Make a planet passport in English. Astronomical terms and zodiac signs in English

The Solar Empire

The Solar system is the place where we live. It contains the central star, which is called the Sun, nine planets with their own satellites, many comets, billions meteorites and thousands of asteroids.

The closest planet to the Sun is Mercury. Mercury is hard to see from the Earth because it is so small and so close to the sun. At certain times of the year, it can be seen just after sunset or before sunrise. The rest of the time it is lost in the sun's glare. Mean distance from the Sun is 58,000,000 km. Mercury's diameter is 4880 km. The surface temperature of Mercury can rise up to 800 R during the day and can fall up to -360 F during the night. Because of such difference in day and night temperatures there is no atmosphere. It is the Bible Hell. The year on Mercury lasts 88 days.

The second planet from the Sun is Venus. Venus, the brightest object in the sky except for the Sun and the Moon, is often visible for several hours just after sunset or before sunrise. The entire planet is covered by thick clouds. The planet is dead because of huge greenhouse effect. The temperature under clouds can rise up to 900 F. There is no day and night because of thick clouds, covering Venus's sky. Venus* diameter is 12,100 km. The year on Venus lasts 226 days. Both Venus and Mercury have no satellites.

Our planet is the third planet from the Sun. Its diameter is 12j 760 km. Mean distance from the Sun is 150 million of kilometers. The only natural satellite, orbiting the Earth is the Moon.

The Moon is the closest astronomical body to the Earth and we know more about it than about any other object in the heavens. Many surface features are visible to the unaided eye on the Moon, and a pair of binoculars reveals a great amount of detail. A small telescope shows vast seas of lava, large mountain ranges and hundreds of craters of all sizes. Mean distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,400 km. The surface temperature of the Moon can rise up to 248 F during the day and can fall up to -274 F during the night. The Moon's diameter is 3476 km. Its mass is about 85 times smaller that the Earth mass.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is about twice smaller than the Earth. Its diameter is 6,800 km. The year on Mars lasts 686 days. Mars appears reddish in our sky, even to the naked eye. This is caused by the rich content of rust (iron oxide) in the top soil. Mars has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos. Mean distance from the Sun is 228,000,000 km. Its surface temperature varies from 72 F to -271 F.

The fifth planet from the Sun is Jupiter. Jupiter is the Solar System's largest planet. Its composition is more like a star than a planet. Jupiter's diameter is 143,800 km. The Jupiter year is 11 years, 321 days long. Mean distance from the Sun is 778,000,000 km. Jupiter belongs to outer giant planets of the Solar System. Jupiter has 39 moons.

The sixth planet from the Sun is Saturn. Mean distance from the Sun is about one billion and a half kilometres. Its beauty in even small telescopes is breathtaking. This planet has rings. The rings consist of billions of particles, ranging from a few centimeters to a few meters in diameter. The sixth planet has about 30 moons.

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. The planet has a system of at least nine rings. Both Uranus and Saturn belong to giant planets. Uranus year is 84.01 years long, because the mean distance from the Sun is 2,870,000,000 km. Uranus has 21 satellites.

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. It is the last giant planet of the Solar System. It is similar in size, and composition to Uranus. The year on Neptune lasts about 165 years, because the average distance from the Sun is 5 billions and a half kilometres. Neptune has 14 satellites.

Pluto is the farthest planet from the Sun. The mean distance from the Sun is nearly 6 billion kilometres. Pluto is smaller than the Moon. It is the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft. It has the only one known moon Charon.

Solar Empire

The solar system is where we live. It contains a central star called the Sun, nine planets with their own moons, many comets, billions of meteorites and thousands of asteroids.

The most nearby planet to the Sun-Mercury. Mercury is difficult to see from Earth because it is very small and located very close to the Sun. Sometimes it can be seen, but only after sunset or before sunrise. The rest of the time it is not visible due to the bright light of the sun. The average distance from the Sun to Mercury is 58,000,000 km. The diameter of Mercury is 4880 km. Mercury's surface temperature can rise to 800 degrees Fahrenheit during the day or drop to -360 degrees Fahrenheit during the night. Due to this difference in day and night temperatures, Mercury has no atmosphere. This is the biblical Hell. A year on Mercury lasts 88 days.

