The mystery of the sinking of the Titanic: why was the captain of the ship California nearby and did not save anyone? Ship California.

Finished model length: 95 cm
Number of sheets: 28
Sheet format: A3

Description, history

The battleship was built by the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California. Its keel was laid on October 25, 1916, and launched on November 20, 1919. The "godmother" was Mrs. Barbara Stephens Zane, daughter of California Governor William D. Stephens. The battleship was completed on August 10, 1921 as the flagship of the Pacific Fleet. The first commander is Captain (1st Rank Captain) Henry J. Ziegemeier.

For twenty years, from 1920 to 1941, California served as the flagship of the US Pacific Fleet, then the flagship of the battle fleet. Every year he took part in joint maneuvers with the army, exercises, tactical exercises, and fleet gatherings for various purposes. In 1921-1922, she won the right to wear the pennant of the best warship (Battle Efficiency Pennant), and in 1925-1926 she was recognized as the best artillery ship in the fleet. In the summer of 1925, California led the battlefleet and a division of cruisers from the reconnaissance fleet on a goodwill visit to Australia and New Zealand. He took part in the presidential fleet reviews in 1927, 1930 and 1934. At the end of 1929 and the beginning of 1930, it underwent modernization and received a more modern anti-aircraft battery. In 1940, the naval base in the Pacific was moved to Pearl Harbor. Of the normal composition of the Pacific Fleet's linear forces (12 ships), by the beginning of hostilities with Japan, three New Mexico-class battleships were busy on neutral patrols in the Atlantic, the Colorado was under repair in Bremerton, and the remaining 8 were based at Pearl Harbor.

During the Japanese attack on the morning of December 7, 1941, the disposition of battleships, seven of which formed the famous “battleship row” along the southeastern shore of Ford Island, was as follows: the flagship of the commander of the 1st division stood alone on the southernmost side of the F-3 berthing bollards. battleships and the entire battle fleet in the Pacific Ocean, Vice Admiral W. Pye, battleship California; behind it, at the Gasoline Pier, was the tanker Neosho; at the F-5 stands were “Maryland” and “Oklahoma”; for F-6 - “Tennessee” and “West Virginia”; the F-7 has “Arizona” and the floating workshop “Vestal”; the F-8 has “Nevada”. The battleship Pennsylvania, along with two destroyers, was in dry dock No. 1. The old target battleship Utah occupied the regular position of the aircraft carriers on the other side of the island.

In the first wave of 189 Japanese aircraft, only 90 Kate torpedo bombers (B5N2) targeted ships. Forty of them carried torpedoes, and the rest carried bombs (converted from 356 mm armor-piercing shells and ordinary 250 kg general purpose). They all fell on the “battleship row”. Of the second wave (171 aircraft), 81 Val dive bombers (D3A1), armed with 250 kg bombs, were supposed to attack aircraft carriers and cruisers, but most of them, not finding their targets, also attacked battleships.

Unlike most other ships, moored in pairs, California was open to attack from all sides. About two hundred meters behind the stern there was a not very pleasant neighbor during the attack - the Neosho tanker, and in front, behind the small cape of Ford Island, was the Avoset seaplane tender. Although the California was one of the last to receive hits, its combat readiness turned out to be worse than others: its waterproof condition was poor, most of the officers, including the commander Captain J. Bunkley and Admiral Pye, were on shore (in fairness, it should be noted that when the first Japanese bombs went down, Bunkley was just at sea - swimming on the beach of the Halekulani Hotel), and the rest were unable to act quickly and effectively. In general, as the historian of the American fleet during the Second World War, S. E. Morison, wrote: “It is well known, although never publicly confirmed, that the flagship battleships, which looked neater and more dapper in appearance, were inferior to other ships in combat readiness and in terms of material condition." Firstly, during inspection checks, they turned a blind eye to some defects in equipment, so as not to put the admiral in an awkward position; secondly, the presence of the admiral and his staff forced the crew to devote a lot of time to “protocol” activities rather than improving combat training. And that morning, both the combat alert and the order to bring the ship into a state of complete watertightness (the so-called “Ready Z”) were announced with a long delay. Many sailors not only had a poor understanding of the types of aircraft and identification marks of a potential enemy, but also had no idea what kind of ships the countries in the Pacific Ocean had. One of the old-timers on the California, pointing to dozens of planes approaching with clearly bad intentions, explained to the young sailors who were beginning to worry: “It seems that a Russian aircraft carrier has come to visit us. These are planes from it. You see, red circles are clearly visible on them "(W. Lord "Day of Shame").

