Representation of information by a person. Perception of information by a person

Most information comes to us through sight and hearing. But smells, and taste and touch sensations also carry information. For example, when you smell a burning smell, you find out that a lunch that you forgot about burned down in the kitchen. You can easily recognize familiar food by taste, estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, i.e. through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, you estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different ways of perceiving information by a person, associated with different sense organs through which it enters:

- through vision we receive information in the form of an image;
- information is perceived through the ear in sound form;
- through the sense of smell, information is perceived in the form of smells;
- through taste - information from taste sensations;
- through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

A person perceives information from the surrounding world with the help of his senses; there are five of them: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch.

Most information comes to us through sight and hearing. But smells, and taste and touch sensations also carry information.

For example, when you smell a burning smell, you find out that a lunch that you forgot about burned down in the kitchen.

You can easily recognize familiar food by taste, estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, i.e. through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, you estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different ways of perceiving information by a person, associated with different sense organs through which it enters:

through vision we receive information in the form of an image;

information is perceived through hearing in sound form;

through the sense of smell, information is perceived in the form of smells;

through taste - information from taste sensations; through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

We can say that the sense organs are information channels between the outside world and man. With the loss of one of these channels (for example, vision or hearing), the informational role of other sense organs is enhanced. It is known that blind people hear more sharply, for them the importance of touch increases.

A person can remember or write down the information received, as well as transfer it to another person. What form does this take?

Most often, people communicate with each other orally or in writing, that is, they talk, write letters, notes, articles, books, etc. Written text consists of letters, numbers, brackets, dots, commas and other characters, Oral speech is also made up of symbols. Only these signs are not written, but sound. Linguists call them phonemes. Phonemes make words, words make phrases. There is a direct connection between written signs and sounds. After all, speech first appeared, and only then - writing. For this, writing is needed to fix human speech on paper. Separate letters or combinations of letters indicate the sounds of speech, and punctuation marks - pauses, intonation.

Very interesting history of writing! The writing that we and most European countries use is called sound writing. What was said above applies to sound writing. But Chinese writing is called ideographic. In it, one icon (it is often called a hieroglyph) denotes a word or a significant part of a word. And Japanese writing is called syllabic. There, one icon stands for a syllable.

The most ancient form of writing, which comes from primitive people, is called pictographic. One pictogram is a picture that represents a concept or even an entire message Pictographic symbols are often used today. For example, all of you familiar road signs are pictograms.

Languages natural and formal

Human speech and writing are closely related to the concept of "language". Of course, this does not mean the organ of speech, but the way of communication between people. Spoken languages have a national character. There are Russian, English, Chinese, French and other languages. Linguists call them natural languages. Natural languages have oral and written forms.

In addition to spoken (natural) languages, there are formal languages. As a rule, these are the languages of some profession or field of knowledge. For example, mathematical symbolism can be called the formal language of mathematics; musical notation is the formal language of music.

Language is a symbolic way of representing information. Communication in languages is the process of transmitting information in sign form.

So, a person presents information using different languages. It is possible to give examples of different ways of symbolic representation of information that replace speech. For example, deaf and dumb people replace speech with gestures. The conductor's gestures convey information to the musicians. The referee on the sports ground uses a certain sign language that is understandable to the players.

Another common form of information presentation is a graphical form. These are drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams. When studying many school subjects, you actively use such graphic information. The visibility of graphic information facilitates the understanding of its content. Let's summarize the forms of information presentation.

Forms of presentation of information by a person:

- natural language text in oral or written form;
- graphic form: drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams;
- formal language symbols: numbers,

mathematical formulas, notes, chemical formulas, road signs, etc.,

A person perceives information from the outside world with the help of all his senses. The sense organs are "information channels" connecting a person with the outside world.

Language is a symbolic form of information representation. Languages are natural and formal.

A person stores information or exchanges it with other people in natural languages, formal languages, in graphic form.

