Social integration general issues problems and approaches. The problem of social integration in social pedagogy

INTRODUCTION

This term paper in the field of deaf psychology shows the obvious problems of integrating deaf people into society. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that people with hearing impairment do not adapt well to the world around them, it is more difficult for them to get the desired profession, use transport, find a common language with their hearing parents or children, and join a new team. Even just "ask the time" or "how to get there" causes difficulties for a passer-by on the street. Psychology does not have special knowledge in the field of deaf psychology, in particular, for working with young people with hearing impairment.

16-17-year-old teenagers require more attention, knowledge, and practice from specialists. In the Republic of Belarus there are not enough personnel to carry out psychological work with them. The profession of a deaf teacher is rare for us, not to mention deaf psychology. Schoolchildren of specialized schools and colleges need the same help as healthy teenagers, because they also experience the first feelings associated with attraction to the opposite sex, think about choosing a future profession.

The object of the study are young people aged 16-25 years.

The subject, accordingly, is the social relations between young people with hearing impairment and society with normal hearing.

The purpose of the course work is to identify and systematically describe the problems that have arisen as a result of the social integration of deaf and hard of hearing youth and the search for their solutions.

Based on the specified topic of the course project, its main tasks are:

Ø study of the concept of social integration and its features;

Ø familiarization with the works and views of foreign and domestic authors in this field;

Ø comparison of the integration of youth with and without hearing impairment;

III study of the problems of social integration of disabled people with hearing impairment in the Republic of Belarus and abroad;

Ø determination of ways to overcome the problems that have arisen in the social integration of young people with hearing impairment.

During the research, various educational materials, manuals and legal documents were used.

THE ESSENCE OF SOCIAL INCLUSION FOR PERSONS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT

The concept of social integration

A special group in the structure of the population today is represented by people with hearing impairments, whose number has a steady upward trend. According to statistics, up to 3% of the population suffers from hearing loss to such an extent that social communication is difficult. More often, they include young people aged 16 to 25, who find it difficult to integrate into society.

Integration is divided into pedagogical and social. Social integration is a purposeful process of the transfer of social experience by society to a person, taking into account his characteristics and needs, the creation of adequate conditions for this transfer. As a result, a person with a hearing impairment, whether it is a child, a teenager or a young person, is included in all social systems intended for healthy people, and becomes a full member of society.

Social integration is the process of establishing optimal links between relatively independent social objects.

Social integration of disabled people is one of the most urgent problems of modern social work. The steady increase in the number of people with disabilities, on the one hand, increasing attention to each of them - regardless of his physical, mental and intellectual capabilities, on the other hand, the idea of increasing the value of the individual and the need to protect his rights, which is characteristic of a democratic, civil society, on the third On the other hand, all this determines the importance of social work with the disabled. The history of the development of the problem of disability testifies to the passage of a difficult path from physical destruction, non-recognition, isolation of "inferior members" of society to the need to integrate persons with disabilities and create a barrier-free living environment. In other words, disability today is becoming a problem not only of one person or group of people, but of the whole society as a whole.

Vygotsky also spoke about the social consequences of disturbed development: limitation of life activity (this is a decrease in the ability to behave adequately and a decrease in the ability to communicate with others) and social insufficiency (impaired ability to perform social roles).

The most important in social integration is the principle of socialization, which implies that a person is included in all social processes, thanks to which an individual learns and reproduces a certain system of knowledge, norms and values that allow him to function as a full member of society, mastering social norms and cultural values.

Socialization includes: early socialization (from birth to school); education (school and vocational); social maturity (labor activity); completion of the life cycle (after termination of employment).

In the early stages, social integration should include:

1. direct contacts between children of different education systems;

2. be based on an informal situation of communication;

3. include a variety of joint activities for healthy children and children with developmental disabilities.

Social integration into peer culture is affected by age, gender, and type of impairment. The older the children with disabilities, the more difficult the integration. Girls are more positive about integration than boys.

Children grow up, but the verbal world does not get closer, and sound (verbal) speech does not become more accessible, and communication problems accompany them everywhere and always. A hearing defect determines the circle of friends, they are friends with those with whom one can easily, freely and fully communicate. As a rule, these are those with whom they study at the same school. In educational institutions of boarding type, the whole life of its inhabitants passes in front of everyone. There is no way to be alone. Mistakes, blunders, behavior that deviates from the rules established at the school - all this will accompany graduates in their adult life as an "identification mark".

