Presentation, report on age physiology. Presentation - age periodization of human mental development Features of fetal blood circulation

Age What happens to the immune system Dangers that threaten a person 1st critical period: from birth to 29 days Your own immune system is not formed. The newborn’s body weakly resists microbes and its own immune system is not formed. The newborn’s body has little resistance to germs and viruses. viruses. Severe viral and bacterial infections may occur, including blood poisoning. Severe viral and bacterial infections may occur, including blood poisoning.

Age What happens to the immune system Dangers that threaten a person 2nd critical period: 4–6 months of life Maternal antibodies disappear. If microorganisms “attack” the child’s body, his immune system can already give a primary immune response, which is accompanied by the production of immunoglobulins M, which do not leave immunological memory. However, due to immunoglobulin A deficiency, the risk of developing infectious diseases remains. Maternal antibodies disappear. If microorganisms “attack” the child’s body, his immune system can already give a primary immune response, which is accompanied by the production of immunoglobulins M, which do not leave immunological memory. However, due to immunoglobulin A deficiency, the risk of developing infectious diseases remains. Children are highly susceptible to respiratory infections, influenza virus, and hepatitis. Measles and whooping cough occur atypically, leaving no immunity. Allergic reactions worsen. Hereditary diseases begin to manifest themselves. Children are highly susceptible to respiratory infections, influenza virus, and hepatitis. Measles and whooping cough occur atypically, leaving no immunity. Allergic reactions worsen. Hereditary diseases begin to manifest themselves.

Age What happens to the immune system Dangers that threaten a person 3rd critical period: 2nd year of life The ability of the immune system to respond to a pathogen without the development of immune memory (immunoglobulin M) is preserved. The immunoglobulin A production system remains undeveloped. The ability of the immune system to respond to a pathogen without developing immune memory (immunoglobulin M) is preserved. The immunoglobulin A production system remains undeveloped. During this period, the child's contacts with the outside world expand. Children become sensitive to viral and microbial infections, which they can get sick with more than once. According to the degree of development of the immune system, children are not ready to live in a children's group. During this period, the child's contacts with the outside world expand. Children become sensitive to viral and microbial infections, which they can get sick with more than once. According to the degree of development of the immune system, children are not ready to live in a children's group.

Age What happens to the immune system Dangers that threaten a person 5th critical period: adolescence (for girls 12–13 years old, for boys 14–15 years old) During this period, a growth spurt is combined with a decrease in the protective properties of the immune system. In addition, the production of sex hormones leads to suppression of the immune system. During this period, the growth spurt is combined with a decrease in the protective properties of the immune system. In addition, the production of sex hormones leads to suppression of the immune system. The production of immunoglobulin E decreases, so allergic skin dermatitis disappears, but the sensitivity of children to tuberculosis and some other infections increases, and the incidence of chronic diseases increases. The production of immunoglobulin E decreases, so allergic skin dermatitis disappears, but the sensitivity of children to tuberculosis and some other infections increases, and the incidence of chronic diseases increases.

Age What happens to the immune system Dangers that threaten a person 6th critical period: old age With age, the number of chronic diseases that weaken the body accumulates. There is a decrease in the protective properties of the immune system. Chronic diseases are getting worse.

1. Use natural factors for hardening: sun, air, water, difference in ambient temperature. 2. Remember: the main thing is to gradually increase the time of exposure to the body and the dose of any of the hardening factors. 3. Be sure to take into account your strengths and individual characteristics when choosing hardening procedures. 4. Hardening will only lead to success when it is carried out systematically and regularly! 5. It is necessary to alternate and combine various hardening procedures to achieve better results. ving procedures to achieve better results.

6. Combine hardening with active movements - physical exercise, sports, create a positive emotional mood - this will help you enjoy the procedures! 7. Don’t forget, you can’t carry out a hardening procedure immediately after eating. You must either wait 1.5 hours or start 1.5 hours before meals. 8. Be sure to monitor your well-being during the procedures. It should remain consistently good both during and at the end of the procedure; during the training process, all major life support systems are turned on, which leads to an increase in their functional reserves.

Physiology (gr. рfysis - nature and logy - teaching)
studies the vital functions of a whole organism
and parts (organs, cells) of the body, their interaction,
features of functioning in various situations
(rest, professional activity). Physiology
closely intertwined with such sciences,
such as anatomy, cytology, embryology, biochemistry,
biomechanics,
medicine, psychology...
Age-related physiology was formed as
a separate science, a branch of human physiology and
animals, studying the patterns of formation and
development of physiological functions, growth characteristics and
development of children and adolescents. She studies processes
ontogenetic development of the organism from prenatal
period until adolescence.

Patterns of growth and development of the body

Ontogenesis (from the Greek optos - existing, individual; genesis - origin,
development) is the process of individual development of an organism from the moment
conception (fertilization of the egg) until death.
There are prenatal (antenatal), perinatal and
postnatal periods of ontogenesis.
During the process of ontogenesis, the growth and development of the organism occurs.
Development is a process of quantitative and qualitative changes,
occurring in the human body, leading to increased
levels of complexity of the organization and the interaction of all its
systems Development includes three main factors:
height,
differentiation of organs and tissues,
morphogenesis (acquisition by the body of characteristic,
its inherent forms).
Growth is a quantitative process characterized by continuous
an increase in body weight and accompanied by a change
the number of its cells or their sizes.
A characteristic feature of the growth process of a child’s body is
its unevenness and undulation.

The basic biogenetic law - ontogenesis is a brief repetition of phylogeny (the history of the development of a species). To the main principles of ontoge

The basic biogenetic law is
ontogenesis is a brief repetition
phylogeny (history of the development of a species).
To the main patterns
ontogenetic development include
unevenness and continuity of growth and
development, heterochrony and phenomena
advanced maturation is vital
important functional systems.
P.K. Anokhin put forward the doctrine of heterochrony (uneven maturation of functional
systems) and, following from it, the doctrine of systemogenesis. According to his ideas,
a functional system should be understood as a broad functional association
variously localized structures based on obtaining the final adaptive
effect needed at the moment (for example, a functional system of an act
sucking, a functional system that provides movement of the body in space, and
etc.).
Functional systems mature unevenly, turn on in stages, are replaced,
providing the body with adaptation during various periods of ontogenetic development.