Writing is the most important way of preserving and transmitting information. The following forms of writing have been formed in the history of mankind: sound, syllabic, ideographic, pictographic.

Information(from lat. informatio, clarification, presentation, awareness) - information about something, regardless of the form of their presentation.

Currently, there is no single definition of information as a scientific term. From the point of view of various fields of knowledge, this concept is described by its specific set of features. For example, the concept of "information" is basic in the course of computer science, and it is impossible to define it through other, more "simple" concepts (just as in geometry, for example, it is impossible to express the content of the basic concepts of "point", "ray", "plane" through simpler concepts). The content of the basic, basic concepts in any science must be explained by examples or identified by comparing them with the content of other concepts. In the case of the concept of "information", the problem of its definition is even more complicated, since it is a general scientific concept. This concept is used in various sciences (informatics, cybernetics, biology, physics, etc.), while in each science the concept of "information" is associated with different systems of concepts.

History of the concept

The word "information" comes from the Latin. informatio, which in translation means information, clarification, familiarization. The concept of information was considered by ancient philosophers.

Before the industrial revolution, defining the essence of information remained the prerogative of mainly philosophers. In the 20th century, cybernetics and computer science began to deal with issues of information theory.

Information classification

Information can be divided into types according to various criteria:

on way of perception:

on form of presentation:

on appointment:

on meaning:

Relevant - information that is valuable at a given time.
Reliable - information received without distortion.
Understandable - information expressed in a language that is understandable to the person to whom it is intended.
Complete - information sufficient to make a correct decision or understanding.
Useful - the usefulness of information is determined by the subject who received the information, depending on the volume of possibilities for its use.

on truth:

What is up-to-date information?

Another distinctive feature of this concept is its properties. The attributes of information include its quality, quantity, novelty, value, reliability, complexity and ability to be compressed. Each of these indicators can be measured. Another important property of the concept of "information" is its relevance.

Not all data will meet this indicator. The origins of the word "relevance" can be traced in the Latin language, where it was interpreted as "modern", "important at the present moment", "topical". The peculiarity of this quality is that it can be lost when more recent data becomes available. This process occurs immediately and completely or gradually and in parts.

Up-to-date information is data that is in a state that corresponds to reality. Once outdated, they lose their value.

The meaning of the term in various fields of knowledge

Philosophy

The traditionalism of the subjective has always dominated the early philosophical definitions of information as categories, concepts, properties of the material world. Information exists independently of our consciousness, and can be reflected in our perception only as a result of interaction: reflection, reading, receiving in the form of a signal, stimulus. Information is non-material, like all properties of matter. Information stands in the following order: matter, space, time, consistency, function, etc., which are the fundamental concepts of a formalized reflection of objective reality in its distribution and variability, diversity and manifestation. Information is a property of matter and reflects its properties (state or ability to interact) and quantity (measure) through interaction.

From a material point of view, information is the order of the objects of the material world. For example, the order of letters on a sheet of paper according to certain rules is written information. The sequence of multi-colored dots on a sheet of paper according to certain rules is graphic information. The order of musical notes is musical information. The order of genes in DNA is hereditary information. The order of the bits in the computer is computer information, etc. etc. For the implementation of information exchange, the existence of necessary and sufficient conditions is required.

The necessary conditions:

The presence of at least two different objects of the material or non-material world.
The presence of objects in a common property that allows you to identify objects as a carrier of information.
Objects have a specific property that makes it possible to distinguish objects from each other.
The presence of a space property that allows you to determine the order of objects. For example, the arrangement of written information on paper is a specific property of paper that allows letters to be arranged from left to right and from top to bottom.

There is only one sufficient condition:

The presence of a subject capable of recognizing information. This is a person and human society, societies of animals, robots, etc.

Various objects (letters, symbols, pictures, sounds, words, sentences, notes, etc.) taken one at a time form the basis of information. An informational message is constructed by selecting copies of objects from the basis and arranging these objects in space in a certain order. The length of the informational message is defined as the number of copies of the basis objects and is always expressed as an integer. It is necessary to distinguish between the length of an information message, which is always measured as an integer, and the amount of knowledge contained in an information message, which is measured in an unknown unit of measure.

