Method for determining the duration of the blow. Impact Phenomenon Basic Equation of Impact Theory

Impact mechanism. In the mechanics of an absolutely rigid body, impact is considered as a jump-like process, the duration of which is infinitely small. During the impact, at the point of contact of the colliding bodies, large, but instantly acting forces arise, leading to a finite change in the momentum. In real systems, finite forces always act during a finite time interval, and the collision of two moving bodies is associated with their deformation near the point of contact and the propagation of a compression wave inside these bodies. The duration of the impact depends on many physical factors: the elastic characteristics of the materials of the colliding bodies, their shape and size, the relative speed of approach, etc.

The change in acceleration with time is commonly called a shock acceleration impulse or a shock impulse, and the law of change in acceleration with time is called the form of a shock impulse. The main parameters of the shock pulse include peak shock acceleration (overload), the duration of the shock acceleration and the shape of the pulse.

There are three main types of product response to shock loads:

* ballistic (quasi-damping) mode of excitation (the period of EI natural oscillations is greater than the duration of the excitation pulse);

* quasi-resonant mode of excitation (the period of EI natural oscillations is approximately equal to the duration of the excitation pulse);

* static mode of excitation (the period of EI natural oscillations is less than the duration of the excitation pulse).

In the ballistic mode, the maximum value of the EM acceleration is always less than the peak acceleration of the impact pulse. Quasi-resonant The quasi-resonant excitation mode is the most rigid in terms of the magnitude of the excited accelerations (m is more than 1). In the static mode of excitation, the response of the ED completely repeats the acting pulse (m=1), the test results do not depend on the shape and duration of the pulse. Tests in the static region are equivalent to tests for the effects of linear acceleration, since it can be seen as a stroke of infinite duration.

Drop tests are carried out in a quasi-resonant mode of excitation. Impact strength is evaluated by the integrity of the design of the power plant (no cracks, chips).

Impact tests are carried out after impact tests under electrical load to verify the ability of the ED to perform its functions under mechanical shock conditions.

In addition to mechanical shock stands, electrodynamic and pneumatic shock stands are used. In electrodynamic stands, a current pulse is passed through the excitation coil of the moving system, the amplitude and duration of which are determined by the parameters of the shock pulse. On pneumatic stands, impact acceleration is obtained when the table collides with a projectile fired from an air gun.

The characteristics of shock stands vary widely: load capacity, load capacity - from 1 to 500 kg, number of beats per minute (adjustable) - from 5 to 120, maximum acceleration - from 200 to 6000 g, duration of blows - from 0.4 to 40 ms.

In mechanics, impact is the mechanical action of material bodies, leading to a finite change in the velocities of their points in an infinitely small period of time. Impact motion is a motion that occurs as a result of a single interaction of a body (medium) with the system under consideration, provided that the smallest period of natural oscillations of the system or its time constant are commensurate or greater than the interaction time.

During impact interaction at the points under consideration, impact accelerations, speed or displacement are determined. Together, such impacts and reactions are called impact processes. Mechanical shocks can be single, multiple and complex. Single and multiple impact processes can affect the apparatus in the longitudinal, transverse and any intermediate directions. Complex impact loads act on an object in two or three mutually perpendicular planes simultaneously. Impact loads on an aircraft can be both non-periodic and periodic. The occurrence of shock loads is associated with a sharp change in the acceleration, speed or direction of movement of the aircraft. Most often in real conditions there is a complex single shock process, which is a combination of a simple shock pulse with superimposed oscillations.

The main characteristics of the shock process:

laws of change in time of impact acceleration a(t), velocity V(t) and displacement X(t) peak shock acceleration;
duration of shock acceleration front Tf - time interval from the moment of occurrence of shock acceleration to the moment corresponding to its peak value;
the coefficient of superimposed fluctuations of shock acceleration - the ratio of the total sum of the absolute values of increments between adjacent and extreme values of shock acceleration to its doubled peak value;
impact acceleration impulse - the integral of impact acceleration over a time equal to the duration of its action.

