, as it was with us. At the same time, humanity may lose, perhaps, brilliant works that will never be written if a flurry of critical articles falls upon a young author, thereby discouraging him from writing.

We recently studied the work of M. Bulgakov “Fatal Eggs”, so I want to talk about it ...

At first glance, this is an ordinary fantasy story with many comic episodes. It is written in an easy and interesting way. Some critics called this creation of Bulgakov "a trifle". They believed that he wrote it in order to stretch his hand. But they are deeply mistaken. It is enough to delve a little into the book to understand that a much deeper meaning is hidden in it than it might seem at first. The problems that the author raises in this story are relevant to this day.

What is this work about? There are two main characters in the story - Professor Persikov and Rokk. Persikov is a scientist. His field is zoology, embryology, anatomy, botany and geography. Everything that is outside these sciences, for him, as it were, does not exist. He could say about himself: I am a scientist, and everything else is alien to me. The professor has a lot of oddities, but they're all within the realm of possibility. But this is where fantasy comes into play. Persikov opens a completely extraordinary beam, similar to a “red naked sword”. Under the influence of this beam, the embryos develop with lightning speed. The sensational discovery is not only of theoretical interest - it promises a lot to the economy, animal husbandry. The press instantly spreads this news around the world, although the research has not yet been completed.

And then Alexander Semyonovich Rokk is among the professor's visitors. This is also a wonderful person, but in a completely different sense. He is a flutist by profession. “But the great year of 1917, which changed the careers of many people, sent Alexander Semyonovich along a new path.” What he did next, changing his flute to a Mauser, is not mentioned in detail. He was thrown around the country for a long time, he was engaged in affairs that had nothing to do with the flute. Now, in 1928, he headed the state farm. Having learned about the mass death of chickens, Rokk decides to revive them with the help of Persikov's ray.

Back in 1924, when this story was written, Bulgakov discerned the type of person that we often encountered in subsequent and in our years. Today he manages animal husbandry, and tomorrow he, who has killed all livestock from small to large horned ones, is thrown into art, but he does not get lost, enthusiastically takes on another unfamiliar business: he gives instructions, teaches those who really know their profession.

There is a proverb: measure seven times and cut once. Rokk and those like him prefer to do the opposite: first they cut off seven times, and then they create a commission for remeasurement.

Before us is an ignorant man, a typical representative of bosses born under the Stalinist regime. Everything is wrong for him, everything needs to be reworked, every development needs to be accelerated, to be guided from outside. There is, for example, wheat. So this is not enough. They will invent a new variety - branched wheat, in order to shame nature itself. And, of course, nothing works. But he does not lose heart - the Kremlin, Stalin are on his side, he is provided with powerful support from above. Persikov receives an official order: Give the camera with the beam to Rokku for a while.

By mistake, due to some kind of bungling, the chicken eggs that Rokk ordered end up with Persikov, and those that the professor ordered - snake, ostrich - end up with Rokk. And this adventurer, "chicken breeder", suddenly breeds a breed of giant, deadly snakes. Their disastrous invasion of Russia begins.

It is in people like Rokk, in my opinion, that the drama of the problem raised by Bulgakov lies. People came to power who were not capable of doing serious things necessary for the country. They are out of place and trying to do something they don't understand. Therefore, everyone pays for the mistake made by one of these people. The author, in my opinion, expresses his attitude to the established power in the episode with cockroaches. When Persikov needed cockroaches for scientific experiments, they "failed somewhere, showing their malicious attitude towards war communism."

The ending of this story is also noteworthy. People, with all their most advanced weapons, could not stop the invasion of reptiles. And only nature, having created an eighteen-degree frost in mid-August, destroyed this evil spirits. I fully agree with what the writer wanted to say with these words. Man is not the most powerful creature on the planet, as it was then believed. And it still depends on nature.

But it is obvious that the main idea of ​​this work was the desire to show the danger of the ongoing experiments. And everything that happened around, which was called the construction of socialism, was perceived by Bulgakov precisely as a huge scale and more than dangerous experiment. He continues this idea in his other works.

What else can be said about this story? Without a doubt, the criticism embodied by the author in this work hit the mark. The Rappovites, excited by this book, did not let Bulgakov out of their sight in the future. And all their reviews of his work were negative. There are two storylines in the story. The author simultaneously describes the events taking place both in the state farm and in the city.

The work is written in simple and understandable language. And therefore, if someone wishes to read it, he will not regret it.

"Fatal Eggs", written, according to M. Gorky, "witty and deft", was not just, as it might seem, a caustic satire on the Soviet society of the NEP era. Bulgakov here makes an attempt to put an artistic diagnosis of the consequences of a gigantic experiment that was carried out on the “progressive part of humanity”. In particular, we are talking about the unpredictability of the intrusion of reason, science into the endless world of nature and human nature itself. But didn’t the wise Valery Bryusov speak about this a little earlier than Bulgakov, in the poem “The Riddle of the Sphinx” (1922)?

The World Wars under microscopes silently tell us about other universes.