The second planet from the Sun is Venus. Venus is the brightest object in the sky, apart from the Sun and Moon. It can often be observed for several hours just after sunset or before sunrise. The entire planet is covered with thick clouds. Due to the incredible greenhouse effect, the planet is dead. Temperatures under the clouds can reach 900 degrees Fahrenheit* Because of the thick clouds, there is no day or night there. The diameter of Venus is 12,100 gp. A year on Venus lasts 226 days. Neither Venus nor Mercury have any satellites.

Our planet is the third planet from the Sun. Its diameter is 12,760 km. The average distance from the Sun is 150 million kilometers. The only natural satellite orbiting the Earth is the Moon.

The moon is the closest astronomical object to the Earth, and we know more about it than about any other object in the heavens. With the naked eye, many features of its surface are visible on the Moon, and with binoculars you can see even more details. The small telescope reveals vast seas of lava, large mountain ranges and hundreds of craters of all sizes. The average distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,400 km. The surface temperature of the Moon can reach 248 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and can drop to -274 degrees Fahrenheit during the night. The diameter of the Moon is 3476 km. Its mass is approximately 85 times less than the mass of the Earth.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is about half the size of Earth. Its diameter is 6800 km. A year on Mars lasts 686 days. Mars appears reddish in our sky, even to the naked eye. This is caused by the rich iron oxide content on the planet's surface. Mars has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos. The average distance from the Sun is 228,000,000 km. Its surface temperature varies from 72 degrees Fahrenheit to -271 degrees Fahrenheit.

The fifth planet from the Sun is Jupiter. Jupiter is the most big planet Solar system. Its composition resembles that of a star rather than a planet. The diameter of Jupiter is 143,800 km. The Jovian year lasts 11 years 321 days. The average distance from the Sun is 778,000,000 km. Jupiter belongs to the outer giant planets of the solar system. Jupiter has 39 moons.

The sixth planet from the Sun is Saturn. The average distance from the Sun is approximately one billion five hundred million kilometers. Its beauty, even in small telescopes, is breathtaking. This planet has rings. The rings are made up of billions of particles ranging in size from a few centimeters to several meters in diameter. The sixth planet has 30 moons.

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. The planet has a system of at least nine rings. Both Uranus and Saturn belong to the giant planets. A year on Uranus lasts 84 earthly years, because the average distance from the Sun is 2,870,000,000 km. Uranus has 21 satellites.

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. This is the last one giant planet Solar system. It is similar to Uranus in size and composition. A year on Neptune lasts approximately 165 Earth years, because the average distance from the Sun is 5 and a half billion kilometers. Neptune has 14 satellites.

Pluto is the most distant planet from the Sun. The average distance from the Sun is about six billion kilometers. Pluto is smaller than the Moon. This is the only planet that has not been visited by spaceships.

Questions:

1. How many planets are there in the Solar System?
2. What is the closest planet to the Sun?
3. How long does Mercury's year last?
4. What is the second planet from the Sun?
5. How long does Venus" year last?
6. How many satellites have Venus and Mercury?
7. What is the closest astronomical body to the Earth?
8. What is the fourth planet from the Sun?
9. Why does Mars appear reddish in our sky?
10. How long does Mars" year last?
11. What are outer giant planets of the Solar System?
12. What is the farthest planet from the Sun?
13. What planets of the Solar System have rings?
14. What is the Solar System's largest planet?