According to the shape of the curve of the functional dependence of motion parameters, shock processes are divided into simple and complex. Simple processes do not contain high-frequency components, and their characteristics are approximated by simple analytical functions. The name of the function is determined by the shape of the curve approximating the dependence of acceleration on time (half-sinusoidal, cosanusoidal, rectangular, triangular, sawtooth, trapezoidal, etc.).

A mechanical shock is characterized by a rapid release of energy, resulting in local elastic or plastic deformations, excitation of stress waves and other effects, sometimes leading to malfunction and destruction of the aircraft structure. The shock load applied to the aircraft excites rapidly damped natural oscillations in it. The value of overload upon impact, the nature and rate of stress distribution over the structure of the aircraft are determined by the force and duration of the impact, and the nature of the change in acceleration. Impact, acting on the aircraft, can cause its mechanical destruction. Depending on the duration, complexity of the impact process and its maximum acceleration during testing, the degree of rigidity of the aircraft structural elements is determined. A simple impact can cause destruction due to the occurrence of strong, albeit short-term overstresses in the material. A complex impact can lead to the accumulation of fatigue microdeformations. Since the aircraft design has resonant properties, even a simple impact can cause an oscillatory reaction in its elements, also accompanied by fatigue phenomena.

Mechanical overloads cause deformation and breakage of parts, loosening of joints (welded, threaded and riveted), unscrewing screws and nuts, movement of mechanisms and controls, as a result of which the adjustment and adjustment of devices changes and other malfunctions appear.

The fight against the harmful effects of mechanical overloads is carried out in various ways: increasing the strength of the structure, using parts and elements with increased mechanical strength, using shock absorbers and special packaging, and rational placement of devices. Measures to protect against the harmful effects of mechanical overloads are divided into two groups:

measures aimed at ensuring the required mechanical strength and rigidity of the structure;
measures aimed at isolating structural elements from mechanical influences.

In the latter case, various shock-absorbing means, insulating gaskets, compensators and dampers are used.

The general task of testing an aircraft for impact loads is to check the ability of an aircraft and all its elements to perform their functions during and after impact, i.e. maintain their technical parameters during impact and after it within the limits specified in the regulatory and technical documents.

The main requirements for impact tests in laboratory conditions are the maximum approximation of the result of a test impact on an object to the effect of a real impact in natural operating conditions and the reproducibility of the impact.

When reproducing shock loading modes in laboratory conditions, restrictions are imposed on the instantaneous acceleration pulse shape as a function of time (Fig. 2.50), as well as on the permissible limits of pulse shape deviations. Almost every shock pulse on the laboratory stand is accompanied by a pulsation, which is the result of resonant phenomena in drum machines and auxiliary equipment. Since the spectrum of a shock pulse is mainly a characteristic of the destructive effect of an impact, even a small pulsation superimposed can make the measurement results unreliable.

Test rigs that simulate individual impacts followed by vibrations constitute a special class of equipment for mechanical testing. Impact stands can be classified according to various criteria (Fig. 2.5!):

I - according to the principle of shock impulse formation;

II - by the nature of the tests;

III - according to the type of reproducible shock loading;

IV - according to the principle of action;

V - according to the energy source.

In general, the scheme of the shock stand consists of the following elements (Fig. 2.52): the test object, mounted on a platform or container, together with a shock overload sensor; acceleration means for communicating the required speed to the object; braking device; control systems; recording equipment for recording the investigated parameters of the object and the law of change of shock overload; primary converters; auxiliary devices for adjusting the modes of operation of the tested object; power supplies necessary for the operation of the tested object and recording equipment.

The simplest stand for impact testing in laboratory conditions is a stand that operates on the principle of dropping a test object fixed on a carriage from a certain height, i.e. using the earth's gravity to disperse. In this case, the shape of the shock pulse is determined by the material and shape of the colliding surfaces. On such stands it is possible to provide acceleration up to 80000 m/s2. On fig. 2.53, a and b shows the fundamentally possible schemes of such stands.

In the first version (Fig. 2.53, a) a special cam 3 with a ratchet tooth is driven by a motor. When the cam reaches the maximum height H, the table 1 with the test object 2 falls on the braking devices 4, which give it a blow. Impact overload depends on the height of the fall H, the stiffness of the braking elements h, the total mass of the table and the test object M and is determined by the following relationship:

By varying this value, you can get different overloads. In the second variant (Fig. 2.53, b), the stand works according to the drop method.