During the attack, the ship received damage that was not so fatal for a battleship. At 08.05, even before the “Readiness Z” measures were completed, and simultaneously with the opening of fire by anti-aircraft machine guns, two torpedoes hit the left side of the battleship: one in front of the bow superstructure, the other under the main gun turret No. 3. The charge of the newest Japanese aircraft torpedoes (200 kg of trinitrotoluene) was slightly larger than that for which the PTZ of battleships of this type was calculated (181 kg of TNT), although some aircraft also carried older torpedoes with a 150-kg charge. It is not known exactly which ones hit the California, but the PTZ withstood their explosions: not only the internal (bilge) bulkhead remained intact, but also the two in front of it. Before counter-flooding measures were taken, these hits resulted in a list of only 5-6°. While none of the damage was dangerous, California's situation was complicated by the fact that it was being prepared for an inspection scheduled for Monday. Therefore, some waterproof hatches (for example, 6 necks leading to the second bottom) were open, and many were only covered, but not battened down, as required by a combat alert. The surprise of the Japanese attack played a role in this case. In fact, after being hit by torpedoes, the ship found itself “without a bottom.” It was saved from capsizing only by rapid counter-flooding, which was taken care of by junior reserve lieutenant Edgar Fain. However, a puncture in the forward fuel tanks allowed salt water to mix with the oil, causing a loss of power at 0810. In addition to the fact that the drainage systems could not work, it was now impossible to supply ammunition to the anti-aircraft guns from the cellars. The same situation arose on most battleships, and due to weak anti-aircraft fire, Japanese planes flew over the base as they pleased. True, one of the “kates” that dropped torpedoes on the “California” was shot down after leaving the attack by anti-aircraft guns of the seaplane tender “Evoset”.

At 0825, one of the bombs, which hit under the bow superstructure on the starboard side, pierced several decks, ricocheted off the 2nd deck (the main armored deck) and exploded, disabling the anti-aircraft ammunition magazine and killing about 50 people. A huge hole opened in the main deck and a huge fire started. Finally, another bomb exploded in the water near the port bow, opening a large hole in the plating. Due to the water taken in through it, the battleship quickly sank with its bow by more than a meter.

Despite all the efforts of the crew, the ship continued to take in water - soon it rose above the 3rd deck (anti-fragmentation) from the left side and began to slowly fill the compartments above the waterline. Due to the loss of electricity, there was practically no means left to pump out the water entering the building. The sailors tried to manually do the work of machines and mechanisms, including feeding shells to anti-aircraft guns. The suffocating fumes of oil and fuel oil that spread throughout the ship made many remember the chemical weapons that the Japanese allegedly used. This only added to the panic, although there were also cases of heroism among the crew - people remained at combat posts, continuing to perform their duties until their death. At 0855 it was possible to restore the power supply and increase the pressure in the fire mains. The fires were brought under control, and at 0910 the California could already get underway, having steam in four boilers. By this time, Captain Bunkley and Admiral Pai had arrived on board, having reached the base by truck. But before he gave the order to start moving, flames from oil burning in the water engulfed the stern. The commander at 1002 ordered the crew to abandon the ship, but 13 minutes later, when the wind changed and drove away the burning oil, everyone was ordered to return on board. But they managed to return the people to the ship only an hour later. To inspire the crew, Chief Petty Officer Conner thought of attaching a battle flag to the stern, which they could not raise during the interrupted morning ceremony. Signal flags fluttered on the battleship’s halyards: “The battle fleet should go to sea.” The signal in those conditions was, to put it mildly, meaningless, since five battleships lay at the bottom or were close to it, and the Tennessee and Maryland were blocked by sunken ships. And, in principle, what could you expect from the confused admiral, who, pointing to a heavy American B-17 bomber flying overhead, shouted: “Look! They even wrote “US Army” on their planes!” (“they” are, naturally, the insidious Japanese).

