What did Ivan Kalita do in 1328. Birth of an empire

Kornilov Lavr Georgievich, whose brief biography is closely connected with the Civil War in Russia, was born on 18 (30) 08/1870 in the family of a retired Cossack. Graduated from several educational institutions. Participated in several wars. Served as a spy in the East. Before the revolution was One of those who organized the White Guard Volunteer Army. Killed during the fighting near Ekaterinodar (Krasnodar) in 1918.

early years

The origin of the future commander is ambiguous. Researchers of his biography, local historians in their searches are faced with conflicting data. The appearance and nationality of Lavr Kornilov are the most discussed moments in the circles of historians. Most sources agree that his father is of a Cossack family and served as an interpreter for the seventh Siberian regiment. But the mother, according to one version, is a Kazakh who adopted the Orthodox faith as a girl, Maryam (Maria Ivanovna after baptism). From her, Lavr was given an oriental appearance.

Other studies claim that his mother is from a Cossack family, among whose ancestors were Kalmyks. And a completely different version says that, on the contrary, his own father was a Kalmyk, and his real name was Gavga Deldinov. After the breakup of the family, Gavga was adopted by Georgy Kornilov, his mother's brother.

Ros Lavr Georgievich in a large family, out of 12 children, he was the fourth child. He was quiet, modest, diligent and persistent in his studies. He easily passed the entrance exams to the Siberian Cadet Corps in Omsk. Only French did not pass: a poor family could not find a tutor in the outback. His industriousness bore fruit, and each of his academic successes nurtured pride in him. Yet he remained friendly.

Years in the cadet corps

Shy - such was the young Kornilov Lavr Georgievich. A brief biography during the years of study in the cadet corps was dim until the senior classes. Regarding extracurricular life, of course. He gave all his strength to the study of subjects. Soon Kornilov became a successful student and earned a provision for the state "kosht" after the first year of study.

After graduating from the cadet corps with excellent marks, Lavr Kornilov received the right to choose a military school. The most prestigious at that time was the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in St. Petersburg.

Training at the Artillery School and the Academy of the General Staff

Here he boldly, one might say, entered adulthood. His father could no longer help him with money. Lavr Georgievich moonlighted as a mathematics tutor, published in geographical journals, which brought him an acceptable income. I even had enough money to help my parents from time to time.

Excellent grades are becoming the norm for him, but his behavior is not at such a height. There was an unpleasant situation with a tactless officer, who, if not for General Chernyavsky, could have been rebuffed by non-commissioned officer Kornilov with a sword. The student was respected, so he was forgiven for such an offense.

The last course of the school (November 1891) he completes as a cadet harness, and in August of the following year he takes an additional course at the artillery school and receives the rank of second lieutenant. Despite the prospect of remaining to serve in the capital, he chooses the Turkestan military district. In addition to the service, he is engaged in the study of oriental languages ​​\u200b\u200band the education of soldiers.

Perseverance and ambition push him to apply for admission to the Academy of the General Staff. Of course, here he showed himself at the highest level. During his studies, he marries the daughter of the titular councilor Taisiya Markovina.

Upon completion of his studies, once again shrugging off the prospect of service in St. Petersburg, Lavr Kornilov returned to Turkestan.

Participation in expeditions

While serving as an assistant to the senior adjutant of the district headquarters, a little later as a staff officer, Lavr Georgievich, dressed up as a Turkmen, entered the territory of Deidadi in Afghanistan and inspected the positions of British troops. He took part in expeditions to Kashgaria, Afghanistan and Persia. Along the way, with the study of these places, he creates an agent network and establishes business ties.

In a brief biography of Kornilov Lavr Georgievich, it is indicated that he made a great contribution to the development of geography, ethnography, military and geopolitical science, writing the book "Kashgaria". For it he receives This work was also appreciated at the international level. The British in the "Military Report on Kashgaria" used the plans of cities from Kornilov's edition.

