Which ruler did several things at the same time? Scientists: Caesar did not know how to do several things at once

Dina Fomina
Card file of exercises for the development of the motivational sphere

Exercises to develop the motivational sphere

Age: teenage, adult.

Exercises will help develop the motivational sphere for those who have fallen into apathy or want to achieve something, but understand that they lack willpower and cannot motivate themselves enough. Especially useful before (or during) exams or certifications, as well as for those who are prone to procrastination.

Exercise 1. Activate your imagination

This exercise is developed based on the ideas of NLP. To perform it, you need to activate your imagination: the more vividly you are able to imagine success, fame and happiness in the future, the stronger the connection you establish with certain forms of activity, the stronger the effect of the exercise will be. The main idea is to form a new attitude towards your activity, to make it more interesting and attractive to you. Doing the exercise once, of course, is not enough. The more often you complete the tasks offered to you, the more strongly they will affect your motivational sphere.

Tasks

1. Imagine as vividly as possible that you have achieved your goal, that

your dream has come true that success, fame, wealth and a happy life have finally become a reality. Create a picture of a pleasant, happy future.

2. Imagine yourself persistently (but happily) doing a lot of

working towards your goal. You should “scroll” as vividly as possible in your imagination the pictures of how you are engaged in a certain activity with great pleasure (for example, it could be study or professional activity). Sometimes this activity is quite difficult, you feel difficulties, but you are interested and strive to overcome obstacles and achieve your goal.

3. Try to connect these two pictures with each other. For example, as a result of long work and significant effort - success, happiness, wealth and fame. Try to combine these pictures in a certain sequence.

Exercise 2. Past success

Using positive emotions that are associated with past successes to form new motivational relationships.

Tasks

1. Remember a time in your life when you experienced significant success. Close your eyes and imagine it vividly. Create a picture in your imagination. Pay attention to the size, accuracy and quality of this picture, to the movements, sounds, experiences that create or accompany it.

3. Place this picture in your imagination in the same place as the previous one. Your task is to superimpose these two pictures on top of each other. Strive to experience joy, satisfaction from the future successful completion of a task (achieving a goal) the way you felt it in the past.

Exercise 3. Emotional saturation

Objects and objects that a person likes are endowed with positive epithets. Certain words are associated in your imagination with success, beauty, perfection. They have a positive emotional meaning (for example, the words “wonderful!”, “beautiful”, evoke positive emotions. Using these epithets, “tying” them to objects and individual elements, you can create interest in them. Due to emotional saturation (combination with positive , “pleasant” epithets and emotions) certain objects become more attractive and interesting for you. In order to form an appropriate positive attitude towards the objects (objects) of your activity, the process of emotional saturation must be quite long.

Tasks

1. Write down 20 words that you like best, that evoke positive emotions.

2. Write down 15-20 adjectives (epithets that you attribute to objects you like (for example, “wonderful”, “beautiful”).

3. Write down 10 components (structural components or parameters) of an object (an object in which you want to develop an interest. For example, if it is a car, then among the elements there may be an engine, brakes, steering wheel, body, design. And if you are trying to develop your interest to psychology, then mental processes and functions (memory, attention, imagination, thinking, motivation, etc.) can act as components.

4. Saturate each component (element) of your activity (out of ten recorded) with positive (pleasant for you) epithets. Describe each element (structural component) in a positive way.

Exercise 4. New name

A name, like any other word that is often used, has a psychological impact on a person. By changing it (or adding to it certain epithets or characteristics that become integral attributes of the name, you can change the motivation of the subject. It is enough just to call yourself a new name for a certain time (it is not necessary to demand the same from others).

By calling yourself a new name, adding epithets or characteristics to your name, over time you can expect certain changes in your motivation. For example, Victor in his internal dialogue began to call himself persistent Victor, and Arthur added the word “hard worker” to his name and, referring to himself, called himself Arthur the hard worker.

Tasks

1. Come up with an appropriate name for yourself that would symbolize perseverance, focus, willpower in achieving your goal and would have a motivational effect on you.

2. Come up with 4 name options (in accordance with the tasks that you set for yourself). Several options are necessary to avoid unwanted automatism in the use of cliches that are common to you (after all, it happens that words that are often used become cliches and do not evoke either images or emotions).