Adolescents are characterized by a desire to expand the social environment, which is one of the positive aspects of their personal development and self-determination. If we talk about a deaf teenager, then for him the expansion of the social environment is associated with increased fixation on his defect; the environment is aggressive towards him due to his physical defect. This fact is extremely important for understanding the processes of socialization of adolescents with hearing impairment.

There are two directions in the work on the socialization of deaf children:

1. Means of educational work of the school, family;

2. By means of various social institutions: public organizations, out-of-school organizations, mass media, cultural institutions.

In the socialization of deaf adolescents, the link between the above areas is club work.

Thus, in the course of growing up, children with hearing impairment carry their problems into adulthood. The social consequences of such improper development are a decrease in the ability to adequately behave and communicate with others, as well as a violation of the ability to perform social roles.

integer- whole):

Acceptance of the individual by other members of the group.
The process of establishing optimal links between relatively independent social objects (individuals, groups, social classes, states) and their further transformation into a single, integral system in which its parts are coordinated and interdependent on the basis of common goals and interests.
Forms of maintenance by the social system of stability and balance of social relations.
In defectology - the successful socialization of an individual who has overcome the negative consequences of the situation associated with his defect.

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See what "Social Integration" is in other dictionaries:

social integration- A social process when a national minority adapts to the mainstream community and receives rights equal to all sections of society ... Geography Dictionary

SOCIAL INTEGRATION- See integration, social… Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

SOCIAL INTEGRATION- (lat. integratio restoration, replenishment, integer whole) the process of transforming relatively independent, loosely interconnected objects (individuals, groups, states) into a single, integral system, characterized by consistency and ... ... Sociology: Encyclopedia

Social integration- the state and process of combining social phenomena into a single whole, the coexistence of various elements of society together, the harmonization of relations between various social groups, their interdependence; spiritual, socio-political and ... ... Sociology: a dictionary

SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION- (social integration and system integration) difference (Lockwood, 1964) between integration into society. Social integration is the result of socialization and agreement on values, and systemic integration is the result of action ... ... Big explanatory sociological dictionary

SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF YOUTH- - the process of integration (inclusion) of the young generation into society through inclusion in social relations and identification with them ... Terminological juvenile dictionary

Cultural state ext. integrity of culture and consistency between decomp. its elements, as well as the process, the result of which is such mutual agreement. The term "I.k.", used mainly in Amer. cultural ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

The state of the internal integrity of culture and consistency between decomp. its elements, as well as the process, the result of which is such mutual agreement. The term "I.k.", used mainly in Amer. cultural anthropology, in many ways ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

Integration: Wiktionary has an entry for "integration"

social structure- SOCIAL STRUCTURE stable forms of interconnection between the elements of the social system of society, due to the division of labor, the relationship of classes and social groups, the presence of institutions, the basis of social order. There is no single ... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

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Formation of social representations of persons with intellectual insufficiency. Textbook, Steblyak Elena Anatolyevna. The textbook summarizes the results of modern research by leading domestic experts in the field of studying and forming social representations of people with intellectual…
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G.I. Larionova,
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G.I. Larionova,
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Department of Social Pedagogy,
Omsk State Pedagogical University
Nyagan, Russia,
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The problem of social integration of the individual is one of the main ones in sociology, which studies the mechanisms established and operating in society for the transfer of social experience from generation to generation. In the article, based on the analysis of existing concepts and theories of foreign and domestic scientists, the concept of "social integration" is defined, which can be considered, on the one hand, as a process of active inclusion of an individual in the social life of society, and on the other hand, as a process of active assimilation by an individual of social norms and values.

The continuing state of economic, political and social instability in society necessitates the search for effective measures aimed at increasing the level of social integration of the individual.

Society as a social system is characterized by the organic interaction of various communities, groups and strata. One such group is the youth. Philosophical analysis of emerging integration preferences reveals many problems of social integration of young people in modern conditions.

Keywords: socialization, social integration, society, social problems, social behavior, social experience

Social integration: the concept, the essence, the direction

The problem of social integration of the personality is a major in sociology that studies the mechanisms established and the transfer of social experience of operating in a society from generation to generation. The article based on the analysis of the existing concepts and foreign and domestic scientists theories defined the concept of "social integration", which can be seen on the one hand, as a process of active involvement of the individual in social life, and on the other hand - as a process of active assimilation of individual social norms and values.

