Which Russian princess was the French queen. Anna Yaroslavna - Queen of France

Anna Yaroslavna

In The Tale of Bygone Years there is no mention of Yaroslav's daughter Anna, who became Queen of France in 1051. And there is not a word about France itself.

At first glance, this is difficult to explain. It is generally accepted that it was through the Russian lands along the Dnieper and along the Volga that there was a lively trade between Europe and Asia, including with Byzantium. We have to admit that only the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula participated in this trade, while other countries of Western Europe used other trade routes, in particular through the Mediterranean Sea. Another circumstance that causes bewilderment is that, according to popular belief, the restless Vikings often and for a long time served the Russian princes. But the Vikings with even greater enthusiasm "mastered" the Western European countries. From the middle of the 9th century, their raids on French cities began, and in 911 they created a duchy in northern France, called Normandy. It should be assumed that the Vikings who settled in Europe and the Varangians who served the Russian princes should have met and maintained relations with each other, including business and family. Judging by how scrupulously the Scandinavian sagas describe the kinship of characters and their origin, great importance was attached to family relations. So it most likely was, but the scale of these connections was, apparently, small, if they were not reflected in the Russian chronicles.

This suggests that in Rus' they did not attach much importance to European affairs, and the Europeans maintained contacts with the vast Russian land sporadically and only out of necessity. Such a need was the search for a wife for the French king Henry I, the grandson of the founder of the Capet dynasty, Hugo Capet.

At that time, France was an association of many feudal possessions, the largest and most powerful of which were the already mentioned Duchy of Normandy, the County of Flanders, the Duchy of Brittany, the County of Anjou, the Duchy of Aquitaine, the County of Auvergne, the County of Toulouse, the County of Champagne, the Duchy of Burgundy. The hereditary domain of the French kings was the duchy of Île de France, which, in terms of its territorial, economic and military resources, was weaker than many other duchies and counties of France. It did not even have access to the sea coasts of the country. There was no question of any autocracy of the French king in the early days of the Capetian dynasty. The internal French market was just beginning to form, handicraft and industrial production was developing in the cities of France. Paris, the capital of the duchy of Ile de France, became the commercial and industrial center of the state. This was facilitated by its location in the center of the river routes, which served as the rivers Seine, Loire and Marne. The economic and political importance of other cities increased, numerous fairs were held. However, the power of the French kingdom, its glory was yet to come. Notre Dame Cathedral, a majestic 5-aisled basilica, will not be built until 200 years later, in 1257.

So, in 1048, ambassadors of the widowed French king appeared in the Kiev palace of Yaroslav Vladimirovich. N.M. Karamzin, reporting this, refers to the manuscripts kept in the St. Omer Church.

How old was Anna then? Different sources give different answers about the date of her birth: 1024, 1032 or 1036. The genealogical code "Prince Rurik and his descendants" carefully states that Anna was born after 1016 and died around 1075. T.G. Semenkova believes that Anna was 16 when the embassy arrived. Apparently, this age is more in line with the traditions of early marriages in those days.

The Kiev prince was at the zenith of his power. Gone are the tragic events of the struggle for power, in which some of the sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavich died. A huge country, from the Baltic to the Black and Azov Seas, was unilaterally ruled from Kyiv. There were many large cities in the country: Novgorod, Smolensk, Chernigov, Polotsk, Tmutarakan... German chroniclers Titmar of Merseburg and Adam of Bremen, contemporary to Yaroslav, compared Kiev with Constantinople, the largest and majestic city of the early Middle Ages. And there were real reasons for this.

The same Titmar of Merseburg reported, according to V.O. Klyuchevsky that in Kyiv at that time there were about 400 churches and 8 markets. Even under the father of Yaroslav, Prince Vladimir, the 25-domed Church of the Tithes was erected. Yaroslav himself, following the model of Sophia in Constantinople, built the Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, which had 5 naves, decorated with rich mosaics and frescoes. At the same time, the Golden Gate appeared in the fortress wall. What about the word "golden"? this is not a fancy metaphor. The domes of the cathedrals and the gate church were covered with gold. It was good from a utilitarian point of view, it provided weather protection for the building, the gold plating did not corrode, and it did not need to be changed. But the golden domes could not but impress foreigners: what must be the wealth and power of the country in order to cover the roofs of buildings with precious metal! Yaroslav was known for his love of book wisdom, he collected books from all over the world. The wealth of the Kyiv library was known in foreign countries.