Ho we are between them - in the forest calves,
And it's easier for thoughts to sit under the windows ...
All in the same cage guinea pig
All the same experience with chickens, with reptiles ...
Ho before Oedipus the solution of the Sphinx,
Prime numbers are not all solved.

It is the experience “with chickens, with reptiles”, when giant reptiles come to life instead of elephant-like broilers under the miraculous red ray, accidentally discovered by Professor Persikov, that allows Bulgakov to show where the road paved with the best intentions leads. In fact, the result of Professor Persikov's discovery is (to use the words of Andrei Platonov) only "damage to nature." But what is this discovery?

“In the red band, and then in the entire disk, it became crowded, and the inevitable struggle began. The reborn lashed out at each other furiously and tore and swallowed. Among the born lay the corpses of those who died in the struggle for existence. The best and strongest won. And those best ones were terrible. Firstly, they were approximately twice as large as ordinary amoebas, and secondly, they were distinguished by some special malice and agility.

The red ray discovered by Persikov is a kind of symbol that is repeated many times, say, in the titles of Soviet magazines and newspapers (“Red Light”, “Red Pepper”, “Red Journal”, “Red Searchlight”, “Red Evening Moscow” and even organ of the GPU "Red Raven"), whose employees are eager to glorify the feat of the professor, in the name of the state farm, where the decisive experiment should be carried out. Bulgakov in passing here parodies the teaching of Marxism, which, as soon as it touches something living, immediately causes the class struggle to boil in it, "malice and agility." The experiment was doomed from the outset and burst at the behest of predestination, fate, which in the story was personified in the person of the communist-ascetic and director of the Red Luch state farm Rocca. The Red Army must enter into a deadly battle with the reptiles crawling towards Moscow.

“- Mother ... mother ... - rolled over the rows. Packets of cigarettes jumped in the lighted night air, and white teeth grinned at the stunned people from the horses. Through the ranks a muffled and heart-stinging chant flowed:

... Neither ace, nor queen, nor jack,
We will beat the bastards without a doubt,
Four on the side - yours are not there ...

Buzzing peals of “hurrah” floated over all this mess, because a rumor spread that ahead of the ranks on a horse, in the same raspberry hood, like all the riders, was riding the legendary 10 years ago, aged and gray-haired commander of the equestrian bulk.

How much salt and hidden rage in this description, which certainly brings Bulgakov back to painful memories of the lost Civil War and its winners! In passing, he is an impudence unheard of in those conditions! - poisonously mocks the holy of holies - the anthem of the world proletariat "The Internationale", with its "No one will give us deliverance, neither God, nor the tsar and nor the hero ...". This story-pamphlet ends with a blow of a sudden, in the middle of summer, frost, from which reptiles die, and the death of Professor Persikov, with whom the red ray is lost, forever extinguished.

"Fatal Eggs", written, according to M. Gorky, "witty and deft", was not just, as it might seem, a caustic satire on the Soviet society of the NEP era. Bulgakov makes an attempt here to put an artistic diagnosis of the consequences of a gigantic experiment that was carried out on the “progressive part of humanity”. In particular, we are talking about the unpredictability of the intrusion of reason, science into the endless world of nature and human nature itself. Ho didn’t he talk about that a little earlier than Bulgakov, in the poem “The Riddle of the Sphinx”

(1922), wise Valery Bryusov?
The World Wars under microscopes silently tell us about other universes.
Ho we are among them - in the forest calves,
And it is easier for thoughts to sit under the windows ...
All in the same cage guinea pig
All the same experience with chickens, with reptiles ...
Ho before Oedipus the solution of the Sphinx,
Prime numbers are not all solved.
It is the experience “with hens, with reptiles”, when giant reptiles come to life instead of elephant-like broilers under the miraculous red ray, accidentally discovered by Professor Persikov, that allows Bulgakov to show where the road paved with the best intentions leads. As a matter of fact, the result

