Commentary on Egoreva's essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. Linguistic means characteristic of reasoning

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From the 2011 FIPI Analytical Report

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Methods and techniques for teaching writing a commentary on a problem.

Samples of texts and fragments of comments on the problems discussed in them.

Methods and techniques for teaching argumentation.

Analysis of typical errors according to criteria 2 (commentary on the formulated problem) and 4 (argumentation of one’s own opinion).

A “bank” of arguments on a wide variety of issues.

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Comment

problem means

show

degree of understanding of the text;

the ability to see its most important aspects;

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Requirements for a comment

Commentary on an issue may include

characteristics of the problem;

analysis of the composition of the text, allowing us to understand the author’s intention and position;

analysis of aspects (microthemes);

syntactic constructions that allow you to see the course of the author’s thought:

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The role of speech types in commentary

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Options for learning how to write a comment

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Working with text

TEARS OF A CROCODILE

(1) The sky was clouded. (2) The rain sadly beat on the windows and made me sad. (3) In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, Polikarp Semyonovich Judin stood at the window and looked out onto the street.

(4) “Well, what is our life?” he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. (5) “What is it?” (6) Some kind of book with a lot of pages on which more suffering and sorrow are written than joys.. (7) Why was it given to us? (8) For what? (9) After all, God did not create the world for sorrows! (10) But it turns out the other way around. (11) There are more tears than laughter..."

(12) Judah took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.

(13) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in fact they exist. (14) They were created by humanity itself. (15) It itself gave birth to this scourge. (16) ) And for what, one might ask, for what?”

(17) He took out his left hand and mournfully ran it over his face.

(18) “But how easily it would be possible to help people’s grief... if only you wanted to. (19) For example, there is a rich funeral procession. (20) A gear of horses in black blankets is carrying a magnificent coffin, and a little behind is riding there's a line of carriages for a mile away. (21) Torchbearers step out importantly with lanterns. (22) Cardboard coats of arms dangle from the horses: they are burying an important person, the dignitary must have died. (23) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (24) Did you warm the poor man? (25) Of course not... (26) Tinsel!.."

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(27) - What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?

(28) - Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the suit. (29) In my opinion, it is impossible to give more than six rubles for it, but she asks for seven; He says the children are sick and need to be treated.

(30) - And six is a lot. (31) Don’t give more than five. (32) Just look carefully to see if there are any holes or stains... (33) “Well, sir, so this is life. (34) And behind the hearse stretches a pine coffin. (35) It trails behind, splashing through the mud, only one old woman. (36) She, perhaps, is putting her daily food into the grave... (37) But ask, will this lady sitting in the carriage give her even a penny? (38) Of course not. .."

(39) - What else is there?

(40) - The old woman brought a fur coat... (41) How much should I give?

(42) - Rabbit fur... (43) Nothing, it’s strong, it costs five rubles. (44) Give three rubles, and interest, of course, in advance... (45) “Where, really, are people, where are their hearts? (46) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t even care...”

(47) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought...

(Al.P. Chekhov)

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Option 1. Let's turn to task A28.

Which statement contradicts the content of the text?

Polikarp Semenovich takes pleasure in mentally sympathizing with disadvantaged people, feeling like their moral intercessor, condemning the injustice of life.

Judah sincerely strives to help people in difficult situations.

Philosophizing on the theme of the unjust structure of the world, Jude condemns the rich for their indifference to human grief.

The moneylender shamelessly and mercilessly robs the poor.

Of course, this is option 2. Let's remove it.

All other options are nothing more than aspects of the problem of hypocrisy and duplicity, which should be commented on.

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Considering this problem using the example of an episode from the life of P.S. Judin, the writer draws the reader’s attention to the humanity of the philosophical reasoning of this hero, allegedly suffering from the unjust structure of the world. Al.P. Chekhov conveys his thoughts so masterfully that there is no doubt that in life the moneylender helps poor people. However, his dialogue with his assistant made it possible to see that in fact Judas would never miss personal gain, and therefore mercilessly robs people who find themselves in difficult financial situations.