Although the approaching minesweepers Vireo and Bobolink tried to pump out the water with their pumps and transferred portable dewatering equipment (pumps with gasoline engines) to the battleship, California continued to fill with water. The bulkheads did not hold up; destroyed ventilation ducts opened up new paths for water. As one of the sailors said, “We simply pumped all of Pearl Harbor through the ship.” The situation could have been saved with the help of divers, but in the conditions of burning oil and stirred up silt on the surface, such an attempt was tantamount to suicide for them. Only on the night of December 10 did the battleship stop sinking, sinking into the mud at the bottom of the harbor with a list of 6.5° to port, so that only the superstructures were visible above the water. In total, out of a crew of 1,666 people (of which 120 officers), 98 people (of which 6 officers) were killed and missing, and 61 (3 officers) were wounded. It is not known whether the battleship’s anti-aircraft gunners managed to shoot down at least one Japanese plane, but in the evening, when Japanese planes appeared everywhere, they “distinguished themselves” by killing several rescued from the Utah with a machine-gun burst.

The battleship was raised from the bottom on March 24, 1942 and placed in dry dock at Pearl Harbor for preliminary repairs. On June 7, she went under her own power to the Puget Sound shipyard for final damage repair and modernization. It was necessary to improve protection, stability, and install new anti-aircraft batteries and fire control systems. Only on January 31, 1944, California left Bremerton on a test trip to San Pedro, and on May 5, it left San Francisco to participate in the operation to capture the Mariana Islands. The battleship was commanded by Captain X. P. Burnet.

Before dawn on June 14, Rear Admiral Oldendorf's fire support group, which included California, maneuvered 12 miles north of Saipan's northernmost Cape Marley in complete darkness. Suddenly, the battery on the cape opened fire, placing 3 two-shell salvoes dangerously close to the ships. It was joined by a well-camouflaged battery on the islet of Maniagassa in Tanapag Bay. Despite the short distance (the ships were 2 miles from the coast), Japanese shells fell with large undershoots. "California" and "Maryland" quickly silenced the last battery. More successful were the gunners from the neighboring island of Tinian, who covered the cruiser Cleveland and managed to hit the California (1 killed, 9 wounded) and the destroyer Brain (3 killed, 15 wounded). It later turned out that the fire was fired by a 120-mm field battery camouflaged in the caves. Despite the hit, California remained in service and fired at Japanese positions at the request of the troops. The great danger for the Americans was the field guns, which the Japanese hid in caves when they began shelling the shore with battleships and cruisers, and then rolled them out to firing positions when the landing craft attacked. One of these positions on Cape Afetna was first fired upon by the cruisers Birmingham and Indianapolis, then by the battleships Tennessee and California, again by California and 2 cruisers, but the Japanese guns were never completely destroyed. Losses in the first wave of landings (20,000 people) were large. On the evening of June 15, "California", with the help of an adjustment post 31 landed on the shore, scattered the attacking group of Japanese, which was descending from the hill on the paratroopers who had not yet established themselves on the beaches, with a 127-mm shell. After Saipan, from July 19 to August 9, California's heavy guns paved the way for the landings on Guam and Tinian. Because of the huge boules, the battleship's maneuverability became completely disgusting, and in a rather harmless situation on August 24, it collided with the same type "Tennessee". To repair the port bow, we had to go to the island of Espiritu Santo.

On September 17, California departed for Manus Atoll to prepare for the invasion of the Philippines. Early in the morning of October 18, in a wake column, ships with paravanes set up due to the mine danger approached Leyte Gulf. Although the minesweepers started work a day earlier, immediately at the entrance to the bay two mines were noticed: one, which was hooked and forced to surface by the California paravan, was immediately shot with machine guns, the other was simply marked with a buoy with a flag.

The battleship played a key role in the operation in Leyte Gulf, which lasted from October 17 to November 20. In addition to the usual bombardment of the coast and support of troops, he had the opportunity to take part in the destruction of part of the Japanese fleet in Surigao Strait on October 25. Then the California fired 63 356-mm armor-piercing shells, firing mostly 6-gun salvoes to save shells, and almost rammed the Tennessee again. After some of the ships left to replenish supplies in the bay, the Mississippi, California, and Pennsylvania (CTG 77.1 group) remained under the command of the head of the 3rd linear division, Rear Admiral Weiler, since these battleships retained most of the main battery ammunition. But they no longer had to engage in battle with surface ships, and their main concern was repelling air attacks, including suicide “kamikazes”. On November 16, Rear Admiral T. D. Ruddock took command of the Leyte Gulf guard ships instead of Weiler.