What led the embassy of the French king, which, according to historians, included two bishops?

The King of France did not want to tie the knot with the daughters of the French feudal lords formally subordinate to him. The rulers of neighboring states, as N.M. Karamzin, were related to Henry. The Pope declared the marriage of Henry's father with a fourth-generation relative a sin and incest. Heinrich had no children from his first marriage, and he wanted to have a wife who could give him healthy children, preferably a son who would inherit the royal throne. The way out of the situation was to search for a bride in a possibly more distant country, but at the same time having fame and prestige in Europe.

The presence of two bishops in the embassy eloquently speaks of the importance attached to it by the French king himself and the French church.

Imagine the state of the Kievan princess, whom people from a distant foreign country came to woo.

Imagine her far from sentimental father, who had to make a decision. Of course, he was flattered by the offer. Constantinople could not approve of Anna's marriage to a Western European monarch who recognized the Pope as spiritual sovereign. However, Yaroslav did not want to follow in line with the policy of Byzantium.

Many questions needed to be answered? from the size of the dowry to ensuring the safety of the bride and her retinue during a long journey. Judging by the fact that we know nothing about further Russian-French relations of the Middle Ages, political and economic interaction did not act as one of the conditions for marriage.

After agreeing on all the circumstances of the marriage, which probably took a lot of time, the bride set off on her way to her fiance. To the armed detachment of French knights who accompanied the ambassadors, father's combatants were added. A convoy with a dowry was added, which also required protection. The journey to France took several months, was difficult and dangerous. I had to go through the territories of neighboring states: Poland, Germany.

Of course, Heinrich could not wait calmly for the bride to be brought to Paris. Etiquette required the groom to meet the bride. One must take into account the natural impatience of the French king, who met a young girl destined for his wife.

The solemn marriage ceremony took place on May 19, 1051 (according to the dating of E.V. Pchelov; the date is May 14, 1049 in the encyclopedia "History of Russia", the year 1049 is indicated in the "Slavic Encyclopedia"), almost three years after the courtship of the king of France. A year later, Henry's most important wish came true: in 1052, Anna gave him a son. Under the name of Philip I in 1060 he ascended the throne. Soon there were two more sons: Hugo and Robert. Robert died as a child, and Hugo was a faithful assistant to his brother Philip, who became king of France. Subsequently, Count Hugh de Vermandois was a member of the first crusade.

The division of the churches into East and West, which occurred in 1054, apparently did not affect the position of the queen. Perhaps she was baptized according to the Catholic rite, since Anna Yaroslavna is better known to the French under the name of Agnes.

After the death of Henry on August 4, 1060, the regent, Count Baudouin, ruled on behalf of his eight-year-old son, but his mother, Anna Yaroslavna, also took part in the government of France. This follows from the fact that there are her signatures on government documents, including in Russian. There are also documents signed jointly by King Henry and Queen Anne.

It is interesting to note that the name Philip? Greek origin and means "lover of horses, rider, rider." In Western Europe, the heir of Roman culture and under the spiritual control of the Pope, Greek names, especially in royal families, were not used. Anna broke tradition. Subsequently, this name began to occur quite often in Europe, especially in the Spanish and French royal dynasties. The very name of Yaroslav's daughter, translated from Hebrew, means "merciful, gracious, giver of joy." Indeed, the beautiful queen of France knew how to give joy to people.

There is reason to believe that Anna was an attractive woman and loved life. Just a year after her husband's death, she remarried the Count of Valois, Raoul de Crepy. He traced his lineage back to Charlemagne himself. A number of historians have an indication that the marriage was not made by mutual consent, the count kidnapped the king's widow from the monastery of St. Vincent (Vincent) founded by her in Senlis. Anna became his third wife while the count's previous wife was still alive. The Pope did not bless this marriage and declared it invalid. But the couple continued to live together and, apparently, were happy.

