Graham Greene short biography. Graham Greene biography

Biography

Childhood

Born on October 2, 1904, in the family of the director of a privileged school, Charles Henry Green and Marion Green (née Raymond). He was the fourth of six children in the family. As a child, he most loved to read the adventure literature of Haggard and Conrad (many years later, Greene admits that at the beginning of his writing career it was very difficult for him to get rid of the influence of these writers). During his school years, constant ridicule from classmates led Green to several suicide attempts and eventually forced him to drop out of school. He received further education at Balliol College, Oxford University.

early years

He initially worked as a journalist for the Nottingham Journal, then as a freelance correspondent for The Times. In 1926 he converted to Catholicism (as opposed to the dominant Anglican Church in Great Britain). After the release of his first novel, The Man Within (1929), he left journalism. In 1932 he published an action-packed political detective story, Stamboul Train. He called this and subsequent books with elements of the detective genre - A Gun for Sale (1936), The Confidential Agent (1939), Ministry of Fear (1943) “entertaining.” " A more serious work was England Made Me, published in 1935 - a book that reflected the processes of change in society under the influence of progress.

Trips

In the 1930s, Green went on a trip to Mexico, which resulted in two books of travelogues, Journey Without Maps (1936) and The Lawless Roads (1939). Based on observations of the situation in Mexico in 1940 he created one of his best novels, The Power and the Glory. The book initially attracted sharp criticism from the Catholic Church. From 1941 to 1944, Greene worked for British intelligence in West Africa, where he was listed as a representative of the Foreign Office Great Britain. One of his colleagues in those years was Kim Philby... After the Second World War, he was a correspondent for the New Republic magazine in Indochina. Based on the events in Vietnam in 1955-56, he created the novel “The Quiet American". In the 60-70s as a reporter, he traveled to many countries, repeatedly visited “hot spots". He was acquainted with many influential politicians, in particular, the President of Panama, General Omar Torrijos. After he spoke in defense of the accused in the case of Sinyavsky and Daniel, he was stopped publishing in THE USSR. In the last years of his life he lived in Switzerland. Died April 3, 1991 in Vevey, Switzerland.

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature many times, but never received it due to numerous complaints from critics. Swedish academic, poet and novelist Arthur Lundqvist stated that "this detective author will only receive the prize over my corpse." Ironically, Lundqvist died in December 1991, seven months after Graham Greene's death.

Main features of creativity

Many critics agree: Graham Grim is precisely the kind of writer “who appeals equally to both ordinary readers and intellectuals.” It is known that he himself divided his works into “serious” and “entertaining”, but the differences between them are hardly significant. After all, most of Greene's novels have a dynamic plot, intricate intrigue, combined with political concepts that grow out of reflections on life.

During his long life, Greene changed his socio-political preferences more than once, either sharply criticizing Western civilization or putting forward the idea of a “third world”, which can only be strengthened by a certain synthesis of communism and Catholicism. But the artist’s irreconcilability to all types of violence and tyranny - be it dictatorial, colonial regimes, manifestations of fascism, racism or religious intolerance - remained enduring. The writer was perceived as a kind of political seismograph, reacting to the shocks and explosions of history, sensitively feeling the “sore spots” of the planet.

Books

Poetry collection

1925 - Babbling April

Novels

1929 - The Man Within
1930 - The Name of Action
1932 - Rumor at Nightfall
1932 - Istanbul Express / Stamboul Train (Orient Express)
1934 - It’s a Battlefield
1935 - England Made Me
1936 - Hitman / A Gun for Sale (This Gun for Hire)
1938 - Brighton Rock
1939 - The Confidential Agent
1940 - The Power and the Glory (The Labyrinthine Ways)
1943 - The Ministry of Fear
1948 - The Heart of the Matter
1949 - The Third / The Third Man
1951 - The End of a Novel / The End of the Affair
1955 - The Quiet American
1955 - Loser Takes All
1958 - Our Man in Havana / Our Man in Havana
1960 - At the Price of Loss / A Burnt-Out Case
1966 - The Comedians / The Comedians
1969 - Travels with My Aunt
1973 - The Honorary Consul
1978 - The Human Factor
1980 - Doctor Fischer of Geneva or The Bomb Party
1982 - Monsignor Quixote
1985 - The Tenth Man
1988 - The Captain and the Enemy / The Captain and the Enemy