The continuing state of economic, political and social instability in society is the need to find effective measures aimed at improving the social integration of the individual.

Society as a social system characterized by organic interfaces between different communities, groups and layers. One such group is the youth. Philosophical analysis of evolving preferences of integration brings many problems of social integration of youth in modern conditions.

keywords: socialization, social integration, society, social issues, social behavior, social experience

Social integration of personality: concept, essence, directions

The problem of social integration of the individual is one of the main ones in sociology, which studies the mechanisms established and operating in society for the transfer of social experience from generation to generation. According to the views of T. Parsons, social integration is an organic part of socialization. In sociology, many theories have been developed that reflect various scientific directions for explaining this phenomenon of social reality.

The concept of "integration" came to the social sciences from the natural - physics, biology and others, where it is understood as the state of connectedness of individual differentiated parts into a whole and the process leading to such a state.

In psychology, the concept of integration was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung. By integration, he understood: a) awareness of the conflict between fragments of consciousness; b) acceptance of the conflicting parties as equal in importance. The meaning of integration lies in the fact that the area of consciousness that was repressed, suppressed by the personality, was no longer rejected. That is, integration means the acceptance and awareness of that material of psychic reality that was expelled from the sphere of the Ego into the unconscious with the help of protective mechanisms (suppression, repression).

In modern sociological literature, the concept of social integration, as noted by Z. T. Golenkova, E. D. Ikhitkhanyan, is given insufficient attention, and there is no clear definition of the conceptual apparatus. Most often, social integration is understood as (from Latin integratio - connection, restoration) the state and process of unification into a single whole, the coexistence of previously disparate parts and elements of the system together, based on their interdependence and complementarity, including as a process of harmonizing relations between various social groups.

In foreign sociology, scientists O. Comte, G. Spencer and E. Durkheim for the first time clearly defined the foundations of the functional approach to the concept of social integration. According to O. Comte, cooperation based on the division of labor performs the function of maintaining social harmony and establishing "general agreement" (consensus) in society. G. Spencer singled out two sides of any development process: differentiation (structural and functional) and integration, which ensures the consistency of more and more specialized institutions. E. Durkheim, defining society as an integrated whole, consisting of interdependent parts, singled out two types of societies: with mechanical (archaic society) and organic (industrial society) solidarity. Organic solidarity is a consensus, that is, the cohesion of the team, is born as a result of differentiation or is explained by it. Solidarity was considered by Durkheim as a condition for the survival and stability of society, and he considered the main function of social institutions to be integrative. The division of labor in modern societies lays the foundation for a new type of social integration.

T. Parsons argued that the process of formation and maintenance of social interactions and relationships between actors (agents) is one of the functional conditions for the existence of a social system. For T. Parsons, integration is a fundamental property or functional imperative of a social system (social society), it ensures the solidarity of members of society and the necessary level of their loyalty towards each other and towards the system as a whole. Social society, being the core of society, provides "different orders and levels of internal integration." "The social order requires a clear and definite integration in the sense of a coherent normative order on the one hand, and social 'harmony' and 'coordination' on the other." Also, according to the views of T. Parsons, the central point of the process of social integration as an organic part of socialization is the internalization of the culture of the society where the individual was born, who “absorbs” common values (axiological patterns) in the process of communicating with “significant others” or adopts them. from "other". As a result, adherence to generally valid normative standards becomes part of the motivational structure of the individual, his need.

Professor of Michin University I. Kh. Cooley considered the concept of "social integration" through the initial unity of social consciousness and the unity of the individual and society. And, as the scientist noted, “the unity of social consciousness” does not consist in similarity, but in the organization, mutual influence and causal connection of its parts.

The most viable kind of social integration, as noted by Z. T. Golenkova and E. D. Ikhitkhanyan, consists of the unity of diversity, the formation of integrity based on the coincidence of the goals and interests of various social groups, and concepts close to it are consent, social cohesion, solidarity, partnership . An individual in society is valuable not so much in itself, but depending on which social whole he belongs to, which professional group, organization, etc. The individual is considered as an element of the whole, his value is determined by his contribution to the whole.