Also, the main patterns of growth and development include:

- “energy rule of skeletal muscles” as a leading factor
systemogenesis (according to I.A. Arshavsky).
According to Arshavsky, the growth and development of skeletal muscles
is a leading factor in uniting different body systems into
one whole.
- reliability of the biological system (according to A.A. Markosyan).
The reliability of a biological system is generally considered to be this level
regulation of processes in the body, when their optimal
proceeding with the emergency mobilization of reserve capabilities and
interchangeability, guaranteeing adaptation to new conditions
existence and a rapid return to the original state.

Critical and sensitive periods of development

The transition from one age period to another is
a turning point in development, when the body moves from one
qualitative state to another. Spasmodic moments of development
the whole organism, its individual organs and tissues
are called critical. They are tightly controlled genetically.
The so-called sensitive periods partially coincide with them
(periods of special sensitivity) that arise on their basis and
least of all genetically controlled, i.e. they are especially
susceptible to environmental influences, including
pedagogical and coaching.
Critical periods switch the body to a new level
ontogenesis, create the morphofunctional basis of existence
organism in new living conditions (for example,
activation of certain genes ensures the emergence
transition period in adolescents). During critical periods of development
sensitivity of the embryo to insufficient supply of it
oxygen and nutrients, to cooling,
ionizing radiation is increased.

Sensitive periods adapt the functioning of the body
to new conditions (perestroika processes are optimized in
various organs and systems of the body, coordination is established
activities of various functional systems is ensured
adaptation to physical and mental stress at this new level
existence of an organism, etc.). Associated with this is the high
the body's sensitivity to external influences in sensitive
periods of development.
Beneficial effects on the body during sensitive periods
optimally contribute to the development of hereditary
capabilities of the body, the transformation of innate inclinations into
certain abilities, and unfavorable ones delay them
development, cause overstrain of functional systems, in
first of all, the nervous system, mental and
physical development.
Training influences during sensitive periods are most
effective. In this case, the most pronounced development occurs
physical qualities - strength, speed, endurance, etc., the best
how adaptation reactions to physical stress occur, in
The functional reserves of the body develop to the greatest extent.

An important feature of age-related development today is acceleration.
There is a distinction between epochal and individual acceleration.
Epochal acceleration is understood as the acceleration of growth, physical development,
puberty and mental development of the human body. Also used
term secular trend (secular trend). This phenomenon is observed in different
countries, in various cities and rural areas.
Thus, over the past 30-40 years, the body length of newborn children has increased by 1.5-1 cm
and body weight - by 100-150g. At the age of 1 year, children became, on average, 5 cm longer and
1.5-2 kg heavier than 50-75 years ago.
Puberty has accelerated, secondary sexual characteristics are formed earlier,
the first menstruation appears 1.5-2 years earlier in girls; cases have been reported
early childbearing (from 8-9 years old).
Currently, girls and boys reach their maximum height at 16-19 years old, and 50
years ago they reached it by 20-26 years.
It is believed that this phenomenon may be due to enhanced ultraviolet
irradiation (heliogenic theory), the influence of magnetic waves on the endocrine glands,
increased cosmic radiation, increased protein consumption (nutritional
theory), increased intake of vitamins and mineral salts into the body
(nutrigenic theory), an increase in the amount of information received, especially in
conditions of city life. It is believed that natural factors can cause
periodic changes in human genetics, causing epochal outbreaks
acceleration.

Individual or intragroup acceleration, i.e. phenomena
accelerating the development of individual children and adolescents in certain
age groups. It is believed that acceleration is not a stage
progressive increase in the size of the human body, and
represents only a phase in its development.
Retardation is the opposite phenomenon of acceleration - deceleration
physical development and formation of functional systems
the body of children and adolescents. At the present stage of study
There are two main causes of retardation. First - different
hereditary, congenital and acquired in postnatal
ontogenesis organic disorders; second - various factors
social nature.
Hereditary retardants, as a rule, by the time of completion
growth processes are not inferior to their peers in this indicator,
they simply reach these values 1-2 years later. Reason
past illnesses may also show up, but they
lead to a temporary growth retardation and, after recovery, the rate
growth become higher, i.e. the genetic program is implemented in
shorter period.

Periods of extrauterine development of the human body

I newborn – 1-10 days;
II infancy – 10 days-1 year;
III early childhood – 1-3 years;
IV first childhood – 4-7 years;
V second childhood – 8-12 years old – boys, 8-11 years old – girls;
VI adolescence – 13-16 years – boys, 12-15 years – girls;
VII adolescence - 17-21 years old - boys, 16-20 years old - girls.
VIII Mature age 1st period 22-35 (men); 21-35 (women);
2nd period 36-60 (men); 36-55 (women)
IX. Old age 61-74 years (men); 56-74 years (women);
X. Senile age 75-90 years (men and women);
XI. Long-livers - 90 years and older.

Transport of a fertilized egg through the fallopian tube up to
before implantation (diagram).
1 - egg in the ampulla of the fallopian tube; 2 - fertilization; 3-7 -
various stages of blastomere formation; 8 - morula; 9, 10 -
blastocyst; 11 - implantation.

Implantation. a- - blastocyst before implantation; b - initial contact of the blastocyst with the decidua of the uterus, c - immersion of the blasto

Implantation. a- blastocyst
before
implantation; b
- initial
contact
blastocysts with
decidual
shell
uterus, in -
dive
blastocysts in
decidual
shell, g -
completion
implantation

Position
embryo and
germinal
shells in different
periods
intrauterine
human development.
A - 2 - 3 weeks; B - 4
weeks:
1. amnion cavity
2. embryo body
(embryoblast)
3. yolk sac
4. trophoblast.
B - 6 weeks; G fetus 4 - 5 months:
1. fetal body
2. amnion
3. yolk sac
4. chorion
5. umbilical cord.

Intrauterine development

Skeletal features

Skeletal features
The primary basis of the skeleton is cartilage tissue, which gradually
is replaced by bone, and bone formation occurs both inside
cartilage tissue and on the surface.
By the time the child is born, the diaphyses of the tubular bones are already present
bone tissue, while the vast majority of epiphyses, all
spongy bones of the hand and part of the spongy bones of the foot consist only of
cartilage tissue.
The bone fragments have a peculiar fibrous structure and are rich in
vessels and bone marrow elements. Bones are only approaching 2 years old
in structure to the bone of an adult.

