Genres of literature. Lyrics as a kind of literature: lyrical genres

Sonnet (Italian sonetto, from Provence sonet - song) - solid poetry. form: a poem of 14 lines, divided into two 4-verses (quatrain) and two 3-verses (terzetto); in quatrains only 2 rhymes are repeated, in terzettos - 2 or 3. The arrangement of rhymes allows many variations; the most stable are two types: 1) “Italian” - quatrains according to the scheme abab abab or abba abba, tercettoes according to the scheme cdc dcd or cde cde; 2) “French” - quatrains according to the abba abba scheme, tercets according to the ccd eed or ccd ede scheme. Of the many There are two most generally accepted conventional rules developed by S. theorists: a) the “closed” rhyme of quatrains abba is considered more perfect than the “open” abab; b) “closed” quatrains must correspond to “open” terzets (cdc dcd or ccd ede), “open” quatrains - “closed” terzets (ccd eed). The sonnet verse is an eleven-syllable verse in Italian. and Spanish poetry; Alexandrian verse - in French; Iambic 5-foot - in English, iambic 5-foot and 6-foot - in German and Russian.
From this classic. schemes in practice, deviations within the widest limits are possible: changing the order of rhymes (abab baab y A. S. Pushkin, abba baab by K. D. Balmont), introducing extra rhymes (abba cddc by C. Baudelaire, etc.), introducing extra lines (“double sonnets”, “sonnets with a coda” - supplemented by verse, terzetto or even several terzettos by Burchiello, F. Berni, etc.), free order of quatrains and terzettos (especially by the French symbolists), the use of non-traditional ones. sizes (accent verse by J.M. Hopkins, “monosyllabic lines” by a number of experimenters), up to “sonnets” in blank verse by Merrill Moore, where only 14 lines of S. remain. Of these “free forms”, only the “English sonnet” of the Shakespearean type abab cdcd efef gg has been canonized to some degree.
Classicism and the Enlightenment are accompanied by a decline in fashion in S. Romanticism revives it again, and this time the center of S. culture is Germany (A. Schlegel, F. Rückert, N. Lenau, A. Platen), England (W. Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge) and partly slav. countries (J. Kollar, A. Mitskevich, in Russia - A. A. Delvig, A. A. Grigoriev); a continuation or departure from romanticism was the work of the masters of the 19th century. (E.B. Browning, D.G. Rossetti, C. Baudelaire, J. Heredia, A. Kental). Symbolism and modernism cultivated the form of S. and brought forward many prominent masters (P. Verlaine, P. Valery, G. D'Annunzio, S. George, R. M. Rilke, V. Ya. Bryusov, Vyach. Ivanov, etc.; of the poets who overcame modernism is I. Becher). In Sov. poetry with the S form (including the wreath of sonnets) was experimented by I. Selvinsky and S. Kirsanov, but it did not gain much popularity (see “Star Sonnets” by L. Vysheslavsky, sonnets by N. Matveeva, etc.).
Gasparov M. L. Sonnet // Brief literary encyclopedia / Ch. ed. A. A. Surkov. – M.: Sov. Encycl., 1962–1978. T. 7: “Soviet Ukraine” – Fliaki. – 1972. – Stb. 67–68.

Lyrics- one of the three (along with epic and drama) main literary genres, the subject of which is the inner world, the poet’s own “I”. Unlike epic, lyric poetry is most often plotless (not eventful), and unlike drama, it is subjective. In lyrics, any phenomenon and event of life that can influence the spiritual world of a person is reproduced in the form of subjective, direct experience, i.e. a holistic individual manifestation of the poet’s personality, a certain state of his character. The poet’s “self-expression” (“self-disclosure”), without losing its individuality and autobiographical nature, acquires universal human significance in the lyrics due to the scale and depth of the author’s personality; This type of literature has access to the fullness of expression of the most complex problems of existence. A. S. Pushkin's poem "...I visited again..." cannot be reduced to a description of rural nature. It is based on a generalized artistic idea, a deep philosophical thought about the continuous process of renewal of life, in which the new comes to replace the past, continuing it.

Each time develops its own poetic formulas, specific socio-historical conditions create their own forms of expression of the lyrical image, and for a historically correct reading of a lyrical work, knowledge of a particular era and its cultural and historical uniqueness is necessary.

There are different forms of expression of the experiences and thoughts of the lyrical subject. This can be an internal monologue, thinking alone with oneself (“I remember a wonderful moment...” by A. S. Pushkin, “About valor, about exploits, about glory...” by A. A. Blok); monologue on behalf of a character introduced into the text ("Borodino" by M. Yu. Lermontov); an appeal to a specific person (in a different style), which allows you to create the impression of a direct response to some phenomenon of life ("Winter Morning" by A. S. Pushkin, "The Sitting Ones" by V. V. Mayakovsky); an appeal to nature, helping to reveal the unity of the spiritual world of the lyrical hero and the world of nature (“To the Sea” by A. S. Pushkin, “The Forest” by A. V. Koltsov, “In the Garden” by A. A. Fet). In lyrical works, which are based on acute conflicts, the poet expresses himself in a passionate dispute with time, friends and enemies, with himself (“The Poet and the Citizen” by N. A. Nekrasov). From a thematic point of view, lyrics can be civil, philosophical, love, landscape, etc. For the most part, lyrical works are multi-themed, in one experience of the poet various motives can be reflected: love, friendship, patriotic feelings, etc. (“In Memory of Dobrolyubov” by N. A. Nekrasov, “Letter to a Woman” by S. A. Yesenin, “Bribed” by R. I. Rozhdestvensky).

