What are the dictionaries. The history of the creation of the dictionary

A dictionary is a reference tool that contains all the known words of a language. For the convenience of users, words or concepts, with the exception of some dictionaries, are arranged in alphabetical order. Depending on the purpose, the dictionaries provide information about the meaning, use, origin of words, their translation into another language.

Dictionary classification

There are over a dozen types of dictionaries. Some of them are well-known and often used by us, others are a real rarity. All dictionaries are divided into monolingual and translation.

Monolingual dictionaries

Monolingual dictionaries, in turn, are divided into linguistic And encyclopedic. Linguistic should include: spelling, explanatory, word-formation, etymological, orthoepic, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others.

Spelling dictionaries

IN spelling dictionary you can see the correct spelling of a word in all its word forms. So, for example, in the dictionary edited by A.N. Tikhonov, the normative spelling of 70 thousand words is given. In the spelling dictionary of V.V. Lopatin - about 160 thousand words. Spelling dictionaries are also divided into: general, industry, school and reference dictionaries intended for press workers.

Dictionary

IN explanatory dictionary the meaning of words is explained by means of the same language. In Russian, speaking of explanatory dictionaries, one cannot fail to mention V. Dahl. The dictionary he published included about 200 thousand words. At a later date, the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov.

Etymological dictionary

To find out the origin of a word, use etymological dictionary. To find out how a word is formed - derivational.

Synonym dictionary

IN synonym dictionary words are collected that are close in meaning, which reflects the richness of a particular language. In Russian, for the first time such a dictionary was created by D.I. Fonvizin. It included 32 groups of synonyms. The most famous synonymic dictionaries of A.I. Galich, N. Abramova, V.N. Klyueva, A.P. Evgenieva. In 1994, a dictionary was published, which describes about 2800 synonyms. A group consisting of V.I. worked on its creation. Zimina, L.P. Alektorova, O.M. Kim and others.

Antonym Dictionary

Antonym dictionaries include words with opposite meanings.

Homonym dictionaries include words that match in sound and differ in meaning. In the Russian Federation, the most famous dictionary of homonyms was published under the editorship of N.M. Shansky.

Compatibility dictionaries

Compatibility dictionaries teach us how to choose words correctly to ensure the best sounding speech.

Orthoepic dictionaries

The orthoepic dictionaries reflect the rules of literary pronunciation.

Dictionaries of neologisms

With the development of science and technology, new words appear in the everyday life of every nation. The meaning of new words can be found in the dictionaries of neologisms. In Russia, one of the latest publications, which included new terms and concepts, is a dictionary of neologisms edited by G.N. Sklyarevskaya.

Encyclopedic dictionaries

Encyclopedic dictionaries also subdivided into are common And industry. In general encyclopedic dictionaries, one can find information about various natural phenomena, outstanding figures of science, culture, political leaders and parties, about discoveries and significant events. Industry encyclopedic dictionaries contain comprehensive information about a particular industry (shipbuilding, metallurgy, etc.).

Non-standard dictionaries

Among the rarely used backword dictionaries. In them, the words are arranged alphabetically not by initial, but by final letters, and are aligned to the right. Such manuals are intended for specialists, poets, because in fact it is a dictionary of rhymes.

The Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov is the very first of those published in Russia (USSR) after the October Revolution, today a unique one-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. For the first time in Russian lexicography, a one-of-a-kind explanatory dictionary was compiled - a normative manual accessible to all, created to help improve the culture of speech of the general public and designed to serve as a guide to the correct use of words, the correct formation of word forms, correct spelling and pronunciation. In this dictionary, from the entire huge variety of vocabulary of the modern literary Russian language, its extract was formed, in a concise and accessible form, the traditions of Russian literary speech that developed in the middle of the last century are described. Work on the dictionary, which appeared for the first time in 1949, began immediately before the Great Patriotic War. The initial edition of the dictionary was compiled by prof. V. A. Petrosyan, G. O. Vinokur, as well as acad. S. P. Obnorsky as chief editor.

S. I. Ozhegov did not stop working on the dictionary until the end of his life, improving its composition and structure. In the supplemented and revised version, the dictionary was published twice during his lifetime - in 1960 and 1952 (the rest of the versions were stereotyped). The second and fourth editions of the dictionary, revised by the author, radically differed from the first in volume (it became more by almost 40 author's sheets) and also in content. S. I. Ozhegov was going to prepare a revised and enlarged edition for publication, but death prevented the implementation of these plans.

The Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov is the first and so far the only one-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, published in our country after 1917. For the first time in Russian lexicography, a dictionary of a special type was created - a normative public manual designed to help improve the speech culture of the broad masses and be a guide to the correct use of words, the correct formation of forms, correct pronunciation and spelling. In this dictionary, from the entire variety of vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language, its main composition was selected, in a compact and popular form, the norms of Russian literary speech that had developed by the mid-40s of the XX century are described. Work on the dictionary, published for the first time in 1949, began on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The first edition was prepared by Prof. G. O. Vinokur, V. A. Petrosyan, as well as acad. S. P. Obnorsky as the editor-in-chief of the dictionary.

Since 1949, the dictionary has been reprinted 8 times, with a total circulation of 1 million 750 thousand copies. Multiple editions of the dictionary testify to the fact that this book is needed by the general reader. People of various professions receive here various and necessary information about the modern Russian language: interpretation of the meanings of words, indications of the scope of their use, their grammatical forms, stylistic characteristics, phraseological connections, etc.

S. I. Ozhegov worked on the dictionary until the end of his life, improving its structure and composition. In a revised and supplemented form, the dictionary was published twice during his lifetime - in 1952 and 1960 (the rest of the editions were stereotyped). Both the second and fourth editions of the dictionary, corrected by the author, differed significantly from the first both in volume (it increased by almost 40 author's sheets) and in content. S. I. Ozhegov intended to prepare a new, additional and revised edition for publication, but death prevented him from carrying out this plan.

After the death of S. I. Ozhegov in 1964, the Publishing House found it necessary to continue work on improving the dictionary in the direction that was determined by S. I. Ozhegov. It was decided to prepare a new, supplemented and revised edition. With a request to carry out this work, the Publishing House turned to the Doctor of Philology, prof. N. Yu. Shvedova, who in 1952 carried out the lexicological editing of the second edition.

The explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Ozhegov is an extensive dictionary of the Russian language, containing more than eighty thousand words and phraseological expressions. This dictionary is a desktop tool for any linguist. The dictionary contains words and phraseological units that belong to the literary vocabulary and related areas of the Russian language. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is also presented. All words and phraseological units are described and explained in detail. explanatory dictionary Russian burns

The book is written in a fairly simple and understandable language, which makes it convenient to use it without the presence of linguistic education. With the help of this dictionary, you can learn how to correctly build polysemantic words, correctly understand and apply the grammatical and accentological characteristics of a word. All words are accompanied by a detailed article about the type of phraseological expression, what it is connected with and what influenced its creation.

Using Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, you can easily and quickly find the definition and interpretation of a word you do not know, learn how to use it correctly and learn a lot of words and expressions unknown to you until this moment.

The latest edition was in 2015, it is the twenty-seventh. This dictionary is a corrected and supplemented edition of the classic "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov. The new edition of the Dictionary includes about 100,000 words, scientific terms, dialectisms and archaisms, stable phraseological combinations; while maintaining the overall structure and nature of the presentation of the material. New words and expressions reflect not only the changes in the socio-political, scientific and cultural life of Russia over the past 40-50 years, but also the actual linguistic processes of our time. The dictionary contains vocabulary that is actively used in various areas of the Russian language. The dictionary entry includes the interpretation of the word, examples of its use in speech, reveals its phraseological and word-formation possibilities; stress is indicated and, in difficult cases, pronunciation, stylistic characteristics are given. Dictionary entries, which in the previous edition were given in a special appendix, and new additions are distributed in the general text and highlighted with a special printing mark.