Test benches using a hydraulic or pneumatic drive to accelerate the carriage are practically independent of the action of gravity. On fig. 2.54 shows two options for impact pneumatic stands.

The principle of operation of the stand with an air gun (Fig. 2.54, a) is as follows. Compressed gas is supplied to the working chamber /. When the predetermined pressure is reached, which is controlled by the manometer, the automat 2 releases the container 3, where the test object is placed. When exiting the barrel 4 of the air gun, the container comes into contact with the device 5, which allows you to measure the speed of the container. The air gun is attached to the support posts through shock absorbers b. The given braking law on the shock absorber 7 is implemented by changing the hydraulic resistance of the flowing fluid 9 in the gap between the specially profiled needle 8 and the hole in the shock absorber 7.

The structural diagram of another pneumatic shock stand, (Fig. 2.54, b) consists of a test object 1, a carriage 2 on which the test object is installed, a gasket 3 and a brake device 4, valves 5 that allow you to create the specified gas pressure drops on the piston b, and gas supply systems 7. The brake device is activated immediately after the collision of the carriage and the pad to prevent the carriage from reversing and distorting the shock waveforms. The management of such stands can be automated. They can reproduce a wide range of shock loads.

As an accelerating device, rubber shock absorbers, springs, and, in some cases, linear asynchronous motors can be used.

The capabilities of almost all shock stands are determined by the design of the braking devices:

1. The impact of a test object with a rigid plate is characterized by deceleration due to the occurrence of elastic forces in the contact zone. This method of braking the test object makes it possible to obtain large values of overloads with a small front of their growth (Fig. 2.55, a).

2. To obtain overloads in a wide range, from tens to tens of thousands of units, with their rise time from tens of microseconds to several milliseconds, deformable elements are used in the form of a plate or gasket lying on a rigid base. The materials of these gaskets can be steel, brass, copper, lead, rubber, etc. (Fig. 2.55, b).

3. To ensure any specific (given) law of change of n and t in a small range, deformable elements are used in the form of a tip (crusher), which is installed between the plate of the shock stand and the object under test (Fig. 2.55, c).

4. To reproduce an impact with a relatively large deceleration path, a braking device is used, consisting of a lead, plastically deformable plate located on the rigid base of the stand, and a hard tip of the corresponding profile that is introduced into it (Fig. 2.55, d), fixed on the object or platform of the stand . Such braking devices make it possible to obtain overloads in a wide range of n(t) with a short rise time, up to tens of milliseconds.

5. An elastic element in the form of a spring (Fig. 2.55, e) installed on the movable part of the shock stand can be used as a braking device. This type of braking provides relatively small half-sine overloads with a duration measured in milliseconds.

6. A punchable metal plate, fixed along the contour at the base of the installation, in combination with a rigid tip of the platform or container, provides relatively small overloads (Fig. 2.55, e).

7. Deformable elements installed on the movable platform of the stand (Fig. 2.55, g), in combination with a rigid conical catcher, provide long-term overloads with a rise time of up to tens of milliseconds.

8. A braking device with a deformable washer (Fig. 2.55, h) makes it possible to obtain large deceleration paths for an object (up to 200 - 300 mm) with small deformations of the washer.

9. The creation in laboratory conditions of intense shock pulses with large fronts is possible when using a pneumatic brake device (Fig. 2.55, s). The advantages of the pneumatic damper include its reusable action, as well as the possibility of reproducing shock pulses of various shapes, including those with a significant predetermined front.

10. In the practice of shock testing, a braking device in the form of a hydraulic shock absorber has become widely used (see Fig. 2.54, a). When the test object hits the shock absorber, its rod is immersed in the liquid. The liquid is pushed out through the stem point according to the law determined by the profile of the regulating needle. By changing the profile of the needle, it is possible to realize different types of the braking law. The profile of the needle can be obtained by calculation, but it is too difficult to take into account, for example, the presence of air in the piston cavity, friction forces in sealing devices, etc. Therefore, the calculated profile must be experimentally corrected. Thus, the computational-experimental method can be used to obtain the profile necessary for the implementation of any braking law.