But, as E. Durkheim points out, in modern society it is difficult to resolve the issue of the integrity of any phenomenon. Everything is determined by a specific social situation, the behavior of others, a specific type of activity.

The British sociologist E. Giddens interpreted the concept of "integration" not as a synonym for cohesion or consensus, but as a process of interaction. The scientist distinguishes between the concepts of "system integration" and "social integration". Social integration is the interaction between actors of action. It is defined as a system on a personal level, which implies the spatial and temporal co-presence of interaction agents. System integration is the interaction of groups and collectives, which forms the basis of the systemic nature of society as a whole.

Domestic scientist N. N. Fedotova believes that any definitions of social integration are not universal, since they take into account very few of the elements that function in society. The scientist considers social integration as a set of processes due to which heterogeneous interacting elements cohesion into a social community, whole, system, as a form of maintaining a certain stability and balance of social relations by social groups. At the same time, the two most important approaches are the interpretation of integration based on common values (T. Parsons) and on the basis of interdependence in a situation of division of labor (E. Durkheim).

An interesting concept of social integration is presented in the studies of Russian sociologists B. G. Zhogin, T. F. Maslova, V. K. Shapovalova. According to this concept, social integration acts as a measure of the coincidence of goals, interests of various social groups, individuals. From the point of view of D. V. Zaitsev, the consideration by scientists of the unity of goals, values, views and beliefs of individuals as one of the main grounds for their integration into society is not sufficiently legitimate, since there is an association of individuals with different habitus. Considering that each person has his own system of views, values, preferences, and the process of integration into society involves, first of all, the organization of joint activities based on interpersonal interaction, mutual adaptation, and it is necessary, the author believes, to be considered as a defining feature of social integration.

Thus, the space of social integration contributes to the development of a person’s communicative culture, provides an opportunity for conscious and unconscious learning of the necessary, adequate and productive practices of social interaction, through previously mastered social roles, and forms in an individual social behavior expected by society and conditioned by social status, that is, social status. a position associated with certain rights and obligations and cultural norms. In general, social integration comes down, firstly, to the unification of people based on the existence of common values and interdependence, and secondly, to the emergence of interpersonal relationships, interaction practices, mutual adaptation between social groups and integrated individuals. At the same time, the level of social integration, from the point of view of E. Durkheim, is determined by the degree of the individual's sense of belonging to a social group or collective based on shared norms, values, and beliefs.

Analyzing and summarizing the views of researchers directly related to the problems of integration, we come to the conclusion that there are many theories that can basically be reduced to two approaches: societies (E. Giddens, O. Comte, T. Parsons, P. Sorokin and others); b) theories about the emergence and development of relationships between the individual and society - the assimilation of the value-normative system of society (E. Durkheim, I. K. Cooley, J. Habermas, etc.). However, there is no integral and unified theory that would explain what grounds are universal for the integration of both the individual and society as a whole. The concept of "social integration" can be viewed, on the one hand, as a process of active inclusion of an individual in the social life of society, and on the other hand, as a process of active assimilation by an individual of social norms and values.

In the 20th century, in the domestic and foreign socio-philosophical and sociological literature, certain directions were outlined in the study of the problems of social integration. One of the first directions in the development of problems of social integration is connected with the analysis of trends and patterns of change in the social structure of society. In Soviet philosophical science, these works were begun in the 1920s, during the formation of Soviet society, and are associated with the names of A.A. Bogdanov and N.I. Bukharin.

In the early 90s of the last century, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a large number of publications appeared in Russian literature on the problems of social integration and sociocultural identification of the individual in a transforming society. Russian scientists carried out the analysis and testing of well-known foreign theories and methods in new socio-cultural conditions. The works of such researchers as Z.T. Golenkova, G.G. Diligensky, I.M. Drobizheva, T.I. Zaslavskaya, I.G. Ionin, P.M. Kozyreva, Yu.A. Levada, V.A. Yadov and others.