3. Imagine several situations related to your new name. It is advisable that the word or characteristic evoke specific images (situations) in you. Avoid abstract concepts, “empty words” that do not evoke any images or emotions. Write down a few imaginary (but quite possible) situations related to your new name.

4. Call yourself that for a certain time in internal dialogue, in addressing yourself. In order for this exercise to have a significant psychological impact, a long period of time must pass during which you call yourself by a new name and perform tasks associated with it. Record how many times a day you were able to address yourself in a new way and what impact this had on your motivation.

5. Using your new name, write several short stories about yourself (real, with past or present successes, or fantasy, with dreams of future achievements). Approximate themes of the stories:

1. How I (with a new name) work persistently and achieve success.

2. I (with a new name) will definitely achieve success.

Exercise 5. Write instructions for other people

By teaching others, we also learn ourselves; by convincing others, we also convince ourselves; by encouraging or motivating others, we encourage and motivate ourselves. Based on this pattern, we can propose the following task.

You must convince another group member (imagine that this is your subordinate or a child who needs your instructions) that the task can be easily completed. Strive to instill confidence in success. Record your speech.

Example: Andrey, while performing this exercise, chose several sayings that he liked best and that had the greatest impact on him.

Success comes to those who believe in it, who work hard and do not deviate from their goals.

You will definitely achieve success if you direct all your energy towards achieving it.

Eliminate the word “impossible” from your vocabulary. If you work persistently, step by step approaching your goal, anything is possible.

He first chose the first saying for his motto. Subsequently, for variety, I put another saying on the tablet.

You will definitely achieve success if you direct all your energy towards achieving your goal.

Having chosen several mottos, Andrei put them on a sign, which he placed on his desktop. Such work (in combination with other motivational training exercises) contributed to a noticeable increase in his motivation to achieve.

Exercise 6. Pointing out errors - note improvements

Quite often, educators, teachers and parents point out the shortcomings, mistakes, and weaknesses of children, as a result of which children develop a feeling of helplessness and their self-esteem decreases.

Adults should not only point out mistakes, but also focus on the achievements and successes of children. Even when there are many errors and shortcomings, it is worth noting positive changes in a certain component of the activity:

1. There may still be many mistakes, but they are not as serious as those that you so often made before.

2. Even though there are still many difficulties, you have made great progress in this component.

3. Even if not everything is still successful, but pay attention, you have worked hard on this and positive changes are already visible. Consequently, there are opportunities for development in other aspects of activity.

You can always find and note positive aspects and improvements in certain aspects of activity. Some parents and educators are inclined to believe that if a child is pointed out his mistakes, he will strive not to repeat them. But such a strategy often causes an undesirable effect: if you only point out the child’s shortcomings, without encouraging or encouraging him, then over time he will develop an aversion to such activities (and a negative attitude towards the subject of the educational process: the teacher, educator or parents). In order to encourage a child to study (or an adult to work), you should definitely note positive changes and pay attention to what exactly a person does better.

Exercise

Point out the shortcomings and mistakes of the student (subordinate), but at the same time focus on achievements and changes for the better.

Exercise 7. Form a positive self-image

Often a feeling of helplessness and low self-esteem are a consequence of negative self-perception: a person sees in himself many undesirable character traits, shortcomings, and weaknesses. This image of one’s “I” has a negative impact on the motivation and activity of the individual.

When you feel helpless and powerless in a certain activity, you will generally not put in much effort; your motivation will then be low. And when you are confident in yourself, your attitude towards activities will be completely different.

1. Reflect and write down your positive character traits (5 options, personality traits that help you in work (study) and in life.

2. Remember and write down your successes (5 options). Reflect on what characteristics (abilities) of yours determined these achievements.

3. Reflect (or consult with a psychologist) about the prospects, opportunities and methods of developing some abilities and skills that are important for your work. There is always room for improvement, and awareness of the ways and methods of development will give you a significant motivational boost.

4. Remember and write down positive statements and approvals addressed to you from friends, parents, teachers, managers (3 options). What motivational influence did they have?