There are various genres of lyrical works. The predominant form of poetry of the 19th–20th centuries. – poem: a work written in verse of a small volume compared to a poem, which allows one to embody in words the inner life of the soul in its changeable and multifaceted manifestations (sometimes in literature there are small works of a lyrical nature in prose, which use the means of expressiveness characteristic of poetic speech: “Poems” in prose" by I. S. Turgenev). Message- a lyrical genre in poetic form in the form of a letter or address to a specific person or group of persons of a friendly, loving, panegyric or satirical nature (“To Chaadaev”, “Message to Siberia” by A. S. Pushkin, “Letter to Mother” by S. A. Yesenin). Elegy- a poem of sad content, which expresses the motives of personal experiences: loneliness, disappointment, suffering, the frailty of earthly existence ("Confession" by E. A. Baratynsky, "The flying ridge of clouds is thinning..." by A. S. Pushkin, "Elegy" N A. Nekrasova, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...” S. A. Yesenina). Sonnet- a poem of 14 lines, forming two quatrains and two tercets. Each stanza is a kind of step in the development of a single dialectical thought ("To the Poet", "Madonna" by A. S. Pushkin, sonnets by A. A. Fet, V. Ya. Bryusov, I. V. Severyanin, O. E. Mandelstam, I. A. Bunin, A. A. Akhmatova, N. S. Gumilyov, S. Ya. Marshak, A. A. Tarkovsky, L. N. Martynov, M. A. Dudin, V. A. Soloukhina, N. N. Matveeva, L. II. Vysheslavsky, R. G. Gamzatov). Epigram- a short poem that maliciously ridicules a person or social phenomenon (epigrams by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. I. Dmitriev, E. A. Baratynsky, S. A. Sobolevsky, S. Solovyov,

D. D. Minaeva). In Soviet poetry, the epigram genre was developed by V. V. Mayakovsky, D. Bedny, A. G. Arkhangelsky, A. I. Bezymensky, S. Ya. Marshak, S. A. Vasiliev. Romance is a lyrical poem designed for musical transcription. Genre characteristics (without strict adherence): melodious intonation, syntactic simplicity, completeness of the sentence within the stanza (poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. V. Koltsov, F. I. Tyutchev, A. A. Fet , N. A. Nekrasov, A. K. Tolstoy, S. A. Yesenin). Epitaph– a gravestone inscription (usually in verse) of a commendable, parody or satirical nature (epitaphs of R. Burns translated by S. Ya. Marshak, epitaphs of A. P. Sumarokov, N. F. Shcherbina). Stanzas are a short elegiac poem in several stanzas, often meditative (in-depth reflective) than love content. Genre characteristics are vague. For example, “Am I wandering along the noisy streets...”, “Stanzas” (“In the hope of glory and goodness...”) by A. S. Pushkin, “Stanzas” (“Look how calm my gaze is...” ) M. Yu. Lermontov, “Stanzas” (“I know a lot about my talent”) by S. A. Yesenin and others.

Eclogue- a lyrical poem in narrative or dialogic form, depicting everyday rural scenes against the backdrop of nature (eclogues by A.P. Sumarokov, V.I. Panaev).

Madrigal- a small compliment poem, often of love-lyrical content (found in N. M. Karamzin, K. N. Batyushkov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov).

Each lyrical work, which is always unique, carries the poet’s holistic worldview, and is considered not in isolation, but in the context of the artist’s entire work. A lyrical work can be analyzed either holistically - in the unity of form and content - observing the movement of the author's experience, the poet's lyrical thoughts from the beginning to the end of the poem, or combine a number of works thematically, focusing on the core ideas, experiences revealed in them (love lyrics by A. S. Pushkin, the theme of the poet and poetry in the works of M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov, V. V. Mayakovsky, the image of the Motherland in the works of S. A. Yesenin).

You should abandon the analysis of the poem in parts and the so-called questions about the content. It is also impossible to reduce the work to a formal list of figurative means of language, taken out of context. It is necessary to penetrate into the complex system of linking all the elements of a poetic text, to try to reveal the basic feeling-experience with which the poem is imbued, to comprehend the functions of linguistic means, the ideological and emotional richness of poetic speech. Even V. G. Belinsky, in the article “The Division of Poetry into Genera and Species,” noted that a lyrical work “cannot be retold or interpreted, but only what can be felt, and then only by reading it as it came from -under the pen of a poet; being retold in words or transposed into prose, it turns into an ugly and dead larva, from which a butterfly glittering with rainbow colors has just fluttered out.”

Lyrics are a subjective type of fiction, unlike epic and drama. The poet shares his thoughts and feelings with readers, talks about his joys and sorrows, delights and sorrows caused by certain events in his personal or public life. And at the same time, no other type of literature awakens such a reciprocal feeling, empathy in the reader - both contemporary and in subsequent generations. If the basis of the composition of an epic or dramatic work is a plot that can be retold “in your own words,” it is impossible to retell a lyric poem, everything in it is “content”: the sequence of images of feelings and thoughts, the choice and arrangement of words, repetitions of words, phrases, syntactic structures, style of speech, division into stanzas or their absence, the relationship between dividing the flow of speech into verses and syntactic division, poetic meter, sound instrumentation, methods of rhyming, the nature of the rhyme.