Impact testing in laboratory conditions puts forward a number of special requirements for the installation of the object. So, for example, the maximum allowable movement in the transverse direction should not exceed 30% of the nominal value; both in impact resistance tests and in impact strength tests, the product must be able to be installed in three mutually perpendicular positions with the reproduction of the required number of shock impulses. The one-time characteristics of the measuring and recording equipment must be identical over a wide frequency range, which guarantees the correct registration of the ratios of the various frequency components of the measured pulse.

Due to the variety of transfer functions of different mechanical systems, the same shock spectrum can be caused by a shock pulse of different shapes. This means that there is no one-to-one correspondence between some acceleration time function and the shock spectrum. Therefore, from a technical point of view, it is more correct to specify specifications for shock tests that contain requirements for the shock spectrum, and not for the time characteristic of acceleration. First of all, this refers to the mechanism of fatigue failure of materials due to the accumulation of loading cycles, which may be different from test to test, although the peak values of acceleration and stress will remain constant.

When modeling impact processes, it is expedient to compose a system of determining parameters according to the identified factors necessary for a fairly complete determination of the desired value, which can sometimes be found only experimentally.

Considering the impact of a massive, freely moving rigid body on a deformable element of a relatively small size (for example, on a brake device of a bench) fixed on a rigid base, it is required to determine the parameters of the impact process and establish the conditions under which such processes will be similar to each other. In the general case of the spatial motion of a body, six equations can be compiled, three of which give the law of conservation of momentum, two - the laws of conservation of mass and energy, the sixth is the equation of state. These equations include the following quantities: three velocity components Vx Vy \ Vz> density p, pressure p and entropy. Neglecting dissipative forces and assuming the state of the deformable volume to be isentropic, one can exclude entropy from the number of determining parameters. Since only the motion of the center of mass of the body is considered, it is possible not to include the velocity components Vx, Vy among the determining parameters; Vz and coordinates of points L", Y, Z inside the deformable object. The state of the deformable volume will be characterized by the following defining parameters:

material density p;
pressure p, which is more expedient to take into account through the value of the maximum local deformation and Otmax, considering it as a generalized parameter of the force characteristic in the contact zone;
the initial impact velocity V0, which is directed along the normal to the surface on which the deformable element is installed;
current time t;
body weight t;
free fall acceleration g;
the modulus of elasticity of materials E, since the stress state of the body upon impact (with the exception of the contact zone) is considered elastic;
characteristic geometric parameter of the body (or deformable element) D.

In accordance with the TS-theorem, eight parameters, three of which have independent dimensions, can be used to compose five independent dimensionless complexes:

Dimensionless complexes composed of the determined parameters of the impact process will be some functions of the independent dimensionless complexes P1-P5.

The parameters to be determined include:

current local deformation a;
body speed V;
contact force P;
tension within the body a.

Therefore, we can write functional relations:

The type of functions /1, /2, /e, /4 can be established experimentally, taking into account a large number of defining parameters.

If upon impact no residual deformations appear in the sections of the body outside the contact zone, then the deformation will have a local character, and, consequently, the complex R5 = pY^/E can be excluded.

The complex Jl2 = Pttjjjax) ~ Cm is called the coefficient of relative body mass.

The force coefficient of resistance to plastic deformation Cp is directly related to the force characteristic index N (the coefficient of compliance of the material, depending on the shape of the colliding bodies) by the following dependence:

where p is the reduced density of materials in the contact zone; Cm = m/(pa?) is the reduced relative mass of the colliding bodies, which characterizes the ratio of their reduced mass M to the reduced mass of the deformable volume in the contact zone; xV is a dimensionless parameter characterizing the relative work of deformation.

The function Cp - /z (R1 (Rr, R3, R4) can be used to determine overloads:

If we ensure the equality of the numerical values of the dimensionless complexes IJlt R2, R3, R4 for two impact processes, then these conditions, i.e.

will be criteria for the similarity of these processes.

When these conditions are met, the numerical values of the functions /b/g./z» L» me- will also be the same at similar moments of time -V CtZoimax-const; ^r= const; Cp = const, which makes it possible to determine the parameters of one impact process by simply recalculating the parameters of another process. Necessary and sufficient requirements for physical modeling of impact processes can be formulated as follows:

The working parts of the model and the natural object must be geometrically similar.
Dimensionless complexes, composed of defining para meters, must satisfy condition (2.68). Introducing scaling factors.

