Presentation on the theme "recreational resources of the world". Recreational resources of the world: types and their use Leading countries in terms of recreational resources

At the present stage in the world, recreational resources have acquired great importance. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment and tourism. In recent years, a "recreational explosion" has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature. The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The most popular are countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights. The development of recreational nature management and international tourism can bring a lot of income to these countries (Fig.). Among the natural and recreational objects, the most famous are: the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Caribbean, Red Seas; Hawaiian, Maldives, Canary, Bahamas and other islands; therapeutic mud of the Crimea; mineral waters of the Caucasus.

Rice. international tourism

The use of modern world recreational resources is characterized by significant territorial unevenness.

The World Tourism Organization distinguishes six main regions:
1. European (all European countries, countries of the former USSR + Turkey,

Cyprus and Israel).
2. American (all countries of North and South America).
3. Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and South- 4. East Asia, Australia and Oceania).
5. Middle East (countries of Southwest Asia + Egypt and Libya).
African (all African countries except Egypt and Libya).
6. South Asian (countries of South Asia).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites. About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unstable socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts of Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation. Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia. The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Rice. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

Recreational nature management is travel and excursions, hiking, relaxing on the beach, mountain climbing, sea and river cruises, attending cultural and sports events, resting at tourist bases, fishing and hunting.

One of the types of recreational nature management is ecological tourism. Ecological tourism is divided into: seaside, mountain, river, sea, urban, scientific and educational. The objects are national and natural parks, individual landscapes, natural and natural-cultural attractions. Ecotourists travel to their own and neighboring countries, but their main flow is directed from Europe and North America to tropical countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Ecuador). According to modern estimates, ecological tourism is the most rapidly developing part of the world's recreational nature management. Getting more widespread extreme tourism travel to the Arctic, Antarctica.

The greatest tourist and recreational activity is distinguished by people aged 30 to 50 years. At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature. In the richest country of capital in the United States, more than 70% of families with an annual income of less than 2 thousand dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country. According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion people never left their village or city. The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.
According to numerous surveys and questionnaires, the following factors influence the choice of turfima:

Advice from friends and acquaintances: 31.6%;
Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;
Terms and experience in the market: 14.8%;
Personal experience with this firm: 13.0%;
Expert advice: 11.3%;
Employee friendliness: 8.8%;
Travel firm ratings: 4.7%;
Advertising: 3.7%;
Mention of a travel company in directories: 3.4%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Convenient location: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

The tourism industry is a significant factor contributing to the more intensive economic development of those areas of the globe that are located far from large industrial centers and have little economic resources. In a number of states, tourism has become a large independent branch of the economy, occupying a leading position in the economy. This is largely due to the fact that the modern tourism industry provides a large amount of services consumed by tourists during their travel abroad.

"Recreational resources" are resources of all kinds that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism. On the basis of recreational resources, it is possible to organize branches of the economy specializing in recreational services.

natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, wildlife);
cultural and historical sights;
· the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with the appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources, in addition to natural objects, include any types of matter, energy, information, which are the basis for the functioning, development, and stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate branch of the economy - the recreational economy.

In the modern world, recreational resources, that is, the resources of natural areas, as recreation, treatment and tourism areas have acquired great importance. Of course, these resources cannot be called purely natural, since they also include objects of anthropogenic origin, primarily historical and architectural monuments (for example, the palace and park ensembles of Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg and Versailles near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Acropolis of Athens, Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, etc.). But the basis of recreational resources is still natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, forests, mountainous regions, etc.

The growing flow of people "to nature" (recreational explosion) is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, which, figuratively speaking, unloaded our muscles, strained our nerves and tore us away from nature. Every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. A person is attracted not only by the magnificent beaches of the Mediterranean, Tropical Africa and the Hawaiian Islands, the Crimea and Transcaucasia, but also by the Andes and the Himalayas, the Pamirs and the Tien Shan, the Alps and the Caucasus, rushing up and covered with snow caps.