The main means of creating a lyrical image is language, the poetic word. The use of various tropes in the poem (metaphor, personification, synecdoche, parallelism, hyperbole, epithet) expands the meaning of the lyrical statement. The word in the verse has multiple meanings. In a poetic context, the word acquires additional semantic and emotional shades. Thanks to its internal connections (rhythmic, syntactic, sound, intonation), the word in poetic speech becomes capacious, condensed, emotionally charged, and maximally expressive. It tends towards generalization and symbolism. Isolation of a word, especially significant in revealing the figurative content of a poem, in a poetic text is carried out in different ways (inversion, transfer, repetition, anaphora, contrast). For example, in the poem “I loved you: love is still, perhaps...” by A. S. Pushkin, the leitmotif of the work is created by the key words “loved” (repeated three times), “love,” “beloved.”

Many lyrical sayings tend to be aphoristic, which makes them popular like proverbs. Such lyrical phrases become popular, are learned by heart, and are used in relation to a certain mood of thought and mental state of a person. The winged lines of Russian poetry seem to focus on the most acute, polemical problems of our reality at different historical stages. The winged line is one of the primary elements of true poetry. Here are some examples: “It’s just a mess and it’s still there!” (I. A. Krylov. “Swan, Pike and Cancer”); “Listen! Lie, but know when to stop” (A.S. Griboedov. “Woe from Wit”); "Where should we go?" (A.S. Pushkin. “Autumn”); “I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing...” (M. Yu. Lermontov); “When the master comes, the master will judge us” (N. A. Nekrasov. “The Forgotten Village”); “It is not possible for us to predict how our word will respond” (F.I. Tyutchev); “So that words are cramped, thoughts are spacious” (N. A. Nekrasov. “Imitation of Schiller”); “And eternal battle! We only dream of peace” (A. A. Blok. “On the Kulikovo Field”); “Face to face you cannot see a face. Much is seen at a distance” (S. A. Yesenin. “Letter to a Woman”); “...Not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth” (A. T. Tvardovsky. “Vasily Terkin”).

Lyrics are characterized by subjectivity, self-disclosure of the author, a sincere representation of his inner world, his impulses and desires.

The main character of a lyrical work - the bearer of experience - is usually called the lyrical hero.

Most lyrical works are written in poetic form, although lyrics can also be prosaic. Lyrics are mostly characterized by small forms.

The following lyrical types are usually distinguished:

- hymn,

- Oh yeah,

- message,

- epitaph,

– sonnet,

- lyric poem,

– elegy,

- epigram,

- song,

– romance,

- madrigal.

Hymn

An anthem (from the Greek ὕμνος - praise) is a solemn, glorifying song in honor of gods, winners, heroes, and important events. Initially, the elements of the hymn were: epiclesis (sacred name), request, aretalogy (epic part).

One of the most famous hymns is “Gaudeamus” (Latin gaudeamus - let us rejoice) - the student anthem.

"So let's have fun,

While we are young!

After a joyful youth,

After a sad old age

The earth will take us...

Long live the Academy!

Long live the professors!

Long live all its members!

Long live every member!

May they prosper forever!..”

(From the hymn “Gaudeamus”, translated by S.I. Sobolevsky)

Oh yeah

An ode is a poetic, as well as musical and poetic work, which is characterized by solemnity of style and sublimity of content. Ode is also spoken of as glorification in verse.

The odes of Horace, M. Lomonosov, A. Pushkin, etc. are widely known.

“The Autocratic Villain!

I hate you, your throne,

Your death, the death of children

With cruel joy I see..."

(From the ode “Liberty”, A. Pushkin)

Message

An epistle is a poetic letter addressed to a person or group of persons. According to the content of the message, there are: friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc.

“You, who loved me with falsehood

Truth - and the truth of lies,

Nowhere! - Abroad!

You, who loved me longer

Time. - Hands swing! -

You don't love me anymore:

The truth in five words."

(M. Tsvetaeva)

Epitaph

Epitaph (from the Greek epitaphios - “gravestone”) is a saying written in the event of someone’s death and used as a gravestone inscription. Usually the epitaph is presented in poetic form.

“Put here a crown of laurels and roses:

Hidden under this stone is the favorite of the Muses and Graces,

Felitsa is a glorious singer,

Derzhavin, our Pindar, Anacreon, Horace.

(A. E. Izmailov, “Epitaph to G. R. Derzhavin”)”

Sonnet

A sonnet is a poetic work that has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The Italian sonnet consists of 14 verses (lines): 2 quatrains (with 2 rhymes) and 2 tercet tercet. English - from 3 quatrains and a final couplet.

As a rule, the content of a sonnet exactly corresponds to the distribution of thoughts: in the first quatrain there is a thesis, in the second there is an antithesis, in two tercets there is a conclusion.

The wreath of sonnets is fifteen sonnets that are connected to each other in a special order. Moreover, the last sonnet of the wreath consists of the first lines of all sonnets.

“I sigh, as if the leaves are rustling

A sad wind, tears flow like hail,

When I look at you with sad eyes,

Because of which I am a stranger in the world.