From a mathematical point of view, information is a sequence of integers that are written into a vector. The numbers are the number of the object in the information basis. The vector is called the information invariant, since it does not depend on the physical nature of the basis objects. One and the same informational message can be expressed in letters, words, sentences, files, pictures, notes, songs, video clips, any combination of all previously mentioned. No matter how we express information, only the basis changes, not the invariant.

In computer science

The subject of study of the science of informatics is precisely the data: the methods of their creation, storage, processing and transmission. And the information itself recorded in the data, its meaningful meaning is of interest to users of information systems who are specialists in various sciences and fields of activity: a physician is interested in medical information, a geologist is interested in geological information, an entrepreneur is interested in commercial information, etc. (including a computer scientist interested in information for data handling issues).

Systemology

Working with information is associated with transformations and always confirms its material nature:

recording - formation of the structure of matter and modulation of flows through the interaction of the instrument with the carrier;
storage - structure stability (quasi-statics) and modulation (quasi-dynamics);
reading (study) - the interaction of a probe (instrument, transducer, detector) with a substrate or matter flow.

Systemology considers information through connection with other bases: I=S/F, where: I - information; S - consistency of the universe; F - functional connection; M - matter; v - (v underlined) a sign of the great unification (systematic, unity of foundations); R - space; T - Time.

In physics

The objects of the material world are in a state of continuous change, which is characterized by the exchange of energy of the object with the environment. A change in the state of one object always leads to a change in the state of some other object in the environment. This phenomenon, regardless of how, which states and which objects have changed, can be considered as a signal transmission from one object to another. The change in the state of an object when a signal is sent to it is called signal registration.

A signal or a sequence of signals form a message that can be perceived by the recipient in one form or another, as well as in one volume or another. Information in physics is a term that qualitatively generalizes the concepts of "signal" and "message". If signals and messages can be quantified, then we can say that signals and messages are units of measurement of the amount of information.

The same message (signal) is interpreted differently by different systems. For example, a consistently long and two short sound (and even more so in character encoding - ..) signals in Morse code terminology is the letter D (or D), in BIOS terminology from AWARD, a video card malfunction.

In mathematics

In mathematics, information theory (mathematical communication theory) is a section of applied mathematics that defines the concept of information, its properties, and establishes limiting relationships for data transmission systems. The main sections of information theory are source coding (compressive coding) and channel (noise-immune) coding. Mathematics is more than a scientific discipline. It creates a single language for all Science.

The subject of mathematics research is abstract objects: number, function, vector, set, and others. Moreover, most of them are introduced axiomatically (axiom), that is, without any connection with other concepts and without any definition.

Information is not among the subjects of study of mathematics. However, the word "information" is used in mathematical terms - own information and mutual information, related to the abstract (mathematical) part of information theory. However, in mathematical theory, the concept of "information" is associated with exclusively abstract objects - random variables, while in modern information theory this concept is considered much broader - as a property of material objects.

The connection between these two identical terms is undeniable. It was the mathematical apparatus of random numbers that was used by the author of information theory Claude Shannon. He himself means by the term "information" something fundamental (irreducible). Shannon's theory intuitively assumes that information has content. Information reduces the overall uncertainty and information entropy. The amount of information available to measure. However, he warns researchers against the mechanical transfer of concepts from his theory to other areas of science.

“The search for ways to apply information theory in other fields of science is not reduced to a trivial transfer of terms from one field of science to another. This search is carried out in a long process of putting forward new hypotheses and their experimental verification. K. Shannon.

In jurisprudence

The legal definition of the concept of "information" is given in the federal law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ "On information, information technologies and information protection" (Article 2): "information is information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation" .