the discovery of Professor Persikov becomes (to use the words of Andrei Platonov) only “damage to nature”. But what is this discovery?
“In the red band, and then in the entire disk, it became crowded, and the inevitable struggle began. The reborn lashed out at each other furiously and tore and swallowed. Among the born lay the corpses of those who died in the struggle for existence. The best and strongest won. And those best ones were terrible. Firstly, they were approximately twice as large as ordinary amoebas, and secondly, they were distinguished by some special malice and agility.
The red ray discovered by Persikov is a kind of symbol that is repeated many times, say, in the titles of Soviet magazines and newspapers (“Red Light”, “Red Pepper”, “Red Journal”, “Red Searchlight”, “Red Evening Moscow” and even organ of the GPU “Red Raven”), whose employees are eager to glorify the feat of the professor, in the name of the state farm, where the decisive experiment should be carried out. Bulgakov, in passing, here parodies the teaching of Marxism, which, as soon as it touches something living, immediately causes the class struggle to boil in it, "malice and agility." The experiment was doomed from the start and burst by the will of predestination, fate, which in the story was personified in the person of a communist-ascetic and director of the Red Luch state farm, Rocca. The Red Army must enter into a deadly battle with the reptiles crawling towards Moscow.
“- Mother ... mother ... - rolled over the rows. Packets of cigarettes jumped in the lighted night air, and white teeth grinned at the stunned people from the horses. Through the ranks a muffled and heart-stinging chant flowed:
... Neither ace, nor queen, nor jack,
We will beat the bastards without a doubt,
Four on the side - yours are not there ...
Buzzing peals of “hurrah” floated over all this mess, because a rumor spread that in front of the ranks on a horse, in the same raspberry hood, like all the riders, was riding the legendary 10 years ago, aged and gray-haired commander of the equestrian bulk.
How much salt and hidden rage in this description, which certainly brings Bulgakov back to painful memories of the lost Civil War and its winners! In passing, he is an impudence unheard of in those conditions! - poisonously mocks the holy of holies - the anthem of the world proletariat "The Internationale", with its "No one will give us deliverance, neither God, nor the king and nor the hero ...". This story-pamphlet ends with a blow of a sudden, in the middle of summer, frost, from which reptiles die, and the death of Professor Persikov, with whom the red ray is lost, forever extinguished.

Other works on this topic:

1. History of creation The story "Fatal Eggs" was written by Bulgakov in 1924. Already publishing the story in abridged form in four issues of the magazine "Red Panorama", Bulgakov ...
2. Chapter 1. Professor Persikov's curriculum vitae Professor of zoology Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov is director of the Moscow Zoological Institute. At 58, the scientist is still alone....
3. These works are united by the theme of the scientist's moral responsibility for the experiment; satirical depiction of post-revolutionary reality; the use of fiction and the grotesque. What is the satire directed against in the stories of M...
4. (1924) The story takes place in the summer of 1928 in the USSR. Professor of zoology at IV State University and director of the Moscow Zoological Institute Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov unexpectedly makes...
5. Bulgakov M.A. The action takes place in the USSR in the summer of 1928. Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov, professor of zoology at IV State University and director of the Moscow Zoo Institute, quite unexpectedly for ...
6. The action takes place in the USSR in the summer of 1928. Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov, professor of zoology at the IV State University and director of the Moscow Zoo Institute, quite unexpectedly makes a scientific...

M.A. Bulgakov (1891-1940). Life and destiny. Writer's satire. Analysis of satirical works ("Heart of a Dog", "Fatal Eggs").

The whole life of this restless and brilliant writer was, in essence, a merciless battle with stupidity and meanness, a struggle for the sake of pure human thoughts, for the sake of what a person should be and dare not not be reasonable and noble. K.Paustovsky

Andrey Sakharov

Lesson Objectives:

show the complexity and tragedy of the life and career of M. A. Bulgakov , arouse interest in the personality and work of the writer;

reveal the diversity of the problems of Bulgakov's stories, identify the principles of combining everyday reality and fantasy in the writer's work,show the relevance of satirical works, develop the skills and abilities of analyzing a prose work , helpunderstand what Bulgakov's stories warn us about;

develop the ability of ideological-compositional and stylistic analysis of the text;

continueto form the ability to choose the main thing in the development of action , express your thoughts clearly and consistently, argue your statements, prepare a report; to develop the ability of students to draw up main ideas in a summary.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

1. Give a brief overview of the life and career of M.A. Bulgakov; to acquaint with the peculiarities of the fate of Bulgakov as a writer and a person, to note the diversity of the writer's work, to acquaint with the author's methods of creating satirical works; improve the skill of searching for information about the life and work of the writer; improve the skill of monologue speech.

2. Introduce the stories "Heart of a Dog" and "Fatal Eggs", understand the meaning of the works, help understand what Bulgakov's stories warn us about, evaluate the topicality of the works; to prove that the satirical works of the writer are modern and relevant.

3. In the process of working on works, develop the ability of ideological-compositional and stylistic analysis of the text, continue to form the ability to choose the main thing in the development of action, express your thoughts clearly and consistently, argue your statements; improve the ability to analyze a literary work

Developing: contribute to the formationindependent cognitive activity, development of skillscarry out reflective activities; develop the ability to correctly generalize reflexive activity; develop the ability to correctly summarize data and draw conclusions.

Educational: to cultivate love and respect, respect for the national heritage, to promote the formation of patriotic feelings,rejection of hypocrisy, cruelty, arrogance and lack of culture.

Educational Resources: Literary dictation, lecture material, slide films about the life and work of M.A. Bulgakov, stories "Heart of a Dog", "Fatal Eggs", assignments for group work. Video by V.V. BortkO "Dog's heart".

I.

Stage 1

1 . Organizing time.

II. Knowledge update .

Today we are starting to study the work of the Russian writer, playwright, theater director of the 1st floor. 20th century. Author of novels and short stories, many feuilletons, plays, dramatizations, screenplays, opera libretto (Libretto- verbal text of a theatrical musical and vocal work),

Let's get acquainted with his difficult and tragic fate).