Features of the newborn skull

Skeletal ossification

Ossification
skeleton
During the first
the baby is not months old
completely wrist
bones
Teething.
Good indicator
correctness of development
serves tempo
teething
milk teeth.
Rarely occurs
quite early
teething, with
3-4 months, and usually this
is
constitutional
peculiarity of children.
For the majority
healthy children
teething
starts at 6-7 months.
First
the lower ones are erupting
middle incisors, in
age 8-9 months
the upper ones are erupting
middle incisors, and through
some time and
lateral upper and
lower incisors.
One year old child
has 8 teeth
.

At 4–6 months, the child begins to sit up, first with the help of adults, then on his own. As this pose is mastered, kyphosis develops in the thoracic region.

At 4–6 months the child begins to sit up,
first with the help of adults, then on his own. By
As this pose is mastered, kyphosis is formed in
thoracic region. Later, at 8–12 months, when
the child begins to stand up and learn to walk, under
the action of muscles that ensure the preservation
vertical position of the body and
limbs, the main bend is formed -
lumbar lordosis

Development of the muscular system

The muscular system of infants is poorly developed. Muscle weight by
in relation to the weight of the whole body is less:
in a newborn - 23.3%.
The muscles in children are paler in appearance, more tender, richer
water, but poorer in proteins and fat, as well as
extractives and inorganic substances.
The muscles of a newborn are physiologically hypertonic, especially in the area
flexors, subsequently the turgor weakens somewhat, but with the development of the child and
Improvement of movements is enhanced.
Children's muscle development is uneven. First of all, at
they develop larger muscles, e.g.
shoulder and forearm, and smaller muscles develop
later.
The joints of a newborn already have all the anatomical
joint elements. However, the epiphyses of articulating bones
consist of cartilage, the ossification of which begins after
birth of a child in the 1st-2nd years of life and continues until
adolescence.

The development of a child can be considered normal only if he has the correct
the motor sphere develops. First of all, muscle systems develop,
designed for the most important functions at the moment. Functional development is underway
top down. The newborn's head still hangs helplessly and dangles all over the place.
sides. First of all, the child learns to hold and raise his head, then he not only
holds it, but also turns it in different directions under the influence of visual and auditory
impressions. This usually occurs already in the 2nd month.
At first the child is completely helpless; by the end of the first month
There is already some improvement; by 2 months The child is now much more confident.
By 3-4 months. the child has already learned to sit with support, and therefore masters
function of the spinal and pectoral muscles. At the same time, the child makes the first grasping
attempts, learns to control his upper limbs. He knows how to extend a hand, take
objects and throw them. At first, he still does not have a strict differentiation of individual
muscle groups, movements are massive, erratic, grasping
usually done with the whole hand.
From 4 months the child can already roll over onto his stomach, lean on his arms and even
rise to his feet and stay on them if, holding his hands, you help him get up
and rest your feet. By 5 months these movements are already more confident.
At 6 months the child stands easily with support and sits completely freely without
support. By 7 months, the child learns to crawl on the bed and stands on his own legs.
holding onto the edge of the crib. At the end of a year of life, the child already makes attempts on his own
walk, and some children already walk quite well. Time the baby started walking
varies individually. The children are well developed, with whom they engage a lot and
help, usually begin to walk at 10-11 months; on the contrary, children who are given
little attention, learn to walk only in the 2nd year.
During the 3rd and 4th quarters of the year, the differentiation of individual
muscle groups. Grasping becomes more confident, preferential
use of the right hand with the index finger isolated. At the end of the year the child is already
grabs well and holds tightly, takes thin objects with two fingers, but still stretches
grasp the flame and dripping water, begins to produce complex motor complexes,
perform simple actions, clap your hands, etc.

Brain Development

A child is born with a brain
weighing about 390 g. Mozgovaya
the substance grows rapidly,
reaching by 6 months. weight 600-
700 g, by the end of the year the weight of the brain is
about 900. That is, for the first
year of life brain
increases by 21/2 times.
The child is born with
formed
segmental apparatus and
characteristic of him
automatic
reflex reactions,
the cortex is underdeveloped and only in
late stages
is formed and
acquires dominant
role above everyone
functional
manifestations.

The formation of the first conditioned reflexes occurs
relatively slowly, and they themselves are still
unstable, which is apparently due to the wide
irradiation in the cortex of excitation processes and
braking.
If in the first days after birth they appear
the first unconditioned orienting reflexes, then
starting from 3–4 months, formation occurs
conditional indicative (research)
reflexes, which subsequently play an important role in
child's behavior.

The brain of a newborn is relatively large,
large grooves and convolutions are well defined, but have a small height and
depth. There are few small furrows and they appear after birth. Development
Fissures and convolutions mainly occur before 5 years of age. Dimensions of the frontal lobe
relatively smaller than in an adult, but the occipital lobe is larger.
The cerebellum is poorly developed. Gray matter is poorly differentiated from
white. The myelin sheath of the fibers is poorly developed.
The spinal cord is more developed at birth than the brain.
During the first two years of life, the brain grows rapidly (by 2 years
reaches 70 percent). Basically, the increase in brain mass does not occur due to
the formation of new cells, and as a result of the growth and branching of dendrites and
axons. During the first two years of life, the area of the cerebral cortex
increases 2.5 times, mainly by deepening the convolutions. Increases
and thickness of the cerebral cortex.
From the first day of life, indicative and
protective reflexes to pain, sound, light and other irritations.
However, these reactions are poorly coordinated, often chaotic, slow
leak and easily spread to a large number of muscles.
It is believed that in the first days of life, the body’s reactions are carried out without
participation of the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei.
In newborns, the processes occurring in nerve cells are slowed down.
Excitement arises more slowly, it spreads more slowly
nerve fibers. Prolonged or severe irritation of a nerve cell is easy
leads it to a state of inhibition.