5. Choose someone with low self-esteem who you can help develop a positive self-image. Remember its positive features and characteristics. Reflect and write down how you could use them to support, encourage, and help develop a positive self-image for someone who is frustrated with their activities.

6. Think about how your work methods could be improved, what could be improved, consider prospects and development opportunities. You are able to come up with a lot of new things that can not only change you, but also help others (primarily this concerns your professional activities). Awareness of prospects and opportunities for improvement is not only a significant motivational factor, but also increases self-esteem and affects the positivity of the self-image. Write down six options.

Exercise 8. Praise yourself

Learn to approve, encourage and inspire yourself, as this helps a lot in your work. By remembering and emotionally reinforcing actions that led to success in the past, you inspire yourself to further achievements.

Tasks

1. Remember an event when you achieved success, showing perseverance, focus, ingenuity, etc. Remember the emotional state (satisfaction, elation, in which you were in a situation of success and victory.

2. Praise yourself. Say a few nice words to yourself. For example: “Well done! Wonderful job / Keep it up!”

Exercise 9. Source of energy

Imagine your activity (in which you are trying to develop interest) as a source of energy. Specifically, vividly imagine the subject of your activity (specific topics, laws, patterns, etc.). Focus on a topic that you enjoy and would like to develop an interest in.

Imagine how this object of your activity warms you, gives you energy, and inspires you to work. Try to imagine how this energy affects your brain, stimulating its nerve cells.

Inhale, perceive this energy. Imagine how energy from the textbook, from formulas and patterns flows into your brain. Imagine how light, pleasant waves of energy roll over you, awakening your activity.

Place the energy source on the right side (and then on the left). Feel the influence of the energy on the right hemisphere of your brain.

Imagine a source of energy in front of you. Feel how the energy influences the brain from above, how the energy easily, naturally enters your brain.

Literature: S. Zanyuk “Psychology of Motivation”

Most people believe that they are good at multitasking, but a study from the University of Utah shows that people who are more likely than others to multitask, including talking on a cell phone while driving , cope with this worse than others.

"What's concerning is that people who talk on a cell phone while driving tend to be worse at multitasking than others," said David Sanbonmatsu, professor of psychology and lead author of the study. “According to our data, people who talk on the phone while driving should probably not do so. We have demonstrated that the people who are most likely to multitask are those who are least capable of multitasking effectively.”

David Strayer, another lead author and professor of psychology at the University of Utah, adds: “People who are most likely to multitask think they are better at multitasking than others, when in fact they are no better at multitasking than others.” often even worse than average.”

Quoting humorist Garrison Keillor's famous line about kids in Keillor's fictional hometown, Strayer says that people who use cell phones while driving “everyone thinks they live in Lake Wobegon, where everyone is above average. But this is statistically impossible.”

The study involved 310 psychology students who were given a series of tests and questionnaires to measure their actual error-making ability, perceived error-making ability, cell phone use while driving, use of a wide range of media, and personality traits. , such as impulsivity and sensation seeking.

Key discoveries:

· “The people most capable of multitasking effectively are not those who are most likely to multitask.” Instead, those who score high on tests of true multitasking ability tend to avoid multitasking because they are better able to focus on the task at hand.

· The more people multitask, talk on the phone while driving, or use multiple media simultaneously, the more they lack true multitasking ability and their perceived ability to multitask “appears to be significantly overestimated.” In fact, 70 percent of participants thought their ability to multitask was above average, which is statistically impossible.

· People with high levels of impulsivity and sensation seeking reported multitasking more often than others. However, there was an exception: Those who talk on the phone while driving do not tend to be impulsive, indicating that cell phone use is a conscious choice.

· According to research, people who multitask often do so not because they have the ability to do so, but “because they have a harder time blocking out distractions and focusing on one task.”

In summary, the scientists say: “The negative relationship between cell phone communication while driving and the ability to multitask provides additional grounds for legislative restrictions on the use of cell phones while driving.”

Sanbonmatsu and Strayer conducted the research with University of Utah co-authors Jason Watson, an associate professor of psychology, and Nathan Mideiros-Ward, a doctoral student in psychology. The study was funded by the American Automobile Association's Foundation for Traffic Safety.