Of particular interest to us is the concept of the domestic psychologist G.M. Andreeva. It is based on the approaches of foreign researchers E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, C. Cooley and others. Andreeva distinguishes two forms of socialization: socialization as adaptation to certain social conditions and socialization as integration into a certain environment, the latter involves active entry into society. Also G.M. Andreeva defines the differences between the upbringing and socialization of the individual, emphasizing that upbringing is a purposeful process, and socialization is a spontaneous process, whether we want it or not, the phenomena of reality in the political, social, cultural sphere do not leave us indifferent, we cannot "fence ourselves off" from them; education is a discrete process, i.e. discontinuous, socialization is a continuous process and is carried out until the end of a person's life; education is carried out here and now by specific subjects of education, and socialization is carried out throughout life, starting from birth and continuing throughout life. The processes of upbringing and socialization proceed in parallel and at the same time independently of each other, they are aimed at the formation of the personality, the acquisition by a person of his place in life, the path of social and professional self-determination. The purpose of education is the development of a personality ready for socialization in the form of integration.

The continuing state of economic, political and social instability in society makes it necessary to find effective measures aimed at increasing the level of social integration. Understanding integration in the most general sense as the unification of system elements into a single whole, social philosophy considers it as the most important element of the stabilization and development mechanism, one of the conditions for social reproduction.

Society as a social system is characterized by the organic interaction of various communities, groups and strata. One of these groups is young people who play a certain role in social reproduction. Integrating into the social structure, young people carry out not only simple reproduction, but also expanded, thanks to their innovative potential. Expanded reproduction as the most important condition for social development can be successfully carried out in an integrated society. Consequently, the integrity and stability of society largely depends on how actively and freely young people are included in social structures, and on the degree of their solidarity with them.

A philosophical analysis of the emerging integration preferences of young people shows that the personal self-identification of young people is characterized by such qualities as instability, lack of final formation, higher reactivity in relation to changes in the sociocultural environment compared to older age groups. But at the same time, it is young people who have a whole set of social resources that contribute to a higher adaptability of this social group in the context of transformations: young age, education, social activity, willingness to take risks, etc. It is the youth, having such a socio-cultural potential, that can act as a conductor of social innovations necessary to stabilize social development.

The problems of social integration of youth were of interest to such Russian sociologists as S. Grigoriev, I.M. Ilyinsky, L.V. Koklyagina, T.I. Kukhtevich, V.T. Lisovsky, L.Ya. Rubina, V.V. Semenovich, V.I. Chuprov, V.N. Shubin and many others, but there are not enough studies presenting the social aspect of the integration and self-identification of the younger generation.

Thus, at present there is a need to study the problems of social integration of young people in the context of social changes in modern society. The problem lies in the contradiction that arises between the objectively inherent desire of young people to take appropriate positions in the social structure, to acquire a certain social status, and the obstacles to its effective integration into society, which are formed in conditions of social instability and economic crisis.

Despite the controversy of the final conclusions about overcoming class differences and achieving social homogeneity, Soviet and Russian scientists made a significant contribution to the development of the theory and practice of social integration of the individual, revealed in their research, within the framework of various approaches, individual, specific aspects of the social integration of young people. However, it should be noted that the issues of social integration of the individual are currently insufficiently developed in connection with the changed socio-cultural situation in Russia.

Bibliography

Andreeva G.M. Social psychology.- M.: Nauka, 2004.
Golenkova Z.T., Igitkhanyan E.D. Processes of integration and disintegration in the social structure of Russian society. Sotsiologicheskie issledovanija. 1999. No. 9.
Durkheim E.O. On the division of social labor: the method of sociology. M., 2000.
Zaitsev D.V. Socio-educational integration of atypical children: social conclusions and prospects // Russian society and sociology in the XXI century: social conclusions and alternatives: V3 vol. M.: MGU, 2003. V.2.
Cooley Ch. X. Public organization. Deep Mind Exploration. // Texts on the history of sociology of the XIX-XX centuries. Reader. - M .: Nauka, 1994.
Parsons T. Action Coordinate System and General Systems Theory: Culture, Personality and the Place of Social Systems // American Sociological Thought. M., 1996.
Tabylginova L.A. Scientific notes of ZabGGPU // Basic scientific approaches to the concept of "social integration". Gorno-Altaisk, 2011.
Jung K.G. On the Formation of Personality // Jung Carl Gustav. Psyche: structure and dynamics / Per. A.A. Spector; scientific ed. per. M.V. Marischuk. M.: AST: Mn.: Harvest, 2005.