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Option 2. Analyze compositional and artistic techniques

The title of the story (what does the phraseological unit crocodile tears mean? Did Al.P. Chekhov accidentally or intentionally modify it into crocodile tears?)

The “talking” surname of the hero.

A sharp contrast between the external and internal qualities of the character, his thoughts and actions.

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Option 3. Talk about the relevance of the problem

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Samples of work on commentary Option 4: analyze aspects of the problem

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Option 5: analysis of speech types (narration)

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Type of speech - reasoning.

In literary texts, reasoning

shows an object or phenomenon, revealing its internal characteristics;

proves or disproves this or that idea or position.

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Learning from ready-made examples

Of course, this is a pressing moral problem that can be classified as “eternal.” Perhaps there is not a single person who has never shown this character trait at least in small things, trying on different masks, personalities, guises. But to some, these masks grow tightly, and one cannot become spiritually close to such people: who knows what they hide behind feigned virtue? And don’t we know many examples when people prefer to “appear” rather than “be”? This vice is especially disgusting when a person speaks a lot and correctly, seems almost holy in the eyes of others, but in fact commits acts that are disgusting in their essence.

(The problem of duplicity, hypocrisy)

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Reflecting on a conversation with teenagers, the author makes the reader think about why modern schoolchildren know so little about the Great Patriotic War. He writes with alarm that for some students this event seems as distant as the Battle of Borodino. The publicist claims: many students cannot even name the names of the heroes of this war, even the most famous ones. This, according to the author, happens because the further the Great Patriotic War is from us, the fewer its witnesses and participants remain alive, the less often schoolchildren are told about the meaning of our great victory.

(The problem of historical memory)

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Note!

The commentary part of the essay (if it follows the formulated problem) should end with a thesis that sets out the position of the author of the text on the problem under consideration.

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Typical mistakes in comments

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Working on your argument

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Argument bank option

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Why is this so?

Because (since)…

Argument 1Argument2

What follows from the above?

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Task options

Determine which of the options is an argument for the thesis. Use conjunction substitution as, because.

Hypocritical love is worse than hatred.

a) The surest way to win the love of others is to give them your love.

b) To love means to find your own happiness in the happiness of another.

c) The actions and deeds of the hater are predictable.

The answer is c)

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Determine which option

It is NOT an argument to the thesis.

Better an obvious enemy than a vile hypocrite. (Peter I)

a) A hating person does not cover up his open feeling of enmity with lofty words.

b) An obvious enemy does not hide his intentions

c) Man is his own worst enemy.

The answer is c)

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Determine what is the consequence (conclusion) of this statement. Use the word substitution method therefore, therefore, therefore.

If you pretend to others, you end up pretending to yourself.

Study of the term Commentary - reasoning, explanatory remarks about something. (Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, edited by D.N. Ushakov. Commentary - 1. explanations; 2. notes; 3. interpretation (Alexandrova Z.E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: a practical reference book)

How to prepare for contextual commentary on an issue? Strictly adhere to the formulated problem! Follow how the author reveals this problem in the text (“following the author”). Questions What material is used to reveal the problem? What aspects of the problem are being addressed? Why do these particular aspects concern him? How does the author allow the reader to see these aspects?

Learn to see the subtext! Subtext is the ability of words, phrases and sentences in individual fragments to conceal a hidden meaning that can radically change the interpretation of the text. Analysis of the Titles, prefaces (if any) Linguistic features of the text Key points of the text Artistic details will help you read the subtext

How to submit a comment? Stages of commenting Words - “markers” Beginning of commenting The author reveals the problem (what?) using an example... The author reveals this question by studying... Considering the problem (what?) using an example..., the author tells with irony (anxiety, indignation, etc.) that... Commenting on this problem, I would like to note it (typicality, novelty, relevance, etc.) Continuation (of contextual commentary) The author of the text draws the readers' attention to... The writer, narrating on behalf of..., makes it possible... Not a single detail does not go unnoticed by the author, and therefore... The author sees behind private destinies..., and therefore throughout the entire text the thought of...