With the capture of the islands of Leyte and Samar, the Americans faced the usual question: where to land next? There were several options for the development of events, and the most logical seemed to be a landing on the neighboring islands of the Philippine archipelago and leaving the largest one for last - Luzon, where the main enemy forces were concentrated (there were three air bases there, not counting over two dozen field airfields). In addition, the northern part of Luzon was within reach of Japanese aircraft operating from China and the island of Formosa. However, General MacArthur decided to make an unexpected move. At the beginning of the war, the Japanese began to capture the Philippines from the northern coast of Luzon, closest to them, and landed the main landing force in Lingayen Gulf on the northwestern coast of the island. And from the Americans, who invaded the Philippines from the south, they most likely expected a gradual movement to the north. And MacArthur proposed delivering the next blow in the Lingayen Gulf - right in the “heart” of enemy-held territory.

After training off the Palau Islands on New Year's Day, 164 ships and support vessels assembled in Leyte Gulf to begin Operation Mike G - landing in Lingayen Gulf. Vice Admiral Oldendorf's Bombardment and Fire Support Task Force TG 77.2, consisting of 6 battleships , 6 cruisers and 19 destroyers was divided into detachments: the 1st included the "Mississippi", "West Virginia" and "New Mexico", and the 2nd "California" (Oldendorf's flag, commander - Captain S.B. Brewer), Pennsylvania and Colorado.

In addition to them, 12 escort aircraft carriers, 14 destroyers, 6 escort destroyers, 48 ​​motor minesweepers, 10 destroyer transports with teams of underwater saboteurs, 2 tugboats, a seaplane tender and 11 LCI-type landing gunboats went to sea. These forces were supposed to clear the way for Admiral Kincaid's main landing force. The ships had to go through a difficult path, literally “through the gauntlet” of Japanese coastal aviation. Despite the huge losses in the battles for Leyte, Japan still had a huge number of aircraft. Its factories, untouched by bombing, produced over 7,000 cars every month. However, the main problem was the pilots, whose training required much longer than the continuously advancing enemy allowed. Japanese naval pilots now lacked the skill and experience of their predecessors. They could not break through the screens of the proliferating American fighters and accurately drop bombs and torpedoes on ships (even slow-moving transports or landing craft). And the Japanese command found a way out in the traditional samurai style, organizing the “kamikaze” suicide corps. Now young pilots did not have to bother themselves with intricacies like the point of dropping a bomb from a steep dive, getting out of it, or solving a torpedo triangle at a speed of 400 km/h. It was enough just to aim the entire plane at the intended victim and not deviate from the course, even if your plane fell to pieces under the fire of hundreds of anti-aircraft guns.

It was during the operation to capture Luzon that the Americans first became acquainted with the new enemy tactics, which became a major headache for them for several months. On the morning of January 3, the Japanese Bel dived onto the Cowanesque tanker. And although the material damage from the plane crashing into the deck was insignificant, the Americans realized that they would receive a “warm” welcome.

Oldendorf's main forces, having passed through the Surigao Strait in the Sulu Sea, split into two groups formed around escort aircraft carriers, which now became the main guarantors of security. About 40 patrol fighters, reinforced by shore-based aircraft, were constantly in the air. It was thanks to the powerful fighter cover that the attacks of 120 Japanese aircraft from Clark and Nicolet airbases, among which there were several dozen kamikazes, ended in vain. In the context of massive Japanese air raids, the powerful anti-aircraft weapons of the battleships played an equally important role.

But it was not always possible to do without losses. Already at sunset on January 4, a twin-engine bomber literally fell from the sky onto the deck of the escort aircraft carrier Ommany Bay, which had to be finished off with a torpedo from the destroyer. Neither dozens of observers nor modern radars were able to detect this plane in time. And the only ship that managed to shoot at it was the battleship New Mexico. Another kamikaze, which flew in just as unexpectedly, missed slightly, falling into the sea 45 meters from the escort aircraft carrier Lunga Point.

Attacks on Oldendorf's ships continued on January 5, fortunately the Americans were now closer to the main Japanese airfields. The heavy cruisers Louisville and Australia, the escort aircraft carrier Manila Bay and the destroyer were damaged by the kamikaze. In response, planes from escort aircraft carriers sank the small Japanese destroyer Momi, which, in view of the approaching American armada, was trying to escape with the same type Hinoki from Manila to Formosa. Hinoki made a second attempt on January 7, but ran into the main landing force and was sunk by destroyer artillery.