Classification of recreational resources in balneology

1. Elementary resources: climate resources; components of the natural landscape (types of landscape, degree of landscape comfort, etc.); temporary (seasons of the year); spatial-territorial (geographical latitudes, solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation zones);
2. Hydrographic elementary resources: water; monuments of nature - open reservoirs, springs, etc.;
3. Hydromineral elemental resources: medicinal mineral waters; healing mud; healing clays; other medicinal natural resources;
4. Forest elementary resources: state forest fund; natural reserve fund, etc.; urban forests (on the lands of urban settlements), forests - natural monuments, etc.;
5. Orographic elementary resources: mountainous areas; flat areas; rough terrain; health-improving areas and resorts;
6. Biological elemental resources:
1. biofauna;
2. bioflora;
7. Socio-cultural elementary resources: components of the cultural landscape (ethnos, folk epic, folk cuisine, folk crafts, museums, art galleries, panoramas, cultural monuments of various forms of ownership, etc.); range of recreation facilities (clubs, palaces of culture, discos, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, casinos, bowling, slot machine halls, etc.);
8. Road transport elementary resources:
1. air transport: availability of the nearest major airport, convenient schedule of arrival and departure of aircraft;
2. railway transport: the state of development of the railway network; convenient schedule of arrival and departure of trains;
3. road transport: state of development and quality of the road network; availability and convenient operation of gas stations, service stations, catering and consumer services;
9. Labor elementary resources (medical, technical and service personnel, provision of departmental housing and hostels, home ownership; mortgage lending for the purchase of housing, etc.)
10. Communication elementary resources (state of development of communication services, radio, long-distance public telephone, polyprogram television, relay stations: Internet, cell phone);
11. Elementary health resources: the development of the municipal and private health care systems to provide emergency qualified medical care; obligatory and voluntary medical insurance services; the level of professional training of medical personnel of sanatorium-resort organizations, the required composition of medical specialists; availability of a license, etc.;
12. The level of development of elementary resources of the banking system and its availability;
13. Energy elementary resources;
14. Elementary service resources: hairdressing and beauty salons, beauty salons; atelier for tailoring and repairing clothes; dry cleaning; laundry; shops, etc.;
15. Elementary resources of sports leisure (gyms, sports halls, sauna with a swimming pool, sports grounds, etc.)

"Basic definitions"

Resources (from the French resources) is a means, a reserve, an opportunity, a source of something (Modern Dictionary..., 1992). In geography, resources are sources of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs.

Resource types:

* material, which includes everything created by mankind, including cultural resources - sources of knowledge of cultural values;
* labor, which is the able-bodied population capable of producing any useful product, as well as the professional skills and educational and cultural level of this population;
* natural - these are natural objects and phenomena used in human activity to obtain mainly material, but also spiritual benefits.

Recreational resources are resources of all kinds that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism. On the basis of recreational resources, it is possible to organize branches of the economy specializing in recreational services.

Recreational resources include:

* natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, wildlife);
* cultural and historical sights;
* the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Infrastructure is a set of buildings, structures, systems and services necessary to ensure the production and life of the population (Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1988).

Infrastructure includes:

· highways, railway stations, ports and airports, left-luggage offices, warehouses;
· engineering communications: gas networks, power supply, heat supply, water supply and sewerage, etc.;
credit and financial institutions, communication centers and other

"Climatic Recreational Resources"

Under climatic recreational resources is understood as a set of weathers suitable for various types of recreation (Methodological recommendations ..., 1983). Types of weather are divided into comfortable, allowing certain types of recreation without restrictions, sub-comfortable, in which certain types of recreation are possible with restrictions, and uncomfortable (unfavorable) - a certain type of recreation is not allowed. For example, for relaxing on the beach, the weather is comfortable with an average daily air temperature of +20 +25, a clear cloudless sky, a wind speed of no more than 5 m / s, and a relative humidity of 30 to 90%. When the listed characteristics go beyond the specified limits, for example, with an increase in wind speed, the weather becomes sub-comfortable - vacationers experience some inconvenience. In some weather conditions, such as heavy rain, a beach holiday is not possible.

It must be borne in mind that the very concept of "climatic comfort" is relative (Recreational use..., 1980). So, for a resident of equatorial Africa, the usual winter weather for skiing may be too cold. Residents of mountainous countries do not experience the discomfort that occurs in the inhabitants of the plains when they rise sharply into the mountains due to rarefied air at heights.

Climatic resources are characterized, in particular, by the following indicators: the total number of days with favorable weather; the total duration of the seasons (seasons); the number of days with favorable weather for a certain type of tourism for each season (Methodological recommendations ..., 1983).

"Water Recreational Resources"

To Water recreational resources include all water bodies suitable for recreation. Absolutely unsuitable are only heavily polluted rivers, streams and lakes, rest on the banks of which is unpleasant.

The suitability of water resources for different types of recreation is determined by a number of characteristics

Recreational characteristics of water bodies:

· Water temperature and its change during the year.
· Types of shores: beaches, rocks, cliffs, grassy, marshy. The beaches, in turn, are divided by width and by the composition of the rock - sandy, pebble, boulder.
The depth of the reservoir.
· Safety of the swimming pool: the absence of areas of fast flow, whirlpools, algae, various dangerous objects at the bottom - logs, sharp flaps of mollusk shells, etc.
water pollution.
Characteristics of the rafting conditions (are of decisive importance for sports tourism): the length of the river, its slope, the speed of the current, the presence of rapids, waterfalls, dams, blockages of logs, etc.
· The nature of the landscapes on the shores. So, according to (Recreational use ..., 1980), in terms of their potential qualities, water bodies with dry shores covered with pine and coniferous-deciduous forests are most suitable for recreation. If any forest is not far from a small river, then recreation is still possible. Swampy or plowed shores are considered unsuitable.

"Forest recreational resources"

To Forest recreational resources include all forests suitable for recreation. Only impenetrable forests (growing in impenetrable swamps) are unsuitable. Forest recreational resources are characterized by the following indicators.

Forest cover - the percentage of forested area of the total area of the territory.