Vocabulary:
to contain - contain, include, have in its composition
satellite - astroN. satellite, satellite
asteroid - astronomer. asteroid; minor planet
Mercury - astronomer. planet Mercury
hard - difficult
sunset - sunset
sunrise - sunrise
glare - shine, radiance
to rise (past rose, p.p. risen) - to rise (about temperature)
to fall (past fell, p.p. fallen) - to fall (about temperature)
to last - last
Venus - astronomer. planet Venus
bright - bright
the Moon - Moon
huge - large, gigantic, huge, huge
greenhouse effect - Greenhouse effect
to orbit - rotate around
heaven - heavens, sky
unaided eye - naked eye
binoculars - binoculars
to reveal - to detect, show
vast - vast, huge; boundless
mean - average
surface - surface
to appear - building be
reddish - reddish
naked eye - naked eye
rust - rusty
Phobos - Phobos
Deimos - Deimos
Jupiter - astronomer. Jupiter
outer giant planet - outer giant planets
Saturn - astronomer. planet Saturn
particle - particle
Uranus - astronomer. planet Uranus
Neptune - astronomer. Planet Neptune
similar - similar, similar
Pluto - astronomer. planet Pluto
Charon - Charon

We don't often talk about stars, planets, space, the universe, but if you are interested in this area of ​​​​knowledge, you need to know at least the basic astronomical terms. This collection includes those “cosmic” words that can be called commonly used: names of planets, basic terms. You can hear them on TV or meet them at.

I also added the names of the Zodiac signs in English - they relate more to astrology than to astronomy (completely different things), and if you are involved in science, such a combination of topics will seem strange to you. However, I decided to add the signs of the Zodiac in English, because they can also be useful in communication.

Names of planets in English

Let's start with our native solar system. When I was at school, nine planets revolved around the Sun; since 2006, according to the decision of the International Astronomical Union, Pluto is considered to be dwarf planet, that is, it is officially excluded from the list of planets of the Solar System, but I still included it in this selection of words.

The names of the planets are in the order of their location relative to the Sun. From the nearest (Mercury) to the most distant (Pluto). To remember the order of the planets in Russian, many memory books have been invented in which the first letters correspond to the first letters in the names of the planets, for example these:

We Know Everything – Yulia’s Mom Sat on Pills in the Morning.

Masha Chalked the Earth with a Broom, Yura Sat at the Spider Hole.

There are also such memos in English:

My Very Efficient Memory Just Stores Up Nine Planets. “My very efficient memory simply stores nine planets.”

My Very Easy Method Just Shows Us Nine Planets. – My very simple method simply shows us nine planets.

But here is a more modern version, without Pluto:

My Violent Evil Monster Just Scared Us Nuts. “My cruel evil monster just scared us crazy.”

As you know, not everyone liked the exclusion of Pluto from the list of planets. This was reflected in such angry memos:

Many Very Educated Men Justify Stealing Unique Ninth. - Very much educated people justify the theft of the unique ninth [planet].

Many Very Educated Men Just Screwed Up Nature. “A lot of very educated people just messed with nature.”

Also note that the Sun in English is Sun, but the Solar System is Solar System. The adjective “solar” is derived from Latin name Soltsna – “sol”.

General astronomical terms

There are a lot of terms related to space. I chose vocabulary that can be found in news, science fiction films and fiction.

star	star
Moon	Moon
natural satellite	natural satellite
planet	planet
constellation	constellation
terrestial	terrestrial
extraterrestial	extraterrestrial
stellar	star
interstellar	interstellar
universe	Universe
galaxy	galaxy
asteroid	asteroid
meteor	meteor
meteorite	meteorite
comet	comet
crater	crater
astronaut	astronaut
black hole	black hole
gravity	gravity
dark matter	dark matter
dwarf planet	dwarf planet
supernova	supernova
eclipse	eclipse
satellite	artificial satellite
telescope	telescope
vacuum	vacuum
Milky Way	Milky Way
nebula	nebula
atmosphere	atmosphere
rocket	rocket
spaceship	spaceship
spacecraft	spacecraft (ship)
surface rover	Lunokhod (Mars rover, etc. “move”)
orbit	orbit
to orbit	revolve around a planet (in orbit)

Even if you don’t turn the radio up loud when they broadcast a horoscope, it won’t hurt to know what the signs of the Zodiac are called in English. Otherwise, how will you answer the question “What’s your Zodiac sign?”

Here you can find an article in English: Mars Planet/ Planet Mars.