Before we start talking about it, let's first watch a slide film,and then we'll continue talking.(No. 1 Viewing a slide - film about the writer from 00.00 - 0.40)

Goal setting.

So ... what associations did you have after what you saw? Who will be discussed? Look at the blackboard. You see a portrait of the writer. The date below is 1935. This is practically his last years of life. In five years, the writer will be gone ... He was only49 years old. (see epigraph), + (Class board)

So, we will talk about M.A. Bulgakov.

1. And now, acquaintance with the work and life path of M.A. Bulgakov(№2Slide film "Biography of the writer" up to.030; before 1.03; up to 1.36; until 2.09); textbook, p.118

- What biography facts made an impression on you? Name the works of the writer known to you.

(Famous works of Bulgakov: « The Master and Margarita », « %A%D%BE%D%B%D%B%D%87%D%C%D%B_%D%81%D%B%D%80%D%B%D%86%D%B », « %97%D%B%D%BF%D%B%D%81%D%BA%D%B_%D%E%D%BD%D%BE%D%B%D%BE_%D%B %D%80%D%B%D%87%D%B », « %A%D%B%D%B%D%82%D%80%D%B%D%BB%D%C%D%BD%D%B%D%B_%D%80%D%BE %D%BC%D%B%D », « %91%D%B%D%BB%D%B%D%F_%D%B%D%B%D%B%D%80%D%B%D%B%D%F_%28%D %80%D%BE%D%BC%D%B%D », « %98%D%B%D%B%D%BD_%D%92%D%B%D%81%D%B%D%BB%D%C%D%B%D%B%D%B %D%87_%28%D%BF%D%C%D%B%D%81%D%B ”,“ Notes on cuffs ”,“ Fatal eggs ”,“ Diaboliad ”).

The story (addition) of the teacher about the life and work of M.A. Bulgakov.

Bulgakov the writer and Bulgakov the man are still largely a mystery. His political views, attitude to religion are unclear…. His life consisted, as it were, of three parts, each of which is remarkable for something.

- Before 1919 he is a doctor, only occasionally trying his hand at literature.

- In the 20s Bulgakov is already a professional writer and playwright.

In the 30s Mikhail Afanasyevich -theater worker.

Hisdid not print , plays were not staged, they were not allowed to work in their beloved Moscow Art Theater.

He had a special relationship with Stalin. The leader criticized many of his works, directly alluding to anti-Soviet agitation in them. But despite this, Mikhail Afanasyevich did not experience what was called a terrible wordGulag (Main Department of Camps and Places of Detention – subdivision %D%D%B%D%80%D%BE%D%B%D%BD%D%B%D%B_%D%BA%D%BE%D%BC%D%B%D%81 %D%81%D%B%D%80%D%B%D%B%D%82_%D%B%D%BD%D%83%D%82%D%80%D%B%D %BD%D%BD%D%B%D%85_%D%B%D%B%D%BB_%D%A%D%A%D%A%D%A , %C%D%B%D%BD%D%B%D%81%D%82%D%B%D%80%D%81%D%82%D%B%D%BE_%D%B %D%BD%D%83%D%82%D%80%D%B%D%BD%D%BD%D%B%D%85_%D%B%D%B%D%BB_%D %A%D%A%D%A%D%A" who managed the places of mass forced imprisonment and detention in 1930-1956. ). And diednot on the bunk (although in those days they were taken away for much smaller sins), and in their own bed (fromnephrosclerosis inherited from the father).(No. 3 see film from 00.51).

Robbed to the skinE Removed from readers and viewers, "sealed" in his apartment with government seals, terminally ill, knowing that his days were numbered, Bulgakov remained himself: he did not lose his sense of humor and sharpness of language. So, he didn't lose his freedom.

This was M. A. Bulgakov . A doctor, journalist, prose writer, playwright, director, he was a representative of that part of the intelligentsia, which, without leaving the country in difficult years, sought to preserve itself even in the changed conditions. He had to go through an addiction to morphine (when he worked as a zemstvo doctor), a civil war (which he experienced in its two burning centers - his native city of Kyiv and in the North Caucasus), severe literary persecution and forced silence, and in these conditions he managed to create such masterpieces that are read all over the world.

Anna Akhmatova called Bulgakov succinctly and simply - a genius, and dedicatedhis memory poem(student reads):

Here I am for you, instead of grave roses,

Instead of incense smoking;

You lived so harshly and brought it to the end

Great contempt.

You drank wine, you joked like no one else

And suffocated in stuffy walls,

And you yourself let in a terrible guest

And he was alone with her.

And there is no you, and everything around is silent

About the mournful and high life,

And on your silent feast...

2. Blitz Poll

“Life and work of M.A. Bulgakov"

When and where was M.A. Bulgakov? (05/15/1891 in Kyiv)

III. stage Analytical conversation .

2. Satire writer

Teacher: Today, the focus of our attention is the satirical works of the writer.

Question: let's Let us recall the theory of literature: what is satire and its types.