In 1905, the General Staff publishes his secret "Report on a trip to India." And already in November of the following year, Lavr Georgievich was accepted as a member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

Participation in the Russo-Japanese War

In the first month of the summer of 1904, Lieutenant Colonel Kornilov was appointed head of the General Staff. In a brief biography of Kornilov Lavr Georgievich, it is indicated that he persistently rushed into the army. In 1904, he was already chief of staff of the first rifle brigade.

A memorable battle, where Kornilov showed his valor and courage as a military leader, is the battle near Mukden. With his brigade, he covered the retreat of the Russian army and he himself was surrounded. Literally on bayonets under his leadership, the brigade broke through the encirclement and connected with the main units. For which he received the Order of St. George with St. George's weapons.

As a military agent

Kornilov Lavr Georgievich, whose biography testifies to his ability in oriental languages, also had an Asian appearance. All this predicted his future career as a military agent in China (1907-1911). Here he meets Mannerheim and Chiang Kai-shek.

During his service, he often travels around the country, studying the language, culture, life, history and traditions of the people who inhabited it. He notices the numerical potential of the still unformed Chinese army. He carefully documented all observations and sent them to the General Staff. For his work in China, he was awarded high awards.

"Not a man - an element"

With the outbreak of the First World War, a troubled life began, full of danger, failures, manifestations of the character of the real commander Lavr Georgievich Kornilov. In the second half of August 1914, he fought with an infantry division in Galicia under the command of Brusilov. The soldiers idolized him, which made him the envy of the general. Even the captive General Raft called Kornilov like this: "Not a man - an element."

In January 1915, Kornilov was promoted to lieutenant general. Covering the retreat of Brusilov, he was wounded and, after a stubborn bayonet battle of his battalion with the advancing enemy forces, he was captured by the Austrians. I was able to escape on the third attempt, thanks to the Czech pharmacist.

As Supreme Commander

The appointment of General Lavr Kornilov as commander of the troops in Petrograd was approved by Nicholas II. In March 1917, Kornilov arrived in Petrograd and first of all announced to the Empress about the "arrest" in Tsarskoye Selo. But he did it more out of an impulse to save the royal family. He himself was very worried that this mission fell to him.

General Kornilov all this time worked on the creation of the Petrograd Front, placing loyal people in strategic places. But he did not succeed. It was not possible to reach an agreement with the Soviet, as well as with the soldiers of Petrograd. He refuses the post of commander-in-chief of the "collapsing army". Further, Lavr Georgievich took command of the Eighth Army and raised the issue of a ban on soldiers' committees and political campaigning. After the defeats of the decomposed Russian troops, Kornilov asks the command for permission to take tough measures.

On July 19, Kornilov was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief in place of Brusilov. He accepts this position on his own terms, which included the reorganization of the army and the non-interference of the Provisional Government.

Failed performance and arrest

In August 1917, as a result of a successful provocation by Minister Kerensky (pictured above), Kornilov was declared a rebel. Insulted by the lies from Petrograd, General Kornilov Lavr Georgievich openly addresses the soldiers and the people with a description of these events.

In order to save the Kornilovites, General of the Infantry Alekseev takes on the unpleasant mission of detaining Kornilov and sends them to the Bykhov prison, thereby ensuring their safety. From September 1 to November, the arrested Kornilov and officers loyal to him stay in Bykhov.

Doom

After the October coup, Dukhonin released Kornilov and his officers. Lavr Georgievich decides to go to the Don with the Tekinsky regiment, but they are tracked down by the Bolshevik troops. He himself makes his way to Novocherkassk, where he forms the Volunteer Army. Soon there was the first countless skirmishes with the Bolsheviks.

On May 31, 1918, during the assault on Yekaterinodar, a shell flew into the hut where the headquarters with Kornilov was located. Thus ended the biography of Lavr Kornilov, whose photos are preserved in the archives.

His grave was secretly razed to the ground during the retreat. But by pure chance, the Bolsheviks, who took this village, discovered the burial place, dug up, desecrated and publicly burned the corpse of Kornilov. Kornilov's wife could not stand the news of this and soon went to fetch her husband.