Federal Law No. 149-FZ defines and consolidates the rights to information protection and information security of citizens and organizations in computers and information systems, as well as issues of information security of citizens, organizations, society and the state.

In control theory

In control theory (cybernetics), the subject of which is the basic laws of control, that is, the development of control systems, information is messages received by the system from the outside world during adaptive control (adaptation, self-preservation of the control system).

The founder of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, spoke of information as follows:

"Information is not matter or energy, information is information." But the basic definition of information, which he gave in several of his books, is this: information is a designation of content received by us from the outside world in the process of adapting us and our senses to it.

- N. Wiener Cybernetics, or control and communication in animal and machine; or Cybernetics and Society

This idea of Wiener gives a direct indication of the objectivity of information, that is, its existence in nature, regardless of the consciousness (perception) of a person.

Modern cybernetics defines objective information as an objective property of material objects and phenomena to generate a variety of states that are transferred from one object (process) to another through fundamental interactions of matter and imprinted in its structure.

A material system in cybernetics is considered as a set of objects that themselves can be in different states, but the state of each of them is determined by the states of other objects in the system. In nature, the set of system states is information, the states themselves are the primary code, or source code. Thus, each material system is a source of information.

Cybernetics defines subjective (semantic) information as the meaning or content of a message. (see ibid.) Information is a characteristic of an object.

Disinformation

Disinformation (also disinformation) is one of the ways of manipulating information, such as misleading someone by providing incomplete information or complete, but no longer necessary information, or complete, but not in the right area, distortion of the context, distortion of part of the information.

The purpose of such an impact is always the same - the opponent must act as the manipulator needs. The act of the object against which misinformation is directed may consist in making the decision necessary for the manipulator or in refusing to make a decision that is unfavorable for the manipulator. But in any case, the end goal is the action to be taken.

Search for information

Modernity is a boundless ocean of data in which we need to find every day what will satisfy our requests. In order to structure the process of information retrieval, a separate science was even created. Her father is considered to be the American teachings of Calvin Mowers. Information retrieval, according to the definition of the researcher, is the process of identifying in an indefinite number of documents those that can satisfy our information needs, that is, contain the necessary data.

The algorithm of actions includes operations for collecting, processing and providing the requested information. To effectively search for information, you need to follow the following plan:

formulate a query (information that we want to find);
find likely sources of needed data;
select the required materials;
get acquainted with the acquired body of knowledge and evaluate the work done.

This algorithm is able to facilitate the educational process and preparation for writing scientific articles. It was created by the author's realization that information is a boundless space around us. And extracting the necessary data is possible only if you systematize your efforts.

Collection and storage of information

Depending on the goals set, data and information can be subjected to various operations. Collection and storage is one of them.

Working with information is possible only after a thorough search. This process is called data collection, that is, the accumulation in order to ensure a sufficient amount for further processing. This stage of working with information is considered one of the most important, because the quality and relevance of the data that will have to be dealt with in the future depend on it.

Data collection phases:

primary perception;
development of classification of the obtained data;
object coding;
registration of results.

The next step in working with information is to ensure its safety for later use.

Data storage is a way to arrange their circulation in space and time. This process depends on the media - a disc, a picture, a photograph, a book, etc. The shelf life is also differentiated: a school diary must be kept throughout the school year, and a metro ticket - only during the trip.

Information is something that exists only on a certain medium. Therefore, the processes of collection and storage can be considered key in working with it.

Who owns the information - owns the world, this is a well-known expression. Another question is what types and properties of information exist.

What is it?

It is difficult to answer the question unequivocally, everyone interprets it in their own way. In short, we can say that information is any information about something. It does not matter in what form they are presented. There are several main classifications: according to the way of perception, the form of presentation and social significance. Let us consider in more detail the mandatory components of this concept.

Types of information by way of perception

As you know, a person has five main sense organs that help him interact with the outside world. In this regard, visual, gustatory, auditory, tactile and olfactory information are distinguished. At the same time, it is worth noting that we receive the largest percentage of external perception precisely with the help of vision, that is, the main information for us is visual.