Mars in astronomy, 4th planet from the sun, with an orbit next in order beyond that of the earth.

Physical Characteristics

Mars has a striking red appearance, and in its most favorable position for viewing, when it is opposite the sun, it is twice as bright as Sirius, the brightest star. Mars has a diameter of 4,200 mi (6,800 km), just over half the diameter of the earth, and its mass is only 11% of the earth's mass. The planet has a very thin atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, with some nitrogen and argon. Mars has an extreme day-to-night temperature range, resulting from its thin atmosphere, from about 80°F (27°C) at noon to about -100°F (-73°C) at midnight; however , the high daytime temperatures are confined to less than 3 ft (1 m) above the surface.

Surface Features

A network of linelike markings first studied in detail (1877) by G. V. Schiaparelli was referred to by him as canali, the Italian word meaning "channels" or "grooves." Percival Lowell, then a leading authority on Mars, created a long-lasting controversy by accepting these "channels" to be the work of intelligent beings. Under the best viewing conditions, however, these features are seen to be smaller, unconnected features. The greater part of the surface area of ​​Mars appears to be a vast desert, dull red or orange in color. This color may be due to various oxides in the surface composition, particularly those of iron. About one fourth to one third of the surface is composed of darker areas whose nature is still uncertain. Shortly after its perihelion Mars has planetwide dust storms that can obscure all its surface details.

Photographs sent back by the Mariner 4 space probe show the surface of Mars to be pitted with a number of large craters, much like the surface of our moon. In 1971 the Mariner 9 space probe discovered a huge canyon, Valles Marineris. Completely dwarfing the Grand Canyon in Arizona, this canyon stretches for 2,500 mi (4,000 km) and at some places is 125 mi (200 km) across and 2 mi (3 km) deep. Mars also has numerous enormous volcanoes—including Olympus Mons (c.370 mi/600 km in diameter and 16 mi/26 km tall), the largest in the solar system—and lava plains. In 1976 the Viking spacecraft landed on Mars and studied sites at Chryse and Utopia. They recorded a desert environment with a reddish surface and a reddish atmosphere. These experiments analyzed soil samples for evidence of microorganisms or other forms of life; none was found. In 1997, Mars Pathfinder landed on Mars and sent a small rover, Sojourner, to take soil samples and pictures. Among the data returned were more than 16,000 images from the lander and 550 images from the rover, as well as more than 15 chemical analyzes of rocks and extensive data on winds and other weather factors. Mars Global Surveyor, which also reached Mars in 1997, has returned images produced by its systematic mapping of the surface. The European Space Agency's Mars Express space probe went into orbit around Mars in late 2003 and sent the Beagle 2 lander to the surface, but contact was not established with the lander. The American rovers Spirit and Opportunity landed successfully in early 2004.

Analysis of the satellite data indicates that Mars appears to lack active plate tectonics at present; there is no evidence of recent lateral motion of the surface. With no plate motion, hot spots under the crust stay in a fixed position relative to the surface; this, along with the lower surface gravity, may be the explanation for the giant volcanoes. However, there is no evidence of current volcanic activity. There is evidence of erosion caused by floods and small river systems. The possible identification of rounded pebbles and cobbles on the ground, and sockets and pebbles in some rocks, suggests conglomerates that formed in running water during a warmer past some 2-4 billion years ago, when liquid water was stable and there was water on the surface, possibly even large lakes or oceans. Rovers identified have minerals that only form in the presence of liquid water. There is also evidence of flooding that occurred less than several million years ago, most likely as the result of the release of water from aquifers deep underground. Data received beginning in 2002 from the Mars Odyssey space probe suggests that there is water in sand dunes found in the northern hemisphere.

Seasonal Changes

Because the axis of rotation is tilted about 25° to the plane of revolution, Mars experiences seasons are somewhat similar to those of the earth. One of the most apparent seasonal changes is the growing or shrinking of white areas near the poles known as polar caps. These polar caps, which are are composed of water ice and dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). During the Martian summer the polar cap in that hemisphere shrinks and the dark regions grow darker; in winter the polar cap grows again and the dark regions become paler. The seasonal portion of the ice cap is dry ice.