It must be borne in mind that when modeling only the parameters of the impact process, the stress states of bodies (natural and model) will necessarily be different.

Punch Power - Momentum, Speed, Technique and Explosive Strength Drills for Fighters

The issue was filmed in the Leader-Sport fitness club

Pavel Badyrov, the organizer of the punching power tournament, master of sports in powerlifting, multiple champion and record holder of St. Petersburg in bench press, continues to talk about punching power, punching speed, and also shows exercises for explosive strength for fighters.

Hit

Impact is a short-term interaction of bodies, during which the kinetic energy is redistributed. It often has a destructive character for interacting bodies. In physics, impact is understood as such a type of interaction between moving bodies, in which the interaction time can be neglected.

Physical abstraction

Upon impact, the law of conservation of momentum and the law of conservation of angular momentum are satisfied, but usually the law of conservation of mechanical energy is not fulfilled. It is assumed that during the impact the action of external forces can be neglected, then the total momentum of the bodies during the impact is preserved, otherwise the impulse of external forces must be taken into account. Part of the energy is usually spent on heating bodies and sound.

The result of a collision of two bodies can be fully calculated if their motion before the impact and the mechanical energy after the impact are known. Usually, either an absolutely elastic impact is considered, or the energy conservation coefficient k is introduced, as the ratio of the kinetic energy after the impact to the kinetic energy before the impact when one body hits a fixed wall made of the material of another body. Thus, k is a characteristic of the material from which the bodies are made, and (presumably) does not depend on the other parameters of the bodies (shape, speed, etc.).

How to understand the impact force in kilograms

Momentum of a moving body p=mV.

When braking against an obstacle, this impulse is “quenched” by the impulse of the resistance force p=Ft (the force is not constant at all, but some average value can be taken).

We get that F = mV / t is the force with which the obstacle slows down the moving body, and (according to Newton's third law) the moving body acts on the obstacle, i.e. the impact force:
F = mV / t, where t is the impact time.

Kilogram-force is just an old unit of measurement - 1 kgf (or kg) \u003d 9.8 N, that is, this is the weight of a body weighing 1 kg.
To recalculate, it is enough to divide the force in newtons by the acceleration of free fall.

ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE POWER OF IMPACT

The vast majority of people, even with a higher technical education, have a vague idea of what impact force is and what it can depend on. Someone believes that the impact force is determined by momentum or energy, and someone - by pressure. Some confuse strong blows with blows that cause injury, while others believe that the force of the blow should be measured in units of pressure. Let's try to clarify this topic.

Impact force, like any other force, is measured in Newtons (N) and kilogram-forces (kgf). One Newton is the force due to which a body of mass 1 kg receives an acceleration of 1 m/s2. One kgf is a force that imparts an acceleration of 1 g = 9.81 m/s2 to a body weighing 1 kg (g is the free fall acceleration). Therefore, 1 kgf \u003d 9.81 N. The weight of a body with mass m is determined by the force of attraction P, with which it presses on the support: P \u003d mg. If your body weight is 80 kg, then your weight, determined by gravity or attraction, P = 80 kgf. But in common parlance they say “my weight is 80 kg”, and everything is clear to everyone. Therefore, often they also say about the impact force that it is some kg, but kgf is meant.

The force of impact, unlike the force of gravity, is rather short-term in time. The shape of the shock pulse (during simple collisions) is bell-shaped and symmetrical. In the case of a person hitting a target, the shape of the pulse is not symmetrical - it increases sharply and falls relatively slowly and in waves. The total duration of the impulse is determined by the mass invested in the blow, and the rise time of the impulse is determined by the mass of the percussion limb. When we talk about impact force, we always mean not the average, but its maximum value in the process of impact.

Let's throw a glass not very hard at the wall so that it breaks. If it hits the carpet, it might not break. In order for it to break for sure, it is necessary to increase the force of the throw in order to increase the speed of the glass. In the case of the wall, the blow turned out to be stronger, since the wall is harder, and therefore the glass broke. As we can see, the force acting on the glass turned out to depend not only on the strength of your throw, but also on the rigidity of the place where the glass hit.