According to the form of presentation

Here we can distinguish the following types of information - textual, sound and numerical. As you understand, in the modern world, most of all we perceive its sound and text versions. Hence, this aspect can also be classified as paramount.

according to public importance

In this case, there are the following types of information: personal, which includes previously acquired skills and knowledge, as well as, oddly enough, intuition; mass, in which one can single out the social, aesthetic, as well as everyday; and, finally, special, which refers to a certain branch of science or production, to a field of activity.

What properties of information exist?

So, we found out what types of information exist. But what are its main properties? There are five of them: objectivity, reliability, completeness, usefulness and relevance. In the absence of at least one of the above conditions, the information cannot be considered complete.

Objectivity

Information should not depend on anyone's opinion or desire. She is a reflection of the world, not someone's feelings or emotions. What is bad for one is good for another, what is difficult for one is easy for another.

Reliability

The information must be true and reflect the actual state of affairs. If it is distorted, exaggerated or understated, it is no longer reliable and cannot be trusted.

Relevance

The information must be up-to-date, that is, it can be used in real time. If it is outdated (for example, information about prices five years ago), then it is no longer relevant.

Value

The information must be useful. Such it happens only if all the requirements for the above properties have been met.

Conclusion

So, we tried to understand the concept of information, the types of information and its main classifications, as well as properties. We hope this article was helpful to you.

Types of information

Perception of information by a person

A person perceives information about the objects of the surrounding world with the help of the senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch. Practically, about 90% of information a person receives through the organs of vision, about 9% through the organs of hearing, and only 1% through the other senses (smell, taste, touch).

Depending on the ways in which a person perceives information, the following types of information are distinguished.

Visual (visual 2) information - information perceived by the organs of vision (eyes), i.e. what can be "seen". Thanks to vision, the body receives information about the size, shape, color, change in position and other properties and actions of objects in the surrounding world. A person receives this type of information from the texts of books, drawings and photographs, geographical maps, films, etc.

Sound information - information perceived by the hearing organs (ears), i.e. what can be "heard". Such information is human speech, music, various signals and noises (for example, a telephone ring, an alarm signal, the noise of a moving car).

Information about odors - information perceived by the olfactory organs (located in the nasal cavity), i.e. something that can be "sniffed". With the help of these organs, a person reacts to volatile molecules of a substance and perceives information about odors.

It is generally accepted that a person distinguishes about 10 thousand smells, and not everyone can choose a suitable name. The aroma of strawberries, for example, is created by 40 different substances. American chemists compiled a list of them, calculated the number of these

From the Latin visualis - visual.

An attempt to artificially recreate the strawberry flavor resulted in a mixture that gave off a pungent rubber smell.

A person can remember as many smells as they can distinguish.

Taste information - information perceived by the taste organs (located in the oral cavity), i.e. what you can "try". It is believed that a person perceives only four basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter. All other flavors are obtained by a combination of these four.

The sensitivity of the tongue is not the same to "different tastes". In the first place are most often bitter substances. This is exactly the case when a fly in the ointment spoils a barrel of honey. Indeed, the taste of such bitter substances as quinine and strychnine is clearly perceived at a dilution of 1:100,000 or more (this is about a teaspoon of a substance diluted in 500 kilograms of water!).

Although the total area of all odor cells is smaller than that of taste cells (only 2.5 sq. cm), the sense of smell is about 10 thousand times stronger than the ability to perceive taste.

Tactile information - information perceived by the organs of touch (located in the skin, muscles, tendons, mucous membranes of the lips, tongue, etc.), i.e. something that can be "touched". With the help of touch, a person receives information about the shape and size of an object, the properties of its surface (smooth, ribbed, rough, etc.), temperature, humidity, position and movement of an object in space, etc.