UDC 316 BBK S 55

L. A. Tabylginova Gorno-Altaisk, Russia

The main scientific approaches to the concept of "social integration"

Based on the analysis of existing concepts and theories of social integration, the article highlights two main approaches to the concept of "social integration": the first approach is theories about the development and functioning of the social system as a whole, in the aggregate of complex relationships that arise between various subsystems of society; the second approach is theories about the emergence and development of relationships between the individual and society through the assimilation of the value-normative system.

Key words: social integration, solidarity, interaction, association, consensus, consent.

L. A. Tabylginova Gorno-Altaisk, Russia The Main Scientific Approaches to the Concept of “Social Integration”

On the grounds of the analysis of existing concepts and theories of social integration, the author emphasizes two main approaches to the concept “social integration”. The first approach theories about the development and operating the public system as an integrity in the set of complex intercouplings, appearing between different subsystems of society. The second approach theories about the origin and the development of the relations between individual and society through assimilation of value-normative system.

Keywords: social integration, solidarity, interaction, union, consensus, consent.

The concept of integration was introduced into European science and, in particular, into psychology by Carl Gustav Jung. By integration, he understood the following: a) awareness of the conflict between fragments of consciousness; b) acceptance of the conflicting parties as equal in importance. The meaning of integration lies in the fact that the area of consciousness that was repressed, suppressed by the personality, was no longer rejected. That is, integration means acceptance and awareness of the material of psychic reality that

expelled from the sphere of the Ego into the unconscious with the help of defense mechanisms (suppression, repression).

According to encyclopedic data, the concept of "integration" is analyzed from several points of view: 1) denotes the degree to which an individual experiences a sense of belonging to a social group or collective based on shared norms, values, beliefs; 2) combining into a whole any parts or elements; 3) the degree to which the activity or function of various institutions, subsystems in society complement each other rather than contradict each other; 4) the presence of specific institutions that support the additional and coordinated activities of other subsystems of society.

In the philosophical and sociological thought of the HUTTT-XTH centuries. the understanding of integration as a qualitative characteristic of macrosystems (society, culture, civilization) prevailed. Cultures (or "civilizations") were considered as closed, totally integrated organic units, characterized by internal consistency of constituent elements (J. Vico, C. Montesquieu), natural internal balance (E. Burke, J. de Maistre), embodying certain common principles, unified "cultural configurations", specific "national ideas", "collective spirit" (J.-J. Rousseau, I. Herder, P. Chaadaev, O. Spengler, Dilthey, Burkhart).

In the positivist sociology of O. Comte and G. Spencer, for the first time, the fundamentals of the functional approach to social integration were clearly updated. According to O. Comte, cooperation based on the division of labor performs the function of maintaining social harmony and establishing "general agreement" (consensus) in society. G. Spencer singled out two sides of any development process: differentiation (structural and functional) and integration, which ensures the consistency of increasingly specialized institutions.

E. Durkheim, defining society as an integrated whole, consisting of interdependent parts, singled out two types of societies: with mechanical (archaic society) and organic (industrial society) solidarity.

Organic solidarity is a consensus, that is, the cohesion of the team, is born as a result of differentiation or is explained by it. Solidarity was considered by Durkheim as a condition for the survival and stability of society, and he considered the main function of social institutions to be integrative. The division of labor in modern societies lays the foundation for a new type of social integration.

It should also be noted that Durkheim, exploring the phenomenon of suicide, is looking for socially integrating factors that protect the individual from social isolation (one of the causes of suicide). Based on the results of his research, E. Durkheim found that the number of suicides is inversely proportional to the degree of integration of those social groups that the individual belongs to.

Durkheim's position is based on the idea that the actions of people to realize public interests create the foundations of social integration, and moral education and political action began to be singled out as the main factor in social integration.

Thus, E. Durkheim argued that society is a single collective that can be precisely defined, albeit with a naturally changing composition of individuals, which will be united by a system of institutionalized values, that is, a common culture and the implementation of these values in society.

G. Simmel approaches Durkheim in the sense that he also discovers functional equivalents in the structures and institutions of capitalist society

elementary ties of custom, which (in theory) supported the unity of traditional society. Elsewhere, he shows that in modern society, a developed division of labor and economic action simultaneously reinforce a high level of trust in social relations, which can contribute to more successful integration.