Characteristics of the forest plant community: predominant tree species, their age, presence and density of undergrowth (young trees), undergrowth (shrubs), species composition of the herbaceous-shrub layer, mosses and lichens. The latter are indicators of soil moisture conditions and fertility.

"Balneological and mud therapy recreational resources"

Balneological and mud therapy resources are sources of mineral waters and deposits of therapeutic mud of various composition and origin - silt, peat, sapropel, volcanic. Their characteristics are similar to those of other mineral deposits.

Characteristics of balneological and mud therapy resources:

Qualitative composition - medicinal properties, determined by the content of chemical and biological (for mud) substances;
· volume;
conditions of extraction (for example, for mineral waters - the depth of occurrence).

"Landscape recreational resources"

To landscape recreational resources include natural or artificial landscapes that are of educational or sports interest, and also have fairly good hygienic qualities (Methodological recommendations ..., 1983).

Different types of tourism are interested in different landscapes. For sports and educational tourism, mountainous regions are the most interesting as the most picturesque and difficult to pass. Forests are also interesting, and the more wild and uninhabited they are, the better. Wetlands can be attractive for consumer tourism enthusiasts. Plowed territories or areas deformed by mining with destroyed nature do not attract anyone.

One of the main criteria for evaluating a landscape for recreation is its aesthetics. It includes such categories as a variety of forms of landscape elements, their color, color combinations between them, the size of panoramas that open from viewing places, etc. (Methodological recommendations ..., 1983). From the point of view of aesthetics, territories with different relief are distinguished. Mountainous areas are considered the best. Then, in descending order, follow: hilly areas, gently sloping areas, flat areas (the most unaesthetic).

"Resources of cognitive tourism"

To these include objects of educational value that can be shown during excursions.

Natural cognitive objects of tourism include beautiful landscapes, as well as individual attractions: rocky cliffs, glaciers, waterfalls, lakes, springs, old trees, trees uncharacteristic for the area, traces of animal activity (beaver huts, bird nests) and more.

The cultural educational resources of tourism include:

historical monuments - archaeological sites, places of historical events (for example, Malakhov Kurgan in Sevastopol);
· architectural monuments - kremlins, churches, unique houses, etc.;
entertainment institutions - theaters, concert halls, houses of folk art (Methodological recommendations ..., 1983);
· places where remarkable people live, for example, the village of Konstantinovo (Ryazan region, Yesenin's birthplace), Kashirin's house in Nizhny Novgorod, where Maxim Gorky spent his childhood;
landscape and architectural monuments - for example, ancient parks (Petergorf near St. Petersburg), ancient estates;
· museums, art galleries, exhibition halls, zoos, aquariums, ethnographic monuments and other attractions.

"General Characteristics of Recreational Resources"

For of all recreational resources, a number of characteristics matter.

Picturesque. Excursion object or area where people have a rest should be beautiful. The concept of beauty is largely subjective, but some generally accepted norms exist (an example is given in the description of landscape resources).

Diversity. It is desirable that various natural complexes and cultural recreational objects be located in the recreation area. In one tour, it is desirable to combine activities that are different in terms of tourism purposes.

Uniqueness. The more rare an item is, the more valuable it is. Objects that are unique on a global scale (Egyptian pyramids, Lake Baikal), on an all-Russian scale (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus), on a regional scale (Lake Svetloyar for the Volga-Vyatka region), on a local scale (recreation area "Shchelokovsky Farm" for Nizhny Novgorod) ).

Fame. It is a derivative of uniqueness and how this uniqueness is known among the general population. For example, everyone knows Lake Baikal, and the name of the ridge "Central Sikhote-Alin" in the Far East says little to an ordinary worker, although the nature of this ridge is also unique.

Transport accessibility to the tourist site. This concept includes the fare, type of transport, travel time, frequency of transport, its comfort, etc. It depends both on the territory where the object is located and on the place where the group of tourists gathers.

Service conditions determined by the recreational infrastructure of the area where the facility is located. This is the presence of tourist and health-improving institutions, their capacity, comfort, quality condition, profile and other characteristics, the presence of a road transport network and institutions serving it (railway stations, ports, stations, lockers, etc.), the availability and quality of communication facilities , financial institutions, utilities, etc.

"World Natural Heritage"

International Evidence of the recognition of the uniqueness of the object is its inclusion in the World Heritage List. Information about such objects is given according to (Methodological allowance ..., 2000).

Natural heritage objects include unique natural monuments, geological and physiographic features, natural landmarks or limited natural areas of outstanding scientific, environmental or aesthetic value.

Cultural heritage objects include unique works of man (architectural monuments, sculptures, archeology, architectural ensembles), as well as joint creations of man and nature, which are of outstanding value in terms of history, anthropology, ethnology, aesthetics, art or scientific research.

World Heritage Site status contributes to:

Obtaining additional guarantees for the safety of objects;
raising the prestige of the territory and its governing institutions;
· promotion of the object and development of tourism (for objects of natural heritage, primarily ecological), as well as alternative types of nature management;
· obtaining priority in attracting financial resources (primarily from the World Heritage Fund);
organization of monitoring and control over the safety of the object.

