Gottlieb A.S.

Introduction to sociological research. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Methodology. Research practices: textbook. allowance / A.S. Gottlieb. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Flinta: MPSI, 2005. - 384 p.

ISBN5-89349-760-0 (Flint) ISBN5-89502-759-8 (MPSI)

The textbook presents qualitative and quantitative approaches to sociological research. For the first time in Russian sociology, the main directions within qualitative sociology have been identified, the image and language of the finished product, and its functions have been analyzed. Special attention paid to the position of the researcher within these two approaches, the problem of truth in them. The book examines research practices, detailing various types of qualitative and quantitative research. Foreign and Russian experience of sociological research is richly presented.

Recommended for students and graduate students of sociological faculties and departments, teachers of the course "Methodology and methods of sociological research", as well as everyone who carries out sociological research in the areas of politics, means mass media, social work and other areas of public life.

ISBN5-89349-760-0 (Flint)

ISBN5-89502-759-8 (MPSI) © A.S. Gottlieb, 2005

Introduction 13

Part I. Methodological foundations of quantitative and qualitative approaches in sociological research

Topic 1. Quantitative approach

background, history of formation17

What is sociological research methodology 17

What is a quantitative approach in sociological research 19

From the history of the development of the quantitative approach 20

Criteria of scientific knowledge 24

Experiential Study of Reality 25

Reliability of scientific knowledge 26

Objectivity and objectivity scientific knowledge 29

Practical orientation of scientific

Focus on discovering laws 31

Reflection on methods of achieving

4.7. Special language science 35

Topic 2. Main features of the quantitative approach in sociological research 37

Focus of research interest 37

Research orientation 40

Object of study 43

Logical strategy for obtaining knowledge 44

Basis for empirical analysis: measuring social characteristics 48

Features of measurement in sociology 50

Types of scales used in sociological research 53

Construction procedure ordinal scale 59

6. Sampling method 66

6.1. Basic concepts and idea of ​​selective

6.2. Class of strictly probabilistic selection methods (techniques) 68

7. Assessing the quality of the study 71

What is the quality of sociological research 71

How to assess the reliability of research results 72

“Asymmetry of attribution” in sociological research 74

8. The nature of the knowledge gained. Researcher's position

in the research process 76

Topic 3. Qualitative approach

in sociological research:background, history of formation,theoretical origins80

What is a qualitative approach in sociological research 80

From the history of formation 81

Prerequisites for formation 83

Theoretical origins 90

The concept of understanding in the works of V. Dilthey and G. Simmel 91

Pragmatism in sociology 95

Symbolic interactionem J.G.Midai G.Bloomer 98

Dramatic sociology of I. Hoffmann 102

Phenomenological Sociology 105

Ethnomethodology of G.Garfinkel 110

Topic 4. Main features of the qualitative approach in sociological research 117

1. Focus of research interest 117

1.1. Opposition "individual-society"

in existentialism 118

1.2. Opposition "individual-society"

in phenomenological sociology 119

Individual and typical 120

The natural way to get data 121

2. Research orientation 122

Understanding as a specific way of knowing 122

Why can a researcher understand an informant 123

3. The nature of the information received 126

Concept of interpretation 126

Levels of representation of experience 130

Interpretation tasks 132

4. Result languages qualitative research 136

Images of the research result 136

Language of the result of scientifically oriented research 138

Language of research commentary 140

Language of simple or dense description 141

8 Content

5. Logical strategy for obtaining knowledge 142

General characteristics 142

Basic rules of “logic in practice” 146

6. The problem of truth in qualitative research 147

Objective truth and truth of experience 147

Quality of Qualitative Research 149

How to improve the validity of research results 150

7. Researcher's position 153

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The textbook presents qualitative and quantitative approaches to sociological research. For the first time in national sociology the main directions within qualitative sociology are highlighted, the image and language of the finished product, its functions are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the position of the researcher within these two approaches and the problem of truth in them. The book examines research practices, detailing various types of qualitative and quantitative research. Foreign and Russian experience of sociological research is richly presented. It is recommended for students and graduate students of sociological faculties and departments, teachers of the course “Methodology and methods of sociological research,” as well as everyone who carries out sociological research in the fields of politics, the media, social work and other areas of public life.