Autobiographies

1971 - Part of Life / A Sort of Life
1980 - Ways of Escape
1984 - Getting to Know the General: the story of an involvement
1922 - A World of My Own: A Dream Diary

Travel books

1936 - Journey Without Maps
1939 - The Lawless Roads (Another Mexico)
1961 - In Search of a Hero. Two African Journals / In Search of a Character: Two African Journals

Plays

1953 - The Living Room
1957 - The Potting Shed
1959 - The Complaisant Lover
1964 - Carving a Statue
1975 - The Return of A.J.Raffles
1981 - The Great Jowett
1983 - Yes and No
1983 - For Whom the Bell Chimes

Collections of stories

1954 - Twenty-One Stories
1963 - A Sense of Reality
1967 - May We Borrow Your Husband?
1990 - The Last Word and Other Stories

Children's books

1946 - The Little Train
1950 - The Little Fire Engine
1952 - The Little Horse Bus
1955 - The Little Steamroller

Other

1942 - British Dramatists
1952 - The Lost Childhood: and Other Essays
1969 - Collected Essays
1974 - Lord Rochester’s monkey: Being the life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester
1980 - The Pleasure-Dome: The Collected Film Criticism, 1935-40
1989 - Yours, etc.: Letters to the Press
1989 - Why the Epigraph?
1991 - Reflections

Film adaptations

1934 - Orient Express
1937 - The Future's in the Air
1937 - The Green Cockatoo
1940 - 21 days / 21 Days
1940 - The New Britain
1942 - This Gun for Hire
1942 - Went the Day Well?
1944 - Ministry of Fear
1945 - Secret Agent / Confidential Agent
1947 - The Man Within
1947 - The Fugitive / The Fugitive
1947 - Brighton Rock
1948 - The Fallen Idol
1949 - The Third Man / The Third Man
1953 - The Heart of the Matter
1954 - The Stranger's Hand
1955 - The End of the Affair / The End of the Affair
1956 - Loser Takes All
1957 - Saint Joan
1957 - Across the Bridge
1957 - Short Cut to Hell
1958 - The Quiet American
1959 - Our Man in Havana / Our Man in Havana
1961 - The Power and the Glory
1961 - Gunes dogmasin
1967 - The Comedians / The Comedians
1972 - Travels with My Aunt
1972 - Yarali kurt
1973 - England Made Me
1979 - The Human Factor
1982 - A Shocking Accident
1983 - The Honorary Consul
1983 - The Heart of the Matter
1985 - Dr. Fischer of Geneva
1986 - May We Borrow Your Husband
1988 - The Tenth Man
1990 - Roulette of Happiness / Strike It Rich
1991 - This Gun for Hire
1999 - The End of the Affair / The End of the Affair
2001 - Double Trouble / Double Take
2001 - The Quiet American
2006 - The End of the Party

Links

THE DIFFICULT PATH TO DIALOGUE. Alexander Men about Graham Greene's novel "Monsignor Quixote"
Alexander Men and Nina Trauberg about Graham Greene's novel “The Power and the Glory”

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GREEN, GRAHAM(Greene, Graham) (1904–1991), English writer, many of whose works combine detective plots with religious overtones.

Born 2 October 1904 in Berkampsted (Hertfordshire). He studied at Berkampsted School, where his father was the director, then at Balliol College, Oxford University, and at the same time went to work for a tobacco company, hoping with its help to get to China. Then he worked for a short time at a local weekly magazine. At the age of 21, he found spiritual support by converting to Catholicism, and in 1927 he married Vivien Dayrell-Browning. From 1926 to 1930 he served in the letters department of the London Times.