Seeing the good light of your smile,

I don't yearn for other pleasures,

And life no longer seems like hell to me,

When I admire your beauty.

But the blood runs cold as soon as you leave

When they are abandoned by your rays,

I don’t see the fatal smile.

And, opening my chest with love keys,

The soul is freed from the lash,

To follow you, my life.”

(“On the Life of Madonna Laura (XVII)”, F. Petrarch)

Lyric poem

A lyric poem is a short poetic work written on behalf of the author or a fictional lyrical character. A lyric poem describes the inner world, feelings, emotions of the author or hero of the work.

“The golden cloud spent the night

On the chest of a giant rock;

In the morning she rushed off early,

Playing merrily across the azure;

But there was a wet trace in the wrinkle

Old cliff. Alone

He stands, deep in thought,

And he cries quietly in the desert.”

(“Cliff”, M. Lermontov)

Elegy

Elegy is a poetic work dedicated to sad thoughts, imbued with sadness. The content of elegies usually consists of philosophical reflections, sad thoughts, grief, disappointment, doom, etc.

“Hello, my mountain with a reddish shining height,

Hello, sun, whose light softly illuminated her!

I greet you, fields, you, rustling linden tree,

And on the elastic branches there is a sonorous and joyful choir;

Hello you too, azure, who declared immeasurably

Brown mountain slopes, dark green forests

And - at the same time - me, who escaped from the prison of my home

And from hackneyed speeches he seeks salvation in you..."

(“Walk”, F. Schiller)

Epigram

An epigram (from the Greek ἐπίγραμμα - inscription) is a small satirical poetic work in which a specific person is ridiculed. The characteristic features of an epigram are wit and brevity.

“There are much fewer Armenians on earth,

Than the films where Dzhigarkhanyan played.”

(V. Gaft)

Song

A song is a small poetic work that is the basis for subsequent musical arrangements. Usually consists of several verses and a chorus.

"Shouldn't I sing a love song?

Shouldn't we invent a new genre?

Pop-pop motif and poems

And receive a fee for the rest of your life..."

(“About Love”, O. Tarasov)

Romance

Romance is a small melodious poetic work that can be set to music. Usually the romance reflects the experiences, moods, and feelings of the lyrical hero.

"And in the end I will tell:

goodbye, don't oblige to love.

I'm going crazy. Or I rise

to a high degree of insanity.

How did you love? - you took a sip

destruction. Not in this case.

How did you love? - you ruined

but he ruined it so clumsily..."

(“And finally, I’ll say”, B. Akhmadulina)

Madrigal

Madrigal (Italian madrigale, from Latin matricale - a song in the native language - is a small musical and poetic work. Usually it has a loving-lyrical or playfully complimentary content.

“And as in the Mohammedan paradise

A host of houris in roses and silk,

So you are a Life Guard in the Uhlan

Her Majesty's regiment.

(“Madrigal to the Regimental Lady”, N. S. Gumilyov)

More detailed information on this topic can be found in the books of A. Nazaikin

Lyric genres originate in syncretic forms of art. The personal experiences and feelings of a person come to the fore. Lyrics are the most subjective type of literature. Its range is quite wide. Lyrical works are characterized by laconic expression, extreme concentration of thoughts, feelings and experiences. Through various genres of lyric poetry, the poet embodies what excites, saddens or pleases him.

Features of the lyrics

The term itself comes from the Greek word lyra (a type of musical instrument). Poets of the ancient period performed their works to the accompaniment of the lyre. The lyrics are based on the experiences and thoughts of the main character. He is often identified with the author, which is not entirely true. The character of a hero is often revealed through actions and actions. The author's direct characterization plays an important role. An important place is given to the most often used monologue. Dialogues are rare.

The main means of expression is thought. Some works intertwine lyrics and drama. Lyrical works lack a detailed plot. In some there is an internal conflict of the hero. There are also “role-playing” lyrics. In such works, the author plays the roles of different people.

The genres of lyricism in literature are closely intertwined with other forms of art. Especially with painting and music.

Types of lyrics

How lyrics were formed in Ancient Greece. The greatest flowering occurred in Ancient Rome. Popular ancient poets: Anacreon, Horace, Ovid, Pindar, Sappho. During the Renaissance, Shakespeare and Petrarch stand out. And in the 18th and 19th centuries the world was shocked by the poetry of Goethe, Byron, Pushkin and many others.

Varieties of lyrics as a genre: in terms of expressiveness - meditative or suggestive; by theme - landscape or urban, social or intimate, etc.; by tonality - minor or major, comic or heroic, idyllic or dramatic.

Types of lyrics: verse (poetry), dramatized (role-playing), prose.

Thematic classification

Genres of lyric poetry in literature have several classifications. Most often, such essays are divided by topic.

Civil. Social and national issues and feelings come to the fore.
Intimate. Conveys the personal experiences that the main character experiences. It is divided into the following types: love, friendship lyrics, family, erotic.
Philosophical. It embodies the awareness of the meaning of life, existence, the problem of good and evil.
Religious. Feelings and experiences about the higher and spiritual.
Landscape. Conveys the hero's thoughts about natural phenomena.
Satirical. Exposes human and social vices.