What is sociological research methodology.
The term methodology (from the Greek way of knowing and teaching, knowledge) has a number of meanings. In a narrow sense, however, the most widespread, methodology is a description specific methods research, i.e. purely “technical” area of ​​knowledge. The methodology of sociological research in the broad sense of the term is quite complex education, which includes two components: philosophical and sociological itself. The philosophical component is the system of the most general principles and provisions of the study. Their goal is to justify specific methods for collecting and analyzing sociological information, specific research practices, the logic of their implementation, criteria for assessing the quality of the information received, approaches to determining its truth, etc. The philosophical part of the methodology of sociological research is the answers to the utmost general issues: what is the nature of social reality within the framework of a particular approach? How do they relate the cognizing subject (researcher) and the world that is being cognized? what is meant by them true knowledge? what are the ways (paths) of obtaining new knowledge? what is the nature of this knowledge? What, finally, are the main functions (tasks) of sociological research in one approach or another?

The real logic of sociological research, which is described by the second, actually sociological component, depends on the answer to these “high” questions. This part of the methodology contains answers to less general, quite concrete questions, invariably confronting the researcher: what fundamental strategy for obtaining new knowledge to choose? what are the ways of representing this knowledge? What should be the sequence of organizing a sociological study? What are the capabilities and limitations of specific methods for collecting and analyzing sociological information? how to organize communication between the researcher and the respondent during the survey procedure? how to prove the presence or absence of a connection between the phenomena being studied and is it necessary to prove it at all? Indeed, without a definite answer to philosophical questions it is impossible to justify the technique of using this or that method, because what is considered a virtue, an advantage within the framework of one sociological approach, acts as a serious shortcoming, an object of criticism in another.

Gottlieb A.S.

UDC 316.52 BBK 60.55 G 736

Gottlieb A.S. Introduction to sociological research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Methodology. Research practices: Proc. allowance. Samara: Publishing house " Samara University", 2002. -424 p.

ISBN 5-86465-241-5

The book is tutorial, where qualitative and quantitative approaches in sociological research are analyzed “on equal terms.” Considerable attention is paid to the methodological foundations of these two approaches. The main features of the modern form of scientific knowledge, in accordance with which classical sociology was created, are highlighted. The prerequisites for the formation of a qualitative paradigm and its philosophical roots are analyzed. The main features of qualitative and quantitative approaches are described in detail, for the first time in domestic practice the main directions within qualitative sociology are highlighted, the image and language of their finished product, and the functions of qualitative research are analyzed. Much attention paid to the position of the researcher within these two approaches, the problem of truth in them.

Along with this, the book pays serious attention to research practices, detailed description various types of qualitative and quantitative research. Three leading methods of sociological research are analyzed, the specifics of their use in qualitative and quantitative paradigms are shown. Foreign and Russian experience of sociological research within the framework of the analyzed approaches is richly presented. Each topic is equipped with questions for review, as well as a list of references for additional reading.

UDC 316.52 BBK 60.55

Reviewers Dr. Philosopher sciences, prof. S.I. Golenkov, Ph.D. history sciences, prof. V.Ya. Machnev

ISBN 5-86465-241 -5 About Gottlieb A.S., 2002

© Samara University Publishing House, 2002

Introduction to sociological research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Methodology. Research practices.

Part 1. Methodological foundations of quantitative and qualitative approaches in sociological research

Topic 1. Quantitative approach in sociological research: prerequisites, history of formation

Topic 2. Main features of the quantitative approach in sociological research

Topic 3. Qualitative approach in sociological research: prerequisites, history of formation, theoretical origins

Topic 4. Main features qualitative approach in sociological research

Topic 5. Functions of sociological research in classical and qualitative paradigms

Part II. Research practices

Topic 1. Types of sociological research in the classical paradigm

Topic 2. Types of sociological research in the qualitative paradigm

Topic 3. Interview method in sociological research

Topic 4. Observation method in sociological research

Topic 5. Method of document analysis in qualitative and quantitative paradigms

Topic 6. Qualitative and quantitative approaches: possibilities of combination in one single study

Application

INTRODUCTION

This book is, to a certain extent, a response to the “challenge of the environment.” Qualitative sociology, having burst into the Russian sociological space relatively recently - just some 7-8 years ago - has split the sociological world into “qualitative” and “quantitative”, fiercely opposing each other. Then the situation in Russian sociology repeated the Western one with a delay of almost 20 years.