Recreational resources(from Lag. recreation- restoration) is a set of natural phenomena, as well as natural and man-made objects used by them for recreation, treatment, and tourism. Recreational resources include natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, water bodies, vegetation, wildlife); cultural and historical sights; the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

This type of resource was singled out as an independent relatively recently, but it is already firmly rooted in the minds of people. The emergence of various types of recreation is due to the goals of their creation. For the purposes of rehabilitation, territories with unique healing properties can be used, such as a favorable climate, a special combination of terrain with vegetation, mineral springs, geothermal waters, sea and mountain air, etc.

For the purposes of recreation and tourism, including sports, such recreational resources are used as coasts and water areas of lakes, rivers, seas and oceans, mountainous areas, nature reserves and national parks, forest areas, historical sites, etc.

More familiar, in contrast to recreational resources, is the concept of "resort" (from it. whale - treatment and Oit- place, locality) - a developed and used specially protected natural area recognized by the current legislation, which has natural healing resources and the necessary conditions for their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes (treatment, medical rehabilitation, disease prevention, health improvement), as well as necessary for their operation buildings and structures, including infrastructure facilities.

The first resorts were given to man by nature. The well-known Roman baths were originally a creation of nature, and not a miracle of the architecture of Ancient Rome. The Italian thermal resorts of Monsummano, Montegrotto and Montecatini are interesting in that thermal clinics have been created here by nature - the hot water of the springs fills the numerous grottoes with steam. Today it is difficult to say where man-made terms first appeared. In ancient Greece, public bathing devices were an integral part of sports facilities. Baths in Bulgaria were built by the emperors Trajan, Septimius Severus, Maximilian, Justinian. In the Renaissance, the culture of treatment on the waters began to revive. So, on the map of Europe in the XV century. appeared one of the most famous resorts of our time - Karlovy Vary. Resorts on the Baltic Sea, the German resorts of Baden-Baden and Aachen, the Belgian Spa and other now popular resorts soon became high society meeting centers.

In Russia, the first resort appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, when, by decree of Peter I, the Marcial Waters resort was built (1719). In the same years, the German scientist H. Paulsen, at the behest of Peter I, founded the "Bader baths" on the Lipetsk salt waters, which soon gained popularity in Russia and became the basis of its second resort. The first official information about the mineral springs of the Caucasus is contained in the reports of Dr. G. Shober (1717), who was sent by the royal decree of Peter the Great to the region of the North Caucasus “to look for spring waters” (the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta in the middle of the 14th century wrote about a hot mineral spring on North Caucasus - in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Pyatigorsk).

The study of recreation and recreational activities is one of the youngest areas of modern science. In 1963-1975. A team of specialists from the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, B. N. Likhanov, L. I. Mukhina, L. S. Filippovich, and others) prepared a monograph "Theoretical foundations of recreational geography". The ideas contained in it served as the basis for further research by the same team (“Geography of recreational systems of the USSR” (1980); “Territorial organization of recreation for the population of Moscow and the Moscow region” (1986); “Recreational resources of the USSR” (1990)) and received a response in domestic and foreign research. They are also reflected in the curricula of universities. In 1992, the Russian International Academy of Tourism published a new monograph "The Theory of Recrealogy and Recreational Geography" (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, V. A. Kvartalnov, V. M. Krivosheev, L. S. Filippovich). It summarized the results of many years of research and formulated the beginnings of recreationology as an interdisciplinary science: a set of emerging ideas and concepts about the recreational system was outlined; recreational needs as a generating factor;

recreational activities as a backbone factor; about models of the recreational system.

Recreation(from lat. recreation- recovery and logos- teaching, science) is a science that develops at the intersection of recreational geography, population geography and medical geography. The object of her research is a recreational system consisting of interconnected natural and cultural complexes, engineering structures, service personnel and vacationers themselves (recreants).

In many countries, recreational services are a major sector of the economy.

The result of scientific and technological revolution and urbanization is that recently there has been a "recreational boom" all over the world, manifested in the massive visits of people to various parts of nature, resort areas, tourism and recreation areas. The need for people to restore their spiritual and physical strength, as well as to satisfy their needs in visiting territories with historical and architectural monuments, is a sign of the rapid development of modern civilization, which is characterized by intense human activity that requires periodic unloading.

Almost every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. Countries in which successfully rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights, to the greatest extent attract people who want to restore the forces they spent in the process of creation. Recently, such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Greece, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, etc. have been especially popular for recreation, tourism and treatment. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries, and for some it makes up the bulk of the country's budget.

Recreational resources(from lat. recreatio - restoration).

Recreational resources have acquired great importance in the world today. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment, tourism. These resources combine both natural objects and objects of anthropogenic origin, which include historical and architectural monuments (Peter Palace, the French Versailles, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China). But still, the basis of recreational resources is made up of natural elements: sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, healing springs and mud.