In the events of the Crimean War

(February 1 (13), 1806, Tver province - October 5 (17), 1854, Sevastopol, Malakhov Kurgan) - Vice Admiral of the Russian Navy, hero of the Crimean War.

Biography

The future famous Russian naval commander was born in the family estate of the Staritsky district of the Tver province in 1806.

Vladimir's father, Alexei Mikhailovich, was the governor of Irkutsk (until 07.1807). Mother - Alexandra Efremovna (nee Van der Fleet), was at that time in Irkutsk (there is evidence, memoirs that she was actively working on the improvement of the Russian embassy in China Yu. A. Golovin (from 09.1805 to 09.1806 it was in Irkutsk).Then the father was transferred as governor to Tobolsk, and the wife went with her little son to the family estate - the village of Ivanovskoye, Staritsky district of the Tver province.

Since 1823, V. A. Kornilov in the naval service, was the first captain of the Twelve Apostles. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Navarino in 1827, being a midshipman on the flagship Azov.

Since 1849 he was the chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet.

In 1853, he participated in the first battle of steam ships in history: the 10-gun steam frigate "Vladimir" under his flag of the Chief of Staff of the Black Sea Fleet entered into battle with the 10-gun Turkish-Egyptian steamer "Pervaz-Bakhri".

After a three-hour battle, Pervaz-Bakhri was forced to lower the flag.

In the events of the Crimean War

During the outbreak of war with England and France, he actually commanded the Black Sea Fleet. After the landing of the Anglo-French troops in Evpatoria and the defeat of the Russian troops on the Alma, Kornilov received an order from the commander-in-chief in the Crimea, Prince Menshikov, to flood the ships of the fleet in the roadstead in order to use sailors to defend Sevastopol from land.

Kornilov gathered flagships and captains for a council, where he told them that since, due to the advance of the enemy army, the position of Sevastopol was practically hopeless, the fleet should attack the enemy at sea, despite the huge numerical and technical superiority of the enemy. Taking advantage of the disorder in the location of the British and French ships at Cape Ulukola, the Russian fleet was to attack first, imposing a boarding battle on the enemy, blowing up, if necessary, their own ships along with the enemy's ships. This would make it possible to inflict such losses on the enemy fleet that its further operations would be thwarted. Having given the order to prepare to go to sea, Kornilov went to Prince Menshikov and announced to him his decision to give battle. In response, the prince repeated the given order - to flood the ships. Kornilov refused to obey the order. Then Menshikov ordered to send Kornilov to Nikolaev, and to transfer command to Vice Admiral M. N. Stanyukovich.

Kornilov's answer went down in history:

V. A. Kornilov organized the defense of Sevastopol, where his talent as a military leader was especially clearly manifested. Commanding a garrison of 7 thousand people, he set an example of the skillful organization of active defense. Kornilov is rightfully considered the founder of positional methods of warfare (continuous attacks by the defenders, night searches, mine warfare, close fire interaction between ships and fortress artillery).

V. A. Kornilov died heroically on Malakhov Hill on October 5 (17), 1854, during the first bombardment of the city by the English-French troops. He was buried in the Sevastopol Cathedral of St. Vladimir, in the same crypt with admirals M.P. Lazarev, P.S. Nakhimov, V.I. Istomin.

Memory

Named after V. A. Kornilov:

• two banks off the Korean Peninsula in the Sea of ​​Japan;
• a cape on the Crimean peninsula;
• "Admiral Kornilov" - Russian armored cruiser;
• « Admiral Kornilov"- unfinished cruiser of the Svetlana type;
• « Admiral Kornilov"- unfinished cruiser of project 68bis-ZIF.

Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov is one of the greatest Russian naval commanders of the 19th century. His life can be called an example of honest and selfless service to Russia. He earned the fame of a just commander and a talented organizer, and if his life had not been interrupted so suddenly, perhaps the outcome of the Crimean War for Russia could have been completely different.