V. N. Sergeev

Everyone knows what a dictionary is. This is a collection of words (usually in alphabetical order) with explanations, interpretations, or translations of the meanings of words from another language.
There are different types of dictionaries. There are dictionaries for specialists, for a wide range of readers, for schoolchildren.
Depending on the tasks of the dictionary, the composition of words will be different, they will be located and explained differently. To get real help from dictionaries, you need not only to know what they are, but also how to use them.
If you are interested in what this or that word means, in what cases it is appropriate to use it, please contact explanatory dictionary. In explanatory dictionaries, in addition to explaining the meanings of words, you will also find information about the stress in the word, its spelling, the most typical phrases, get a brief note about the origin of the word and other information. In explanatory dictionaries, the meanings of words are confirmed by examples from works of art, scientific, popular science and other literature. There are multi-volume and single-volume explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.
The one-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov - the most famous of the explanatory dictionaries - has withstood many editions. The first time the dictionary saw the light in 1949, its 9th edition, corrected and supplemented, and the subsequent editions were edited by our well-known linguist N. Yu. Shvedova.
If you have difficulty with stress and pronunciation, contact orthoepic dictionary. Correct pronunciation dictionaries provide information about stress and other pronunciation features of words. Here, for example, are some of these dictionaries: the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress", ed. R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1988); reference dictionary "Modern orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language" (under the editorship of K. S. Gorbachevich. Publishing house: AST, 2010); reference dictionary "School Dictionary of the Culture of Russian Speech" (compiled by L. I. Skvortsov. Edited by G. V. Karpyuk, Publishing House: Drofa, 2010).
To understand the meaning of a particular phraseological expression will help phrasebook. In 2013, the 7th edition of V.P. Zhukov’s “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” was published in collaboration with A.V. Zhukov (under the editorship of G.V. Karpyuk, Publishing house: Education, 2010). An explanation of proverbs and sayings, winged words and figurative expressions will be given by dictionaries of proverbs, sayings and winged words. Here are just a few of them: V. P. Zhukov. "Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings" (15th ed., Publishing house: Drofa, 2014); E. A. Vartanyan. "From the life of words" (2nd ed., Publishing house: Education, 2010); S. N. Zigunenko, A. F. Istomin. "A unique illustrated explanatory dictionary of aphorisms and winged words for children" (Publishing House: SovA, 2011).
The choice of a suitable synonym from the synonymic series will prompt synonym dictionary. For example, the “Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language” by 3. E. Aleksandrova (17th ed., Publishing House: Drofa, 2010) has already withstood many reprints.
Recall that there are a number of other dictionaries: spelling, in which you can learn about how words are written; dictionaries of foreign words explaining the meaning and origin of borrowed words; etymological dictionaries, giving information about the structure and origin of words from ancient times; historical dictionaries, showing the development and change of vocabulary in a certain period of time; regional, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects explaining dialect words; writer's language dictionaries, giving a description of the entire vocabulary of the writer; word usage difficulties dictionaries, revealing the nature of the most typical language and speech errors and irregularities; toponymic dictionaries explaining the history and origin of geographical names; dictionaries of abbreviations of Russian words, explaining the abbreviation of the word; proper name dictionaries, explaining the origin of personal names used or used in the Russian language; dictionaries of antonyms, homonyms. The list of dictionaries could be continued.
Where are new words and old words that have new meanings placed? Some dictionaries include neologisms as soon as they appear, others only after a certain period of time, when the neologism, having lost its novelty, becomes an ordinary word.
First of all, neologisms are included in special dictionaries and reference books, if they are new terms or professionalisms; new words must be included in writers' language dictionaries if they are writer's neologisms; they are placed in dictionaries of new words and meanings, the first to register the appearance of neologisms. Having become a fact of the national language, new words are introduced into the explanatory dictionaries of the literary language. In explanatory dictionaries, as we have already said, a wide variety of information can be obtained about a word.

You rarely meet a person who has not looked into the dictionary at least once in his life. With their help, we not only learn the meaning of certain words, select synonyms or antonyms, but also learn a lot of new things.

Let's talk about what dictionaries are, what is their classification and remember the main "linguistic reference books" of the Russian language.

Dictionary Science

Lexicography is one of the branches of linguistics that deals with the problems of studying and compiling dictionaries. It is she who is engaged in the classification, puts forward requirements for the design of articles and their content.

Scholars who compile dictionaries call themselves lexicographers. It is important to note that dictionaries do not have authors, only compilers. This is due to the fact that they are compiled using special cards, on which the meanings of words and their forms are fixed. In this case, the compiler can use both cards collected by him personally, and cards collected by a whole staff of linguists.

Classification of modern dictionaries

All dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and philological, or linguistic.