In recent years, a "recreational explosion" has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, the isolation of man from nature.

Each country in the world has some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt. In these countries, rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions. The development of international tourism brings considerable income to many countries.

Recreational resources wikipedia
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This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature. The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The most popular are countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights.

international tourism

Cyprus and Israel).
3.

Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and Southeast Asia, 4. Australia and Oceania).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites.

About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unstable socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts of Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation. Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia.

The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Rice. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

extreme tourism

At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature. In the richest country of capital in the United States, over 70% of families with an annual income of less than $2,000.

dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century more than 2 billion

Recreational areas and resorts

people never ventured outside their village or town. The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.

Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;

Expert advice: 11.3%;

Advertising: 3.7%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

Related information:

VII. AT.

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World recreational resources

The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The most popular are countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights.

The development of recreational nature management and international tourism can bring a lot of income to these countries (Fig.). Among the natural and recreational objects, the most famous are: the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Caribbean, Red Seas; Hawaiian, Maldives, Canary, Bahamas and other islands; therapeutic mud of the Crimea; mineral waters of the Caucasus.

international tourism

The use of modern world recreational resources is characterized by significant territorial unevenness.

The World Tourism Organization distinguishes six main regions:
1. European (all European countries, countries of the former USSR + Turkey,

Cyprus and Israel).
2. American (all countries of North and South America).
3. Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and South-4.

East Asia, Australia and Oceania).
5. Middle East (countries of Southwest Asia + Egypt and Libya).
African (all African countries except Egypt and Libya).
6. South Asian (countries of South Asia).

Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia. The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

One of the types of recreational nature management is ecological tourism.

Ecological tourism is divided into: seaside, mountain, river, sea, urban, scientific and educational. The objects are national and natural parks, individual landscapes, natural and natural-cultural attractions.

Ecotourists travel to their own and neighboring countries, but their main flow is directed from Europe and North America to tropical countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Ecuador). According to modern estimates, ecological tourism is the most rapidly developing part of the world's recreational nature management. Getting more widespread extreme tourism travel to the Arctic, Antarctica.

The greatest tourist and recreational activity is distinguished by people aged 30 to 50 years.

At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature.

The main recreational areas of the world

In the richest country of capital in the United States, more than 70% of families with an annual income of less than 2 thousand dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion people never left their village or city.

The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.
According to numerous surveys and questionnaires, the following factors influence the choice of turfima:

In a number of states, tourism has become a large independent branch of the economy, occupying a leading position in the economy. This is largely due to the fact that the modern tourism industry provides a large amount of services consumed by tourists during their travel abroad.

Related information:

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Bibliographic links to electronic resources
Library and Information Resources
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On the whole, it should be noted that over the past 15 years, the trend towards a decrease in the growth rate of demand for primary energy resources has become quite clear in the world.
C) software and Internet resources

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Back to Recreational Resources

Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical.

Natural and recreational include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for such types of tourism: beach (Cote d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. Since the second half of the XX century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. More than 70 chemical elements are dissolved in sea water, for which it is called "liquid ore". Using the latest technology, some of them are already being removed from the water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.

The biological resources of the oceans are marine organisms that humans use.

There are 180 thousand animal species and 20 thousand species in the Ocean.

Tourist zoning of the world: geocultural approach

plant species. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweeds are of economic importance. So far, they provide the food needs of mankind by only 2%. The shelf zone is the most productive.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. are being mined on the ocean shelf. The development of the ocean bed began. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials have been found here, significantly exceeding its reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc.

The USA, Japan, Germany and other countries have already developed technologies for the extraction of iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor.

The energy resources of the oceans are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already being used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, water temperature differences.

In our time, there is a problem of economical use of the wealth of the oceans, the protection of its resources. The world community is especially concerned about the oil pollution of the ocean.

After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are being concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and a ban on testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean.

Great hopes are placed on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: the energy of the Sun, wind, the internal heat of the Earth, space.

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Approaches to the tourist and recreational zoning of the world. Borders of macroregions and tourist and recreational zones of the world.

The concept of tourist and recreational zoning.

Approaches to tourist and recreational zoning: according to the degree of favorableness for a particular type of activity, according to the degree of development of resources, according to the degree of development of tourist infrastructure. Territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning. Macro-regions of the world: European, Asian, American, African, Australia and Oceania. Borders of macro-regions and tourist-recreational zones.

Tourist and recreational zoning- this is the division of the territory into certain zones (areas) according to the principle of homogeneity of features and the nature of tourist and recreational use.

In the tourism literature, there are different approaches to tourist and recreational zoning.

For example, by degree of development of the territory (developed, medium developed, underdeveloped), depending on concentration in a certain area of a particular type of tourism (regions of seaside tourism, lake, river, sports, etc.)

In world tourism statistics, the most commonly used territorial approach on the basis of which it is customary to distinguish five large tourist macro-regions: 1) Europe; 2) Asia; 3) Africa; 4) America; 5) Australia and Oceania.

To European macro-region include the countries of Western, Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel, Cyprus, Turkey).