For Parsons, integration is a fundamental property or functional imperative of a social system (societal society), it ensures the solidarity of members of society and the necessary level of their loyalty towards each other and towards the system as a whole. Societal society, being the core of society, provides "different orders and levels of internal integration." "The societal order requires a clear and definite integration in the sense of a coherent normative order, on the one hand, and societal "harmony" and "coordination" on the other." That is, integrative processes, according to the concept of the scientist, are of a compensatory nature, since it ensures the restoration of balance after disturbances and guarantees the continuity and reproduction of society.

Also, according to the views of T. Parsons, the central point of the process of social integration as an organic part of socialization is the internalization of the culture of the society where the individual was born, who “absorbs” common values (axiological patterns) in the process of communicating with “significant others” or, according to P. Berger and T. Lukman, adopts them from the "other". As a result-

That is, following generally valid normative standards becomes part of the motivational structure of the individual, his need. This process was well presented by J. G. Mead: “... an individual must introduce into his individual consciousness a social process in the form of accepting the attitudes of other individuals in relation to him and each other, and also accept their attitudes in relation to social activity, and then act in the direction of the general social process. Consequently, the development and vital activity of a personality takes place in the process of communication between an individual and members of a certain social group, in the course of joint activities, in the process of interpersonal interaction. In general, the phenomenon of interaction represents a certain system where, within the framework of the process of interaction, there is a close functional connection between the centers of interaction, and the behavior or state of one of them is immediately reflected in the behavior and state of the other, changes in one (dominant at the moment) individual determine (often latently) changes in the behavior and state of his counterparty. Hence, unity, a high degree of social integration are possible only when functional ties are established between individuals, that is, relations of interaction.

According to the American sociologist

Ch. Mills, the problem of order and thus the integration of stable systems of social interaction, that is, social structure, focuses on the integration of the motivations of actors and the normative standards of culture, which interpersonally integrate the system of action between individuals.

The German sociologist M. Weber considers the process of integration through the unity of the individual himself and his behavior. A separate individual and his behavior is, as it were, a “cell” of sociology and history, their “atom”, that “simplest

unity”, which itself is no longer subject to further decomposition and splitting. Professor of Michin University I. Kh. Cooley considered the concept of "integration" through the initial unity of social consciousness and the unity of the individual and society. And, as the scientist noted, “the unity of social consciousness” does not consist in similarity, but in the organization, mutual influence and causal connection of its parts.

Thus, social integration is a characteristic of the degree of coincidence of values, goals, interests of various social groups, individuals; and concepts close to it in various aspects are consent, social cohesion, solidarity, the inclusion of an individual in a group, partnership. A natural variant of its absolutization is syncretism, when an individual in society is valuable not so much in itself, but depending on which social whole he belongs to, which professional group, organization, etc. The individual is considered as an element of the whole, his value is determined by the contribution to the whole (organization, society).

The most viable kind of social integration, as noted by Z. T. Golenkova, E. D. Ihitkhanyan, consists of the unity of diversity, the formation of integrity based on the coincidence of goals and interests. However, as E. Durkheim points out, in modern society it is difficult to resolve the issue of normality, the integrity of any phenomenon. Everything is determined by a specific social situation, the behavior of others, a specific type of activity. At the same time, from the point of view

E. Durkheim, the disease does not make a person a special being, but only forces him to adapt differently.

Another factor in the integration of the individual into society in sociological thought was considered law. The concept of jurisprudence to the integration of the use of

whether in their research such scientists as G. Spencer (the beginning of the structural and functional study of society as an organism); M. Weber (the theory of social action, the doctrine of the legitimation of power, the concept of rational bureaucracy); T. Parsons (law as a means of social control and a factor in the integration of individual value orientations); G. Gurvich (law as a factor of integration and institutionalization in public relations). Speaking about the role of law in the social integration of an individual into society, it should be noted that all points of view of researchers are similar in their essence: law is a certain set of measures of freedom and restriction. Law, through the norms of behavior fixed in a certain way, is the basis of self-reproduction of social relations, and hence of society itself. Thus, law is one of the most important elements in the social integration of people with disabilities.