So is a man's blow. We only throw our hand and the part of the body involved in the strike at the target. As studies have shown (see "Physico-mathematical model of impact"), the part of the body involved in the impact has little effect on the force of the impact, since its speed is very low, although this mass is significant (reaches half the body mass). But the impact force was proportional to this mass. The conclusion is simple: the impact force depends on the mass involved in the impact, only indirectly, since it is with the help of just this mass that our impact limb (arm or leg) is accelerated to maximum speeds. Also, do not forget that the momentum and energy imparted to the target upon impact is mainly (by 50–70%) determined by just this mass.

Let's get back to punching power. The impact force (F) ultimately depends on the mass (m), dimensions (S) and speed (v) of the striking limb, as well as on the mass (M) and stiffness (K) of the target. The basic formula for the impact force on an elastic target is:

It can be seen from the formula that the lighter the target (bag), the lower the impact force. For a 20 kg bag, compared to a 100 kg bag, the impact force is reduced by only 10%. But for bags of 6–8 kg, the impact force already drops by 25–30%. It is clear that by hitting the balloon, we will not get any significant value at all.

You will have to basically take the following information on faith.

1. A straight punch is not the strongest of punches, although it requires good technique and especially a sense of distance. Although there are athletes who do not know how to hit the side, but, as a rule, their direct hit is very strong.

2. The force of a side impact due to the speed of the striking limb is always higher than that of a direct one. Moreover, with a delivered blow, this difference reaches 30–50%. Therefore, side punches are usually the most knockout.

3. A backhand blow (like a backfist with a turn) is the easiest in execution technique and does not require good physical preparation, practically the strongest among hand strikes, especially if the striker is in good physical shape. You just need to understand that its strength is determined by a large contact surface, which is easily achievable on a soft bag, and in real combat, for the same reason, when hitting a hard complex surface, the contact area is greatly reduced, the impact force drops sharply, and it turns out to be ineffective. Therefore, in combat, it still requires high accuracy, which is not at all easy to implement.

Once again, we emphasize that the blows are considered from a position of strength, moreover, on a soft and large bag, and not on the amount of damage inflicted.

Projectile Gloves reduce hits by 3-7%.

Gloves used for competition attenuate impacts by 15-25%.

For reference, the results of measurements of the strength of delivered strikes should be as follows:

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That's all, put likes, make reposts - I wish you success in your training!

#boxing_lessons

Impact force - momentum, speed, technique and explosive strength exercises for fighters from Pavel Badyrov updated: January 6, 2018 by: Boxingguru

12 stages of increased hitting speed

Speed. Blinding, mesmerizing, speed is perhaps the most coveted and visually impressive skill in the martial arts. Bruce Lee's lightning strikes have built a reputation for him. The speed is inherent in most of the outstanding professional boxers, such as Sugar Ray Leonard and Muhammad Ali. Ali's strength was only adequate to his physique, while the speed of the strike was simply phenomenal. And Leonard's hands were possibly the fastest the world has ever seen. Also, former full-contact karate champion Bill Wallace never possessed great punching power, but lightning-fast kicks won him an unbroken professional record in the ring.

Is this magical power inherent in the human genes, or can it be acquired and increased through training? According to Dr. John LaTurretta - a black belt in kenpo karate and a PhD in sports psychology - anyone can become "the fastest" if they follow a few basic principles.

“Speed training is 90% psychological, maybe 99%,” says LaTourrette. This psychological approach to training seems to have worked for the 50-year-old karate instructor from Medford, Oregon. It has been officially recorded that he managed to do 16.5 strokes in one second, and he claims that his students can do it even faster. Following the 12 step program to increase speed.

1. LEARN BY OBSERVING SPECIALISTS.“If a person wants to be a fast runner but doesn't leave the house, then he is learning to be a cripple in a wheelchair,” LaTourrette says. “All he has to do is get out of the house, find a fast runner of his age, strength and physiology of the body and study his movements, doing exactly what he does.”