Stages of commenting Words-“markers” Continuation (of contextual commentary) The author objectively showed why... The composition of the text helps to understand that... ... - all this deepens the perception of the text. The author does not draw direct conclusions, but... The author notes that... The writer proves throughout the course of the narrative... The author, through the events of the story, showed the (moral, philosophical, cultural, etc.) problem, revealed its essence. The author substantiates the validity of his judgments using...

Typical errors No comment. A problem that is present in the text, but not formulated by you, has been commented on. Only part of the problem raised by the author is commented on. There were factual errors related to understanding the source text. The issue is commented on inaccurately or inconsistently. The comment is replaced by quoting the text or its fragment. The commentary is replaced by a paraphrase. The comment is replaced by a list of problems.

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To understand the meaning of any text, it is important to determine the type of speech used in it, since it is the type of speech that determines the ways of forming and developing the main idea. Traditionally, our speech is divided into three types (i.e. it can be presented in typical speech forms): description narrative reasoning

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Description is a type of speech with which the surrounding world is depicted - objects, phenomena, people. For example. You can only hear the dull roar of the Dnieper below and the blows of instantly awakened waves echoing from three sides, one after another. He doesn't rebel. He, like an old man, grumbles and complains; everything displeased him; everything changed around him; he is quietly at war with the coastal mountains, forests, meadows and brings a complaint against them to the Black Sea. (N. Gogol)

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Description - By object of description, you can select a description of a place, a description of a condition, a description of an object.

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Narration is a type of speech that describes events in their temporal sequence. For example. I walked in the direction of Irinovsky Shlyakh and after about two minutes I heard that the dog was again chasing somewhere not far from me. Captivated by the excitement of the hunt, I ran, holding my gun at the ready, through the dense bush, breaking branches and not paying attention to their cruel blows. I ran like this for quite a long time and was already out of breath, when suddenly the dog’s barking stopped. I walked more quietly. (A. Kuprin)

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Narration - Narration gives us an idea of the development of events, their sequence. From the point of view of composition in the narrative, there are: exposition - the setting that precedes the action; plot - the beginning of the development of action; action development; denouement - the end of the action.

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Reasoning is a type of speech with the help of which any ideas are presented and explained, any thought is denied or confirmed. In any argument there is a thesis and justification for the expressed thought, a logical conclusion. For example. Pushkin's life, all its romantic impulses and insights, prepare as many traps as temptations for writers of fashionable biographies. Lately a lot of them have been written in Russia, I have seen one or two that are quite tasteless. But besides this, there is also the good, disinterested work of a few selected minds who, delving into the past, collecting the smallest details, are not at all concerned with making tinsel for the needs of vulgar taste. And yet, a fatal moment comes when the most chaste scientist almost unconsciously begins to create a novel, and now literary lies have already settled in this work of a conscientious erudite as rudely as in the creation of a shameless compiler. (V. Nabokov)

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Reasoning - In a typical reasoning, the following parts are usually distinguished: thesis - an idea that needs to be proven; arguments - facts, examples, statements that prove or refute the thesis; conclusion - a general result, a conclusion about the thesis.

