Scientific evidence of known facts (12 photos). Interesting scientific facts Facts in science and technology

Some parents tell their child: “You are the light of my life.” But did you know that if you were light, you would fly around the entire globe 7.5 times per second! If you became sound, you could fly around the Earth in 4 hours! If we lived on Jupiter, our day would consist of only 9 hours. It’s good that on Earth a day lasts 24 hours, because we have so much to do during the day! These are just a few fun scientific facts that may interest both an inquisitive child and an adult.

What is science?

Science is an organized and sequential study that includes observation, collection of scientific facts, experimentation, testing of results, and explanation of natural and man-made phenomena. This is an area that gives us the opportunity to better understand the world around us and create good things for the benefit of man and all living beings.

Ordinary scientific facts

Now that you know what we're talking about, here are some fun scientific facts:

If you stretch a human DNA chain, its length will be the distance from Pluto to the Sun and back.
When a person sneezes, the speed of the air they exhale is about 160 km/h.
A flea can jump to a height that is 130 times its own height. If the flea were a 1.80 m tall person, it could jump 230 m.
The electric eel produces an electrical current of 650 volts. Touching it is the most powerful shock a person can experience.
Light particles called photons take 40,000 years to travel from the Sun's core to its surface, but only 8 minutes to reach Earth.

Scientific facts about the Earth

Earth is our home. To take care of her, we need to know important information about her:

The age of the Earth is from 5 to 6 billion years. The Moon and the Sun are about the same age.
Our planet is composed mainly of iron, silicon and relatively small amounts of magnesium.
Earth is the only planet in the solar system with water on its surface, and its atmosphere is 21% oxygen.
The Earth's surface is made up of tectonic plates located on the mantle, a layer located between the Earth's core and the surface. This structure of the earth's surface explains earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
There are about 8.7 million species of living organisms living on Earth. Of these, 2.2 million species live in the ocean, and the rest live on land.
¾ of the Earth's surface is covered with water. When astronauts first saw Earth from space, they saw mostly water. This is where the name “blue planet” comes from.

Environmental Facts

Why do the seasons change? What happens to garbage after we throw it away? What causes the weather to be hot or cool? Children learn this and much more in natural history lessons at school. Let's look at some facts that convince us of what a beautiful planet we live on.

Plastic completely decomposes in the ground in 450 years, and glass in 4,000 years.
Every day around the world, 27,000 trees are used to make toilet paper alone.
97% of all water on Earth is salty and unsuitable for consumption. 2% of the water is in glaciers. Therefore, only 1% of water is suitable for consumption.
The meat processing industry is the biggest contributor to global warming. In second place among global problems is deforestation. About 68% of existing plant species are likely to become extinct in the near future.
The population of the Earth is more than 7 billion people. This figure is expected to reach 8 billion by 2025.
Unfortunately, 99% of existing species of living organisms, according to scientists, will become extinct.

Interesting facts about animals

The animal kingdom is beautiful and amazing. It contains tame otters, powerful eels, singing whales, giggling rats, oysters that change gender, and many other equally amazing representatives. Here are a few facts about animals that your child will undoubtedly enjoy:

Octopuses have three hearts. An even weirder fact: lobsters have a urinary tract on their face, while turtles breathe through their anus.
In seahorses, males give birth, not females.
The kakapo parrot has a strong, pungent odor that attracts predators. That is why kakapo are in danger of extinction.
A squirrel plants more trees than the average person in a lifetime. How can this be? The fact is that squirrels hide acorns and nuts underground, and then forget where exactly they hid them.
It is mainly lionesses who hunt among lions. Leos only intervene when necessary.

Interesting facts about plants

Plants green our planet, produce oxygen, and make the Earth habitable. Trees and plants are probably the most useful among the living inhabitants of the Earth. Here are some interesting facts about plants:

Like humans, plants recognize other plants of their own species.
In total, there are more than 80,000 edible plants on Earth. Of these, we eat about 30.
Humanity is rapidly destroying forests. About 80% of all forests have already been destroyed.
The oldest tree in the world (sequoia) is located in the USA, in the state of California. His age is 4,843 years.
The height of the tallest tree in the world is 113 m. It is also located in California.
The largest tree in the world is aspen, growing in the USA, in the state of Utah. Its weight is 6,000 tons.