500 years later, a similar story happened to the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart. After the death of her husband, the queen was kidnapped by one of the Scottish lords, who then became her husband. However, the analogy in the lives of the two queens was limited to an episode of kidnapping in the spirit of knightly ballads. In gloomy Scotland, the actors were driven not so much by a romantic feeling as by boundless ambition. Here is how events unfolded among the heather valleys of the foggy island: on February 9, 1567, the Scottish king died; on April 21 (three less than a month later), the widowed queen was kidnapped by the Duke of Orkney Boswell; on May 15, the marriage took place. The duke's unbridled passion for the royal crown was crushed by the rebellious Scots. The queen, who was in love with the power-hungry, was deprived of the opportunity to see her one-year-old son. Already on June 7, the newlyweds were forced to flee the royal castle, on July 25, Mary Stuart was removed from power, and then her son was crowned.

Nothing is known about such events in the life of Anna Yaroslavna. From this we can conclude that it was Anna who attracted the French count, and not her royal position. It was passion, not ambition, that caused his reckless act.

There is one more point of contact in the history of the Scottish queen and the dynasty of Kievan princes. Mary Stuart granted her unlucky third husband, because of whom she lost the throne, and later her own head, the title of Duke of Orkney. It was on the Orkney Islands in 1066, 500 years before the love drama in the Scottish royal family, that the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Elizabeth, awaited the outcome of the Battle of Stanfordbridge, in which Harald Sigurdson, her husband, King of Norway, participated.

Anna Yaroslavna also survived her second husband: Raoul de Crepy died in 1074.

Let's try to digress from the magic of history and imagine that all this happened in our day with people we know well. Surely Anna's 9-year-old son, even being proclaimed king, felt after her second marriage a lack of attention from his mother. He must have lost some of her help and support. And this means, first of all, emotional support, maternal care and affection. This was even more true of his younger brothers. But life has its own laws, and they operate regardless of the position of people and the time in which they live.

Despite the fact that Anna's second marriage could not be approved by the clergy and the royal court, she continued to take part in the affairs of the state. The last document with her signature, as G.V. Vernadsky, dates back to 1075. By this time, her son Philip, King of France, was already 23 years old, and then he could already rule the country on his own.

Just at the time when Anna was living in France, events took place that changed European history. The Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, landed in England in 1066 and became the founder of the Norman dynasty of English kings. French became the language of the ruling class in England (the royal court, large feudal lords, government officials) for 200 years. French was spoken by William's great-grandson King Henry II Plantagenet and his son, the hero of numerous chivalric novels, Richard the Lionheart. Only the grandson of Henry II Plantagenet, King Henry III, a fifth-generation descendant of William, first addressed the population of his country in his native language. This happened in 1258 under pressure from the baronial opposition, which demanded that all "French" be removed from the government of the country.

Prior to his campaign against England, the duke was known as William the Illegitimate. At that time, the nickname of a person reflected the essential features of his personality and in most cases did not carry any offensive connotation. Wilhelm's grandfather, who was once the Illegitimate, and then went down in history under the name of the Conqueror, was also called Wilhelm, and his nickname was the Long Sword. The father of the conqueror of England was Robert the Devil, who died in Palestine in 1035 while on a pilgrimage to the holy places in Jerusalem. These are the names of the closest ancestors of the conqueror of England.

The guardian of the son of Robert the Devil was Anna's husband, King Henry, then little William grew up, matured, and disputes began between the king and his wayward vassal. They were at enmity and even fought with each other from time to time. In the Icelandic saga, the duke is characterized as follows: “Wiljalm [Wilhelm] was tall and strong like no one else. He was an excellent rider and a powerful warrior, but very cruel. He was a smart man, but they believed that he could not be trusted. In order for a skald, the author of the saga, a Viking whose main occupation was to kill and rob people, to say about another person that he was “cruel”, one had to really stand out for this quality.

The battle of Hastings on December 25 gave victory to the "intelligent and cruel" Wilhelm. The daughter of the English king Gita (Guide), who was killed in this battle, then married Anna Yaroslavna's nephew, Vladimir, who later received the nickname Monomakh. The marriage will be arranged by the Swedish king, to whose country the family of the deceased will go. Life suits the intertwining of destinies that no writer of adventurous novels can invent. Shortly before the battle with William the Conqueror, the English king Harold Godwinson defeated the attacking Normans, commanded by his namesake Harald Sigurdson the Severe. The king of Norway was Anna's son-in-law, he was able to achieve the love of her sister Elizabeth and the consent of Yaroslav the Wise to marriage. The Norwegian died in this battle, and Anna's sister was left a widow.