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Test. Test yourself. 1) “Like a multi-tiered honeycomb, the Beautiful City smoked and made noise and lived in the frost and fog on the mountains above the Dnieper. For days on end, smoke spiraled upward from countless chimneys into the sky. The streets were smoking with haze, and the downed giant snow creaked.” (M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”) Determine the type of speech:

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Test. Test yourself. Determine the type of speech: 2) “Meanwhile, the devil crept quietly towards the month and was about to reach out his hand to grab it, but suddenly pulled it back, as if having been burned, sucked his fingers, swung his leg and ran on the other side, and again jumped back and pulled his hand away. However, despite all the failures, the cunning devil did not abandon his mischief. Having run, he suddenly grabbed the month with both hands, grimacing and blowing, throwing it from one hand to the other, like a man who got fire for his cradle with his bare hands.” (N.V. Gogol)

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Test. Test yourself. 3) “How much nonsense has come across in recent years as an unshakable truth! How much wood has been broken! Take, for example, the topic of fathers and sons. Only parents began to come to their senses and trust less in children's programs, teen magazines, and school innovations, when - bang! – they took on them, their parents. ...A school for parents, courses for future fathers and mothers, parental universities... And in some of the most advanced minds the idea of an exam has already matured, upon successful completion of which a person has the right to bear the title of parent.” (I. Medvedeva) Determine the type of speech:

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Run the test. 1. What is liberte? Freedom. What kind of freedom? Equal freedom for everyone to do whatever they want within the limits of the law. When can you do anything? When you have a million. Does freedom give everyone a million? No. What is a man without a million? A man without a million is not one who does anything, but one with whom they do anything. What follows from this? What follows is that, in addition to freedom, there is also equality, and namely equality before the law. 2. Huge blue spruce trees stood behind the blue alpine meadow; they were pushed apart, dispersed, pressed, now to the left, now to the right, by a white stream-river, as if driving this herd of spruce down: the harsh forest began to become rounder, curly, spilling into a gently rippling deciduous sea, and the deep sapphire-colored basin of the valley, quiet and continuous, lay in the very depths, and behind it the mountains rose, just as slowly becoming visible. 3. Dictionary - a collection of words (usually in alphabetical order), set expressions with explanations, interpretations or translation into another language; a collection of words of any language, as well as words used in one work, the work of some writer, or generally used by someone. 4. At first, Repin followed in the footsteps of Vasily Perov, building a composition on the contrast of priests swollen with prosperity and beggars - downtrodden peasants. Then there was the “Procession in the Oak Forest”, where the main emphasis was on coloristic effects - a motley meadow, lush greenery, the sun breaking through the foliage, etc... And finally, in the third version, “Procession in the Kursk Province”, Repin abandons his former colorfulness and head-on class comparisons. Read the text. Determine the type of speech.

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Run the test. 5. If the field of human knowledge were limited to abstract thinking alone, then, having criticized the explanation of power that science gives, humanity would come to the conclusion that power is only a word and does not really exist. But to understand phenomena, in addition to abstract thinking, a person has an instrument of experience with which he tests the results of thinking. And experience says that power is not a word, but a truly existing phenomenon. 6. It’s spring on Arbat. Today, so belated, timid, changeable, she still takes her toll. From time to time, snow or rain falls on the paving slabs, but immediately the sun peeks out from behind the clouds, delighting the people walking back and forth, eating chips, asking the price of souvenirs, looking at paintings, filling the cafe... The usual rhythm and appearance the most Moscow of Moscow streets. But many of those who remember it 30-40 years ago probably feel a sense of nostalgia. This Arbat is also new - with its total pedestrian traffic, tourist ins and outs, a row of lanterns similar to a theater set, multi-storey chests of drawers, built and under construction, which, despite the prohibitions, still broke through here. 7. Red-haired, pointy-nosed Max also came out onto the site. Sweeping. I noticed a golden beam in the corner. Bent over. Ring. I hid it in my vest pocket. Yurko looked around to see if anyone had seen him. Luzhin's back in the doorway was motionless. Max carefully took out the ring: in the dim light he could see the capital word and numbers carved inside. I thought: “In Chinese...” But in reality it was: “August 1, 1915. Alexei". He put the ring back in his pocket. Read the text. Determine the type of speech.

It is impossible not to agree with the author's point of view.