2. USE SMOOTH, FLOWING STRIKES. The flowing Chinese-style punching technique has much more explosive power than traditional reverse kicks in karate and boxing, LaTourrette says, because the punching speed is generated by momentum. You can train your brain and nervous system to deliver fast punches. To achieve this, perform a “smooth” exercise consisting of a sequence of movements, starting with three or four strokes at a time. Once you start doing this combination automatically, add a few more movements, then a few more, until your subconscious mind learns to link each individual movement into one stream, like a waterfall. After some time, you will be able to do 15-20 complete movements in one or even less seconds.

3. USE FOCUSED AGGRESSION. You must learn to instantly switch from a passive state to a state of alert in order to attack before the enemy can predict your actions. Any doubts about your ability to protect yourself must be eradicated through mental preparation before you get into a stressful state.

The reaction time for any action is divided into three phases - perception, decision and action - which together takes about a sixth of a second. You should take in information and make appropriate decisions in a relaxed state so as not to give a hint to the enemy about your next actions. Once you're focused, you can attack so quickly that your opponent doesn't have time to blink an eye.

In order to execute this type of attack correctly, you must be absolutely sure of your rightness and ability to act correctly, otherwise you will lose. As La Tourrette himself puts it: "Talk, don't cook rice." You must be aggressive and confident in your skill. Self-confidence should be born in a fight with a real opponent to a greater extent than when performing a kata where you attack an imaginary opponent.

You must also maintain a constant state of readiness, carefully observe the events taking place around you, be ready at any moment, in case of danger, to realize potential power. This special physical, mental and emotional state can be mastered by any person, but only in conditions of direct confrontation with the enemy.

Once you have reached this level of preparation, analyze and try to categorize the sensations that you have. Later, in the conditions of a duel, you can recall the experience gained from memory, which will give you an undeniable advantage over the enemy.

Ask yourself the following questions: What particularly distracts me? Maybe the distance between me and the enemy? Or his undisguised malice towards me? His way of speaking? What attention does this mental state have on me? What feelings am I experiencing? What did I look like? What was my facial expression? What muscles were tense? Which ones are relaxed? What did I say to myself while in this state? (It would be best if you didn't “mutter” something to yourself there.) What mental images did I have? What was my visual focus on?

After you find the answers to the questions asked, reproduce the situation again, try to make sensations, surroundings and sounds vividly arise in your brain again. Repeat this over and over again until you are able to put yourself into that mental state at any moment.

4. USE READY RACKS THAT CAN GIVE YOU A CHOICE. One of the secrets of Wallace's success was that from a single foot position he could instantly produce a side kick, a round kick and a reverse round kick with the same accuracy. In short, your stance should give you the ability to slash, claw, elbow, push, or hammer, depending on your opponent's actions.

Use the combat technique that you feel best suits you. Learn to take a position from which you only need to make a slight movement to move from one target to another. Choosing a natural (natural) fighting position eliminates the need for a stance and allows you to catch the enemy by surprise. And a puzzled opponent is already half defeated.

5. BEWARE OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ONE DEATH BLOW. This is the conclusion of rule number one. Your initial attack must be a sequence of three hits even if the first hit was able to stop the attacking opponent. The first stroke is the “appetizer”, the second one is the “main dish”, well, and the third one is the “dessert”.

While an unsuspecting opponent is preparing for a direct blow or a kick with a “back” leg, says LaTourrette, you can blind him with a slap in the eyes, with a left hand fist to hit the temple, with the right elbow to the other temple. Then you can hit him with your right elbow in the jaw and with your left hand in the eyes. Get down on your knees and strike with your right fist in the groin, and with two fingers of your left hand - in the eyes of the opponent. That's the end of this story."

6. USE VISUALIZATION EXERCISES. While practicing punching speed exercises, you should think that you are hitting at the speed you want. “If you can't see, you can't do it,” says LaTourrette. Such psychological preparation in many ways complements the physical one.

Visualization is not as difficult as many people think. Try this experiment: stop right now and describe to yourself the color of your car. Then an orange. Then your best friend. How did you manage to describe all this? You IMAGINE them to yourself.

Many people don't know that they often create "images" in their head on a subconscious level. The part of the brain responsible for creating and reproducing images can be fine-tuned even if they are not accustomed to referring to it.