Also, the issues of understanding social integration, its nature and types of integrative processes were dealt with by such representatives of modern sociology as E. Giddens and J. Habermas. In his discussion of the lifeworld and the system in terms of conceptual strategies, Habermas concludes: “The fundamental problem of social theory is how to satisfactorily combine the two conceptual strategies denoted by the concepts “system” and “lifeworld” . J. Habermas calls these conceptual strategies "social integration" and "integration system". It is within the framework of these strategies that one more of the factors of social integration is described - communication.

The approach to social integration focuses on the lifeworld and how the system of action is integrated through normatively guaranteed or achieved communication.

consensus. Social theorists, who believe that society is united through social integration, start from communicative action and identify society with the life world.

Domestic scientist N. N. Fedotova believes that any definitions of integration are not universal, since they take into account very few of the elements that function in society. The scientist considers social integration as a set of processes due to which heterogeneous interacting elements cohesion into a social community, whole, system, forms of maintaining a certain stability and balance of social relations by social groups. At the same time, he singles out the two most important approaches: the interpretation of integration based on common values (T. Parsons) and on the basis of interdependence in a situation of division of labor (E. Durkheim).

From the point of view of D. V. Zaitsev, the consideration by scientists of the unity of goals, values, views and beliefs of individuals as one of the main grounds for their integration into society is not sufficiently legitimate, since there is an association of individuals with different habitus. Given that each person has his own system of views, values, preferences, and the process of integration into society involves, first of all, the organization of joint activities based on interpersonal interaction, mutual adaptation, it is necessary, the author believes, to be considered as a defining feature of social integration.

Thus, the space of social integration contributes to the development of a person's communicative culture, provides an opportunity for conscious and unconscious learning of the necessary, adequate and productive practices of social interaction through previously mastered social roles and forms in an individual social behavior expected by society and conditioned by social status, that is, social position. associated with certain rights and obligations and cultural norms. In general, social integration comes down, firstly, to the unification of people based on the existence of common values and interdependence, and secondly, to the emergence of interpersonal relationships, interaction practices, mutual adaptation between social groups and integrated individuals. At the same time, the level of integration, from the point of view of E. Durkheim, is determined by the degree of the individual's sense of belonging to a social group or collective based on shared norms, values, and beliefs.

Analyzing and summarizing the views of researchers, directly related to

problems of integration, we come to the conclusion that there are many theories that can basically be reduced to two approaches: a) the theory of the development and functioning of the social system as a whole, in the aggregate of complex relationships that arise between various subsystems of society (E. Giddens, O Comte, N. Luhmann, T. Parsons, P. Sorokin and others); b) theories about the emergence and development of relationships between the individual and society - the assimilation of value-normatives;

noah system of society (E. Durkheim, I. K. Cooley, J. Habermas, etc.). However, there is no integral and unified theory that would explain what grounds are universal for the integration of both the individual and society as a whole.

The concept of "social integration" can be viewed, on the one hand, as a process of active inclusion of an individual in the social life of society, and on the other hand, as a process of active assimilation by an individual of social norms and values.

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Social integration - the state and process of combining social phenomena into a single whole, the coexistence of various elements of society together, the harmonization of relations between various social groups, their interdependence; the spiritual, socio-political and economic unity of society, which manifests itself in the creation of a system of values and ideals that is unified for all people; the presence of ordered relationships between individuals, groups, organizations, etc.; unity of diversity; characteristics of the degree of coincidence of goals, interests of various social groups, individuals.

Sociology: in 3 volumes: a dictionary of the book. - M.: Faculty of Sociology of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. V. I. Dobrenkov, A. I. Kravchenko. 2003-2004 .

See what "Social Integration" is in other dictionaries:

Social integration- (lat. integratio restoration, replenishment; lat. integer whole): Acceptance of the individual by other members of the group. The process of establishing optimal links between relatively independent, little-connected social objects ... ... Wikipedia

social integration- A social process when a national minority adapts to the mainstream community and receives rights equal to all sections of society ... Geography Dictionary

SOCIAL INTEGRATION- See integration, social… Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

INTEGRATION- cultural state of the interior. integrity of culture and consistency between decomp. its elements, as well as the process, the result of which is such mutual agreement. The term "I.k.", used mainly in Amer. cultural ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

Cultural integration- the state of the internal integrity of culture and consistency between decomp. its elements, as well as the process, the result of which is such mutual agreement. The term "I.k.", used mainly in Amer. cultural anthropology, in many ways ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

Integration- Integration: Wiktionary has an entry for "integration"

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