Varieties by genre

The genres of lyrics are diverse. This:

1. Hymn - a lyrical song expressing a festive and elated feeling formed from some good event or exceptional experience. For example, “Hymn to the Plague” by A. S. Pushkin.

2. Invective. Means a sudden denunciation or satirical ridicule of a real person. This genre is characterized by semantic and structural duality.

3. Madrigal. Initially these were poems depicting rural life. After several centuries, the madrigal undergoes significant transformation. In the 18th and 19th centuries, free form, praising the beauty of a woman and containing a compliment. The genre of intimate poetry is found in Pushkin, Lermontov, Karamzin, Sumarokov and others.

4. Ode - a song of praise. This is a poetic genre that was finally formed in the era of classicism. In Russia, this term was introduced by V. Trediakovsky (1734). Now it is already distantly connected with classical traditions. There is a struggle between conflicting stylistic trends. The solemn odes of Lomonosov (developing a metaphorical style), the anacreontic odes of Sumarokov, and the synthetic odes of Derzhavin are known.

5. Song (song) is one of the forms of verbal and musical art. There are lyrical, epic, lyric-dramatic, lyric-epic. Lyrical songs are not characterized by narrative or presentation. They are characterized by ideological and emotional expression.

6. Epistle (letter in verse). In Russian, this genre variety was extremely popular. The messages were written by Derzhavin, Kantemir, Kostrov, Lomonosov, Petrov, Sumarokov, Trediakovsky, Fonvizin and many others. In the first half of the 19th century they were also in use. They are written by Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Lermontov.

7. Romance. This is the name of a poem that has the character of a love song.

8. Sonnet is a solid poetic form. It consists of fourteen lines, which, in turn, are divided into two quatrains and two tercets.

9. Poem. It was in the 19th and 20th centuries that this structure became one of the lyrical forms.

10. Elegy is another popular genre of lyric poetry with melancholic content.

11. Epigram - a short poem of a lyrical nature. Characterized by great freedom of content.

12. Epitaph (gravestone inscription).

Genres of Pushkin and Lermontov's lyrics

A. S. Pushkin wrote in different lyrical genres. This:

Oh yeah. For example, “Liberty” (1817).
Elegy - “The Sun of Day Has Gone Out” (1820).
Message - “To Chaadaev” (1818).
Epigram - “On Alexander!”, “On Vorontsov” (1824).
Song - “About the prophetic Oleg” (1822).
Romance - “I am here, Inesilla” (1830).
Sonnet, satire.
Lyrical compositions that go beyond traditional genres - “To the Sea”, “Village”, “Anchar” and many others.

Pushkin’s themes are also multifaceted: civic position, the problem of freedom of creativity and many other topics are touched upon in his works.

The various genres of Lermontov's lyrics make up the bulk of his literary heritage. He is a successor to the traditions of civil poetry of the Decembrists and Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Initially, the most favorite genre was the confessional monologue. Then - romance, elegy and many others. But satire and epigram are extremely rare in his work.

Conclusion

Thus, works can be written in various genres. For example, sonnet, madrigal, epigram, romance, elegy, etc. Lyrics are also often classified by topic. For example, civil, intimate, philosophical, religious, etc. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the lyrics are constantly updated and replenished with new genre formations. In poetic practice there are lyric genres borrowed from related art forms. From music: waltz, prelude, march, nocturne, cantata, requiem, etc. From painting: portrait, still life, sketch, bas-relief, etc. In modern literature, there is a synthesis of genres, so lyrical works are divided into groups.

One of the founders of Russian literary criticism was V.G. Belinsky. And although serious steps were taken in antiquity in developing the concept of literary gender (Aristotle), it was Belinsky who owned the scientifically based theory of three literary genera, which you can get acquainted with in detail by reading Belinsky’s article “The Division of Poetry into Genera and Types.”

There are three types of fiction: epic(from Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by chanting poems) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

When presenting this or that subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: in detail tell about the object, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this object, etc.; in this case, the author’s position will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be the story, narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be narrative; this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about the events, but about the impressed, which they produced on the author, about those feelings which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will relate to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly experience becomes the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can depict item in action, show him on stage; present it to the reader and viewer surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; In a drama, the author's voice will be heard least often - in stage directions, that is, the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the characters.

Look at the following table and try to remember its contents:

Types of fiction

EPOS	DRAMA	LYRICS
(Greek - narrative) story about events, the fate of the heroes, their actions and adventures, a depiction of the external side of what is happening (even feelings are shown from their external manifestation). The author can directly express his attitude to what is happening.	(Greek - action) image events and relationships between characters on the stage(a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the stage directions.	(from the name of the musical instrument) experience events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; the feeling becomes the main event.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form. Such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary studies, the concept of literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relationships in the literature:

Gender: dramatic; type: comedy; Genre: sitcom.
Genus: epic; type: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.

Genres, being historical categories, appear, develop and eventually “leave” from the “active stock” of artists depending on the historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, the ode, born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries, has become an archaic genre; Romanticism of the 19th century gave rise to detective literature, etc.