How the study was conducted

The scientists say that while people often multitask, “relatively little is known about when and why people engage in more than one attention-demanding task at the same time. Related to this, little is known about who is most likely to multitask.”

The participants in the experiment were 310 psychology students at the University of Utah - 176 female and 134 male participants with an average age of 21 years - who decided to volunteer to help their department's subject for extra points towards their grades.

To measure actual error-making ability, participants completed a test called Operation Span, or OSPAN. The test involves performing two types of tasks: memorization and mathematical calculations. Participants were required to memorize between two and seven letters, each separated from the other by a mathematical example that participants had to identify as correct or incorrect. A simple example of a question: 2+2=6?, r, 3-2=2?, a, 4x3=12?”. Answer: true, d, false, a, true.

Participants were also asked to report the level of multitasking ability they believed they had on a scale of zero to 100, with a mean of 50%.

Participants reported how often they used a cell phone while driving and what percentage of the time they were driving they were talking on the phone. They also answered questions about what media they use and for how many hours, including print media, television, video, computer video, music, non-music audio, video games, telephone, instant messaging, text messaging, email, the Internet, and other software such as word processors. The results were used to create a media multitasking index.

Who multitasks and why?

The researchers looked for significant relationships between the results of various tests and questionnaires.

“People who are the most likely to multitask are more likely to be impulsive, sensation-seeking, overly confident in their multitasking abilities, and most likely to be the worst at multitasking,” Strayer says, summarizing the findings.

The 25 percent of people who performed best on OSPAN's test of multitasking abilities "are those who are least likely to multitask and most likely to do one thing at a time," Sanbonmatsu says.

In contrast, 70 percent of participants said their ability to multitask was above average and they were more likely to multitask.

“One of the main reasons why people multitask is because they feel they are good at it,” says Sanbonmatsu. "But our research shows that people's abilities are rarely as good as they think they are."

People's multitasking abilities, as measured by the OSPAN test, have a strong and negative relationship with simultaneous media use and cell phone conversations while driving, meaning that people who are more likely to multitask have the least ability to this ability.

"When you see someone frequently multitasking, you might think they're good at it," Strayer says. “In fact, the more often they do it, the more likely they are to do a bad job of it.”

Sanbonmatsu adds: “Our results show that people resort to multitasking because they have difficulty focusing on one task at a time. They get involved in new things. … They get bored and want to be stimulated by talking on the phone while they drive.”

Study participants reported spending 13 percent of their driving time talking on a cell phone, which roughly compares with government estimates that one in 10 drivers are talking on the phone at any given time.

Simultaneous use of multiple media, with the exception of talking on the phone while driving, was significantly associated with impulsivity and, in particular, inability to concentrate and rash actions. Impulsive people are more focused on quick results and more willing to take risks, so they may worry less about the cost of multitasking, scientists say.

Multitasking, including talking on the phone while driving, was significantly associated with sensation seeking. Some people do several things at once because it gives them more incentive, it’s more interesting, more difficult and less boring, although this can be detrimental to the overall result.

Two University of Utah professors, David Sanbonmatsu and David Strayer, and a car simulator they used as part of their research on cell phone use while driving. In a new study, Sanbonmatsu and Strayer found that people who are the most likely to multitask have the least ability to multitask. This also applies to those who talk on the phone while driving.

This is the question I asked myself while studying the latest newfangled planning techniques.

Time management gurus argue hotly on this issue - some argue that multitasking is a way to get more done, others argue that it is impossible to do several things well at once.

Who to believe more?

My conclusion from my own experience is this: everything depends on each individual person, his character and temperament. For example, women are more multitasking - driving a car, putting on lipstick and talking on the phone is our purely “girlish” trick.

If you can quickly and without loss perform several important tasks at once, this is a cool skill that can and should be used!

For example, I belong to that same breed of Julius Caesars who are simply bored with doing one thing. But at the same time, it is sometimes very difficult for me to concentrate on an important task in order to complete it. This is a serious drawback that you have to work on manually.