Satire - kind of comic.

Image Subject - vices.

A source - the contradiction between universal human values ​​and the reality of life.

Types of satire:

Humor is a good laugh.

Irony is a joke.

Sarcasm is a caustic, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony.

Means of satire:

Hyperbole is an exaggeration

Grotesque - a combination of fantastic and real

Contrast - opposition

The satirical stories of M.A. Bulgakov, written in1925 ., sounded very timely, became a reflection of the mindset of a number of scientists and cultural figures who felt alarmed by the changes taking place in Russia.

Question: What worried the writer himself? This is where we will look into it.

Teacher: The stories are satirical and therefore today we will talk about what ? (O satirical skill of the writer - the successor of the best traditions of Russian satire of the 19th century in the person of N.V. Gogol, M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin).

- What are the main problems the author poses in his works? (Eternal struggle good and evil , morality and immorality , freedom and unfreedom the issue of human responsibility for one's actions - these are all eternal, basic problems of human life.)

- What are the names of such works in which universal human problems are affected? (Such works are called philosophical )

- What is the peculiarity of the creative manner of the writer Bulgakov? (In his works - combination of real and fantasy , monstrous grotesque and real norm; the speed of the plot; flexibility of lively colloquial speech.)

Why did Bulgakov write satirical works at this particular time? To answer this question, remember how Bulgakov perceivedOctober Revolution.
(Everything that happened around, which was called the construction of socialism, was perceived by the writer as dangerous and huge experiment . Bulgakov believed that the situation that developed in the first decades after the October Revolution, tragic . People are turned into gray, homogeneous, featureless mass . Perverted concepts of eternal values. Stupidity, wretchedness, lack of spirituality, primitiveness prevail. All this causes the writer a feeling of hostility, indignation. Apparently, this contributed to the fact that in the first decades after the October Revolution, satirical works .)

So what kind of works will we talk about today? ( "Fatal Eggs" (1925), "Heart of a Dog" (1925).
In literature, Bulgakov first acted as a newspaperman, wrote feuilletons.

Until the mid 20s he is a satirist writer, author of the stories "Diaboliad" (1923), "Fatal Eggs" (1925), "Heart of a Dog" (1925) complete the cycle of the author's satirical works.

Teacher: We have seen more than once that writers react very sensitively to the slightest changes in public life: they reflect the mindset of people, predict the course of social development, and try to warn of any alarming consequences of certain events.

Question: What event is the 1st floor. The 20th century can be considered decisive for the development of Russian art, incl. literature? ( October Revolution of 1917 ) . ( October Revolution (full official name in 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 - Great October Socialist Revolution , other names:"October Revolution" %E%D%BA%D%82%D%F%D%B%D%80%D%C%D%81%D%BA%D%B%D%F_%D%80%D%B %D%B%D%BE%D%BB%D%E%D%86%D%B%D%F" ] , "October uprising", "Bolshevik coup" ) - one of the largest political events of the 20th century, which influenced the further course of%92%D%81%D%B%D%BC%D%B%D%80%D%BD%D%B%D%F_%D%B%D%81%D%82%D%BE %D%80%D%B%D% , literature and art.

One can treat this event in different ways, but it is impossible to deny that it became a fateful event not only for Russia, but also for other countries of the world.

After all, M.A. Bulgakov was not the first to turn to the topic of revolutionary changes in the country.

A. Blok, S. Yesenin, V. Mayakovsky, A. Fadeev, E. Zamyatin - these are just some of the names of writers who tried to comprehend what was happening, each in his own way. The intonations were different: both enthusiastic, and cautious, and glorifying, and pessimistic…

IV. Analysis of satirical works ("Heart of a Dog", "Fatal Eggs").

I could not part with the idea that I was involved in

unrighteous and terrible deeds. I had a terrible sense of powerlessness.

Andrey Sakharov

Question: Why do you think these words of Academician Sakharov were taken as an epigraph to the lesson about the stories "Heart of a Dog" and "Fatal Eggs"?

(Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov - %A%D%A%D%A%D%A %A%D%B%D%B%D%B%D -theorist, academician%90%D%D_%D%A%D%A%D%A%D%A , was one of the founders of the first Soviet%92%D%BE%D%B%D%BE%D%80%D%BE%D%B%D%BD%D%B%D%F_%D%B%D%BE%D%BC %D%B%D%B . Laureate%D%D%BE%D%B%D%B%D%BB%D%B%D%B%D%81%D%BA%D%B%D%F_%D%BF%D%80 %D%B%D%BC%D%B%D%F_%D%BC%D%B%D%80%D%B ). The discovery of weapons of mass destruction made him, like Bulgakov's professor Preobrazhensky, think about the responsibility of a scientist and science as a whole to society, to history.

20th century - the time of all kinds of revolutions, the century of world wars and unprecedented changes in the way of life and way of thinking of billions of people. The search for truth, the search for truth has become a fundamental search for the best representatives of the intelligentsia.