During the newborn period, there is still a complete absence of higher mental
functions and the presence of only lower sense organs and elementary movements: sucking,
smacking, yawning, swallowing, coughing, crying, impulsive, reflexive and
instinctive movements. The tactile sphere, taste and smell are sufficiently developed,
vision is imperfect due to lack of coordination, hearing is imperfect in the first days
By the end of the month, the child is already able to turn his head to areas of interest to him.
objects; the cry takes on a more expressive character; a smile begins to appear.
During the 2nd month. You can already see the expression of pleasure on the child’s face,
displeasure, fear, surprise, at the end of the 2nd month the child tries to laugh, with
When you cry, tears appear. During this period, certain dominant reactions arise,
expressed in the rapid and complete inhibition of motor movements that were previously affected
reactions.
In the 3rd month, further improvement occurs, they develop intensively
muscular sensations, and the child grabs everything and pulls it into his mouth. Pleasant melodic sounds
excite the child's interest and pleasure.
From 4 to 6 months. shows interest in the surroundings, recognition of familiar faces and objects.
Voluntary attention is enhanced and memory is improved. The period is coming
experimentation. The child is already able to understand some acts, perform
simple deliberate movements, especially in the form of imitation of others. Booming
intensifies, giving a combination of vowels and consonants. Emotional life manifests itself in
the form of fear, anger, manifestations of love.
From 6 to 9 months, the child gets acquainted with size, shape and distance, through the muscular-tactile way - he studies the parts of his body. Visual and auditory spheres
improve, color discrimination begins. Memory and attention
are improved, imitation and copying of sounds and gestures intensifies. Child
loves to be in society, reacts to praise, shows feelings of envy and jealousy. He
able to understand speech; maintains a conversation with his gaze, facial expressions, movements,
begins to babble the first syllables.
During the 4th quarter, understanding of words increases, the child pronounces many syllables
and individual simple two-syllable words. It is capable of producing complex
motor complexes.

Features of vision in newborns

At the 3rd week of intrauterine development, the formation of the eye occurs. At
at the birth of a child, you can visually see that the child’s eyes are relatively
more body weight.
the vision of a newborn follows the formula 20/100 - this means that the baby
can see an object if it is at a distance of 20–30 cm from his face and
at eye level - no more. The baby sees objects somewhat blurry.
The first two weeks the baby sees very poorly, his eyes are able to distinguish
only colors are only at the “brighter-darker” level - this happens because the muscles
the eyes of the crumbs are still very weak, in addition, they are not fully formed and
neural connections between the optic nerve and the occipital cortex
brain
Eye movements at birth are not yet coordinated. Every day
The baby learns to focus its vision on objects that are interesting to it. In newborns
babies' eyes may squint a little: they may bunch up or scatter in
different sides - this should pass later.
And only by the 2nd week can you observe the so-called “visual
concentration". Gaze following an object or moving object
functions by 2 months, and at 3 months binocular vision is already developed, then
there is a child fixes an object with his gaze and traces its movement with two
eyes. The reaction of the pupil to light appears in the fetus as early as 6 months.
Some researchers believe that during the first weeks the baby sees
“flat” picture, there is no perspective effect, and it is upside down.
all newborns are farsighted, which is why they see better
distant objects. The small width of the field of view allows the baby
see only objects “in front of you”, but if you move them to the side of your face
crumbs - he will stop seeing them.
Ability to raise and lower the eyes to see objects vertically
the plane will come to him a little later - closer to the fourth month of life.

Natural childhood farsightedness

Hearing Features

Sound perceptions can be traced in
intrauterine development. This fact
confirmed when strong sound
stimulus that the mother perceives,
corresponds to fetal movements and increased frequency of
his heartbeat. At birth - reaction
to sound - flinch, facial expressions
twitching of facial muscles, opening of mouth,
lip protrusion and ECG and EEG changes.
The hearing acuity of a newborn is reduced and
improves by the end of the 2nd year of life.
In infants, the auditory tube is different from
the auditory tube of adults has a number of signs.
The auditory tube is straight, without curvature and
bends, wide, directed horizontally,
cylindrical, short
in newborns 2 cm long, in adults -
3.5 cm).
Growth in length is accompanied by a narrowing of it
lumen from 0.25 cm at the age of 6 months to 0.1 cm
in older children.
The isthmus of the tube is absent, and the pharyngeal
the mouth is bordered by a cartilaginous ring, gapes and
looks like an oval or pear-shaped slit
3-4 mm deep. In older children and
in adults it opens only when
swallowing.

Features of fetal blood circulation

The movement of blood through the placenta is part of a greater circle
blood circulation of the fetus. From the placenta, the baby's blood enters the inferior cavity
vein, from there to the right atrium. From here the blood flows partially into the right
ventricle, and partly through the fetal foramen ovale between
atria into the left ventricle. From the right ventricle blood flows into
pulmonary artery. Some of the blood then goes to the lungs, but most of it goes through
The ductus arteriosus pours into the aorta and then again goes in a large circle.
Thus, both ventricles perform the same work, pumping blood into
aorta. The left one is direct, and the right one is through the ductus arteriosus. That's why
the thickness of their muscle layer is approximately the same.
After birth and cutting the umbilical cord, the connection with the mother is disrupted.
Due to the onset of oxygen starvation, excitement occurs
respiratory center and the first respiratory movements occur.
Stretching the lungs causes the pulmonary capillaries to dilate. Besides,
the annular tower fibers in the arterial wall are strongly contracted
duct, closing it. As a result, the blood from the right ventricle is completely or almost
completely directed to the lungs. From there, blood flows through the pulmonary veins to
the left atrium, and, filling it, presses on the valve of the oval opening,
preventing blood from flowing from the right atrium to the left.
Already towards the end of the intrauterine period, the ductus arteriosus begins to
narrow due to the growth of the inner layer of its wall. After birth
The narrowing process goes even faster, and after 6-8 weeks it is completely overgrown.
The oval foramen gradually heals as the valve grows to it.
The final closure of the foramen ovale occurs by 9-10 months of life, but
sometimes much later. Often a small hole remains for the entire
life, which does not greatly disturb his work. Umbilical arteries and veins also quickly
overgrown.

Features of an infant's heart

Children experience continuous growth and functional
improvement of the cardiovascular system.
The newborn's heart is flattened oval or spherical
form due to insufficient development of the ventricles and relatively large
size of the atria. Due to the high position of the diaphragm, the heart
the newborn is positioned horizontally. Right and left ventricles
identical in thickness, their walls are 5 mm. Relatively large
the dimensions of the atrium and great vessels.
In young children, the heart muscle is undifferentiated and
consists of thin, poorly separated myofibrils that contain
a large number of oval nuclei. Cross striation
absent. The parts of the heart also grow unevenly. Left ventricle
significantly increases its volume, by 4 months it doubles in weight
exceeds the right one. The heart assumes an oblique position by the first year
life.
By the end of the first year, the weight of the heart doubles. Children's hearts are located
higher than in adults. Heart weight in boys in the first years of life
more than girls.
Only by the age of 10–14 does the heart acquire the same shape as that of an adult
person.