Childhood and youth

The future hero of the Crimean War was born in 1806 in the Ivanovskoye family estate near Tver.

His father, Alexei Mikhailovich, was a naval officer in his youth. Having risen to the rank of captain-commander, he left the fleet and for a long time held governorships in Siberia. Later he returned to the capital, where he became a senator.

Following the family tradition, young Vladimir also decided to connect his life with the sea. After graduating from the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, he was enrolled in the Guards Naval Crew. The service took place mainly on the shore, and the constant drill weighed heavily on the young man. Ultimately, he was expelled with the wording "for a lack of vigor for the front." On this, the biography of Kornilov could have ended if his father had not intervened.

"Azov"

After some time, the future admiral of the Russian fleet was again accepted for military service and got on the Azov ship, which had just arrived in the capital from Arkhangelsk.

While serving on the "Azov" in the rank of midshipman, Kornilov participated in the very difficult transition of his ship from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea.

The ship's commander M. Lazarev, who noticed the young officer's outstanding abilities, once threw a whole stack of French novels out of his subordinate's cabin, and in return brought Kornilov books on navigation and maritime affairs. Under the auspices of the captain, the young midshipman began to comprehend the difficult maritime science. As history shows, Kornilov perfectly managed to master it.

Upon arrival in the Mediterranean Sea, "Azov" met with the combined squadron of the allies, hurrying to the aid of the insurgent Greece. Thus, Kornilov happened to participate in the famous 1827. "Azov" was the flagship of the Russian squadron, and his team proved to be heroic.

During the battle, the young midshipman commanded three Azov guns and was awarded several orders from all allied countries for his skill and courage. He was awarded the Order of the Bath from England, the Order of the Holy Savior from Greece, the Order of St. Louis from France and the Russian 4th degree.

In this terrible battle, the young midshipman Istomin and Lieutenant Nakhimov fought shoulder to shoulder with Kornilov. It is unnecessary to recall the great role of these people in the history of the Russian navy.

At the Black Sea

After the Mediterranean campaign, Kornilov continued his service in the Baltic. However, his former commander, Admiral Lazarev, who had been transferred to the Black Sea by that time, did not forget about the valiant young man and sent him from St. Petersburg to Sevastopol.

During the Bosphorus expedition of 1833, Kornilov brilliantly coped with his mission of exploring the waters in the area of ​​the straits, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree.

After this operation, Kornilov was appointed commander of the Themistocles brig, and he managed to become an excellent leader. In one of the trips of the Themistocles, the great Russian painter Karl Bryullov turned out to be a passenger on board. During the voyage, Kornilov often had long conversations with this most interesting person. Bryullov at that time was working on one of his masterpieces, the painting The Last Day of Pompeii. During the voyage, the artist managed to paint a portrait of Kornilov, which is now kept in the Hermitage collection.

After the Themistocles, under the command of Kornilov, the corvette Orestes, the frigate Flora, and even the large battleship Twelve Apostles with a crew of more than 1000 people went to sea. It was in those years that the future Admiral Kornilov managed to earn the respect of his subordinates and earn among them the glory of a strict but fair boss. Vladimir Alekseevich himself continued to tirelessly study and improve his skills as a captain.

Chief of Naval Staff

In 1838, Kornilov was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet, and Lazarev again turned out to be his commander, who was very glad to have the opportunity to work again with a capable young man. In close cooperation with Lazarev, Kornilov conducted several naval exercises and participated in small military campaigns in the eastern part of the Black Sea. In this position, he rose to

In 1848, Kornilov was seconded to England to learn from foreign colleagues and at the same time supervise the construction of several steamships ordered by the Black Sea Fleet. He returned to Sevastopol on one of them - the frigate "Vladimir".

After this business trip, Kornilov's career began to develop rapidly. He received the rank of rear admiral, and soon he was enrolled in the retinue of His Imperial Majesty. Now he received the right to personally report to Nicholas I on the affairs of the Black Sea Fleet.