AT"Notes on cuffs" M.A. Bulgakov says with bitter irony:“Only through suffering does truth come... That's right, be calm! But they don't pay money for knowing the truth, they don't give rations. Sad but true."

Being in the center of a rapid cycle of events, people and opinions, Bulgakov asks himself and his readers the eternal question of the gospelPontius Pilate : "What is truth?"

Already in the 20s, the difficult years of the 20th century, the writer tried to answer this question with his satirical works, raising in themthe following problems :

1. Merciless condemnation of the "pure" science of its priests.

2. The problem of personal responsibility of a person of culture before life.

3. The problem of human self-government.

Let's try to trace how the writer reveals theseProblems.

But first, let's recall the content of satirical works ("Heart of a Dog" and "Fatal Eggs")

Literary quiz.

The story "Heart of a Dog"

2. What song does Sharikov play on the balalaika? ("The moon shines")

3. Whom does the main character hate the most? (cats)

4. The first word that Sharikov uttered? ("Abyr" - "Fish")

5. For what purposes did Sharikov take 7 rubles from the house committee? (For the purchase of textbooks)

6. How does Sharikov explain to the bride that he has a scar on his forehead? (Wounded on

on the Kolchak fronts)

The story "Fatal eggs"

a) Abrikosov

b) Yablochkin

c) Peaches

5. What were the consequences of the unexpected frost?

1. A satirical condemnation of "pure" science and its priests, who imagined themselves to be the creators of a new life.

Teacher:

M. Bulgakov's stories "Heart of a Dog" and "Fatal Eggs" are about professors of the old school, brilliant scientists who made brilliant discoveries in a new era that they did not quite understand. Both of them came to Bulgakov's prose from Prechistenka (now Kropotkinskaya Street in Moscow). Bulgakov knew this area well and loved its inhabitants. Therefore, probably, he considered it his duty to “depict the intelligentsia as the best layer in our country”

Question: Why did the classical intellectuals from Prechistenka suddenly become the object of satire? ( But because Bulgakov's satire is a clever and sighted satire. The writer saw that the talent of a scientist, impeccable honesty, combined with loneliness can lead to tragic and unexpected consequences. This is what happens with Professor Persikov, dear to Bulgakov's heart, almost the same thing happens with Professor Preobrazhensky).

Question: What discoveries did they make?

So, "Fatal Eggs" (See the presentation "Fatal Eggs") 1-4 frame.

1 . student performance with individualh giving"Scientific discovery of Professor Vladimir Ipatievich Persikov" 5 frame.

“In the red stripe, life was in full swing. Gray amoebas, releasing their pseudopods, stretched with all their might into the red stripe and in it (as if by magic) came to life. Some force breathed into them the spirit of life. They climbed in a flock and fought with each other for a place in the beam. There was a frenzied, no other word for it, reproduction. Breaking and overturning all the laws... they budded before his eyes with lightning speed. ... In the red stripe, and then in the entire disk, it became crowded, and the inevitable struggle began. The reborn lashed out at each other furiously and tore and swallowed. Among the born lay the corpses of those who died in the struggle for existence. The best and strongest won. And those best ones were terrible."

This is the brilliant discovery of Professor Persikov , which would bring him fame, world fame, which, obviously, could somehow be used in the national economy. The professor did not think about this, because he had to make a series of experiments and experiments.

Teacher: And now the story"Dog's heart". You met this story in 9th grade. The story was filmed in1988 ( 1987 printed ). Film directorVladimir Vladimirovich Bortko ) is a Russian film director, screenwriter and producer. The film adaptation of the story brought the director recognition of the world film community - the film was awarded the Grand Prix of the Perugia Film Festival (Italy).

2. student performance with an individual task"Professor Preobrazhensky's unique operation in his pituitary transplant experience."

( Pituitary - a brain appendage in the form of a rounded formation located on the lower surface of the brain in a bone pocket called the Turkish saddle, produces hormones that affect growth, metabolism and reproductive function )».

Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky (60 years old) - a luminary in medicine. He produces a unique experience in transplanting the pituitary gland of a deceased person (Klim Chugunkin) to a homeless dog Sharik. This operation was carried out by Prof.December 22 , aJanuary 2 recorded indiary of Dr. Bormental, this humanized dog got out of bed, which "... confidently kept on its hind legs for half an hour." And on the same day, according to the testimony of Professor Dr. Bormenthal's assistant: "In my presence and Zina's presence, the dog (if you can call it a dog, of course) cursed Professor Preobrazhensky for his mother."

This operation of the professor is a truly scientific discovery: “He looks strange. The hair remained only on the head, on the chin and on the chest. He is otherwise bald, with loose skin. In the genital area - an emerging man. The skull is greatly enlarged. The forehead is sloping and low.

Teacher: It would seem that the scientific discoveries of Persikov and Preobrazhensky should have shocked the world scientific community and brought certain benefits to humanity. What happens in reality?

- What is same withfate of the "red ray" discovered by Professor Persikov?