So, multitasking is a great thing if you follow a few simple rules:

1. Try to combine activities from different areas - for example, physical and mental activity - listening to audiobooks while jogging in the morning, washing dishes and thinking through plans for the day, talking on the phone and dusting. This is purely female advice, based on the ability to use two hemispheres of the brain at once. And this is very helpful in the daily routine.
2. One of the tasks performed must necessarily be a skill brought to automaticity. That is, when performing it, you should not think at all about WHAT and HOW you are doing - your hands themselves perform the necessary manipulations. Then you can safely add one more thing.
3. Use "helpers". For example, simultaneously preparing lunch and negotiating with a client on Skype is my daily practice. Thanks to such a wonderful device as a multicooker.
4. One of the things being done is always a priority. That is, if you notice that you are tired, you need to leave minor things and complete the main things. Typically, this is a task with a time constraint or one on which the work of others depends. You cannot fail to do it.
5. Evaluate the results upon completion of the work. Are you satisfied with the quality of work? If you only did one of two things, would it be done better?
6. And finally, my personal rule is not to combine games and activities with the child and work. It’s better to captivate your baby with something interesting and get things done than to try to do everything at once, shouting over crying and indignation.

LOVE SECRETS OF THE RULES OF THE WORLD

“Look for a woman,” the French say. “Love that moves the sun and luminaries,” wrote the great Dante about the main driving force of world history. In fact, almost everything we know about the past of mankind is in one way or another tied to love dramas. Without the love component in the history of civilization, we would be completely different today. Unfortunately, history only teaches that it teaches nothing to anyone. Nevertheless, we all need to know the past in order to better understand the present. That is why “World of News” offers readers a series of exclusive historical materials, united by a common theme: “Love secrets of the rulers of the world.”

What do we know about the great Roman commander Julius Caesar?

“I came, I saw, I conquered” - this is about one of his wars. “The Die is Cast” is about the crossing of the Rubicon River, which marked the beginning of a bloody civil war in the Roman Republic.

And we also know the exclamation from school: “...and you, Brutus?!” This is about a knife in Caesar's back from the guy he caressed (by the way, the son of his fatal mistress!).

And of course we remember the most popular and colorful plot of all time - Caesar and Cleopatra. Ballads, films, plays, poems, gossip - everything that has not been released to the masses over the past two thousand years on the theme of the fatal love of the Egyptian queen and the dictator of Rome!

And there are countless works on the topic of the villainous murder of Julius Caesar...

But in the life of this figure there were very intriguing and little-known moments that had a huge impact on his emergence as the greatest historical figure.

Why, by the way, the greatest? Yes, because without the dictatorship of Caesar, Republican Rome would not have fallen and there would not have been a powerful Roman Empire - the ancestor of modern culture and civilization. Without him, there would not have been much - from justice and the Julian calendar to examples of military strategy, which are still studied today.

And if we talk about what first exalted Caesar and then destroyed him - about his fatal passions - then we must, of course, start with his youth.

YOUNG CAESAR: SEARCHING FOR ORIENTATION?

Scandals of a sexual nature accompanied Yuli throughout his life. As soon as he began to achieve success in the military and civil fields, a rumor was cleverly introduced into Roman society about Caesar’s homosexual relationship with the king of Bithynia (modern territory of Turkey) Nicomedes. History knows only one thing for certain: yes, the old Tsar Nicomedes and his wife really liked the young patrician Julius, they hosted him in their palace for a long time and gave him expensive gifts. But, as they say, no one stood over the bed with a torch. Nevertheless, many politicians of that time used this moment to humiliate and slander their growing rival.

In speeches Julius Caesar was called “the king’s litter” and “the queen’s homewrecker.”

Things got even worse. Caesar, they say, is “the hot spot of Nicomedes” and “the Bithynian whoredom.” One of Caesar’s main opponents (a certain Bibulus) generally calls him “the Bithynian queen.” But the greatest orator and publicist, Cicero, had the greatest imagination. He, too, did not stand over Caesar and Nicomedes with a torch, but he colorfully described in some of his letters, they say, ... the royal servants took Caesar to the bedchamber, he lay down in a purple robe on a golden bed, and the flower of the youth of this descendant of Venus was corrupted in Bithynia ...

(By the way, note: Julius Caesar descended from Yulus, one of the sons of the goddess Venus, and therefore considered himself worthy of the kingdom.)