Heart rate in infants
-
in newborns 135 - 140 beats/min;
- at 6 months 130 - 135 beats/min;
- At 1 year 120 – 125 beats/min.
blood circulation indicators
age
Minute
volume, ml
Sisto-face
volume, ml
Newborn
(body weight 3000g)
560
4,6
1 month
717
5,3
6 months
1120
9,3
1 year
1370
11,0
Arterial
pressure, mm
rt. Art.
80-90/50-60

Features of the child's respiratory system

The nose, like the entire facial part of the skull, in a young child has
relatively small size. The nasal passages are narrow. Lower nasal passage
in children of the 1st year of life it is almost absent, since the inferior concha
acts in the form of a small roller. Choanae are relatively narrow, which
predisposes to rhinitis.
The nasal mucosa in young children has a delicate
structure. It is richly supplied with small blood vessels,
due to which even slight hyperemia leads to its swelling and more
greater narrowing of the nasal passages, making it difficult to breathe through the nose.
The nasolacrimal duct is wide at an early age, which contributes to
infection from the nose and the occurrence of conjunctivitis.
In newborns, the lymphatic ring is underdeveloped. In children
1st year of life, the tonsils are located deep between the arches and not
protrude into the pharynx cavity.
Larynx in newborns and young children, compared with
adults, relatively short and wide, funnel-shaped,
with delicate, pliable cartilage and thin muscles. Located
she's high. The larynx grows especially intensively in the 1st year of life and in
period of puberty.
The trachea in a newborn is located slightly higher than in
The adult bronchi are a continuation of the airways.
In the first year of life, the number of muscular bronchi is small.

Lung development

In newborns, the lung volume is 65–67 ml.
The lungs grow continuously, mainly due to
increase in alveolar volume. Lung weight
increases most in the first 3 months of life and in
13–16 years old. Almost parallel to the increase in mass goes
increase in total lung volume. Histological
structure of lung tissue in young children
characterized by a significant amount of loose
connective tissue and poor elastic
fibers
The main structural units of the lung are acini,
consisting of the respiratory bronchioles of the first,
second and third order, in young children
have wide openings (sacculi) and contain
few alveoli.
The number of alveoli in a newborn is half as large
than that of a 12-year-old child, and is 1/3 of the amount
them in an adult.

Features of the stomach in children

Features of the stomach in children
In infancy, the stomach is located horizontally. As you grow and
development during the period when the child begins to walk, the stomach gradually
assumes a vertical position, and by the age of 7-10 it is positioned in the same way
like adults. The capacity of the stomach gradually increases: at birth it
is 7 ml, in 10 days - 80 ml, in a year - 250 ml, in 3 years - 400-500 ml, in
10 years - 1500 ml.
A feature of the stomach in children is the weak development of its fundus and
cardiac sphincter against the background of good development of the pyloric region. This
promotes frequent regurgitation in the baby, especially when air gets in
into the stomach during sucking.
The mucous membrane of the stomach is relatively thick, but this is not the case
there is poor development of the gastric glands. Active glands
gastric mucosa, as the child grows, forms and
increase 25 times as in adulthood. In connection with these
the secretory apparatus is developed in children of the first year of life
not enough. The composition of gastric juice in children is similar to that in adults, but
its acid and enzymatic activity is much lower. Barrier Naya
gastric juice activity is low.
The main active enzyme in gastric juice is rennet.
enzyme chymosin (labenzyme), which provides the first phase
digestion - curdling of milk.
Absorption in the stomach is insignificant and concerns substances such as salts,
water, glucose, and protein breakdown products are only partially absorbed.
The timing of food evacuation from the stomach depends on the type of feeding. Women's
milk stays in the stomach for 2-3 hours.
LIVER: features in children
The liver of a newborn is the largest organ, occupying 1/3 of the volume

Features of the endocrine glands

The thyroid gland is one of the first organs
which can be distinguished in the human embryo. rudiment
it appears in the 3rd week of embryonic development in the form
thickening of the endoderm lining the bottom of the pharynx.
In an embryo 23 mm long, the thyroid gland loses its
connection with the pharynx.
In a newborn, the mass of the thyroid gland ranges from 1
up to 5 years. It decreases somewhat by 6 months, and then
a period of rapid increase begins, which continues
up to 5 years.
Total mass of parathyroid glands in a newborn
ranges from 6 to 9 mg. During the first year of life their total
the mass increases 3-4 times.
In a newborn, the mass of the pituitary gland is 0.1-0.2 g; at 10 years old it
reaches a mass of 0.3 g, and in adults - 0.6-0.9 g. During
During pregnancy in women, the mass of the pituitary gland can reach 1.65

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Slide captions:

Psychological features of children's development DURING NEWBORN AND INfancy

SOCIAL SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT LEADING ACTIVITY NEW FORMATION CRISIS Indicators of age-related development (L.S. Vygotsky, D.B. Elkonin, A.N. Leontiev) the one and only, age-specific relationship between the child and the environment activity, which is associated with the emergence of the most important mental neoplasms, qualitative changes in the psyche that first appear in a given period and determine the course of development. A turning point on the child development curve that separates one age from another.

NEWBORN CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 0-2 MONTHS

NEWBORN CRISIS is the process of birth itself. a difficult and turning point in a child’s life. The reasons for this crisis are the following: 1) physiological. When a child is born, he is physically separated from his mother, which is already a trauma, and in addition to this he finds himself in completely different conditions (cold, airy environment, bright light, the need for a change in diet); 2) psychological. Separating from the mother, the child ceases to feel her warmth, which leads to a feeling of insecurity and anxiety.

Main symptoms: maximum helplessness dependence on an adult NEWBORN CRISIS

Unconditioned reflexes that help the child in the first hours of life. These include sucking, respiratory, protective, indicative, grasping (“grasping”) reflexes. The presence of such reflexes indicates the maturity of the central nervous system. NEWBORNAT CRISIS

Characteristic features of the newborn period: little distinction between sleep and wakefulness, the predominance of inhibition over excitation, spontaneous motor activity (undirected, impulsive, jerky). Most of the time, the newborn sleeps and wakes up due to discomfort caused by feelings of hunger, thirst, cold, etc.

NEWBORN CRISIS Bonding (Fixation) - the development of close selective relationships, for example, attachment. Mother-child bonding involves close physical contact between mother and child in the first hours of the child's life. This connection helps to strengthen maternal love for the child and the development of the need to take care of him.

Communication is the innate prerequisite for communication. the ability of a child to selectively contact a person: preference from the first minutes of life for living human faces rather than other complex visual images; the ability to distinguish the human voice from other sounds; distinguishing the mother's voice from other voices; quite complex linguistic inclinations. the direction of the gaze at the moment of disposition to communicate, in closing the eyes and turning away the head as signals of curtailing communication.