Once you've learned how to visualize yourself in a real fight, try to see and feel that your actions are reaching your chosen targets. Feel your bent knees add power to your punches. Feel the push of your foot on the ball as you hit it, etc...

7. IDENTIFY OPEN TARGETS. To learn how to identify open targets and predict the actions of the enemy, you need to train with a real opponent. A sense of synchronicity can be achieved by repeatedly replaying attacks until you have a solid confidence that you can use it in a real fight.

One of the reasons boxers have such good punching speed is because they practice their technique thousands of times in sparring. And when a goal appears before them, they do not think, they ACT. This subconscious skill can be easily acquired, but there is no short cut to achieve it. You must train again and again until your actions become instinctive.

8. DO NOT “WIRE” YOUR ACTIONS. It doesn't matter how fast you are, because if your opponent has predicted your moves, you are no longer fast enough. Believe it or not, it's harder for your opponent to see a punch coming at eye level than a roundhouse punch from the side.

The “hook” punch (not a circle, but a hook) requires a lot more movement and is much easier to block. In a word, a correctly executed blow to the bridge of the nose can hit the enemy before he realizes that you have hit him. Above all, don't give away your intentions by clenching your fists, moving your shoulder, or taking a deep breath before striking.

Once you've mastered the physical structure of the exercise technique, practice taking advantage of the person's perceptual limitations by trying to position yourself to limit your opponent's ability to see and predict your moves. This skill takes a lot of practice, but once you get the hang of it, you'll be able to attack your opponent with little to no punishment.

9. USE THE CORRECT BREATHING TECHNIQUE. During the fight, many athletes hold their breath, which causes great harm to themselves. The body becomes tense, as a result of which the speed and strength of your punches decreases. Kiai during the execution of the technique even harms you, because it extinguishes your impulse. The key to high punching speed is that you have to exhale in proportion to the punches.

10. KEEP GOOD FITNESS. Flexibility, strength and stamina play a critical role in self-defense even though most street fights last for seconds. If your body is both supple and relaxed at the same time, you will be able to strike from almost any angle, hitting high and low targets without the awkward change of stances. Also, leg strength is extremely important. The stronger your legs are, the stronger your kick will be, and the faster you can close the distance between you and your opponent. It is important to increase arm and forearm strength through weight training and specific punching exercises. The exercises will help you strengthen your palms and wrists and improve your accuracy and penetration.

11. BE STRONG. You should make a commitment to yourself three times a week for 20-30 minutes to noticeably improve your punching speed. Be prepared for the fact that there will inevitably come times when you feel like you are not making much progress. Most people experience five levels of progress or lack of visible results while exercising.

There is “unconscious incompetence” (literally) when you are not aware of problems and how to solve them.

This is the point when you realize that your knowledge and skill are not enough, and you start looking for ways to solve the problem. “Unconscious incompetence” means that you can only do new exercises when your attention is extremely focused.

This is the most difficult stage of orientation, and it seems to you that it will last for an eternity. The process of transforming consciousness into reflexive actions takes approximately 3,000 to 5,000 repetitions. “Unconscious incompetence” is the only level of excellence where true speed becomes achievable. While you learn to react instinctively. This level can be reached only by thousands of repetitions of the technique. Most people are in this reflexive or automatic mental state when they drive their car, which allows them to react to road traffic with unconscious composure without thinking about shifting gears or hitting the brakes. You won't be able to increase your strike speed until your basic moves are based on reflexes. The final stage of mastery is “awareness of your unconscious incompetence,” a point that only a few people have been able to achieve in all the time.

12. KEEP A NATURAL, RELAXED, BALANCED STAND. The best fighting stance is one that doesn't look like a fighting stance. As Japanese legendary swordsman Musashi Miyamoto aptly noted, “Your fighting stance becomes your everyday stance, and your everyday stance becomes your fighting stance.” You must know exactly what techniques you can apply from each position and be able to execute them naturally without hesitation or changing stances.

Practice these 12 principles every day for 20 minutes. After a month of training, you will develop a new, crushing speed. LaTourrette says: “There are no naturally fast fighters. Everyone had to train just like you. The more diligently you train, the less vulnerable you are in combat.”