Consider the following table, which presents the types and genres related to the various types of word art:

Genera, types and genres of artistic literature

EPOS		DRAMA		LYRICS
People's	Author's	Folk	Author's	Folk	Author's
Myth Poem (epic): Heroic Strogovoinskaya Fabulous- legendary Historical... Fairy tale Bylina Thought Legend Tradition Ballad Parable Small genres: proverbs sayings puzzles nursery rhymes...	EpicNovel: Historical Fantastic. Adventurous Psychological R.-parable Utopian Social... Small genres: Tale Story Novella Fable Parable Ballad Lit. fairy tale...	A game Ritual Folk drama Raek Nativity scene...	Tragedy Comedy: provisions, characters, masks... Drama: philosophical social historical social-philosophical Vaudeville Farce Tragifarce...	Song	Oh yeah Hymn Elegy Sonnet Message Madrigal Romance Rondo Epigram...

Modern literary criticism also highlights fourth, a related genre of literature that combines the features of the epic and lyrical genres: lyric-epic, which refers to poem. And indeed, by telling the reader a story, the poem manifests itself as an epic; Revealing to the reader the depth of feelings, the inner world of the person telling this story, the poem manifests itself as lyricism.

LYRICAL is a type of literature in which the author’s attention is paid to depicting the inner world, feelings, and experiences. An event in lyric poetry is important only insofar as it evokes an emotional response in the artist’s soul. It is the experience that becomes the main event in the lyrics. Lyrics as a type of literature arose in ancient times. The word "lyric" is of Greek origin, but has no direct translation. In Ancient Greece, poetic works depicting the inner world of feelings and experiences were performed to the accompaniment of the lyre, and this is how the word “lyrics” appeared.

The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyricist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A. Blok makes the lyrical heroine Ophelia (2 poems entitled “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags…”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where is the mud?” ..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother walked through the forest in a bathing suit ..."). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

Read about some LYRIC GENRES:
Oh yeah(Greek "Song") - a monumental solemn poem glorifying a great event or a great person; There are spiritual odes (arrangements of psalms), moralizing, philosophical, satirical, epistle odes, etc. An ode is tripartite: it must have a theme stated at the beginning of the work; development of the theme and arguments, as a rule, allegorical (second part); the final, didactic (instructive) part. Examples of ancient ancient odes are associated with the names of Horace and Pindar; The ode came to Russia in the 18th century, the odes of M. Lomonosov (“On the day of the accession to the Russian throne of Empress Elisaveta Petrovna”), V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov, G. Derzhavin (“Felitsa”, “God”), A. .Radishcheva (“Liberty”). He paid tribute to the ode of A. Pushkin (“Liberty”). By the middle of the 19th century, ode lost its relevance and gradually became an archaic genre.

Hymn- a poem of laudatory content; also came from ancient poetry, but if in ancient times hymns were composed in honor of gods and heroes, then in later times hymns were written in honor of solemn events, celebrations, often not only of a state, but also of a personal nature (A. Pushkin. “Feasting Students” ).

Elegy(Phrygian "reed flute") - a genre of lyrics dedicated to reflection. Originated in ancient poetry; originally this was the name for crying over the dead. The elegy was based on the life ideal of the ancient Greeks, which was based on the harmony of the world, proportionality and balance of being, incomplete without sadness and contemplation; these categories passed into modern elegy. An elegy can embody both life-affirming ideas and disappointment. Poetry of the 19th century continued to develop elegy in its “pure” form; in the lyrics of the 20th century, elegy is found, rather, as a genre tradition, as a special mood. In modern poetry, an elegy is a plotless poem of a contemplative, philosophical and landscape nature.
A. Pushkin. "To sea"
N. Nekrasov. "Elegy"
A. Akhmatova. "March Elegy"

Read A. Blok's poem "From Autumn Elegy":

Epigram(Greek “inscription”) - a small poem of satirical content. Initially, in ancient times, epigrams were inscriptions on household objects, tombstones and statues. Subsequently, the content of the epigrams changed.
Examples of epigrams:

Yuri Olesha:

Sasha Cherny:

Epistle, or message - a poem, the content of which can be defined as a “letter in verse.” The genre also came from ancient lyrics.
A. Pushkin. Pushchin ("My first friend, my priceless friend...")
V. Mayakovsky. "To Sergei Yesenin"; "Lilichka! (Instead of a letter)"
S. Yesenin. "Letter to Mother"
M. Tsvetaeva. Poems to Blok

Sonnet- this is a poetic genre of the so-called rigid form: a poem consisting of 14 lines, specially organized into stanzas, having strict rhyming principles and stylistic laws. There are several types of sonnet based on their form:

Italian: consists of two quatrains (quatrains), in which the lines rhyme according to the scheme ABAB or ABBA, and two tercets (tercets) with the rhyme CDС DСD or CDE CDE;
English: consists of three quatrains and one couplet; the general rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG;
sometimes French is distinguished: the stanza is similar to Italian, but the terzets have a different rhyme scheme: CCD EED or CCD EDE; he had a significant influence on the development of the next type of sonnet -
Russian: created by Anton Delvig: the stanza is also similar to the Italian, but the rhyme scheme in tercets is CDD CCD.

This lyrical genre was born in Italy in the 13th century. Its creator was the lawyer Jacopo da Lentini; a hundred years later Petrarch's sonnet masterpieces appeared. The sonnet came to Russia in the 18th century; a little later, it receives serious development in the works of Anton Delvig, Ivan Kozlov, Alexander Pushkin. Poets of the “Silver Age” showed particular interest in the sonnet: K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Annensky, V. Ivanov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilev, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam...
In the art of versification, the sonnet is considered one of the most difficult genres.
In the last 2 centuries, poets rarely adhered to any strict rhyme scheme, often offering a mixture of different schemes.

features of sonnet language

vocabulary and intonation should be sublime;
rhymes - accurate and, if possible, unusual, rare;
significant words should not be repeated with the same meaning, etc.