Facts about space

The sun, stars, planets, the Milky Way, constellations and everything that is in the Universe is located in vacuum space. We call it space. Here are some interesting facts about him:

The Earth is tiny compared to the Sun, which is 300,000 times larger.
The entire space is absolutely silent, because sound does not travel in a vacuum.
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. The temperature on the surface of Venus is 450°C.
The force of gravity changes a person's weight on different planets. For example, the force of gravity on Mars is lower than on Earth, so a person weighing 80 kg on Mars would weigh only 31 kg.
Since the Moon has neither atmosphere nor water, nothing can erase the traces of astronauts who set foot on its surface. Therefore, the traces will probably remain here for another hundred million years.
The temperature of the Sun's core, the closest star to Earth, is 15 million degrees Celsius.

Facts about famous scientists

For a long time, people thought that the Earth was flat, that the change of seasons depended on the mood of the gods, and that illness was caused by evil spirits. This continued until great scientists proved the opposite. Without them, we would still be living in ignorance.

Albert Einstein was a genius, but his talents were discovered quite late. After the scientist's death, his brain was the subject of numerous studies.
Nicolaus Copernicus disproved the theory that the Earth is the center of the Universe. He developed a model of the solar system with the Sun at the center.
Leonardo da Vinci was not only an artist. He was also an outstanding mathematician, scientist, writer and even musician.
Archimedes invented the law of fluid displacement while taking a bath. The funny thing is that, according to legend, he jumped out of the bathtub shouting “Eureka!” He was so excited that he forgot that he had no clothes on.
Marie Curie, the female chemist who discovered radium, was the first person in the world to win the Nobel Prize twice.

Scientific facts from the world of technology

Technology is the engine of progress. We are so dependent on technology in everyday life that it is even scary. Here are some interesting facts about the technical devices we come across every day:

The first computer game appeared in 1967. It was called “brown box” (translated from English as “brown box”) because that’s exactly what it looked like.
The world's first computer, ENIAC, weighed more than 27 tons and took up an entire room.
The Internet and the World Wide Web are not the same thing.
Robotics is one of the most relevant scientific fields today. However, back in 1495, Leonardo da Vinci drew the world's first diagram of a robot.
“Camera Obscura” is a prototype of a camera that influenced the development of photography. It was used in Ancient Greece and China to project images onto a screen.
There is an interesting technology that uses plant waste to produce methane, which in turn can be used to generate electricity.

Scientific facts from the engineering industry

Engineering helps create beautiful things - from houses and cars to electronic gadgets.

The tallest bridge in the world is the Millau Viaduct in France. It is located at an altitude of 245 m, supported by beams suspended on cables.
The Palm Islands in Dubai can be called a modern wonder of the world. These are man-made islands floating on the water.
The world's largest particle accelerator is located in Geneva. It was built to support the research of over 10,000 scientists and is located in an underground tunnel.
The Chandra Space Observatory is the world's largest X-ray telescope. It is also the largest satellite launched into space.
Today the most ambitious project in the world is the New Valley in Egypt. Engineers are trying to turn millions of hectares of desert into farmland. Imagine what would happen if we could green the Earth in the same way! Our planet would regain its pristine purity!

Science is a wonderful field of study that inspires many people. All you need is to get your child interested in it. And who knows, maybe your child will grow up to be the next Einstein.

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Interesting scientific evidence of known facts about everything in the world. Let's start with the fact that when talking to a woman, men always look at a woman's breasts, distracting themselves from the conversation. But what’s most interesting is that scientific methods have proven that women, when talking with women, also pay a greater percentage of attention to the figure of the interlocutor, as a potential competitor in the fight for male attention.

Cats ignore their owners

Recently, employees of the University of Tokyo made a “discovery” that all cat owners without exception have known about for a long time: domesticated representatives of the feline family recognize their owners by voice, but practically do not respond to their commands.
The reason for this lies in the peculiarities of evolutionary development: unlike dogs, who learned to serve people, domestic cats retained their hunting instincts, which force them to take their time to react to external stimuli and hide their intentions.

Students who do homework get better grades

Economist Nick Rapp apparently didn't do very well in school, otherwise he wouldn't have conducted his experiment on the impact of homework on academic performance.
Rapp divided his students into two groups: some did not study the exercises assigned at home for some time, while others diligently solved them. The results of the study are unlikely to surprise anyone - the second group of students performed better on control tests and received higher scores on them, on the basis of which the researcher concluded that “homework plays an important role in the educational process.” Who would have thought!