Astronomical Characteristics

The mean distance of Mars from the sun is about 141 million mi (228 million km); its period of revolution is about 687 days, almost twice that of the earth. At those times when the sun, earth, and Mars are aligned (i.e., in opposition) and Mars is at its closest point to the sun (perihelion), its distance from the earth is about 35 million mi (56 million km); this occurs every 15 to 17 years. At oppositions when Mars is at its greatest distance from the sun (aphelion) it is about 63 million mi (101 million km) from the earth. It rotates on its axis with a period of about 24 hr 37 min, a little more than one earth day.

Satellites of Mars

Mars has two natural satellites, discovered by Asaph Hall in 1877. The innermost of these, Phobos, is about 7 mi (11 km) in diameter and orbits the planet with a period far less than Mars's period of rotation (7 hr 39 min), causing it to rise in the west and set in the east. The outer satellite, Deimos, is about 4 mi (6 km) in diameter.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye. It is often described as the "Red Planet", as the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent of both the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of Earth. The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the highest known mountain in the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and may be a giant impact feature. Unlike Earth, Mars is now geologically and tectonically inactive. Geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggests that Mars once had large-scale water coverage on its surface, while small geyser-like water flows may have occurred during the past decade. In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles, and at mid-latitudes. The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.

Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped. These may be captured asteroids. Mars has approximately half the radius of Earth. It is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of the mass. Its surface area is only slightly less than the total area of ​​Earth's dry land.

The surface of Mars as seen from Earth is divided into two kinds of areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian "continents" and given names like Arabia Terra (land of Arabia) or Amazonis Planitia (Amazonian plain). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names Mare Erythraeum, Mare Sirenum and Aurorae Sinus. The largest dark feature seen from Earth is Syrtis Major. The permanent northern polar ice cap is named Planum Boreum, while the southern cap is called Planum Australe.

The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth"s, as Mars' greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about -87 °C during the polar winters to highs of up to -5 °C in summers.The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil. Mars also has the largest dust storms in our Solar System. These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet.

Mars

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system. This planet is named after the Roman god of war - Mars. Mars can be easily seen from Earth with the naked eye. It is often described as the "Red Planet" because the iron oxide common on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere and has surface features that resemble lunar impact craters; volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of the Earth. The period of rotation and seasonal cycles of Mars is also similar to the Earth. Mars is home to Mount Olympus, the highest known mountain in the solar system, and Valles Marineris is the largest canyon. The smooth Borealis Valley in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and could have a gigantic impact. Unlike Earth, Mars is currently geologically and tectonically inactive. Geological evidence collected by unmanned missions suggests that large-scale waters once covered its surface, and small geyser-like streams of water may have appeared within the last ten years. In 2005, radar data showed large amounts of water ice at the poles and mid-latitudes. The Phoenix lander sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.

Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregular in shape. They may be captured asteroids. Mars is about half the radius of the Earth. It is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and only 11% of its mass. Its area is only slightly smaller than the total land area of ​​the Earth.

The surface of Mars, visible from Earth, is divided into two types of regions with different albedo. The Pale are plains covered in dust and sand, rich in reddish iron oxide, once thought to be Martian "continents" and named Arabia Terra (the land of Arabia) and Amazonis Planitia (the plain of the Amazon). The dark areas were considered seas, hence their names: Mare Erythraeum, Mare Sirenum and Aurorae Sinus. The largest dark area visible from Earth is Greater Syrtis. Constant north polar cap ice is called Planum Boreum, and the southern cap is called Planum Australe.

The length of the Martian seasons is approximately twice as long as the Earth's, since the greater distance of Mars from the Sun leads to the fact that the Martian year lasts about 2 Earth years. The Martian surface temperature varies from about -87 °C during the polar winter to -5 °C in the summer. The wide temperature range is due to a thin atmosphere that cannot store much solar heat, low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of the Martian soil. Mars also has the largest dust storms in our solar system. They can range from a storm in a small area, to giant storms that cover the entire planet.