Green said goodbye to journalism after the success of his first novel The man inside (The Man Within, 1929). In 1932 he published an action-packed political detective story Istanbul Express (Stamboul Train). This and subsequent books with elements of the detective genre - Hitman (A Gun for Sale, 1936), Confidant (The Confidential Agent, 1939), Department of Fear (Ministry of Fear, 1943) – he called it “entertaining”. His novels This is a battlefield (It's a Battlefield, 1934) and England made me (England Made Me, 1935, Russian. translation 1986) reflect the socio-political ferment of the 1930s. Brighton lollipop (Brighton Rock, 1938) is the first “entertainment” novel, the events of which are highlighted by religious issues.

In the late 1930s, Greene traveled extensively in Liberia and Mexico. Deeply personal accounts of these trips have compiled two books of travelogues Traveling without a map (Journey Without Maps, 1936) and Roads of lawlessness (The Lawless Roads, 1939). Political persecution of the Catholic Church in Mexico inspired him to write a novel Power and glory (The Power and the Glory, 1940), whose hero, a sinner, a “drinking padre,” confronts the persecutors of the church.

From 1941 to 1944, Green, as an employee of the Foreign Office, was in West Africa, where the events of his novel unfold The crux of the matter (The Heart of the Matter, 1948), which brought him international recognition. Events of Greene's next important novel, a love story The end of one novel (The End of the Affair, 1951), take place in London during the German bombings in World War II.

Greene's later work is characterized by a sense of topicality, which he probably acquired while working as a correspondent for New Republic magazine in Indochina. The setting of Greene's later novels is exotic countries on the eve of international conflicts: in a revelatory, insightful novel Quiet American (The Quiet American,1955) – Southeast Asia before the American invasion; V To our man in Havana(Our Man in Havana, 1958) – Cuba on the eve of the revolution; V Comedians (Comedians, 1966) – Haiti during the reign of Francois Duvalier. In Green's late work, although religion is present, it recedes into the background, and its authority ceases to be indisputable. For example, the ending of the novel At the cost of loss (A Burnt-out Case, 1961) makes it clear that Christianity is unable to help modern man.

Greene's other works include plays Room for the Living (The Living Room, 1953), Greenhouse (The Potting Shed, 1957) and Complaisant Lover (The Complaisant Lover, 1959); story collections Twenty one stories (Twenty-one Stories, 1954), Sense of reality (A Sense of Reality, 1963) and Can we kidnap your husband? (May We Borrow Your Husband?, 1967); essay collections Lost childhood(The Lost Childhood, 1951; subsequently expanded), Selected Essays (Collected Essays, 1969); novels Traveling with Auntie (Travels With My Aunt, 1969, Russian. translation 1989), Honorary Consul (The Honorary Consul, 1973, Russian. translation 1983), Human factor (The Human Factor, 1978, Russian. translation 1988), Monsignor Quixote (Monsignor Quixote, 1982, Russian. translation 1989) and Tenth (The Tenth Man, 1985, Russian. translation 1986); biography Lord Rochester's Monkey (Lord Rochester's Monkey, 1974). Films have been made based on many of his works, including the film Third (The Third Man, 1950); sometimes he acted as the scriptwriter. Green died in Vevey (Switzerland) on April 3, 1991.

Writer Graham Greene is considered one of the most prominent figures in English literature of the 20th century. During his rather long life, he created many works and was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize, but never received it, although he was no less worthy of it than many other laureates.

Graham Greene: biography (childhood)

Born into the large family of Charles, who at that time was the director of one of the most privileged schools in England. Since childhood, I have been fond of reading adventure literature. Constant conflicts with classmates caused several suicide attempts. As a result, the boy was taken from school to be home-schooled, and then sent to Balliol College, which operates at the University of Oxford.

Beginning of a writing career

After graduating from college, Graham Greene began working as a journalist at the Nottingham Journal and later as a freelance correspondent for The Times. At the age of 22, he converted to Catholicism, thus expressing his protest against the Anglican Church dominant in the United Kingdom. True, there are other opinions on this matter (they say that he was very much in love with a classmate, whose parents agreed to their marriage only on the condition that the future son-in-law changed his faith).

In 1929, his first novel, “The Man Inside,” was published, which had some success among readers. This made Graham Greene think about a writing career.

Following the first book, others followed. In particular, such action-packed detective stories as “Istanbul Express”, “The Hitman”, “The Confidant” and “The Office of Fear” brought popularity to the writer. The last novel was written at the height of the war and told about the adventures of Londoner Arthur Rowe. He accidentally gets his hands on a photographic film that is being hunted by Nazi spies, and the young man has to try very hard to stay alive.