Men stare at women's breasts

In her article “My Eyes Up Here” (can be translated as “My eyes are here”), Sarah Gervais provides truly “sensational” data obtained during one of her experiments: a man, when talking to a woman, tends to look more at her figure than watching the face.
Using eye-tracking technology, Sarah discovered that the more attractive the proportions of a woman's body, the more often a male interlocutor's gaze wanders over it. Women behave in much the same way when talking to each other: they look at the figure of their interlocutor, assessing her as a potential competitor in the fight for male attention.

High heels are uncomfortable and harmful

Stiletto heels visually increase the height of women and make their gait more attractive, but all representatives of the fair sex know that walking on them can be real torture.
The harm from frequent wearing of high-heeled shoes is confirmed by research from specialists from the American Institute for the Study of Aging: its employees found that 64% of elderly women who complain of pain in their feet have been wearing high heels for a long time for several years.
The “value” of such surveys is simply stunning: doctors have been talking about the negative consequences associated with high-heeled shoes for several decades; in addition, you don’t need to be a sophisticated American specialist to understand that if your feet hurt from long walks in such shoes, it’s unlikely that this means that it is useful.

Pigs love to roll in the mud

Everyone knows that pigs often give themselves “mud baths.” Scientists believe that the reason for this was the lack of sweat glands that provide effective cooling of the body, and this is true, but there is an interesting nuance.
A recent study published in the journal Applied Animal Behavior Science found that modern pigs do not have sweat glands precisely because their distant ancestors constantly lay in the dirt and did not need other means. thermoregulation.
Thus, the initial reason was precisely the pigs’ addiction to “mud procedures.” Did you have to take the time to prove that pigs wallow in mud because they always loved to do so?

When walking with any woman, a man walks slower than alone

Employees of the Seattle Pacific University have proven that men adapt to the pace of walking of the woman they love, although this is already clear to the rest of humanity - the one behind whom “like behind a stone wall” is used to walking faster, but does not want to bother his fragile “other half,” forcing her to run, especially if her passion is in heels. In addition, this way the walk becomes longer and promotes more fruitful communication.
The results of the experiment suggest much the same thing: men instinctively slow down in order to conserve their partner's energy and thus increase her ability to conceive children.
It is interesting that a group of men moves somewhat faster than its members on average alone, but if a man walks with a girl friend, then a compromise arises - he slows down a little, and she slightly speeds up the pace.

Corn flakes taste better with milk than with water.

Scientists from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile have discovered a surprising phenomenon: it turns out that if you add water rather than milk to corn flakes, they don’t taste as good, and experts even know why this happens.
The fact is that “as a result of an intermolecular reaction, water weakens the structure of the flakes, which leads to the dissolution of some of their components and the destruction of mechanical integrity,” in other words, the flakes absorb water and turn into a viscous soft porridge, so eating them is no longer so pleasant. And the fat contained in milk prevents the cereal from absorbing large amounts of moisture, so it remains crispy and tasty.

Overeating leads to weight gain

According to large-scale studies of American doctors, since the 1970s, the average weight of an adult in the United States has increased by about 7.5 kg.
In 2009, at the European Congress on Obesity, the leader of the experiment, Boyd Swinburne, publicly stated that “the growing weight of American citizens can be explained by increased calorie consumption,” thus preventing any possible discrepancies on this issue.

Meetings distract team members from work

In 2005, American scientists discovered an “amazing” pattern: frequent meetings and planning meetings spoil the mood of employees and prevent them from working peacefully.
After analyzing the diary entries of 37 university workers, experts found that even the most patient and purposeful of them consider endless meetings to be a waste of time that the work team could spend more usefully. This is confirmed by the fact that due to tedious meetings and debriefings, even the most diligent workers noticeably decrease productivity.
Instead of research, by the way, the Americans could turn to their Russian colleagues - our specialists have long known the dangers of party meetings and “challenges to the carpet.”

Reading is good for the brain

Remember when teachers at school said that if you read a lot, you can become smarter? Surely you will not be surprised to learn that this statement has received scientific substantiation.
A team of experts used magnetic resonance imaging to study the brain function of several volunteers while reading fiction and educational literature, and found that in both cases, blood flow to the brain increased, increasing its efficiency. Interestingly, reading different types of literature stimulates different areas of the brain.
The leader of the experiment, Natalie Phillips, summed up the result: “Reading is a wonderful exercise for the brain,” to which you just want to say: “Thanks, Cap.”