Dawn on January 6 found the operational groups of Oldendorf and Commander (Captain 2nd Rank) Laud (sweeping and hydrographic group) abeam of Cape Bolinao, located at the northern tip of the peninsula fencing off the Lingayen Gulf. Next, the ships split into small groups to begin operations according to plan. The battleships began shelling Japanese positions on the island of Santiago and Cape San Fernando, located on the flanks of the entrance to the bay. No one knew yet that this day would be called “One Day of Hell”. The first to receive severe damage was the battleship New Mexico, which was hit in the bow superstructure by a kamikaze. Then the "kamikazes" began to crash one after another: into the destroyers "Walk", "Allen M. Sumner", the minesweeper "Long" (sank). In 1519, Oldendorf had to order his battleships to enter the bay to cover the work of the minesweepers, who suffered heavy losses under air attacks. Depending on the capability, it was also proposed to fire at coastal targets with the main caliber. Having set up paravans, the battleships were drawn 20 miles into the bay. They managed to fire several volleys along the railway running along the coast, when in 1720 they themselves were attacked by five kamikazes. One of them, breaking through dense anti-aircraft fire, crashed into the California mainmast area, and a piece of its fuselage fell onto the deck between the mast and director No. 4. At the same time, the battleship was showered with fragments of a shell fired by a nearby destroyer to shoot down an aircraft approaching it. In general, anti-aircraft shells or their fragments hitting friendly ships in conditions of massive attacks and powerful fire on aircraft of all calibers has become a common occurrence. Air patrol fighters often suffered as well. Flying over friendly ships with the landing gear down was especially dangerous - all the fire was concentrated on such an aircraft. The fact is that the Japanese, more often than others, used outdated Bel dive bombers with a fixed landing gear as “kamikazes”. So on that day, one of the patrol fighters, whose hydraulic system was damaged by a shrapnel, causing the landing gear to fall into the landing position, came under fire from his own ships.

Of the California crew, 45 people were killed and 151 were injured, but the damage was superficial. After temporary repairs by ship's equipment, the battleship continued bombing Japanese positions. During the same raid, the light cruiser Columbia, the heavy cruisers Australia and Louisville were hit by two kamikazes (this was the second time for each), and in total on January 6, kamikazes damaged 2 battleships, 5 cruisers, 5 destroyers, 3 auxiliary ships and sank a minesweeper destroyer. On January 7, the minesweeper destroyers Howie and Palmer sank. On January 8, California observers at 0720 discovered the approach of five kamikazes. The Japanese always tried to attack immediately after sunrise or just before sunset and at low altitude, so that the rays of the sun hovering above the horizon would blind the gunners. One plane fell into the water not far from the battleship, but the cruiser Australia was unlucky again - two kamikazes crashed into it (in total, this cruiser "took over" 5 Japanese suicide planes from January 5 to 9). Then the California aircraft had to perform an unusual task. At 8 o'clock, a few minutes after the start of the next shelling, one of the spotter planes of the battleship Colorado reported a crowd of people with American and Philippine flags on the southern shore of the bay. Oldendorf ordered a ceasefire and sent one of his flagship's aircraft with leaflets on board advising all Allied sympathizers to clear this area of ​​the coast. After giving them enough time to escape, the American admiral ordered the bombardment to resume.

Admiral Oldendorf had already perfectly mastered the Japanese tactic of retreating deeper into the island as soon as battleships appeared, which turned the shelling into a useless waste of shells. But the battleships and cruisers continued to sail along the coast in order to attract as many kamikazes as possible. The calculation was simple - the more “kamikazes” the powerful anti-aircraft batteries of warships shoot down, the fewer of them will be left to the share of transports with landing forces. On January 10, the day after the landing, Oldenforf's flagship California finished its "work" and left the gulf with a return convoy to Leyte Gulf. The departure of two battleships out of six for repairs became the subject of a long discussion between Nimitz, Kincaid and General MacArthur. Intelligence reported two Japanese battleships on the Linga Road off Singapore (Isho and Hyuga) and 4 more in the Inland Sea (in fact there were Yamato, Nagato and Haruna), as well as strengthening of base aviation enemy. In such a situation, MacArthur pointed out the danger of the 7th Fleet's position between two Japanese formations and the possible disruption of the timing of the entire offensive. But Nimitz assured that the 5th linear division of Rear Admiral Fischler was coming from the Atlantic (the oldest "Texas", "New York", "Arkansas"), and the shipyards were finishing work on the "Nevada", "Tennessee" and "Idaho" " So on January 22, the California, with Oldendorf on board, and the New Mexico finally left Leyte Gulf. California headed to the Puget Sound shipyard to complete repairs, where she arrived on February 15th.