At 3-4 weeks, in a child in a state of calm wakefulness, you can observe the so-called oral attention in response to a gentle voice and a smile from an adult - the child freezes, lips slightly stretch forward, and eye contact occurs. At the age of 4-5 weeks, this is followed by an attempt to smile and, finally, a real, so-called social smile, or a communication smile. Communication

The most important NEW FORMATION of the newborn period: a social smile, a smile when addressed by the mother Communication

Hospitalism Hospitalism (from the Latin hospitalis - hospitable; hospital - medical institution) - literally, a set of mental and somatic disorders caused by a person’s long stay in a hospital hospital, separated from loved ones and home. The reason is a lack of communication. Symptoms of hospitalism: slower mental and physical development, a lag in mastering one’s own body and language, a reduced level of adaptation to the environment, weakened resistance to infections, etc. The consequences of hospitalism in infants and children are long-term and often irreversible. In severe cases, hospitalization leads to death.

Revival complex The revival complex is a special emotional and motor reaction addressed to an adult. the boundary of the critical period of the newborn and the indicator of the transition to infancy as a period of stable development. The presence of a revitalization complex indicates that a social developmental situation has emerged for infancy - a situation of inextricable emotional unity of a child and an adult (the “we” situation)

INFANCY CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 2-12 MONTHS

The leading activity of the infancy period is direct emotional communication (according to D.B. Elkonin), situational personal communication (according to M.I. Lisina).

The object of leading activity is another person. The main content of communication between an adult and a child is the exchange of expressions of attention, joy, interest and pleasure. Leading activity of the infancy period

Perception: Keeps a moving object in the field of vision for 10 days. By the end of 1 month. reacts differently to sounds. At 3-5 weeks, the gaze lingers a little on the stopped object. From 6-7 weeks, circle tracking develops. At 4 months finds the sound source, turns its head towards it, a relationship is established between the visual and auditory analyzers. At 4-6 months. a relationship is established between the visual analyzer and hand movements By 10 - 1st month. Before taking an object, the child folds his fingers in accordance with its shape and size.

memory Involuntary The child's memory functions from birth. At 3-4 months. The image of the object begins to form, the child begins to recognize the mother’s voice and face. At 5 months distinguishes people by their voices. At 6 months highlights favorite toy At 8-9 months. a child can recognize a familiar person in 2-3 weeks. Typically, the criterion for recognizing an object is one, often insignificant, feature. Motor memory is formed. From 6 months emotional memory is more pronounced. From 7-8 months. recognition of an object is mediated by words.

By the end of the year, thinking is formed visually - effective thinking. thinking develops on the basis of the ability to understand and use the connections shown by adults. notices the simplest connections and relationships between objects and their properties

speech Hooting in 3 months. Buzzing at 4 months. Babbling at 6 months. Searching for an object using an adult's word from 6-7 months. First words at 11 months.

Movements At 2 months raises and holds his head for a while. At 3 months keeps the head upright. At 3 months bumps into toys hanging above his chest. At 5 months picks up and holds the toy. At 5 months rolls over from back to stomach. At 6 months rolls over from stomach to back. At 7 months crawls. Sits up at 8 months. Walking at 11 months

Emotions 1 month - first smile. 2-Zmes. revitalization complex. From 6 months addresses emotions to a specific adult, distinguishes between emotions. Fear of strangers (7-9 months).

main new formations of infancy The need for communication Basic trust in the world Differentiation of sensations and emotional states Distinguishing between loved ones and strangers Intentional actions (grasping, reaching for an object) “True” imitation Object perception Autonomous speech Walking Motivating ideas. Transformation of a child into a subject of desire and action

Thank you for attention

Goal: to introduce students to the periodization of human life, to summarize material about the influence of various factors on growth, development, and aging; to derive patterns of age-related changes from factual material.

Equipment: reproductions of Da Vinci’s paintings “Madonna Litta”, J-B. Dreams “Girl in Gray”, V.E. Makovsky “Girl in Ukrainian Costume”, V.E. Yaroshenko “Student”, V.G. Perov “A boy preparing for a fight”, V.I. Surikov “Siberian Beauty”, V.A. Serov “Girl illuminated by the sun”, I.N. Kramskoy “Portrait of I.I. Shishkina”, I.N. Kramskoy “Portrait of I.A. Goncharova”, I.N. Kramskoy “The Villager with a Bridle”, V.G. Perov “Old parents at the grave of their son”; graphs, tables of age-related changes.

The board lists the different age categories.

Teacher: Today we will get acquainted with the features of post-embryonic human development. In everyday life and in literature, we often come across the concepts: age of milk teeth, one-year-old, marriageable age, age of a preschooler, age of majority, age of the “why,” voter age, age of complete ossification, age of Christ.

What groups can be identified in this list, and on what basis can they be classified? (concepts that define biological, psychological, social age). The concept “Age” implies:

calendar age - life expectancy;
biological – the age of development, maturation, aging, determined by a set of metabolic, structural, regulatory processes;
psychological - the level of development of mental functions (thinking, speech, etc.) compared to average statistical norms;
social is determined by a set of social roles.

Setting lesson goals and objectives:

Today we will generalize knowledge about the regulatory mechanisms of growth, development, aging, establish patterns of age-related changes, and establish the relationship of different age-related concepts.

Organization of work in groups. Each group receives a set of reproductions, texts about age periodization, excerpts from literary works and scientific articles, and a package of tasks.

Based on the materials offered to you, formulate which factor influences growth, development, aging, and justify your theses with facts.

For normal skeletal growth, a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones is necessary; they affect the growth and development of the gonads. Thyroxine is necessary for the differentiation of nerve cells, increasing the tone of the reticular formation; thyroid hormones have an activating effect on the cerebral cortex. With a deficiency, dwarfism and cretinism develop. Lack of thyroid hormones causes damage to bones, hair, nails, and changes in conditioned reflex activity. Adrenal sex hormones are involved in the development of sexual characteristics, their role is especially important in old age and childhood. Gonadal androgens affect secondary sexual characteristics and the rate of closure of epiphyseal growth zones. With insufficient secretion, bone growth slows down and body proportions are disrupted. The male sex hormone has a pronounced effect on higher nervous activity.