Students from disadvantaged schools drink alcohol more often

A team of researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health spent 14 years on this unique experiment, but the result is worth it: after all, they learned that in educational institutions, “famous” for numerous parties and drinking bouts among schoolchildren and students, teenagers actually drink more.
Experts surveyed more than 50 thousand students from 120 different schools and colleges and it turned out that, despite the composition of classes being updated every year, the number of teenagers who abuse alcohol remains practically unchanged.

Internet surfing kills time

The Internet is just a tool for achieving goals, but if you have spent any time there, you know that people often use it not for writing doctoral dissertations or getting acquainted with the priceless cultural heritage of mankind: most users see it as a way to occupy time or throw out negative energy.
Employees of the American research organization Pew Research Center found that approximately 53% of people aged 18 to 29 go online at least once a day without a specific purpose, and among older Internet users there are about two third.

Science is a special type of human cognitive activity aimed at obtaining, substantiating and systematizing objective knowledge about the world, man, society and knowledge itself, on the basis of which man transforms reality.

Here are some of the most interesting and surprising facts about science.

American physicist and computer scientist Douglas Hofstadter, discussing the difficulties in planning and estimating the time to complete complex tasks, formulated a recursive principle now known as Hofstadter's law: "Everything always takes longer than expected, even if you take into account Hofstadter's law."

In 2009, scientists from the University of Montreal attempted to conduct a study on the impact of watching pornography on the sex lives of men aged 20 to 30 years. As part of this, 20 men were interviewed. However, the goal was not achieved, since scientists could not find a single man who had never seen porn to make comparisons.

Physicists Ralph Alpher and George Gamow, before publishing a paper on primordial nucleosynthesis - the formation of chemical elements during the Big Bang - invited Hans Bethe as a co-author only so that their surnames would form a beautiful combination of the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. For the sake of brevity, the scientific community calls this article “??? paper". Some calculations for the work were carried out on a computer by Ralph Herman, who was offered to change his last name to Delter and also be included in the list of authors, but he refused.

Founded by Nikolai Vavilov, the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing at the beginning of the Second World War had the world's most extensive collection of seeds of more than one hundred thousand plant samples. During the siege of Leningrad, the institute’s staff made heroic efforts to preserve the collection in the absence of electricity and interruptions in heating. In the winter of 1941-1942 alone, five Virov residents died of hunger because they refused to consider the reserves of cereals and potatoes as food. And in the summer, employees managed to sow the necessary samples under artillery fire. Rats got into some boxes, and there were thefts through broken windows, but overall these losses were insignificant for the collection.

Among followers of various faiths there are many adherents of theistic evolutionism. This concept recognizes the scientific view of the origin of the Universe, the origin of life on Earth and evolution, but declares God to be the driving force behind these processes. Theistic evolutionists explain inconsistencies in religious texts (for example, the creation of the world by God in 6 days) by the fact that in the light of indisputable evidence of modern scientific theories, religious texts should be interpreted not literally, but allegorically. Of all the faiths, theistic evolutionism received the most consistent and official support from the Catholic Church: back in the mid-20th century, Pope Pius XII stated that evolution should be considered a serious hypothesis, and in 1996 John Paul II said that it is more than a hypothesis, and that between There is no contradiction between the theory of evolution and the doctrine of faith.

Among Catholics there are many scientists who have made discoveries that directly contradict religious dogmas. Moreover, they were not just believers, but also served as priests. The most famous such person is Nicolaus Copernicus, he served as a canon in the diocese of Warmia and became famous for his theory of the heliocentric system of the universe. The Catholic Church subsequently banned his teachings and censored his works. Another example from the 20th century is the Belgian Georges Lemaitre, who received the rank of abbot and worked at many universities. He became the author of the theory of the expanding universe, independently of the Soviet mathematician Friedman, and subsequently his reasoning formed the basis of the Big Bang theory.

In 1927, Thomas Parnell, a professor at the Australian University of Queensland, conducted an experiment to demonstrate to students the liquid properties of bitumen tar, a substance that is solid in its normal state. After heating the resin, he poured it into a sealed glass funnel and closed the top, and three years later he cut off the bottom of the funnel, allowing droplets to form. The first drop fell in 1938, the next ones fell at approximately the same interval - a total of 9 drops have been recorded to date. This experiment is considered the longest continuous laboratory experiment in history.