The ability to be friends has always been an indicator of a person’s moral qualities and maturity.

Argument 1

At all times, friendship was valued very highly, because it is in relation to another that a person reveals his essence, something that is often hidden from others.

Illustrations for argument 1

For example, you can remember how the first lyceum students were friends. They remained faithful to their brotherhood all their lives, supported their friends in the most difficult days, showing courage, nobility, and loyalty. I think one can only envy such a relationship!

Illustrations for argument 2

Let us at least remember Onegin, the hero of the novel by A.S. Pushkin. Brought up according to the laws of secular society, Evgeny treats Vladimir Lensky with condescension, considers him inexperienced, ardent, and naive. Onegin does not have the courage to refuse a duel with his friend. Following secular rules and conventions turned out to be more important to him than the life of another person. It is through his attitude towards Lensky that Onegin’s spiritual immaturity and selfishness are expressed. Perhaps this is one of the most striking characteristics manifested through friendship.

Thus, nothing reveals a person better than the attitude towards a friend.

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OGE Writing an essay on speech as a means of characterizing a person

Assignment Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the writer L.S. Sukhorukova: “Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, and mind.” To justify your answer, give 2 examples from the text you read. When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations. You can write a paper in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic using linguistic material. You can start your essay with the following statement.

Materials for the essay Just as a person can be recognized by the society in which he communicates, so he can be judged by the language in which he expresses himself. Writer D. Swift. Speech is the mirror of the soul; as a man speaks, so he is. Roman poet Publius Sirus. The expression of a face is seen in the mirror, but souls are revealed in conversations. Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus As a man is, such is his speech. Ancient Greek philosopher Socrates Speak so that I can see you. Ancient Greek philosopher Socrates What is the general meaning of these expressions?

“Speak so I can see you!” A person’s character is manifested in the content, form of social behavior, and language characteristics. Moral beliefs are always reflected in the semantic and some other aspects of speech. The close connection between character and language is demonstrated by famous literary heroes, for example the heroes of N.V. Gogol (the speech of Khlestakov, Chichikov, Nozdrev, Sobakevich, Manilov, etc.) By the distinctive features of speech, various character traits are judged, which is quite legitimate and fair.

Speech as an indicator of a person’s characteristics Speech is used to judge the degree of language proficiency, a person’s intellectual development, and level of education.

Functions of a character's speech characteristics The emotional function conveys the psychological state of the character, his assessment of the environment, and attitude towards the subject of speech. Characterizing emphasizes the individual or typical character traits of the speaker.

Methods for creating a character's speech characteristics The character's speech characteristics are created by the manner of speech, its stylistic coloring, the nature of the vocabulary, intonation, the construction of syntactic structures, etc.

Text for work

03/05/17 (1) From the very day my old passion for stamps was passed on to my son, my quiet life ended. (2) I again began to lead the existence of a wild stamp hunter... (3) I bartered, begged, bought, was nervous... (4) - Well, why are you worried? (5) In a boy, it is an age-related disease like measles. (6) A turning point in the psyche. (7) This will pass! - my wife convinced me. (8) It will pass... (9) Holy maternal delusion! (10) If she had known that from the stash, which now significantly exceeded my former pre-philatelic needs, it would be possible to buy her a long-promised fur coat, she would not have spoken so frivolously... (11) Philatelic storms continued to shake the hull of our family ship and caused ever-increasing financial flow. (12) And the brands were to blame for everything! (1 3) In the end, I came to terms with it: they forced my son and me to dive into different dictionaries and reference books, each time making us feel like pioneers. (1 4) I was already imagining the world fame of my outstanding collector... (1 5) “Well, brother,” I once turned to my son after evening tea, rubbing my hands in blissful anticipation. (1 6) - I managed to scratch out two very interesting stamps from British Guiana. (1 7) Take out your album... (1 8) - You see, dad... - the son looked at me with his eyes wide open. (19) - I’ve been wanting to tell you for a long time.... (2 0) I don’t have an album... (2 1) - Lost it?! - I sobbed and, in a pre-infarction state, sank onto the sofa.