The growth of an organism depends on heredity. Children grow most actively in spring and summer: 3-4 times faster than in winter. Experts call the time of especially rapid growth the period of physiological extension, the first occurs at 5-6 years, the second at 12-14 years. Nature provides a unique opportunity to grow tall only up to a certain age: girls up to 16-18 years old, boys up to 18-20. After this, the body does not grow, as the growth zones ossify and close. With age, the reverse process gains strength. Over the years, a person begins to stoop, and the bones become more porous and seem to be compressed under the weight of the body. After 50 years, height begins to decrease by about 1 cm. in year. Good nutrition affects growth. The body stops growing , if he lacks calcium salts, phosphorus, microelements: zinc, magnesium, fluorine. Vitamin deficiencies alter growth and development. Lack of vitamin A slows growth, causes “night blindness”, B 1 - damage to the peripheral nerves of the extremities, B 2 - weight loss, B 6 - nervous disorders, B 12 - causes disease of the nervous system. E - changes in the gonads.

Text 3

At the beginning of the 20th century, a person walked 75,000 km in his life, a modern city dweller only 25,000 km. Doctors talk about a painful state of inactivity. Muscle strength, bone strength, the reliability of the immune response, metabolic activity, the condition of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs depend on everyday stress. Due to a decrease in muscle mass, the capacity of the entire vascular system decreases, the number of working capillaries in the heart and skeletal muscles decreases. For those who don't move much, calcium is washed out of their bones and teeth. Bones become brittle and fragile, teeth have to be treated frequently. Physical exercise is necessary for all ages, but especially during adolescence, as it helps overcome body imbalances.

Text 4

There are differences in the life expectancy of men and women. Average life expectancy is longer for women, but the health of long-term women is worse than that of men of the same age. There is, as it were, a selection of the healthiest men due to their higher mortality; although women achieve longevity in relatively larger numbers, they have a burden of past diseases. In men, atherosclerosis begins to progress early; mortality in men at 40 years of age is 7.4 times higher than in women. Sexual dimorphism also exists in many characteristics of vital activity (blood pressure, heart function, pulmonary ventilation, content of hormones, proteins, lipids).

Longevity is influenced by the interaction of two components: genetic factors and the environment. Among the possible influences of social factors, the first place is personal activity, mood, adaptation, among medical factors - the absence of risk factors (diabetes, hypertension), among environmental factors - place of residence, environmental influences.

Text 5

In 1920, 2 girls were found in India who had lived for several years in a wolf family. They ran only on all fours, were very afraid of people, prowled at night and howled like wolves. The eldest uttered her first word only after 2 years, after 3 years she tried to stand on her feet, and after another 2 years she pronounced 6 words. After 8 years, she began to have difficulty pronouncing short simple phrases. She spent 9 years in a missionary orphanage (from 8 to 17 years old). It is believed that she would have reached the level of a 10-12 year old child by the age of 35-40. To date, more than 40 cases of the capture of “wolf children” have been described. The human ability to walk on legs, the ability to speak and accumulate knowledge undoubtedly has an innate basis. But the corresponding nervous mechanisms are activated only if the child communicates with adults and gradually adopts their behavior. If a critical period is missed (from several months to 2 years), then speech will not develop. The possibility of further development into a normal human personality is excluded.

Text 6

The left and right hemispheres of our brain have different functions. The left is responsible for speech, writing, counting, logical thinking, the right provides the perception of holistic images, and is responsible for artistic abilities. A person is not born with functional asymmetry, it is formed from writing: exercises activate the left hemisphere. If a person remains illiterate all his life or is engaged in routine interhemispheric work, he does not develop asymmetry. It fades away and smoothes out in old people who stop engaging in intense mental activity. On the contrary, when a person solves a problem that requires mental effort, the asymmetry increases.

Teacher: Scientists, trying to explain how human life unfolds, how the interaction of genetic factors and the environment occurs, have proposed a model. It's called the “landscape of life.” Let's imagine an inclined area with hills and depressions along which a ball - a developing organism - rolls. The terrain places certain restrictions on the ball's movements as it descends. An occasional depression or hillock changes course. The model illustrates that natural development paths exist, but the environment influences the route in unpredictable ways. Our life is a chain of continuous transformations; the onset of biological age is determined by changes in bones, teeth, and metabolic processes. To identify stages, psychologists took as a basis qualitative changes associated with the ability to act not only better and faster, but most importantly, differently. Scientists identify crisis periods: sensitive (sensitive), when certain functions develop according to the principle “better now than later.” Critical periods have the principle: “now or never.”

Teacher: at the second stage of the lesson you will have to use graphs and tables to determine patterns of age-related changes.

Group 1. Age-related changes in heart rate (HR) and stroke volume.

Index

Newborn

Age (in years)

Heart rate

(Pulse per minute)

Stroke volume of the heart

Newborns have the highest heart rate and minimum stroke volume of 2.5 cm3. In the first year of life, stroke volume increases 4 times, over the next 5 years it increases 2 times. In a 15-year-old, the heart rate corresponds to adult levels, it is almost 2 times less than in a newborn, and the stroke volume is 20 times greater.

L. Tolstoy figuratively said about the pace of change: “From a 5-year-old child to me there is only one step, from a newborn to a 5-year-old is a terrible distance. From the embryo to the newborn is an abyss.”

Group 2. Age-related changes in lung vital capacity (VC) from 20 to 80 years.

Women and men have initially different indicators. General trend: maximum values at 25 years of age, decline after 35. After 45 years of age, the decrease in vital capacity in women is more pronounced. The maximum indicators for men are 3800, for women 3000. The minimum indicators are 75 for men 3000, for women 1800.

Group 3. Changes in some human characteristics with age. (Annex 1)

General trends:

1) Decrease in indicators from 35 years of age;

2) Periods of decline alternate with periods of relative stabilization;

3) Changes in each system have their own critical years and are not simultaneous for the organism as a whole.

For scientific texts, select literary passages and reproductions of paintings.

Group 4 Text.

Infancy (age up to 1 year)

Biological changes: overgrowth of the fontanel, maturation of the muscles of the neck and torso, the child can hold his head up, tries to sit; maturation of the leg muscles allows you to move independently, first crawl, then stand up. At 2 months a smile appears. Visual and auditory concentration appears, at 3 months - “walking”, at 6 - the beginning of babbling and understanding one’s name, at 9 - joint play activities with adults, mastering a gesture of farewell, at 12 - understanding of some generalized commands. Binocular vision is developing (from 13 weeks to 2 years). If a child has strabismus or one eye is damaged and the defect cannot be eliminated during this time, then this person will never be able to see fully.