To obtain more accurate information about the objects of the surrounding world, a person uses various devices. For example, a thermometer is used to measure the temperature of an object, a ruler is used to measure the size of an object. A light meter is used to measure the amount of light in a classroom. There are devices that detect smoke in a room in the event of a fire.

Representation of information by a person

The received information can be presented in different ways, in different forms. Since ancient times, people have been transmitting information using facial expressions, gestures, speech, drawings, records. With the advent of photography and cinema, radio and television, new opportunities have emerged for the exchange of information between people and its transmission from generation to generation.

Depending on the form of presentation of information, the following types of information are distinguished.

Text information - information presented in the form of a character sequence record. Such symbols can be letters of alphabets of various languages, punctuation marks, numbers and signs of arithmetic operations, symbols for recording notes, and others. For example, the texts of books, music notation of musical works, symbols of the signs of the zodiac, etc.

Graphic information - information presented in the form of an image (for example, drawings, diagrams, photographs, graphs, etc.).

Sound information - information presented in the form of sound (for example, oral messages, musical works, information signals, etc.).

Video information - information presented in the form of a changing image (for example, movies, cartoons).

Very often, combined forms of presenting information are used, which combine several of the above forms. For example, movies have sound, and drawings may contain text inscriptions, etc.

Questions and tasks:

1. List the sense organs with the help of which a person perceives information about the objects of the surrounding world.

List the types of information according to the ways in which a person perceives it. Complete your answer with examples.

Name the properties of the "chamomile" object that can be: a) seen; b) hear c) sniff d) try d) touch.

Name the devices that “help” a person: a) see; b) hear c) sniff d) try d) touch.

List the ways in which people can communicate information to each other.

List the types of information depending on the form of its presentation.

What information is called text? Give examples.

What information is called graphic? Give examples.

What information is called audio? Give examples.

What combined forms of information presentation do you know. Justify your answer.

Information carriers

Since ancient times, man has been faced with the need to store information and pass it on from generation to generation. Initially, a person stores information about the objects of the surrounding world in his own memory. In this case, the human brain is the carrier of information.

A storage medium is an object used to store and transmit information.

The constant accumulation of a large amount of information, the need to use it and pass it on to the next generations leads to the emergence and development of new information carriers.

Our ancient ancestors left us information about themselves and their knowledge in the form of rock paintings in the caves where they lived. Information was transmitted orally in the form of stories, legends, songs. Over time, more compact media appeared, which, with smaller sizes, made it possible to store more information about the world around them: clay tables, tablets, papyrus, parchment. The invention of paper and printing opened a new era in the storage and dissemination of information.

The development of science and technology in the 19th-20th centuries led to the emergence of such media as photographic and film film, gramophone records, magnetic tape, and compact discs. At present, with the help of radio, television, computers, a huge amount of information is transmitted to all corners of the Earth. Any kind of information can be stored in the memory of a modern computer: textual, graphic, sound and video information.

Questions and tasks:

What is an information carrier? Give examples

What is the media used for?

eUMY OEF RPOINBOYS NETSDH MIDDLE... (FIRSCH CHPURTYSFYS YOZHPTNBGYY)