American scientists have used a computer model to prove the theoretical possibility of the exodus of Jews from Egypt. As described in the book of Exodus, Moses led his people to a place where the waters of the sea parted. Computer calculations have shown that in one place in the Nile Delta a passage with walls of water on either side can form if the wind blows in a certain direction at a speed of 100 km/h for 12 hours.

There is a widespread legend that the idea of the periodic table of chemical elements came to Mendeleev in a dream. One day he was asked if this was true, to which the scientist replied: “I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I sat there and suddenly... it’s ready.”

In terms of iron content - 2.7 mg per 100 grams - spinach is not a record holder among vegetables. However, it has long been believed that spinach is exceptionally rich in iron. This misconception arose in the late 19th century from two sources. One American researcher came up with a figure of 2.9 mg, but forgot to put a decimal point, and the published study read 29 mg. Independently, a scientist from Switzerland announced an even higher figure - 35 mg, but he obtained this result based on an analysis of dry spinach. The error was discovered only half a century later.

Psychology is sometimes called “the science of sophomores and white rats” because many experiments are conducted on these two categories. Most research psychologists work in universities, so it is easiest for them to attract students for research.

In Nazi Germany, the Nobel Prize was banned after the Peace Prize was awarded to the opponent of National Socialism, Karl von Ossietzky, in 1935. German physicists Max von Laue and James Frank entrusted the custody of their gold medals to Niels Bohr. When the Germans occupied Copenhagen in 1940, the chemist de Hevesy dissolved these medals in aqua regia. After the end of the war, de Hevesy extracted the gold hidden in the aqua regia and donated it to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. New medals were made there and re-presented to von Laue and Frank.

Since the 1990s, calls to ban the use of dihydrogen monoxide have frequently appeared on websites and in mailing lists. They list the numerous dangers that this substance causes: it is the main component of acid rain, accelerates the corrosion of metals, can cause short circuits, etc. Despite the danger, the substance is actively used as an industrial solvent, food additive, and nuclear power plants. stations, and enterprises dump it in huge quantities into rivers and seas. This joke - after all, dihydrogen monoxide is nothing more than water - should teach critical perception of information. In 2007, a New Zealand MP bought into it. He received a similar letter from a constituent and forwarded it to the government, demanding that the dangerous chemical be banned.

In a treasure buried about a thousand years ago by Vikings on the Swedish island of Gotland, lenses of complex aspherical shape made of rock crystal were found. Rene Descartes calculated this form of lenses only in the 17th century, but was never able to make them.

In 1963, Tanzanian schoolboy Erasto Mpemba discovered that hot water freezes faster in the freezer than cold water. In honor of him, this phenomenon was called the Mpemba effect. Until now, scientists have not been able to accurately explain the cause of the phenomenon, and the experiment is not always successful: it requires certain conditions.

There is an opinion that Alfred Nobel did not include mathematics in the list of disciplines of his prize because his wife cheated on him with a mathematician. In fact, Nobel never married. The real reason Nobel ignored mathematics is unknown, but there are several assumptions. For example, at that time there was already a prize in mathematics from the Swedish king. Another thing is that mathematicians do not make important inventions for humanity, since this science is purely theoretical.

Nine-banded armadillos are of great scientific interest because they usually give birth to 4 identical twins. Due to their complete identity, a group of four armadillos is an excellent subject for medical, genetic, psychological and other studies that require a homogeneous composition of test subjects.

The James Randi Educational Foundation is engaged in research into hoaxes and extrasensory perception and guarantees a million-dollar prize to anyone who can demonstrate supernatural abilities in a properly designed experiment. Since 1996, no applicant has been able to achieve the award.

Most of us are far from science and understand little about it, but will this stop us from learning interesting scientific facts about the world that surrounds us? Many interesting, funny and surprising things are hidden from our eyes.

Proven Scientific Facts

Various scientific facts

Facts about people

A little about the world around

Space is waiting for us

The length of a day on Mars is almost the same as on Earth, they are only 39 minutes longer.
The fastest planet in the solar system is Jupiter. It takes only ten hours for it to completely rotate around its axis.
The galaxy we are in contains about 200-400 billion stars.
At a decent distance, a spacecraft can take a photo of a million square kilometers of our planet in just ten minutes. The same thing can be done using an airplane in four years.