Greene himself considered these books entertaining, in contrast to one of his early works, the novel “England Made Me,” in which the writer reflected the process of changing English society under the influence of scientific and technological progress.

Trips

Back in the 1930s, the young writer visited Liberia and Mexico. These travels made a huge impression on him, the result of which were 2 books of travel notes, “Roads of Lawlessness” and “Journey without a Map.” In 1940, the best novel was published, which, according to critics, was written by Graham Greene. “The Power and the Glory” caused a sharp protest from the Catholic Church, although in fact it told about the Christian service of a degraded priest who goes to give communion to a dying man, although he knows that he will be shot for this.

Intelligence work

During the Second World War, Graham Greene served the Queen as part of the Intelligence Service in Portugal and Sierra Leone. At the same time, he was officially listed as a representative of the British Foreign Office. His work in intelligence helped him a lot when writing action-packed novels, which were popular among readers.

After the end of World War II, Graham Greene was sent to Indochina as a correspondent for the New Republic magazine. What he saw there, especially the events of 1955-1956, formed the basis of the novel “The Quiet American.”

In the next decade, the writer visited several “hot spots” in different parts of the world and met influential politicians of the time, including some dictators.

Political Views

Despite the fact that during his life Graham Greene repeatedly changed his socio-political preferences, he always remained irreconcilable against all forms of arbitrariness and violence, including colonial, dictatorial, fascist regimes, racism and religious intolerance.

At the same time, after the writer defended the defendants in the case of Daniel and Sinyavsky, he was not published in the USSR for more than 12 years.

Graham Greene: films

Many of the writer's works have been filmed. Among them is the first film about a killer in the history of world cinema - “Gun for Hire” with Alan Ladd and the plot of which was based on the novel “The Hitman” (1942).

Another significant film was the detective film The Third Man, released in 1949 and based on the work of the same name by Graham Greene. She became a prize-winner and also received BAFTA and Oscar awards.

The film “The Third Man” has been repeatedly recognized as one of the best in the history of world cinema and the best British film of all time.

Despite the completely Hollywood appearance that Graham Greene had in his youth, he did not turn out to be an actor. However, the writer was still nominated for an Oscar in 1950 for the screenplay of the film “The Defeated Idol.” True, he did not receive the award, although shortly before this the film was recognized as the best British film according to BAFTA. In addition, in 1954, Graham Greene successfully coped with the role of producer of the film “The Hand of a Stranger.”

About creativity

Some of the writer's most popular works include the novels Our Man in Havana, The Human Factor, The Honorary Consul and The Heart of the Matter. Graham Greene reflected in them his vision of Christian charity, which does not die even in people who are complete sinners. Thus, the novel “The Heart of the Matter” tells about an honest colonial policeman who tries not to offend anyone: neither his wife, nor his mistress, nor those who turn to him, and is forced to constantly lie, and in “The Honorary Consul” a doctor who sympathizes with the conspirators feels compassion for their hostage and dies in an attempt to save the diplomat.

Issues of Christian values are not the only thing that Graham Greene reflected in his work. “The Destroyers” (the story) is a work of a completely different kind. It reveals the phenomenon of child cruelty, which is especially frightening for its causelessness and meaninglessness.

"Comedians"

This work of the author is considered one of his best works, so it deserves to be talked about in more detail. The main setting of the novel “The Comedians” (Graham Green) is the island of Haiti during the reign of Francois Duvalier. It is written based on the memoirs of a writer who visited this country several times, including during the years of dictatorship. In the novel, Graham Greene showed what it means to live in a state where lawlessness and terror reign. Even the best intentions of the heroes are broken against the wall erected by Duvalier and his minions, and the most terrible thing is the realization of the hopelessness and meaninglessness of the struggle to which they come.

By the way, Green himself, in a letter to A. S. Frere, to whom he dedicated the novel, responded to critics who accused him of excessively dramatizing what was happening in Haiti: “This black night cannot be denigrated.”