A particular difficulty - and therefore the pinnacle of poetic technique - is represented by wreath of sonnets: a cycle of 15 poems, the opening line of each being the last line of the previous one, and the last line of the 14th poem being the first line of the first. The fifteenth sonnet consists of the first lines of all 14 sonnets in the cycle. In Russian lyric poetry, the most famous are the wreaths of sonnets by V. Ivanov, M. Voloshin, K. Balmont.

Read “Sonnet” by A. Pushkin and see how the sonnet form is understood:

Text	Stanza	Rhyme	Contents(topic)
1 The stern Dante did not despise the sonnet; 2 In him Petrarch poured out the heat of love; 3 The creator of Macbeth 1 loved his game; 4 Camoes 2 clothed them with sorrowful thoughts.	quatrain 1	A B A B	History of the sonnet genre in the past, themes and tasks of the classic sonnet
5 And today it captivates the poet: 6 Wordsworth 3 chose him as his instrument, 7 When away from the vain world 8 He paints an ideal of nature.	quatrain 2	A B A IN	The meaning of the sonnet in European poetry contemporary to Pushkin, expanding the range of topics
9 Under the shadow of the distant mountains of Tauris 10 Lithuanian singer 4 in the size of his cramped 11 He instantly concluded his dreams.	terzetto 1	C C B	Development of the theme of quatrain 2
12 Our virgins did not know him yet, 13 How Delvig forgot for him 14 Hexameters 5 sacred chants.	terzetto 2	D B D	The meaning of the sonnet in Russian poetry contemporary to Pushkin

In school literary criticism, this genre of lyricism is called lyric poem. In classical literary criticism such a genre does not exist. It was introduced into the school curriculum to somewhat simplify the complex system of lyrical genres: if the clear genre features of a work cannot be identified and the poem is not, in the strict sense, an ode, a hymn, an elegy, a sonnet, etc., it will be defined as a lyric poem . In this case, you should pay attention to the individual characteristics of the poem: the specifics of the form, theme, image of the lyrical hero, mood, etc. Thus, lyric poems (in the school understanding) should include poems by Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Blok, etc. Almost all lyric poetry of the 20th century falls under this definition, unless the authors specifically specified the genre of the works.

Satire(Latin “mixture, all sorts of things”) - as a poetic genre: a work whose content is the denunciation of social phenomena, human vices or individual people - through ridicule. Satire in antiquity in Roman literature (satires of Juvenal, Martial, etc.). The genre received new development in the literature of classicism. The content of satire is characterized by ironic intonation, allegory, Aesopian language, and the technique of “speaking names” is often used. In Russian literature, A. Kantemir, K. Batyushkov (XVIII-XIX centuries) worked in the genre of satire; in the 20th century, Sasha Cherny and others became famous as the author of satires. Many poems from “Poems about America” by V. Mayakovsky can also be called satires ( "Six Nuns", "Black and White", "Skyscraper in Section", etc.).

Ballad- lyric-epic plot poem of the fantastic, satirical, historical, fairy-tale, legendary, humorous, etc. character. The ballad arose in ancient times (presumably in the early Middle Ages) as a folk ritual dance and song genre, and this determines its genre features: strict rhythm, plot (in ancient ballads they talked about heroes and gods), the presence of repetitions (entire lines or individual words were repeated as an independent stanza), called refrain. In the 18th century, the ballad became one of the most beloved poetic genres in Romantic literature. Ballads were created by F. Schiller ("Cup", "Glove"), I. Goethe ("The Forest Tsar"), V. Zhukovsky ("Lyudmila", "Svetlana"), A. Pushkin ("Anchar", "Groom") , M. Lermontov ("Borodino", "Three Palms"); At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the ballad was revived again and became very popular, especially in the revolutionary era, during the period of revolutionary romance. Among the poets of the 20th century, ballads were written by A. Blok ("Love" ("The Queen Lived on a High Mountain..."), N. Gumilev ("Captains", "Barbarians"), A. Akhmatova ("The Gray-Eyed King"), M. Svetlov (“Grenada”), etc.

Note! A work can combine the characteristics of some genres: a message with elements of elegy (A. Pushkin, “To *** (“I remember a wonderful moment ...”)), a lyrical poem of elegiac content (A. Blok. “Motherland”), an epigram-message, etc. .d.

The creator of Macbeth is William Shakespeare (tragedy "Macbeth").

Portuguese poet Luis de Camões (1524-1580).

Wordsworth - English romantic poet William Wordsworth (1770-1850).

The singer of Lithuania is the Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855).

See the material on topic No. 12.