It has completely reached the point of grotesquery. When Caesar conquered Gaul, during his triumph his soldiers sang:

Caesar conquers the Gauls
Nicomedes - Caesar:
Today Caesar triumphs, having conquered Gaul, -
Nikomedes does not triumph,
conquered Caesar.

In general, with all his courage and intelligence, Caesar could not simply brush aside accusations of sodomy (although, by and large, this was not considered immoral in Rome).

For a rising politician, like today, this could be fatal. But then Rome was still a republic, and the Romans elected managers by almost an honest vote!

In general, Julius decided to show Rome that he had clearly chosen his sexual orientation, that no one would lead him astray and that he was a big fan of the female sex.

Of course, Caesar, as befits an aristocrat, first advantageously married the patrician Cornelia Zinnila. But after some time he becomes a widower - Cornelia dies in childbirth.

Pompeia Sulla, the granddaughter of the famous bloody dictator Sulla (68 BC - 62 BC), becomes Caesar's second wife.

RAMPAGE OF POWER AND SEXUAL EXPLOITS

Caesar's third wife was Calpurnia, the daughter of one of the influential Roman consuls. The marriage was concluded for political reasons. Caesar walked confidently upward. He himself managed to cleverly arrange another important marriage - his only daughter with the powerful commander of Rome, Gnaeus Pompey.

Then he organized with his son-in-law Pompey and the commander Marcus Crassus the trumvirate of the unofficial rulers of Rome.

And now Caesar could indulge in sexual promiscuity without much fear.

Ancient historians write that “he was the lover of many noble women.” He was not afraid to include in his harem even the wives of his powerful comrades in the triumvirate - Tertulla, the wife of Crassus, and Mucia, the wife of Pompey. In addition, he did not ignore other wives of prominent patricians - Postumia, Lollia...

But the most important, moreover, the fatal mistress of Caesar was the noble Roman Servilia. She was the mother of that famous, proverbial Brutus. Today it is difficult to say for certain that the legend that Brutus was the son of Caesar himself is false. Servilia had her own legal husband, but she could have given birth to Caesar.

After all, the betrayal of Brutus, who, among two dozen conspirators, plunged a dagger into Caesar, may be motivated not only politically. Brutus could have harbored a grudge against Julius because Caesar ultimately treated his mother Servilia poorly, abandoned her and did not recognize his paternity.

And Servilia herself, offended by Caesar, participated in the conspiracy and could well have directed her son’s dagger into the heart of her former lover.

But at first, Julius Caesar was inflamed with genuine sexual passion for Servilia, although she was a woman of a very bad and evil character. Caesar bought for her a unique pearl worth 6 million sesterces, and during the civil war, not counting other gifts, he auctioned off the richest estates for her for next to nothing.

THE SECOND AND LAST FATAL PASSION OF CAESAR

During his military campaigns, the great commander, of course, gave free rein to his sexual promiscuity. In the provinces, he never left other people's wives alone. His legionaries, loving Caesar, could nevertheless sing first a vile song about Nicomedes, and then an even more relevant one:

Hide your wives: we are taking a bald libertine to the city.

Money borrowed in Rome, you have lost your way in Gaul.

After the conquest of Gaul - the country of the future French - Caesar was forced to enter into a struggle for sole power over Rome with Gnaeus Pompey, whom he eventually defeated.

In those years, among his mistresses there were even queens - for example, the Moorish Eunoe, Bogud’s wife: he gave both him and her numerous gifts.

However, in the last years of his life, Caesar fell most in love with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. The history of their relationship is well known. He showered her with gifts (and she - him), they feasted until dawn, on her ship with rich chambers, he was ready to sail through all of Egypt to Ethiopia itself.

But the passion for Cleopatra became fatal for Caesar precisely when he invited her to Rome, and then released her with great honors and rich gifts, allowing her to name her son after him.

Then evil rumors began to spread in Rome: they say that Caesar wants to become king, make Cleopatra (a foreigner!) queen, and to continue the dynasty they already have a ready-made heir named Caesarion...

Alas, rumors often influence society more than the truth. The assassination attempt on Caesar and his premature death were the result of both his fatal passions and his political mistakes.