Based on the book, a film of the same name was made in 1967, in which Elizabeth Taylor played the main roles.

Awards

As already mentioned, in the mid-60s Graham Greene was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but Swedish academics refused to award it to him due to disagreement with his political views.

However, at that time the writer had already won many literary awards, including the Hawthornden, James Tate Blake, and Shakespeare awards. In addition, he was awarded the British Order of Honor and Merit. Of particular value to Graham Greene himself was the Jerusalem Prize, which is awarded to authors who reflect in their works the themes of human freedom in society.

Festival

Every year in the first weeks of October, writers, critics and journalists come to the writer’s hometown to take part in scientific conferences dedicated to the work of Graham Greene. The events are held as part of a festival organized by a foundation named after him.

Now you know which works were written by the famous English writer Graham Greene, and which films were made based on them. The uniqueness of his talent lies in the fact that he was able to create equally interesting works, both entertaining and deeply philosophical, making one think about the place of man in society.

British writer, playwright and literary critic. One of the most famous writers of the 20th century; we are equally loved and revered by the general public and lovers of intellectual literature.

Graham Greene was born in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England. He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother Hugh later became director general of the BBC, and his elder brother Raymond was an outstanding physician and mountaineer.

Graham Greene had a hard time at school - even despite the fact that the director of this school was his own father. Bullying by classmates led Green to attempt suicide several times. Ultimately, 16-year-old Graham was sent to London to see psychoanalysts - an almost extreme step at that time. It should be noted that Graham also had friends at school - satirist Claud Cockburn and historian Peter Quennell.

In 1922, Graham Greene joined the British Communist Party, albeit briefly.

In 1925, Green - then a student at Balliol College, Oxford - published his first book; the collection of poems "Babbling April" was received rather sluggishly. At Oxford, Graham continued to suffer from quite severe depression, but did not show it.

After graduating with a degree in history, Green took a job as a private teacher. Graham later switched to journalism; He first worked for the Nottingham Journal, then for The Times. While still at the Nottingham Journal, Graham met Vivien Dayrell-Browning, who managed to convert him from an agnostic to a Catholic. In 1926, Green finally converted to Catholicism, and in 1927 he married Vivien. In their marriage they had two children. In 1948, Vivienne and Graham separated; The writer subsequently had several more novels, but he never received a divorce and did not marry a second time.

Green published his first book, “The Man Within,” in 1929. His debut was received quite warmly; Graham gained confidence in himself, quit his job as an assistant editor and switched to writing books. His next works, “The Name of Action” and “Rumour at Nightfall”, unfortunately, did not repeat the success of the first book. The fourth book, "Istanbul Express" ("Istanbul Train"), was liked by readers - two years later they even made a film based on it.

Graham Greene survived at that time on income from books and wages as a freelance journalist. At the same time, Greene edited the magazine Night and Day, which closed in 1937. Green himself played some role in this - his review of the film “Wee Willie Winkie” cost the magazine a lost lawsuit. Graham Greene called the film's star, 9-year-old Shirley Temple, a "dubious flirt"; This review is now considered one of the first examples of criticism of the obsessive sexualization of children.

Greene's books can be roughly divided into two types - thrillers (primarily entertaining literature with light philosophical overtones) and more serious works (on which, according to Graham, his reputation was based). Over time, however, these species began to merge to the point of almost complete indistinguishability; The last “purely entertaining” book, according to Graham himself, was “Our Man in Havana” (1958).

Greene was rightfully considered one of the most “cinematic” writers of his time; Most of his stories and many of his plays and stories were sooner or later filmed. According to the Internet Movie Database, a total of 66 films based on Graham Greene's books were released between 1934 and 2010.

Graham Greene traveled widely throughout his life; very often fate brought him to corners of the globe extremely remote from England. The active traveler was eventually recruited into MI6; This was done by Green’s sister Elizabeth, who was already working for British intelligence. Green's friend and leader was Kim Philby himself, who later turned out to be a Soviet agent. Traveling also helped Graham Greene in his literary work - he often introduced characters he met into his own works.