You should read those works of fiction that can be considered within the framework of this topic, namely:

V.A. Zhukovsky. Poems: "Svetlana"; "Sea"; "Evening"; "Unspeakable"
A.S. Pushkin. Poems: "Village", "Demons", "Winter Evening", "Pushchina" ("My first friend, my priceless friend...", "Winter Road", "To Chaadaev", "In the depths of the Siberian ores...", "Anchar ", "The flying ridge of clouds is thinning...", "The Prisoner", "Conversation between a bookseller and a poet", "The Poet and the Crowd", "Autumn", "...I visited again...", "Am I wandering along the noisy streets...", " A vain gift, an accidental gift...", "October 19" (1825), "On the hills of Georgia", "I loved you...", "To ***" ("I remember a wonderful moment..."), "Madonna" , “Echo”, “Prophet”, “To the Poet”, “To the Sea”, “From Pindemonti” (“I value loud rights inexpensively...”), “I have erected a monument to myself...”
M.Yu. Lermontov. Poems: “The Death of a Poet”, “Poet”, “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...”, “Thought”, “Both boring and sad...”, “Prayer” (“I, Mother of God, now with prayer...”) , “We parted, but your portrait...”, “I will not humiliate myself before you...”, “Motherland”, “Farewell, unwashed Russia...”, “When the yellowing field is agitated...”, “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different ...", "Leaf", "Three Palms", "From Under a Mysterious, Cold Half Mask...", "Captive Knight", "Neighbor", "Testament", "Clouds", "Cliff", "Borodino", "Clouds heavenly, eternal pages...", "Prisoner", "Prophet", "I go out alone on the road..."
N.A. Nekrasov. Poems: “I don’t like your irony...”, “Knight for an hour”, “I will soon die...”, “Prophet”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Troika”, “Elegy”, “Zine” (“You are still on you have the right to life..."); other poems of your choice
F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: “Autumn Evening”, “Silentium”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “The earth still looks sad...”, “How good you are, O night sea...”, “I met you...”, “ Whatever life teaches us...", "Fountain", "These poor villages...", "Human tears, oh human tears...", "You can't understand Russia with your mind...", "I remember the golden time...", "What are you talking about howling, the night wind?”, “The gray shadows have shifted...”, “How sweetly the dark green garden slumbers...”; other poems of your choice
A.A.Fet. Poems: “I came to you with greetings...”, “It’s still a May night...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Sevastopol rural cemetery”, “A wavy cloud...”, “Learn they have - at the oak, at the birch...", "To the poets", "Autumn", "What a night, how clean the air...", "Village", "Swallows", "On the railway", "Fantasy", "The night was shining The garden was full of the moon..."; other poems of your choice
I.A.Bunin. Poems: "The Last Bumblebee", "Evening", "Childhood", "It's Still Cold and Cheese...", "And Flowers, and Bumblebees, and Grass...", "The Word", "The Knight at the Crossroads", "The Bird Has a Nest" …", "Twilight"
A.A.Blok. Poems: “I enter dark temples...”, “Stranger”, “Solveig”, “You are like the echo of a forgotten hymn...”, “The earthly heart grows cold again...”, “Oh, spring without end and without end...”, “ About valor, about exploits, about glory...", "On the Railway", the cycles "On the Kulikovo Field" and "Carmen", "Rus", "Motherland", "Russia", "Morning in the Kremlin", "Oh, I I want to live crazy..."; other poems of your choice
A.A. Akhmatova. Poems: “Song of the last meeting”, “You know, I’m languishing in captivity...”, “Before spring there are days like this...”, “Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...”, “I learned to live simply, wisely...”, “Native land "; “I have no use for Odic armies...”, “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”, “Courage”; other poems of your choice
S.A. Yesenin. Poems: “Go you, my dear Rus'...”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to mother,” “ The golden grove dissuaded me...", "I left my home...", "To Kachalov's dog", "Soviet Rus'", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Uncomfortable liquid moonlight...", "The feather grass is sleeping. The dear plain...", "Goodbye , my friend, goodbye..."; other poems of your choice
V.V. Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Here!”, “To you!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Cheap sale”, “Good attitude towards horses ", "Left March", "About rubbish", "To Sergei Yesenin", "Anniversary", "Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva"; other poems of your choice
10-15 poems each (of your choice): M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, N. Gumilyov.
A. Tvardovsky. Poems: “I was killed near Rzhev...”, “I know, it’s not my fault...”, “The whole point is in one single covenant...”, “In memory of the mother,” “To the bitter grievances of one’s own person...”; other poems of your choice
I. Brodsky. Poems: “I entered instead of a wild beast ...”, “Letters to a Roman friend”, “To Urania”, “Stanzas”, “You will ride in the darkness ...”, “To the death of Zhukov”, “From nowhere with love ...”, “Notes of a fern "

Try to read all the literary works that are named in the work in a book, and not in electronic form!
When completing tasks for work 7, pay special attention to theoretical materials, since completing the tasks of this work by intuition means dooming yourself to mistakes.
Do not forget to draw up a metrical diagram for each poetic passage you analyze, checking it many times.
The key to success when performing this complex work is attention and accuracy.

Recommended reading for work 7:

Kvyatkovsky I.A. Poetic dictionary. - M., 1966.
Literary encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1987.
Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
Lotman Yu.M. Analysis of poetic text. - L.: Education, 1972.
Gasparov M. Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythm. - M.: Nauka, 1974.
Zhirmunsky V.M. Theory of verse. - L.: Science, 1975.
Poetic structure of Russian lyrics. Sat. - L.: Science, 1973.
Skripov G.S. About Russian versification. A manual for students. - M.: Education, 1979.
Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.
Encyclopedic dictionary of a young literary critic. - M., 1987.