Early age (1-3 years).

Independent familiarization with the environment, through trial and error, different methods of action are mastered. The child learns the symbolic properties of objects, imagining that the cube is a machine and the doll is a person. By 1.5 years he pronounces 100 words, at 2 years - 300, at 3 years - 1500 words. In the second year, children learn to speak and understand the symbolic meaning of words. This is illustrated by the lines of S. Marshak:

When, having experienced the difficulties of learning,
We start to put words together
“Water. Fire. Old man. Deer. Grass".
And we understand that they have meaning...

The next age is usually called preschool childhood. The child quickly expands his capabilities: he eats, dresses himself, learns to ride a bicycle, draw, and cut with scissors. Masters the first abstractions: geometric shapes, calendar, time. Counting, letters. Vocabulary – 2000 words. Asks a lot of questions. S. Marshak, characterizing this period, wrote:

He pestered the adults with the question “why?”
He was nicknamed “the little philosopher”...

Junior school age (7-10 years).

The whole way of life changes dramatically, permanent responsibilities appear, the circle of friends expands. By the beginning of education, the child develops a certain self-esteem, work habits, and skills in relationships with others. The last period of childhood proceeds smoothly, without any crises. At this age there is a minimum of illnesses and psychological trauma. Friendship is born, the first betrayals are shocking. You develop your own ideas about what is “good and what is bad.”

Adolescence - transitional (12-15 years).

Puberty leads to growth and disproportion of body parts, hormonal status changes, and secondary sexual characteristics are formed. A person does the work of rebuilding the soul himself. The teenager is absorbed in himself, he is tormented by fears and doubts. M. Tsvetaeva figuratively expressed this in poetry.

They ring and sing, depriving them of oblivion,
In my soul the words: “fifteen years”
Oh, why did I grow up big?
There is no salvation!…
What's ahead? What failure?
There is deception in everything and ah, everything is prohibited!
So I said goodbye to my sweet childhood crying
At fifteen years old.

In a short period of time, he turns from a child into an adult. The body, psyche, relationships with others change, this does not happen at the same time. A biologically mature person can remain a child for many years due to his state of mind and position in society. The difficulties of adolescence are associated not only with physiology. The position of the teenager in our culture is ambiguous. In ancient times and in surviving archaic cultures, a person who reached puberty became a full-fledged member of society. Among the Maasai, at the age of 15, a teenager is prepared to join the group of tribe defenders - the status of an adult. Transition – initiation is accompanied by trials. Woe to the one who vocally reveals how much pain he is in, then he will remain an eternal child, a helper who will carry out any instructions from his peers. In the 18th and 19th centuries in Russia, a 10-year-old girl was left with the entire house, looking after small children, and a 15-year-old became a full-fledged adult worker.

Text Youth (16-20).

Physiological maturation is completed (complete ossification occurs), appearance and well-being improve. A person gains full physical and intellectual capabilities. There is no longer any difference between the thinking of a youth and an adult. Creative abilities flourish, and at this time the highest achievements in sports. But age is characterized by anxiety and an increased need for understanding. Loneliness, jealousy, and resentment are experienced very acutely. Crisis of 17-18 years.

Maturity (20-65)

The long stage between youth and aging (from 20 to 65 years old) is distinguished: youth (20-30) - the time of self-affirmation in love, career, family, society. Pushkin A.S. wrote:

Am I really going to be thirty soon?
So, my afternoon has come...

Stabilization period (35-43). Everything that has been achieved is consolidated. A person knows himself and his capabilities, appreciates today. Then a critical decade comes, depressive moods arise, fatigue from boring reality arises, life achievements are overestimated. People are going through a mid-life crisis. Pushkin A.S. wrote:

But it's sad to think that it's in vain
We were given youth
That they cheated on her all the time
That she deceived us
That our best wishes
What are our fresh dreams,
Decayed in quick succession
Like rotten leaves in autumn.

The period ends with psychological and physical balance, when there is a withdrawal from active work and social life.

Old age (60-75).

All biological changes occurring during this period are unpleasant. The main task is to realize your age and accept yourself as you are. The life position changes from active to passive. After 60, people perceive the world as more dangerous and complex than in their youth. Hence the characteristic features of older people: conservatism, caution, legibility. This is the age of loss - friends, relatives, loved ones die. There is a special relationship with time. He’s been missing all his life, but now he needs to be “whipped away.”

Old age (after 75)

A noticeable deterioration in health, a reduction in body length, a pronounced increase in stoop, and a decrease in muscle strength. The appearance of wrinkles.

A person rethinks his entire life, either accepts it as fate, or understands that life was in vain. Figuratively in the saying: “Old age is a bitter winter for the ignorant and a time of harvest for the wise.”

Teacher: Biological processes occur involuntarily, the restructuring of the soul depends on the activity of everyone, and changes in social status are provided for by the structure of society. A person masters social roles at different periods. The age at which such roles are adopted depends on society. In the old days in Rus', 15-year-olds were considered independent adults, and at the age of 20 they became statesmen. Nowadays, 20-year-olds are considered not mature enough to lead others, to be leaders in the professional sphere, or to start a family. Different countries have different time frames for entering school, coming of age, selectivity, and retirement. A person can biologically go through different stages, but not reach social maturity. People say: “Who is a man at 10 years old, and who is a child at 40 years old.” A person who has reached social maturity follows the norms of society if he shares them, and rebels against them if he does not agree. And sometimes he is able to change the most immutable rules.

Teacher: what conclusions can we draw from the lesson?

Age-related changes are caused by various factors.
The pace of age-related changes varies from person to person.
Age-related changes depend on gender.
Age-related changes in different organ systems do not appear simultaneously, heterochronously.
In the early stages of ontogenesis, the rate of age-related changes is several times more intense than at other times.
Biological changes occur involuntarily, psychological changes depend on the activity of the individual, and the roles and framework of social changes are set by society.

Homework: find characteristics of different ages from literary sources.

Literature:

Bezrukikh T.T., Sonkin V.D., Farber D.A. Age physiology M.: publishing center “Academy”, 2002
Smirnova N.S. Solovyova V.D. Biological age of a person - M.: Znanie, 1986
Tolstykh L. Ages of life. M.: Young Guard, 1988
Khripkova A.G. et al. Age-related physiology and school hygiene - M.: Education, 1990
Encyclopedia for children vol. 18 People. Part 2 – M.: Avanta, 2003