Green left Europe for the first time at the age of 30, in 1935, when he went to Liberia. The trip gave him enough material for his travel diary, “Journey Without Maps.” In 1938, Graham Greene went to Mexico; the writer wished to personally observe the government's new anti-Catholic secularization program. Based on this trip, Graham Greene wrote two books - the documentary "The Lawless Roads", published in the USA under the title "Another Mexico" and the fiction "The Power and Glory" ("The Power and Glory"). the Glory"). In 1953, Graham was made to understand that The Power and the Glory was clearly damaging the reputation of the church; this message, apparently, came from the highest echelons of church authority. It is known, however, that Greene later had a chance to communicate with Pope Paul VI himself; he admitted that some fragments of the priests really hurt, but in general Green should not pay attention to the critics.

In 1966, Green, a victim of financial fraud, decided to leave Britain and settle in Antibes - closer to his new lover, Yvonne Cloetta. Their romance continued until the writer’s death.

English writer, also British intelligence officer Graham Greene.

Henry Graham Greene born into the family of a school director. Since childhood, he loved to read adventure literature. He was often teased at school, which led Graham to attempt suicide. After this, Graham Greene dropped out of school and graduated from college at Oxford University.

Creative activity of Graham Greene/Graham Greene

At the beginning of his career Graham Greene worked as a freelance correspondent "Times", but after the release of his first novel "The Man Inside" In 1929 he gave up journalism. His subsequent books contained elements of the detective genre, and the writer himself called them “entertaining.” A book was published in 1935 "England made me" about the impact of progress on the life of society and on people.

In 1932, Greene's novel "The Train Goes to Istanbul" was first filmed.

In the 30s Graham Greene traveled. After traveling around Mexico, the writer wrote his best novel "Power and Glory", which was initially condemned by the Catholic Church. The novel describes the events of 1916 in Mexico, when there was severe persecution of the Catholic Church.

During the Second World War Green was the British Foreign Office representative in Portugal, but in reality a spy. After the war Graham Greene worked as a correspondent in Vietnam, Indochina and West Africa, after which he wrote a novel "The Quiet American". Greene worked as a war reporter in hot spots.

In 1950 Graham Greene was nominated for an Oscar for Best Adapted Film Screenplay "Defeated Idol". However, he did not receive the prize. After 4 years, Green acted as a producer of the film "The Hand of a Stranger".

Graham Greene was nominated for the Nobel Prize many times, but never received it.

Ten of the 26 novels written Graham Greene, screened. Greene is also known for his plays, essays and short stories.

The writer lived the last years of his life in France and Switzerland, where he died in 1991.

Personal life of Graham Greene/Graham Greene

During his years at Oxford, Graham Greene courted Vivien Dayrell-Browning. She was 19 and was in no hurry to get married. At the same time, seeing in Vivien a certain image of Madonna, Graham threw all his strength into conquering the beauty’s heart. In two and a half years, he wrote her more than two thousand letters. For Vivienne Greene became a Catholic.

After their wedding Graham Greene began to often go to a brothel, because his young wife was afraid of carnal love. But their marriage still had two children.

In the mid-30s, the writer had a serious affair with a prostitute Annette. He visited brothels in every country he visited.

Greene's marriage to Vivienne fell apart before the start of the war. And in 1939 he became his mistress Dorothy Glover, dancer and future book illustrator. She was plump and short, and her facial features resembled a frog; many of the writer’s friends could not understand why she had bewitched him.

Film adaptations of works by Graham Greene

1940 - 21 days
1942 - Guns for hire
1944 - Ministry of Fear
1945 - Secret Agent
1947 - Fugitive
1947 - Brighton Rock
1948 - Defeated Idol
1949 - The Third Man
1953 - The crux of the matter
1955 - The end of the novel
1957 - Saint Joan
1958 - The Quiet American
1959 - Our man in Havana
1967 - Comedians
1972 - Traveling with my Aunt
1973 - England Made Me
1979 - Human Factor
1982 - Shocking Accident
1983 - Honorary Consul
1988 - The Tenth Man
1990 - Roulette of Happiness
1991 - Trap for a Murderer
2001 - Double Trouble
2001 - The Quiet American
2006 - The End of the Party
2010 - Brighton Lollipop
2013 - A Little Place Off the Edgware Road