Today, when passions for qualitative sociology seem to have subsided in Russia, the time has come for a balanced approach to assessing the cognitive capabilities of the qualitative and quantitative paradigms and the problems that they give rise to. This book is an attempt to contribute to awareness modern sociology your cognitive resources - wealth that you need to be able to manage.

Of course, the qualitative paradigm in to a greater extent is full of problems, gives rise to more controversy than the classical one, which is understandable: understanding its “otherness” in Western sociology has a very recent history. And she herself is more philosophical and therefore more difficult for an empirical sociologist, who, as a rule, rarely thinks about methodological foundations aniyah produced knowledge. Perhaps the “merit” of the qualitative approach lies in the fact that it raised questions of methodology sociological knowledge in full growth, forcing the sociologist to “break away from empiricism” and think about the “eternal” questions: what is truth in sociological research? What reality do we study when working with documents, letters, diaries, newspaper articles? Who are we, sociologists, ourselves? What position do we take in relation to those we study? And, finally, why does the world need sociology at all, what does it give to the people living in it?

Some bias towards the methodological foundations of sociological knowledge, which is undoubtedly typical today for the modern cognitive situation in sociology, I hope, is also present in the book. In any case, I wanted to write not so much a book answering the question: “How to do sociological research?” (today there are already quite a lot of good instrumentalist-oriented textbooks), how much to draw the reader’s attention to the methodological problems of qualitative and quantitative approaches in sociological research. At the same time, as an empirical sociologist, I understood that without connecting “high” questions with specific sociological practice, without analyzing their “passability” through a particular method or research strategy, interest in methodology threatens to result in philosophizing, divorced from real experience sociologists and therefore not very significant or important for them. Therefore, where possible, I have tried to draw the line: methodology - specific research practice in relation to both approaches.

It should also be said that these approaches themselves - qualitative and quantitative - are rather Weberian ideal types, mental constructs, as a rule, do not coincide with “live” sociological research. However, only by mastering them can a sociologist hope to succeed in such a difficult, risky and full of surprises enterprise as sociological research.

A powerful stimulus for writing this book was the wonderful Summer school“The methodological potential of qualitative sociology and ways of its implementation in sociological research,” which we were able to conduct in the hot summer of 2000 in Samara. Here, in discussions at the round table, in tutoring classes and behind-the-scenes “get-togethers,” problems that needed understanding were especially acutely “highlighted.”

And one last thing. My desire to combine essentially two sociologies under the “same crust” and in a “readable” version led to the inevitable incompleteness of the representation of each of them. And yet, in my opinion, this combination makes sense. On the one hand, this makes it possible to show different rules games on the field of sociology, and on the other hand, to demonstrate its diversity, the rich palette of colors with the help of which sociology “paints” the world of society.

Tsylev V. R.
Challenges in Teaching Qualitative Research Strategy

Tsylev Viktor Rurikovich- Candidate of Philosophy, Head of the Research Laboratory of Sociological Research

Full text

Quote link:

Tsylev V. R. Difficulties in teaching qualitative research strategy // Sociology: methodology, methods, math modeling(4M). 2010. No. 31. P. 180-199.

Heading:

SOCIOLOGICAL EDUCATION

Annotation:

The article examines the difficulties that arise in the process of teaching students qualitative research strategy and are caused by contradictions between the theoretical description methodological principles qualitative research and the occurrence of cases of distortion of these principles when practical application qualitative methods. It is substantiated that these contradictions are due to the multivalued interpretation of such concepts as paradigm, methodology, method, qualitative method.

Keywords:

teaching methods; qualitative method; qualitative methodology; paradigm; methodology; method; classic study

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