To Asian macro-region include the countries of West and Southwest Asia (including Egypt and Libya), East, South (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia.

AT African macro-region includes the states of the African continent, with the exception of Egypt and Libya.

American macro-region- these are the countries of North, South and Central America, island states and territories of the Caribbean.

To Australia and Oceania includes the country of Australia and all groups of Pacific islands (Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia).

Most detailed counts territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning proposed Dmitrievsky Y.D. .

The hierarchy of tourist areas, in his opinion, should include, in addition to macro-regions, zones and districts (as in the generally accepted zoning), also smaller elements such as macro-district, meso-district, micro-district. In this regard, he identifies ten tourist macro-regions of the world (Foreign Europe, Russia, Western and Central Asia, South and East Asia, Australia and Oceania, Muslim North Africa, Central and South Africa, North America, Mesoamerica (Mexico, Central America, Caribbean America (West Indies)), South America), which are also divided into zones, districts, macro-districts, meso-districts and micro-districts.

Tourist and recreational potential and geography of tourist centers of the North European tourist and recreational zone.

Geographical position: location on the mainland and in the macro-region, countries included in the composition, access to the oceans and seas.

Climatic features, types of climates. Favorable time to visit.

The concept of tourist and recreational potential. Tourist and recreational potential of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland. Geography of the centers of educational, ecological, ethnographic, extreme, sports, lake, children's, entertainment tourism.

The tourist and recreational potential of the territory is all the opportunities necessary for the formation and development of tourist and recreational activities within a certain area.

Opportunities in this case are understood as natural conditions and objects, historical and cultural sights and ethno-cultural features.

Northern Europe

Northern Europe is distinguished by natural attractiveness, and special kind: the natural environment of the northern European countries is very peculiar, although, by ordinary standards, it is very harsh; it (environment), compared with other regions of Europe, to a greater extent retained its virgin, pristine character (although, of course, not everywhere).

The ever-increasing tourist demand for visiting the northern countries has led to the fact that they "began to build modern accommodation facilities for tourists - hotels, boarding houses, motels, campsites, bungalows, fishermen's houses, sportsmen's houses, etc.

means of transport and roads are being modernized. Sea cruises are organized to the regions of the Arctic Circle with dog sledding, hunting for birds and animals. Arctic safaris are also organized in Greenland with hunting for polar animals, including polar bears.”

The Nordic countries as a whole are more of a supplier of tourists, but still constantly strive to increase the influx of tourists to their tourist area.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that many tourists coming to Northern Europe visit several countries at once, partly because the number of objects of historical and cultural educational tourism in most of them is rather limited.

Basically, these countries specialize in "GREEN TOURISM" (travel to clean, untouched corners of nature without harming it). Green tourism includes such areas as rural tourism, eco-tourism, agritourism.

NORWAY

Tours to Norway are an excellent choice for connoisseurs of the charm of northern nature.

In fact, it is not as cold there as it seems to an uninitiated tourist, even in winter the temperature on the coast does not fall below -5 ° C.

Recreational resources

The mild climate of Norway provides Gulfstream.

You can go to Norway with children at any time of the year, but such a trip will be especially pleasant in July or August.

budget holidays in Norway hard to name, but the deal is always worth the money - in this country, the quality of goods and services one hundred percent justifies their cost.

Norway's main tourist attraction - the famous fjords- These are narrow sea bays formed during the ice ages.

The fjords are resources for active, extreme, ecological types of tourism.

Respectable tourists admire them from the ship, adventurers conquer seemingly impregnable rocks on foot and by bike, and fearless base jumpers jump down from steep cliffs.

The best fjords are the picturesque Geirangerfjord, the long Sognefjord and the most spectacular Lysefjord.

Historical-cultural and historical-architectural tourism developed in cities such as OSLO, BERGEN, TRONDHEIM.

OSLO (“after God”) is one of the smallest and cleanest capitals in Europe (500,000 sq.

pers.). The city center is an interweaving of old and new architecture with an abundance of museums and monuments.

Sights: the old quarters of the city, the building of the national theater, the Norwegian Maritime Museum, the Norwegian Folk Museum.

BERGEN is a very picturesque place in Norway, and there are much more attractions here than in the capital.

Once in Bergen, you will not miss its main attraction in any way. Bryggen, the historic Hanseatic Promenade, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, flaunts in full view of the harbor.

The very first houses in the city were built here.

TRONDHEIM is a vibrant university city and technology capital of Norway. Thanks to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), as well as numerous research centers, Trondheim is rightfully considered a city of innovation, science and business.

Centers ski and ski tourism those around Lillehammer are counted.

This is Gausdal, Skei-Gesdal.

A well-known landmark of Norway is also considered arch. Svalbard. Half of the arch. They make up nature reserves with unique species of polar animals. This region is famous for the largest PRICH BAZARS.

More than 8.5 million people live in Sweden. The capital city of Stockholm has more than 1.5 million people.

Sweden attracts tourists with its strict nature: sea beaches, numerous lakes (Venern, Vättern).