рПОСФШ ДТХЗПЗП ЮЕМПЧЕЛБ ЪБЮБУФХА ВЩЧБЕФ ПЮЕОШ УМПЦОП, ДБЦЕ ЕУМЙ НЩ ЗПЧПТЙН У ОЙН ОБ ПДОПН СЪЩЛЕ.чУЕ МАДЙ РП УЧПЕК РТЙТПДЕ ПУПВЕООЩЕ, Х ЛБЦДПЗП ЕУФШ УЧПЕ ЧПУРТЙСФЙЕ ДЕКУФЧЙФЕМШОПУФЙ Й УЧПЕ ПФОПЫЕОЙС Л ЬФПК ДЕКУФЧЙФЕМШОПУФЙ.пДОП Й ФПЦЕ УПВЩФЙЕ НЩ ЧПУРТЙОЙНБЕН РП-ТБЪОПНХ, ПВТБЭБЕН ЧОЙНБОЙЕ ABOUT TBSCHEY Y OBYB PFCHEFOBS TEBLGIS FBL TSE TBMYUOB. h TEEKHMSHFBFE YB-B TBOPZP CHPURTYSFYS CHPOYLBAF LPOZHMYLFOSHCHE UIFKHBGYY. IPTPYP EUMY MADSN ICHBFBEF FETREOIS Y TSEMBOIS Y TB'PVTBFSHUS CH CHPOYLYEN LPOZHMYLFE, OP PVSCHYUOP MEZYUE RTPUFP PVYDEFSHUS Y PUFBCHYFSH CHUE LBL EUFSH. oP ЪDEUSH OBDP RPNOYFSH P FPN, UFP YuEMPCHEL YOBYUBMSHOP PFUFBYCHBEF UCHPY YOFETEUSCH Y RTBCHB, B RTEDOBNETEOOP LPZP-FP PVIDEFSH UFTENYFUS PYUEOSH NBMP MADEK.

yb-bb YUEZP FBLPE RTPYUIPDYF? CHUA YOZHPTNBGYA, LPFPTHA YUEMPCHEL RPMHYUBEF Y'CHOE NPTsOP TBDEMYFSH ABOUT UMEDHAEYE CHYDSCH:

1. chYHBMSHOBS

2. chlhupchbs

3. pWPOSFEMSHOBS

4. bHDYBMSHOBS

5. fBLFIMSHOBS

bB CHPURTYSFYE FPK YMYY YOPK YOZHPTNBGYY, X YuEMPCHELB PFCHEYUBEF PTEDEMEOOOSCHK PTZBO. fBL OBRTYNET RTY CHPURTYSFIY CHYKHBMSHOPK YOZHPTNBGYY VBDEKUFCHPCHBOSC ZMBB, RTY CHLHUCHPK SJSHL, RTY PVPPOSPEMSHOPK OPU, RTY CHPURTYSFIY BKHDYBMSHOPK YOZHPTNBGYY - LPFK FBL. LBL RTBCHYMP H YuEMPCHELB CH UYMH EZP ZHYYYPMPZYUEULPK PUPVEOOPUFY, LBLPK-FP PTZBO TB'CHYF VPMSHYE, B LBLPK-FP NEOSHY. and FBL NPTsOP CHSHDEMYFSH PUOPCHOSHE FYRSCH MADEK RP URPUPVKH CHPURTYSFYS YOZHPTNBGYY:

1. chYHBMSCH

2. bHDYBMSCH

3. LYOEUFEFELY

4. DYZYFBMSCH.

LBCDSCHK YЪ LFYI RPDFYRPCH YNEEF UCHPY PUPVEOOPUFY CH CHPURTYSFIY NYTB CH GEMPN. chYHBMSCH H VPMSHYEK UFEREOY CHPURTYOYNBAF NYT YETEJ TEOYE. yN OTBCHSFUS CHUE FP, UFP TBDHEF ZMB, MKHYUYE BRPNYOBEFUS HCHYDEOOOBS YOZHPTNBGYS, YUEN OBRTYNET KHUMSCHYBOOBS. CHYHBMSCH MAVSF LTBUICHP PDECHBFSHUS, B RTY ЪOBLPNUFCHE U YUEMPCHELPN CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH PVTBEBAF CHOYNBOYE ABOUT PDETSDH Y CHOEYOYK CHYD.

bHDYBMSCH OBPVVPTPF CHPURTYOYNBAF YOZHPTNBGYA YUETEY ЪCHHLY. MAVSF UMHYBFSH NHJSCHLH Y BHDYPLOYZY, ZPTBDP VPMSHIE YUEN YUYFBFSH YMY UNPFTEFSH LYOP. BHDYBMSCH ZPTBDDP VPMEE PVEIFEMSHOSCH, YUEN CHYKHBMSCH, CHEDSH VPMSHYYK PVYEN YOZHPTNBGYY RPUFHRBEF L OYN YUETE ЪCHHLY. at MEZLPUFSH NPZHF HVEDYFSH YUEMPCELB CH UCHPEK RTBCHPFE Y LBL RTBCHYMP HNEAF IPTPYP YЪMBZBFSH UCHPY NSHCHUMY.