Defense Strengthening Activities

Lazarev died in 1851. Officially, Admiral Berkh was appointed to the post of commander of the Black Sea Fleet, but everyone understood that this was just a formality. All real management of the fleet on the Black Sea was concentrated in the hands of Kornilov, and he did not have to be bored.

Everyone understood that a big war would soon break out in the south, and Admiral Kornilov was in a hurry to carry out all the necessary work to strengthen the sea lines and build new ships. But he had little time, and events developed rapidly.

Naval battles

In October 1853, Russia entered the war with Turkey. Kornilov was immediately sent on a reconnaissance campaign in order to detect enemy squadrons. Russian ships reached the Bosphorus itself, but the enemy ships were never found. The admiral decided to divide his squadron, sending groups of ships in different directions. Himself on the steamer-frigate "Vladimir" moved to Sevastopol.

Unexpectedly, "Vladimir" stumbled upon a lone enemy ship. It was a Turkish steamship-frigate "Pervaz-Bakhri". A battle ensued, which became the first naval battle in history for ships using steam propulsion. The Russians emerged victorious from the battle. The Turkish ship was captured and towed to Sevastopol. Later it was repaired, and it became part of the Black Sea Fleet under the name "Kornilov". The war was inexorably approaching the Crimean coast, and the fleet was in desperate need of a large number of ships.

A little later, Admiral Kornilov again went to sea as a squadron commander, which hurried to the aid of Nakhimov's squadron. However, by the beginning of the famous Sinop battle, they did not have time. Nakhimov, without outside help, managed to defeat the main forces of the enemy fleet.

But the victorious battle of Sinop turned into new troubles. England and France entered the war on the side of Turkey. Now Kornilov was faced with a new, practically impossible task to keep the poorly defended Sevastopol from invading the enemy's sea and land forces.

Defense of Sevastopol

The land defense organized by Menshikov turned out to be mediocre and ineffective. Soon Sevastopol was in a desperate situation.

Admiral Kornilov, who led the Sevastopol garrison, together with the military engineer Totleben, began to hastily build fortifications around the city. At this time, a huge Anglo-French squadron approached the Sevastopol Bay. Russian ships were locked in the inner roadstead by three times their superior enemy forces. Kornilov still offered to put the ships out to sea, get involved in battle and sell his life dearly. However, other, more cautious members of the military council did not support this plan. They proposed to flood the Russian fleet in the roadstead, thereby reliably hiding the city from invasion from the sea. It was this plan that was decided to be put into practice. The fleet was flooded, and the coastal bastions were additionally strengthened with ship guns.

Doom

On September 13, the siege of Sevastopol began and all the inhabitants of the city came out to build fortifications. Less than a month later, the first massive bombardment of the city took place, which, unfortunately, turned out to be the last for the illustrious admiral.

On this day, Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov, as usual, inspected the fortifications of the city. The bombardment found him on Mamaev Kurgan. Ignoring the falling shells, Kornilov finished his inspection and was about to go to other fortifications, when he was suddenly hit by an enemy core, receiving a fatal head wound. His last words were the demand to defend Sevastopol to the last drop of blood.

A brief biography of Kornilov cannot fully reflect all the events of his life and the versatility of his personality. This amazing man managed a lot in his life and will forever remain in the memory of Russian people. He was remembered as an excellent officer and a skilled naval commander. However, few know that the illustrious hero of the Crimean War, in rare moments of rest, was a gentle husband and a loving father of five children.

Vice Admiral of the Russian Navy (1852), adjutant general (1852), hero of the Sevastopol defense of 1854-1855.

In 1821-1823, V. A. Kornilov studied at the Naval Cadet Corps, was released from the corps with the rank of midshipman and assigned to the 2nd naval crew of the Baltic Fleet. In the spring of 1827, the captain of the 1st rank included him in the command of the battleship Azov, bound for the Mediterranean Sea.