Natural water bodies are complemented by artificial channels, among which are the Goethe Canal (500 km), connecting Stockholm and the second largest city of Gothenburg.

As it should be in Scandinavia, tourist Sweden does not flaunt its dignity. But there are a lot of them: for example, the mountains there are higher than in neighboring Finland, and offer more varied skiing. In addition, Sweden guarantees snow cover on the slopes of ski resorts. November to April, as well as the excellent equipment of the slopes, a well-thought-out system of lifts, many services and entertainments for the smallest tourists - it is not for nothing that Sweden is called behind the eyes "children's kingdom" However, if you want to be satisfied with your vacation in Sweden, make sure you are ready to spend - the country cannot be classified as cheap.

Moderate, transitional from maritime to continental.

In winter, the air temperature in most of the country does not fall below -16 ° C, only in the north frosts below -22 ° C are not uncommon, in summer it is rarely warmer than +22 ° C (and in mountainous areas +17 ° C). Humid maritime air masses from the North Atlantic and the Baltic Sea often bring quite changeable weather with precipitation and winds, especially in the off-season.

The main city of Sweden, STOCKHOLM ("well preserved"): in this capital on 14 islands there really is something to see in terms of museums, architecture and other "excursions".

Among other things, Sweden is "Carlson who lives on the roof" and the Nobel Prize ceremonies. The main principle of the inhabitants of Sweden: good quality in everything and maximum convenience for a person - both at work and at leisure. And last but not least, Sweden is famous for its cuisine - simple, hearty and so similar to Russian.

Large cities - Gothenburg, Malmö.

Ski resorts in Sweden:

§ Idre

§ Salen

§ and Are

The main beauties of Sweden are of natural origin: the harsh tundra of Lapland, the islands of the Gulf of Bothnia, the green hills of the west, the rocks of Norrbotten, beautiful lakes.

Cultural attractions are mostly located in large cities: Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Among other things, the magnificent castles of Sweden deserve the closest attention.

City tours (bus and walking) are usually included in most group tours. Royal Palace, Museum of the ancient ship Vasa, Museum of fairy tales Astrid Lindgren Junibacken. Open Air Museum Scansen.

Sweden occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the quality of water treatment.

Tap water in Sweden is safe to drink without boiling it first. Therefore, do not be surprised if they are served tap water in a bar or restaurant.

FINLAND

The country is located in the east of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Population 5.5 million people The country also includes the Aland Islands, 6.5 thousand islands off the southwestern coast of the country.

Types of tourism: in winter ski tourism(in the city of

Jyväskylä has 2 ski centers: for children skiing and with difficult slopes), in summer you can swim 100 meters from the Arctic Circle (Lake Saima is the largest in the country), fishing on the Finnish lakes and the Aland Islands, historical and cultural tourism in the cities of Helsinki, Turku, Tampere.

Helsinki is the capital, located on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia, famous for its fresh air and beautiful scenery.

Sea Life Scandinavian Marine Center with 28 large aquariums. There are over 60 churches in the city. The most interesting architectural structure is the church carved into the rock "Church in the Rock" or "Snow Church" (organ concerts are often held). The East of Finland is endless hills, lakes, primeval forests, where original Karelian peoples live.

This is the area ecotourism and active recreation.

Lapland is one of the most exotic and popular places in Finland. The capital, Rovaniemi, is the home of Santa Claus.

The country is located on the Jutland Peninsula and the Danish archipelago in the Baltic Sea. Denmark is the birthplace of H.H. Andersen.

CLIMATE Moderate maritime, rather mild climate without sharp temperature fluctuations and with relatively uniform precipitation throughout the year. Air temperature in January is 0..-7°C.

The summer is cool, the average July temperature is +15..+16°C. The best time to visit the country - July August when it is warmest and there is relatively little rainfall.

The capital city of Copenhagen, home to the most oldest, large and popular amusement park in — Tivoli. By the way, it is also considered the oldest amusement park in the world.

In Copenhagen: Guinness World Records Museum, Believe It or Not Museum of Jokes and Pranks.

Large cities are also Orhuns, Odense.

In Odense: the house where the famous storyteller G.

H. Andersen, park. Andersen, open-air museum "Funian Village".

ICELAND

The country is located on the island of Iceland. Population 281 thousand people. The capital is Reykjavik.

Business card countries - dozens of active (Hekla) and dormant volcanoes, numerous geysers, waterfalls.

Therefore, the most common type of tourism is natural cognitive.

Near Reykjavik is the extinct volcano Esja - this is a great place to trekking(sports hikes on the crater of the volcano, descents from steep slopes)

Iceland is a country sport fishing(fishing for trout, salmon) and extreme tourism(rock climbing, horse riding, diving).

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Scientists have long found out that for high labor efficiency, a person needs regular and proper rest. Without this, one should not expect great labor feats from the worker. But you can also relax in different ways: someone just lies on the couch and watches TV, while someone takes out his backpack and goes hiking. In the latter case, the recreational resources of the world, or in other words, the resources for recreation and tourism, are of great importance.