dms LYOEOUFEFYLCH NYT - YFP YI PEHEEOIS. SING CHPURTYOYNBAF YOZHPTNBGYA YUETE RTYLPUOPCHEOYS Y YUHCHUFCHB. FP MADY DECUFCHIS, BOE UMPCHB. DMS OII CHBTSOP CHUE RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBFSH, SOY PYUEOSH RPDCHYTSOSCH Y UFTENSFUS PVYASFSH OEPVYASFOPE. yOZHPTNBGYA YЪ CHOEYOEZP NYTB, SING LBL VSC RTPRHULBAF UETE UEVS.

DYZYFBMSCH CHUFTEYUBAFUS PYUEOSH TEDLP, NYT POY CHPURTIOINBAF YUETE MPZYUEULPE PUNSHUMEOYE. yN CHBTSOSCH CHEEY, LBLYNY POY EUFSH RP UHFY, BOE FELBLYNY SING LBTSHFUS U FPK YMYY YOPK RPYGYY. sing CHUE RPDCHETZBAF FEBFEMSHOPNH BOBMYUKH YUETE UMCHB. rTY LFPN NPZKhF VSHCHFSH BLTSCHFSCHNY PF CHOEYOEZP NYTB.

LPOEYUOP, UMPTsOP OBKFY YuEMPCHELB U PTEDEMEOOOSCHN STLP CHSHTBTSEOOSCHN FIRPN CHPURTYSFYS YOZHPTNBGYY, BYUBUFHA CH LBTsDPN Y' OBU RTYUHFUFCHHEF OERPCHFPTYNPE UPYUEFBOYE URPUPZHPPVYCHPUYSCHTN. oP LBLPC-FP YЪ OII VKhDEF CHSCHTBTSEO VPMEE STLP. DMS FPZP, UFP VSC RPOSFSH YuEMPCHELB YMY UFP VSC ON VPMEE LPTTELFOP RPOSM CHBU, OEVPVIPDYNP PRTEDEMMYFSH L LBLPNKH FIRH CHPURTYSFYS YOZHPTNBGYY PO PFOPUYFUS? y EUMY Yuempchel ChBU OE RPOINBEF, NPTSEF ENH OBDP RTPUFP VPMEE RPDTPVOP CHUE TBUULBBFSH, RPLBBFSH OBZMSDOP, DBFSH RTPUHCHUFCHPCHBFSH YMY RTPUFP TBBMPTSYFSH CHUE RP RPMPYULBN? i FPZDB CHIBYNPRPOYNBOYE VKHDEF DPUFYZOHFP.

rTYNETOSCHE JTBSHCH DMS RTCHMEYUEOYS CHOYNBOYS YUAMPCHELB Y DPUFYTSEOIS CHBYNPRPPOYNBOYS RP FYRH CHPURTYSFYS YOZHPTNBGYY:

bHDYBM

rPUMKHYBK, LBL ЪCHHYUYF
'CHHYuYF 'BNBOYUYCHP'
'CHKHLY, TBDHAEYE UMHI

chYHBM

rPUNPFTY, LBL RTELTBUOP
CHUE CHSCHZMSDYF RTPUFP OBNEYUBFEMSHOP
FP, UFP S

LJOEUFEFEIL

h FFPN YUHCHUFCHHEFUS THLB RTPZHEUUIPOBMB
ffp
sCHPTSF, FFP RPFTSUBAEE

DYZYFBM

tBUUKHTsDBS YDTTBCHP, NPTsOP RTYKFY L CHSHCHPDH
UMEDHS MPZYLE, FFP YuEFLP CHYDOP

aMYS rp

[email protected]