It is interesting, by the way, that even during his great love with Cleopatra, Caesar, already proclaimed dictator of Rome, did not abandon his habit of sexual immorality.

The people's tribune Helvius Cinna admitted that he had prepared a bill on the orders of Julius. According to this law, Caesar was allowed to take as many wives as he wanted to give birth to heirs. And the patrician Curio in one of his speeches called Caesar “the husband of all wives and the wife of all husbands.”

And this phrase went down in history after the great Julius himself.

Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (c. 100 - 44 BC) - Roman patrician, military leader and statesman. He belonged to the famous Roman family of the Julios. He was a member of the famous triumvirate between himself, Pompey and Crassus, which turned the republic into the private domain of this trio. After the victory over Pompey - the sole dictator of Rome. He is one of the most striking figures of ancient history. He was a good speaker and a wonderful writer - his notes on the Gallic campaign and the war with Pompey still serve as an example of Latin prose. Julius Caesar was known as a great womanizer - one of his mistresses was Cleopatra. At the birth of Julius, his mother underwent an operation that later became known as a caesarean (Caesarean) section. “Caesar” became the official title of the Roman emperors, from which the titles “Kaiser” in Germany and “Tsar” in Russia were then derived. Many authors described Caesar's personal life, but the most colorful description is given by Suetonius in the Lives of the Twelve Caesars and Plutarch in the Lives. The murder of Caesar by Brutus formed the basis of the plot of Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar.

Prepared by Evgeny Alexandrov

To the begining

For a couple:
Teacher: -Alexander, how can you write and listen to music at the same time?
Alexander: - By the way, it has long been proven that music stimulates brain activity and helps to absorb material
Teacher: Yes, I also saw a program in which they said that thanks to music, the cows on the farm had excellent milk yield...

XX: need to organize at home

XX: What is half-duplex communication?
YY: This is a sequential mode - when one speaks, the other must listen. They cannot listen/speak to each other at the same time.
XX: need to organize at home

Where did the sayings come from?
Have you ever wondered where some expressions that have become
sayings? People hear a catchy expression somewhere, remember it,
use it themselves... And off we go. Now sayings are born in
mainly from replicas of popular movie characters and sayings
politicians. In the past the situation was approximately the same, except that
there was no TV or cinema. Many sayings came to us from ancient Rome,
where oratory was at its best - accordingly, and linguistic
a lot of pearls were born. However, over time, many sayings
lost some words, as a result of which their meaning changed somewhat.
A textbook example: not everyone knows that the Roman proverb “In
a healthy body - a healthy mind" sounded completely like this: "In a healthy body -
A healthy mind is a rare blessing." :)
Below we will talk about the famous saying that “Caesar can do
three things at once." I recently found out where this phrase came from. After all, it seemed
If only scientists had proven that a person, due to the peculiarities of the structure of the brain,
can engage in only one type of intellectual activity at a time
activity: i.e., say, writing and talking at the same time
impossible. Neither one nor the other will really work out. And here is Caesar, on you,
maybe three things at once... How? Genius?
... In ancient Rome, gladiator fights were not just entertainment, they
carried an important religious load. In fact, they were
sacrifices to the gods. Therefore, those who did not go to fights were looked at
rather askance - much like in Russia they look askance at those who don’t drink vodka
drinks:) Gaius Julius Caesar was one of those people who didn’t like gladiator fights
interested. It's unlikely that it was because he couldn't stand the sight of blood, but rather
because after all the wars he fought, gladiator fights looked
just like street football after the World Cup. However, how
“consul for life” he was forced to attend the battles. Populism in
those years were much cooler than now :) In order not to waste time, Caesar in
in his box he was busy with correspondence. (At that time the head
states received as many paper letters as we all now
arrives electronically, but there was no spam then :)) So, when
one of the people close to him reproached Caesar - how could he simultaneously
watch fights and write letters? - Gaius Julius invariably answered without looking up
eye from the letter that "Caesar can do not only two, but even three
doing things at the same time - watching fights, writing letters, and talking."
This is how the EXCUSE eventually became a PROVERB.

(Information taken from the book “The Lives of the 12 Caesars” by the ancient author Gaius
Suetonius Tranquila).