Results

The concept of a scientific fact is quite broad, so this category of knowledge can include a lot of information from different fields of knowledge. To recognize a fact as such, it must not only be proven, but also verified. The problem with scientific fact is that very often this evidence is neglected and the product is presented in its raw form, but science will always be able to distinguish truth from lies.

Even while studying at school, many of you, dear readers, probably learned that words such as biology, psychology, theology came from the corresponding Greek words, one of which logos means word or doctrine (biology is the study of life).

By analogy, every person can name any teaching he has invented. So, for example, the science of ratings in this case will be called ratingology. There are no less strange officially recognized sciences that are devoted to the study of unusual things - we’ll talk about them today. So here is the list the most unusual sciences in the world.

1. OOLOGY

Do you like the smell of sulfur? Are you concerned about the level of cholesterol in your blood? Then you can safely become an oologist. Oology is a branch of ornithology that studies the eggs of animals, mainly birds. You might be surprised, but many people around the world collect eggs, and some collections are so extensive that they are worthy of being displayed in museums.

To become an oologist, you must first study to become an ornithologist. The profession will be in demand in museums and zoos.

2. THANATOLOGY

Thanatology is the science of death, a branch of medicine that studies the process, dynamics and causes of dying. The most famous research in this area belongs to the University of Wisconsin in the USA. In addition to death and dying itself, thanatologists can also study cemeteries and tombstones.

3. POMOLOGY

In third place, science is not so gloomy and, to some extent, even life-affirming. Pomology is a branch of agronomy that studies various varieties of fruit and berry plants. Agree, it is much more pleasant to develop a new variety of berries and fruit trees than to study tombstones.

Future pomologists often begin their studies as ordinary gardeners, then their knowledge deepens and expands.

4. NARRATOLOGY

Narratology is the science of storytelling. It is the narratologist who can tell what exactly captivated you in your favorite book. A work is sometimes studied down to every metaphor. Narratologists are masters of literary analysis - here they reach heights that are inaccessible to the average person.

5. ESCHATALOGY

Eschatalogy is a religious doctrine about the end of the world, the fate of people, the afterlife and the transition of the Universe to a new qualitative state.

This branch of theology deals with finding out what happens to a person after death. If you find yourself thinking about the end of the world or your own fate after death, then eschatalogy will help you find answers to many questions.

6. DENDROCHRONOLOGY

Dendrochronology is a science dedicated to the study of tree rings for the purpose of subsequent dating of archaeological finds and antiquities.

It turns out that trees, like human bodies, can carry signs of past trauma or stress. Dendrochronology studies tree rings to find out what events happened to a tree during its existence. Such events may include, for example, a lightning strike or a forest fire.

7. VEXILLOGY

Vexillology is a historical discipline that deals with the study of flags, banners, standards, and pennants. The science is quite interesting and fascinating - vexillology allows you to learn new facts about the history of the creation and use of flags of various states.

8. CAMPANOLOGY

Campanology is the science of bells. Victor Hugo's infamous hunchback Quasimodo would have been quite surprised to hear this name, although he had a direct connection to bells. So why does this science exist? In fact, not everything is so simple with bell ringing. Bells come in many different forms: they can be made of various materials and weigh from a few kilograms to a ton. Ringing bells in such a way that the desired effect is created must be done in a certain way, and not every person is capable of this.

Campanologists often begin their careers as bell ringers. Some go on to become bell ringing teachers in order to pass on their knowledge to future generations.

9. KREMLINOLOGY

Kremlinology, as the name suggests, is the science that studies Soviet or Russian politics. It is not surprising that such science appeared. Our country is the largest and richest in natural resources, therefore, the foreign and domestic policies pursued by the USSR, and now Russia, will always be closely studied and analyzed.

The mentality of Russians and Europeans is significantly different, and in many ways we are opposite to each other. This is probably why a whole science was needed to find explanations for certain decisions of our leadership.

10. GERONTOLOGY

Gerontology is a branch of medicine that studies the phenomena of aging of living organisms. Gerontology also includes the study of diseases of old age, hygiene of older people and their psychological and behavioral characteristics.

Among domestic scientists, significant contributions to the development of science were made by I. I. Mechnikov and N. M. Amosov. There is a branch of gerontology - social gerontology, which deals with demographic and socio-economic problems of aging.