Returning to service, on June 15 the battleship joined the operation against Okinawa, remaining in that area until July 21. Since the battles were already taking place in the depths of the island, “California” could not boast of any special events. Two days later, he joined the 59th Task Force, which was covering trawling in the East China Sea. In August, the ship made a short trip to San Pedro Bay in the Philippines, and on September 20, it departed Okinawa to cover the landing of the 6th Army at Wakanoura Bay, Honshu Island. There, supporting the occupying forces, California remained until October 15, when it left via Singapore, Colombo and Cape Town to Philadelphia, where it arrived on December 7. There, on August 7 of the following year, the old battleship was put into reserve, on February 14, 1947, it was dismantled, and on July 10, 1959, it was sold for scrap.

For its participation in the Pacific War, California (BB-44) received 7 battle stars:

2. Operation in the Mariana Islands: capture of the islands of Saipan (June 14-20) and Guam (August 2-9, 1944)

4. Operation Leyte Gulf: Leyte Gulf landings (October 17-November 21, 1944)

6. Operations on Okinawa: landing and capture of Okinawa Island (June 17-30, 1945)

The ship received the Presidential Citation of the Philippine Republic (for Leyte and Luzon), as well as the Navy Medal for Occupation Service (Asia, 2 September-15 October 1945)

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Hello everyone! Vladimir Raichev is with you again on the pages of this blog. Friends, as you know, I am interested in the mystery of the sinking of the Titanic. I wrote about this mystical story and. But there are still a lot of strange things in this whole story.

So much has been written about this ship that it seems that there is probably no magazine or newspaper that returns to this topic again and again... The legendary Titanic is still not deprived of attention - they talk about it, argue, reflect and put forward new versions his death.

One thing is certain - the culprit of the death was the iceberg. The approximate course of events has also been more or less explained to ordinary people, but there are still many questions. For example, there are a lot of questions for those who were not so far from the flooding site.

Trial of the captain of the USS California

If ships that were not so far away had arrived at the Titanic as quickly as possible, then many more passengers would probably have been saved. But everything happened differently. One captain of the ship "California" was convicted of being unable or unwilling to provide assistance to drowning people. True, almost fifty years later, this charge was dropped against him. But just imagine what it's like to live with such a charge.

How was he acquitted? They were simply able to prove that the captain of the California could not, even with the greatest desire, consider what was happening to the Titanic, for the simplest reason - they were quite far from each other.

It was by proving the presence of this long distance that the captain was acquitted. But then a new strange mystery was put forward: the whole point is that both of these ships saw another ship!

What ship was next to the Titanic?

Yes, according to the documents of the ships, it turned out that on the California, looking at this ship, they thought that it was the Titanic, and on the Titanic they thought that they saw the California in the distance. What a mess! And therefore, on the Californian they realized too late that the Titanic was sinking.

By the way, the presence of a third vessel between these ships is documented. But they cannot prove this fact in any way - what a paradox! In the ship's logs of both ships there are entries that there is surveillance of an unknown ship, but what kind of ship it was and what it was doing there at the time of the disaster is still not clear.

The behavior of the vessel is also unclear. Using the same logs, they calculated the route of this mysterious ship and it was very strange: either the ship was almost heading to the disaster site at full speed, then suddenly it began to drift and, in fact, was no longer in a hurry to save people.

And then it completely floated away in a completely different direction. Having proven the presence of a third ship, 50 years later, the captain of the California was acquitted, but the question remained about what kind of mysterious ship it was. The answer to this question has not yet been found.

And today I say goodbye to you, I wish you an easy working Monday and a good mood. Don't forget to subscribe to my blog news - there is a lot of interesting things ahead. Share the article with your friends on social networks, I am sure that they will be interested in this article. Until we meet again, bye-bye.