03/05/17 (2 2) - Well, daddy! - the son shrugged condescendingly, apparently somewhat shocked by such blatant stupidity of his parent. (2 3) - I just don’t have it now. (2 4) - Yeah... - a joyful guess dawned on me. (2 5) - Did you let your friend watch it for a while? (2 6) Well done! (2 7) Does he live far away, this friend of yours?! (2 8) - Dad... (29) This is a boy whose both legs are paralyzed, our school patronizes him. (3 0) He can’t walk, you know, he can’t walk at all! (3 1)Can't go anywhere. (3 2) Can you go far in his stroller? (3 3) I gave him my album... (3 4) You won’t be very angry with me, eh, dad? (3 5) I can go to the museum, and to the stadium, and to the cinema, and then, later, go to other countries... (3 6) - Don’t you regret your album? - I asked mercilessly. (3 7) - Only honestly? (3 8) - Yes, dad, I’m sorry... (39) At first I was very sorry, but now - a little bit... (40) You see, he was so happy that he even cried. (41) You see, he didn’t shout, didn’t laugh, but cried. (42) Is it really possible to cry from joy too? (43) Eh, dad? (44) And now I feel very, very good... (45) So you’re not angry? (46) Well, what could I say? (47) He had the whole world in his hands - he generously gave it to another. (48) This was my son, and he became an adult. (49) Therefore, I did not hug him or kiss him as before, but only silently extended my hand to him. (50) And we exchanged a strong, understanding handshake... (According to L. Kuklin)

Working with the text Analyze the vocabulary, intonation, construction of syntactic structures of the narrator’s son’s speech: “(2 8) - Dad... (29) This is a boy who has both legs paralyzed, our school patronizes him. (3 0) He can’t walk, you know, he can’t walk at all! (3 1) Can't travel anywhere. (3 2) Can you go far in his stroller? (3 3) I gave him my album... (3 4) You won’t be very angry with me, eh, dad? (3 5) I can go to the museum, and to the stadium, and to the cinema, and then, later, go to other countries... ... (3 8) - Yes, dad, I’m sorry... (39) First - I was very sorry, but now - a little bit... (40) You see, he was so happy that he even cried. (41) You see, he didn’t shout, didn’t laugh, but cried. (42) Is it really possible to cry from joy too? (43) Eh, dad? (44) And now I feel very, very good... (45) So you’re not angry? What character traits of the speaker do they indicate? How do you see the narrator's son?

Writing an essay

“Our speech is the most important part of not only our behavior, but also our personality, our soul, our mind,” says writer L.S. Sukhorukov. In fact, speech can reflect the speaker’s mood, character, emotions, intellect, and state of mind. Let us turn to the text by L. Kuklin. Thus, we can say about the narrator’s son that he is certainly a kind, compassionate person who feels other people’s pain and is ready to alleviate it. The lexical repetition in his speech “cannot” (walk, ride) and rhetorical questions (sentences 32, 42) emphasized what struck the teenager and influenced his decision to give a strange boy an album with stamps - a valuable collection that had been collected for years. In fact, speech is a mirror of our inner world, because our thinking is inextricably linked with language.

Egoraeva G.T., leading methodologist at the Ekzamen publishing house, Moscow

Literature Belyanin V.P. Psycholinguistics. M.: Flint Publishing House, 2003. Belyanin V.P. Psychological literary criticism. Text as a reflection of the inner worlds of the author and reader. M.: Genesis, 2006 Glukhov V., Kovshikov V. Psycholinguistics. Theory of speech activity. M.: AST: Astrel, 2007 Goykhman O.Ya., Nadeina T.M. Fundamentals of speech communication. M., 1997. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M.: Higher School, 1989. Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: “Iris Press”, 2001.