Someone came to the professorAlexander Semenovich Rokk “with government papers from the Kremlin”, surprisingly reminiscent of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov: “Little eyes looked at the whole world in amazement and at the same time confidently, there was something cheeky in short legs with flat feet.”6 frame.

The great discovery of a talented scientist led to disaster.

People flew out of the doors, howling:

Beat him! Kill!..

World Villain!

You unleashed the bastards!

…A short man, on monkey crooked legs, in a torn jacket, in a tornshirtfront strayed to the side, ahead of the others, reached Persikov and cut his head open with a terrible blow of a stick.

A man remarkably similar to Sharikov kills a brilliant scientist.8-9 frame.

Conclusion: So andHELL. Sakharov saw the consequences of his invention, after he proposed to use an electric charge inplasma placed in a magnetic field to produce a controlled thermonuclear reaction. It is not known in whose hands the scientific discovery will fall, for what purposes it will be used. So, following from the first, the second theme of the satiricaldilogy M.A. Bulgakov.

2. The theme of the personal responsibility of a person of science, culture before life, before history.

- And what happened to the real Sharikov?

The dog Sharik was smart in his own way, like a dog, observant and not even alien to the satirical gift. The life that he saw from the doorway was really aptly captured by him. He knew how to highlight the typical details in it.

And now Sharik turns into Sharikov.

What techniques does the author use?

Grotesque. Realization of the metaphor : who was nothing, he will become everything. Uses a fantasy situation. Helps to understand the absurdity of the idea.

How did the life of Preobrazhensky change with the advent of Sharikov?

The house turns into HELL . The theme of the house is cross-cutting in Bulgakov. Home is the center of human life. The Bolsheviks destroyed the house as the basis of the family, the basis of human society.

The appearance of Sharikov in the professor's house is a nightmare...(No. 6 slide film “Who killed the cat of Madame Polosukhina ...).

Teacher: When did it come "Star Hour" Sharikov?

-P retreat to service. “Yesterday cats were strangled, strangled” - the persecution of one's own is a characteristic feature of all ball cats. Destroy their own, covering the traces of their own origin . Deceived the girl. Shame, conscience, morality are alien. There is hatred, malice . He is really dangerous ( №7 . Cm . slide-film Benefis Sharikov… ); … Cats were strangled, strangled;+ 2min.37.

Teacher : Professor Preobrazhensky, who decided to improve nature, took the liberty of competing with life by creating an informer, an alcoholic and a demagogue, who sat on his neck. The professor realized his mistake.

Conclusion: So a person, even a genius, intruding into the laws of nature, imagining himself the Creator, enduresfiasco.

In The Master and Margarita, whom we will meet later, Woland asks two Moscow writers Berlioz and Ivan Bezdomny, who claim that there is no God: “If there is no God, then, one asks, who controls human life and the whole order on earth?” To which Ivanushka replies: The man himself manages!

This is how Bulgakov poses the most real and most acute problem in the 20th century.

3. The problem of human self-government

This is the 3rd most important theme of the story "Heart of a Dog".

20th century became a time of destruction, disintegration of the former thousand-year order of human life. This is the time of the destruction of the old human ties, the old ways of managing human behavior. The old type of government rested on the veneration of Christian commandments, on the authority of the king, class morality. Now the leading idea of ​​the era has become the words:“No one will give us deliverance: neither a god, nor a king, nor a hero. We will achieve liberation with our own hand."

This is where block freedom came from"no cross". Having freed himself from his former dependence, a person fell into a more difficult submission to his uterine, selfish, selfish interest. Bulgakov leads usto the conclusion : where the natural course of life is spurred on by ignorance, self-interest, nothing good can be expected there.

Question : Is it possible to entrust the management of life to the Sharikovs, Shvonders, Rokku?

Clever Professor Preobrazhensky understood this (No. 8 cm . slide film); 35.32-37.17.

But the Shvonders, Sharikovs, Rocky will never understand this truth.

Sharikovs breed quickly, and no one is going to fight them (unlike the naked reptiles). Professor Preobrazhensky talks about it(№9 . Cm . slide film Shvonder is the most important fool ... ); 38.18 – 38.51.

An interesting conversation of Professor Preobrazhensky about devastation(№10 . Cm . slide-film … Devastation… ch.3)+

Bulgakov repeatedly callsexperience Professor Preobrazhensky "crime". So, the author, developing Dostoevsky's theme "Crime and Punishment", did not believe that in an instant it was possible to make a person sinless and righteous, and leads the hero to the famous conclusion:(№11 . Cm . slide-film... Never commit a crime...). 37.50-38.17

This idea will be the main one in The Master and Margarita.

Conclusion. Perhaps,more crime - under the guise of revolutionary renewal, to commit violence over the entire course of history, over the destinies of people. Professor Preobrazhensky talks about such experiments: “They should not think that terror will help them. Terror completely paralyzes the nervous system.

Isn't it a bold story! But it was not published during the lifetime of the author. On the faceterror over literature, culture, Bulgakov was right:terror over culture has led to paralysis, stagnation and death.