What is recreation?

It is believed that the term "recreation" came to us from Latin: recreation - "recovery". There is such a word in Polish - recreatja, which means "rest" in translation. It should be noted that in the world there is still no single and generally accepted scientific definition of this concept.

It can be said that recreation is the process of restoring the vital forces of a person (physical, moral and mental), which were used up in the course of labor activity. At its core, recreation can be tourist, medical, resort, health, sports, etc. Types are also distinguished by time frame: short-term, long-term (with or without interruption from work), seasonal. Recreation can also be organized and unorganized (the so-called wild recreation).

Basic concepts

Other important concepts can be deduced from the definition of the term "recreation": "tourist and recreational resources" and "recreational activities". The second term means a special type of economic activity aimed at restoring human strength. At the same time, the word "economic" in combination with the word "activity" implies the possibility of generating income.

These and some other related concepts are studied by such sciences as recreationology and recreational geography. Among the scientists of these disciplines, one can meet geographers, biologists, economists, and psychologists, because they were formed at the junction of several fields of knowledge at once. In particular, he studies the features of the distribution of recreational resources and objects throughout the territory of our planet, as well as individual countries. The recreational resources of the world and their study are also within the competence of this science. They will be discussed further.

Recreational World Resources

They began to worry scientists and researchers around the middle of the twentieth century. It was then that the first serious scientific developments in this area began to appear.

The recreational resources of the world are a complex of recreational objects (created by nature or man) that are suitable for the development of recreational activities on their basis.

What can be a recreational object? Yes, anything, as long as the object has a recreational effect. It can be a waterfall, a mountain peak, a medical sanatorium, a city park, a museum or an old fortress.

Key features of these resources include:

attractiveness;
geographic availability;
significance;
potential stock;
method of use and others.

Classification

The recreational resources of the world still do not have a unified classification. Each of the researchers has their own view on this issue. Nevertheless, the following types of recreational resources can be distinguished:

Recreational and medical (treatment).
Recreational and health-improving (treatment, rehabilitation and resort rest).
Recreational and sports (active recreation and tourism).
Recreational and educational (excursions, cruises and travel).

This classification seems to be the most successful and understandable. Although there are many others, according to which the world's recreational resources are divided into:

natural (created by nature);
natural-anthropogenic (created by nature and modified by man);
historical and cultural (man-made);
infrastructural;
unconventional.

The last group is very interesting, which combines the resources necessary for the development of unusual or extreme ones. These can be ancient cemeteries, dilapidated castles, underground catacombs, etc.

Recreational and medical resources of the world

They are designed to organize, first of all, the treatment of a person. It can be both a complex therapy of the whole organism, and individual organs and systems.

Recreational and medical resources of the world include the following objects:

healing mud;
mountain resorts;
sea coasts;
salt lakes, etc.

Recreational and health-improving resources of the world

This group includes all resources on the basis of which treatment can be carried out, as well as the improvement of the body (for example, after major operations). Such resources include resorts and resort areas (sea, mountain, ski, forest, etc.).

Among the most popular resort areas in the world are the following:

Hawaiian Islands;
Seychelles;
Canary Islands;
the island of Bali;
the island of Cuba;
(France);
Golden Sands (Bulgaria), etc.

Recreational-sports and recreational-cognitive resources

The majestic mountain systems (Alps, Cordillera, Himalayas, Caucasus, Carpathians) attract a huge number of active tourists and adventurers. After all, there are all the necessary recreational and sports resources. You can go on a mountain hike or conquer one of the peaks. You can organize an extreme descent along a mountain river or go rock climbing. The mountains have a wide range of diverse recreational resources. There are also a huge number of ski resorts.

Recreational and educational resources include many different objects: architectural, historical and cultural. It can be fortresses, palace complexes, museums and even entire cities. Thousands of tourists annually visit countries such as France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Austria, Switzerland and others.

The most famous museum in the world is, of course, the Louvre, which contains the richest collections of exhibits. Among them you can see ancient Assyrian bas-reliefs and Egyptian paintings.

One of the largest and most elegant palace complexes in the world is Peterhof, located near St. Petersburg. A large number of tourists go to India to see the wonder of world architecture - or to Egypt to see with their own eyes the famous Egyptian pyramids, or to Croatia to wander through the narrow streets of medieval Dubrovnik.

Recreational and tourist potential of Russia

The recreational resources of Russia are very rich and varied. Thus, the Black Sea, Azov, Baltic coasts, as well as the Altai Mountains have a huge potential for the development of resort tourism and therapeutic recreation.

The historical, cultural and educational recreational resources of Russia are also widely represented. In this regard, such regions of the country as the North-West, the North Caucasus, the Kaliningrad region, as well as the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kostroma, Tver, Kazan have the greatest potential. Recreation can also be successfully developed in Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island and Lake Baikal.

Finally

Thus, the recreational resources of the world are very diverse and rich. These are ancient cities, amazing architectural structures, high mountains and rapid waterfalls, museums and castles covered in legends.