On October 8 (20), 1827, in the Battle of Navarino, midshipman Kornilov distinguished himself by commanding three lower deck guns. He was awarded the Order of Saint Anne 4th class, the French Order of Saint Louis, the English Order of the Bath and the Greek Order of the Holy Saviour. In 1828, V. A. Kornilov was promoted to lieutenant. Until 1830, he served on the "Azov" in the Mediterranean Sea, upon returning to his homeland he received the Order of St. Anne of the 3rd degree.

In 1830, Lieutenant Kornilov was assigned to the Swan tender, which was under construction, in which he conducted two campaigns in the Baltic. In January 1833, at the request of Vice Admiral V. A. Kornilov, he was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. Already in the spring of this year, on the ship "Memory of Eustache", being an officer for special assignments under the squadron commander, he took part in the actions of the Russian fleet to provide military assistance to Turkey in the war with Egypt, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and Turkish golden insignia.

In 1834, V. A. Kornilov became the commander of the Themistocles brig, which was sent to Constantinople at the disposal of the Russian mission in Turkey. In the spring of 1835, V. A. Kornilov received the rank of lieutenant commander and soon took command of the Orest corvette, and two years later, the Flora frigate. In January 1838, V. A. Kornilov was appointed commander of the Twelve Apostles, a battleship under construction.

V. A. Kornilov developed and issued a number of orders, orders and instructions relating to all aspects of the organization of service on the ship. The service schedule he proposed was recognized as exemplary and introduced on all ships of the Black Sea Fleet.

In 1838, V. A. Kornilov participated in the landing on the Caucasian coast, for his distinction in occupying a place on the Abkhazian coast, he was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank. In 1839, he participated in the landing at the mouth of the Subashi and Shakhe rivers, was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 2nd degree, in 1840 - in the fighting in the area and Psezuapse (now Lazarevskoye). In these voyages and campaigns, the interaction of the fleet with the ground forces was practiced, which was successfully used during the days of the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855.

In 1842-1845, V. A. Kornilov was on practical voyages on the battleship "Twelve Apostles". For excellent service in September 1845, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree.

In 1846, V. A. Kornilov was sent to England to order and supervise the construction of the steamer-frigate "Vladimir", on which in 1848 he returned to. On December 6, 1848, he was promoted to rear admiral, leaving in the Black Sea Fleet to carry out special assignments of the Chief Commander of the Black Sea Fleet and ports.

In 1850, V. A. Kornilov was approved as the chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. In this post, he developed a stormy activity: he conducted practical exercises for detachments of ships, constant inspection reviews of ships and ports, created a school for the cabin cadets of the Black Sea Fleet, and developed a draft of the Naval Charter.

After the death of the admiral in 1851, V. A. Kornilov actually became the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He was included in the imperial retinue, along with hosting inspections of the fleets. In October 1852, V. A. Kornilov was promoted to the rank of vice admiral with the appointment of adjutant general of the emperor.

In February 1853, V. A. Kornilov made the transition from Odessa to Constantinople in the retinue of the Extraordinary Ambassador, Prince A. S. Menshikov, sailed to Greek waters on the Bessarabia steamer to inspect ships that were parked in foreign ports.

At the beginning of the Crimean War of 1853-1856, commanding a detachment of steam ships, V. A. Kornilov took part in the Battle of Sinop. His contribution to the victory was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 2nd degree and the renaming of the captured Turkish steamer Pervaz-Bahri into Kornilov.

In 1854, with the beginning of the defense of Sevastopol, V. A. Kornilov was entrusted with managing the fortifications of the northern part of the city, and then with the practical leadership of the entire garrison (he became chief of staff of the troops located in the city). The honor of creating a defensive line in depth, consisting of seven bastions, armed with 610 guns, with garrison personnel distributed over distances, belongs to V. A. Kornilov.

V.A. Kornilov was mortally wounded on Malakhov Kurgan on October 5 (17), 1854, during the reflection of the 1st bombardment of Sevastopol. Died the same day. He was buried in the admiral's tomb of the Naval Cathedral of St. Vladimir in Sevastopol.