Conclusion:

In everythingtimes of satire served the ideas of humanism, enlightenment and the ideals of beauty, to which the authors of satirical works called, revealing the underside of reality by various means of humor and calling for the virtue of morality, spirituality, education, and intellectual development.

Writers - classics of the 19th century, represented byA. S. Griboedova, N.V. Gogol (poem "Dead Souls") A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. A. Krylova in fables , and especially "biting "satire by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin , expressed disgust for tyranny, serfdom, capital orders with the help of satire, because satire - this is a fine line between humorous and comic, which boldly reveals the essence in an accessible and understandable form, stigmatizing social vices, gives hope and uplifts the spirit even in the most bitter moments of life, precisely because it helps to turn the usual picture of the world, turning it from tragic into unimaginably tenacious and inspiring joke.

These can rightly be attributed to the satirical works of M.A. Bulgakov, which we talked about today in the lesson.

7. Reflection.

Bulgakov did not change his views on fashion or profit. But he thought hard about everything he saw before him. And his thought ... was inclined towards the analysis of the living, not confused by dogma or prejudice, and supported by the responsibility of a witness and chronicler of great and tragic events in the life of the motherland. In all the rifts of fate, Bulgakov remained true to the laws of dignity...

V.Ya. Lakshin

Resource material for the lesson

Literary quiz based on the story "Fatal Eggs"

1. What is the main character's last name?

a) Abrikosov

b) Yablochkin

c) Peaches

2. What scientific discovery does Professor Persikov make?

a) It opens the "ray of life", under the influence of which bacteria begin to multiply wildly

b) He finds an antidote for cancer

c) He managed to clone a sheep

3. What is the difference between individuals that appeared with the help of the "ray of life"?

a) They age much more slowly

b) They have increased stamina

c) They become incredibly aggressive and destroy weaker relatives with a frenzy

4. What is happening in the USSR in the meantime?

a) A general “chicken disease” begins, and all chickens on the territory of the USSR die

b) Some fungus settles on grain crops, and cereals begin to die in huge quantities

c) Cattle begin to die from an unknown disease

5. What happens after Professor Persikov and Rokk discharge eggs from abroad?

a) Rokk, with the help of a beam and chicken eggs discharged from abroad, restores the number of poultry

b) Snake eggs and chicken eggs get mixed up on delivery and Rokk gets snake eggs

c) The eggs prescribed by Rock are broken

6. What happens after Rokk places the reptile eggs in the chambers?

a) All cameras fail at the same time

b) Birds and frogs take off, and dogs howl, anticipating trouble

c) Having carefully examined them, Rokk understands that these are not chicken eggs

7. What happens after the reptiles hatch from their eggs?

a) The room in which they are located can be isolated, and the reptiles themselves can be killed

b) Terrible chaos begins in the country, and hordes of reptiles are approaching Moscow

c) An unknown disease begins to mow down the hatched monsters

8. What happened on the night of August 19-20?

a) Hordes of monsters attacked Moscow

b) An eighteen-degree frost suddenly hit

c) Moscow was recaptured from the monstrous reptiles

9. What were the consequences of the unexpected frost?

a) Frost destroyed all reptiles and their embryos in eggs

b) He plunged the monsters into suspended animation

c) He weakened the animals, and people partly took them out of the country, partly exterminated them

10. What happens to the magic beam technology after the disaster?

a) It is sold abroad for a lot of money

b) No one else can get the beam

c) The beam is beginning to be used for military purposes

Answers: 1-in; 2-a; 3-in; 4-a; 5 B; 6-in; 7-b; 8-b; 9-a; 10-b.

Literary dictation. “The life and fate of M.A. Bulgakov. The story "Heart of a Dog"

I. “The life and fate of M.A. Bulgakov"

When and where was Mikhail Bulgakov born? (05/15/1891 in Kyiv)

Where did you study? (Alexander Gymnasium, Faculty of Medicine, Kyiv University).

The most famous works of the writer ("Master and Margarita", "White Guard", "Running", White Guard.)

What role did women play in life? (Inspired, helped in life's difficulties, served as his ideal).

Where and when did Bulgakov die? (03/10/1940)

II. The story "Heart of a Dog"

1. In what year was the story written? (1925). Printed? (1987)

2. Remember the lines of Professor Preobrazhensky's favorite romance.

(“From Seville to Grenada…”, “To the banks of the sacred Nile…”)

3. What song does Sharikov play on the balalaika? ("The moon shines")

4. Who does the main character hate the most? (cats)

5. The first word that Sharikov uttered? ("Abyr" - "Fish")

6. How old is Professor Preobrazhensky? (60)

7. How much money did Sharikov steal from the professor? (2 chervonets)

8. For what purposes did Sharikov take 7 rubles from the house committee? (For the purchase of textbooks)

9. How does Sharikov explain to the bride that he has a scar on his forehead? (Wounded on

on the Kolchak fronts)

10. What, according to Sharikov, will the cats killed by him go to? ("To the poles").