Encyclopedic dictionaries provide information about various events. A striking example of such a dictionary is BES - the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. The encyclopedia includes

What are linguistic dictionaries? This group of dictionaries deals directly with words and their interpretation. They are also divided into bilingual and monolingual.

Bilingual dictionaries contain the language and their foreign language equivalent.

Monolingual dictionaries are divided into groups depending on their purpose.

The most used types of dictionaries

What are the types of dictionaries? Among the monolingual dictionaries, the following should be distinguished:

Famous dictionaries of the Russian language

Let's now discuss what are the dictionaries of the Russian language.

• The most famous is the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, compiled by the famous scientist V. I. Dahl. This guide contains about 200 thousand words. Despite the fact that it is already more than a century old, it is read one of the most complete and used in our time.
• The second no less important "Explanatory Dictionary", compiled by another well-known linguist S.I. Ozhegov.
• The Orthoepic Dictionary was published by two different linguists - R. I. Avanesov and I. L. Reznichenko. Both dictionaries are impressive and will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students.
• We also note the "Dictionary of Synonyms" by Z. E. Aleksandrova and the "Dictionary of Antonyms" edited by L. A. Vvedenskaya.

What other dictionaries are there? You can find out the history of many words familiar to us by referring to the work of N. M. Shansky “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, and A. I. Molotkov’s “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” will help you get acquainted with phraseological units and their meaning.

It is also worth noting the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language, edited by the famous Russian philologist, author of many monographs and a collection of rules of the Russian language, D. E. Rozental and M. A. Telenkova.

The structure of a dictionary entry

In conclusion, I would like to add a few words about the structure of the dictionary entry.

Any dictionary entry begins with a heading word, which is often written in capital letters and highlighted in bold.

We note right away that the words used in dictionaries are always spelled correctly, therefore, if you doubt the correct spelling of a word, it is not necessary to refer to a spelling dictionary. It is enough to open any available at your fingertips.

Most dictionaries also indicate the correct stress. Almost all Russian dictionaries will contain this information. What other notes are there?

After the headword comes information about what part of speech it belongs to. Then its meaning is described or there is a list of synonyms, antonyms - it all depends on the type of dictionary. The dictionary entry ends with examples of use - quotes from books, magazines. If this word has features in use, this information is also indicated at the end of the article.

conclusions

We have sorted out what lexicography is, what dictionaries are and their meaning, listed the main types, and also provided a list of the most useful for any educated person.

Remember, if you experience difficulties in writing or pronouncing a word, you cannot choose the most successful one, you just need to open one of the books we have listed.

I think that every person, at least once in his life, opened a dictionary. Let's find out what they are.

A dictionary is a collection of words with explanations and interpretations. The words that are given in the collection are located in alphabetical order, so it is much easier for those who know the alphabet to use the dictionary.

Many people know that there are many dictionaries. There are dictionaries for specialists, for a wide range of readers, for schoolchildren. Depending on the tasks of the dictionary, the composition of words will be different, they will be located and explained differently.

• If you are interested in what this or that word means, in what cases it is appropriate to use it, please contact explanatory dictionary. One can guess that since it is named INTELLIGENT, Means, explain everything about the word that interests you, including information about the stress in the word, its spelling, the most typical phrases.

The most famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov.

• If you have difficulty with stress and pronunciation, contact orthoepic dictionary.

The most famous orthoepic dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress" ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegov.

• To understand the meaning of a particular phraseological expression will help phrasebook.

The most famous "School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by V.P. Zhukov in collaboration with A.V. Zhukov (under the editorship of G.V. Karpyuk).

• An explanation of proverbs and sayings, winged words and figurative expressions will give dictionaries of proverbs, sayings and winged words.

Known dictionaries:

1) V. P. Zhukov. Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings.

2)C. N. Zigunenko, A. F. Istomin. "A unique illustrated explanatory dictionary of aphorisms and winged words for children".

• The choice of a suitable synonym from the synonymic series will prompt synonym dictionary.

The most famous "Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language" 3. E. Alexandrova.

• You can learn how to spell words correctly from spelling dictionary.

The most famous "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" by D.N. Ushakov, S.E. Kryuchkov.

• Information about the structure and origin of words from ancient times can be found in etymological dictionary.

The famous School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Origin of words. N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova.

• Choosing the right antonym will tell antonym dictionary.

The famous M. R. Lvov "Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language."