The place and time of Anna's death are not exactly known. Most likely she ended her days in one of the French monasteries. In the study by V.M. Kogan and V.I. Dombrovsky-Shalagin "Prince Rurik and his descendants" says that she was buried in the monastery founded by her in the city of Senlis. Her piety and generosity towards the churches were well known. With her to France, she brought the Slavic Gospel, now known at the place of its storage as the "Reims Gospel". Anna took religiosity from her father, Yaroslav. He built temples, paid much attention to other church affairs. On his initiative, Hilarion became the first metropolitan of Russian origin. From her father, Anna, apparently, took on an imperious character. She actively participated in the administration of France, as evidenced by her signatures on numerous government documents.

The descendants of Anna Yaroslavna, representatives of the Capetian, Valois and Bourbon dynasties, ruled France until Napoleon and until 1830 after the restoration of the monarchy, which followed the abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. In Spain, even now the king is a representative of the Bourbon dynasty, a distant relative of the Russian Rurikovich.

In France, they remember the Russian princess who became the French queen. Since the 17th century, a marble monument has been standing in Senlis. A wise woman with regular beautiful features, in a crown on her head with long braided braids and in loose clothes, holds the royal scepter and a model of the temple in her hands, and the inscription reads: “Anna of Kiev, Queen of France, founded this cathedral in 1060.” In 2005, another monument was erected in this city, donated by independent Ukraine. In Ukrainian, the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise is also named on the monument: “Hanna Kievska”, and the sculpture itself represents her in the form of an impulsive young girl with flowing loose hair, wearing a crown and a tight dress that emphasizes her attractiveness. The once united Russian people created three sovereign states, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, but history and its heroes belong to the entire Russian land, as it was understood in those days. For the 200th anniversary of the Bank of France in May 2000, a gold medal was issued with the image and the inscription “Anne de Kiev ? Reine de France? Anna Yaroslavna? Queen of France."

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Anna Yaroslavna: Russian princess on the French throne

She lived many centuries ago and was the daughter of the Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise. Very young, she was married to the French King Henry I. They say that Anna was a beauty, knew several languages and, to the surprise of everyone, beautifully pranced on a horse. Here, perhaps, is all the exact information about her, which has come down from the deep past. Not even the grave of Anna Yaroslavna has been preserved. Moreover, no one knows in which country she was buried.

In France, she is deeply revered to this day.

Received in childhood a good upbringing and education at the Kiev princely court, by her youth she already knew Greek and Latin, the basics of healing. According to French chronicles, the "golden-haired" daughter of the powerful Kyiv ruler was famous for her beauty. In 1044, the widowed French king Henry I (the son of King Robert II the Pious (996-1031), who was considered a theologian) who heard about this, sent the first wedding embassy to distant Rus'. He got rejected. Probably because at that time Yaroslav hoped to strengthen relations with Germany with the help of a similar marriage union.

Anna Yaroslavna - Queen of France

However, the childless Henry I needed an heir. Knowing about the youth and beauty of the Russian princess, he sent in 1049 for new negotiations the Bishop of Chalon Roger. He brought combat swords, overseas cloths, precious silver bowls as a gift to the Russian prince and ... achieved agreement. In addition to him, the embassy was attended by the Bishop of Meaux, the theologian Gauthier Saveyer, who later became Anna's teacher and confessor.

On May 14, 1049, Anna arrived in Reims, where coronations were traditionally held in the Church of the Holy Cross, bringing her own Gospel there from Kyiv.

This act showed the persistence of the future queen: she refused to swear an oath when placing a golden French crown on her head on a Latin Bible and took an oath on a Slavic church manuscript.

Anna did not consider Paris a beautiful city. “To what barbarous country did you send me? - she wrote to her father in her native Kyiv. “Here the dwellings are gloomy, the churches are ugly, and the manners are terrible.” However, she was destined to become the queen of this particular country, where even the royal courtiers were illiterate.

In 1053, Anna gave birth to the long-awaited heir, Philip (this name has since become a royal name in France). Following her were born Robert (died in infancy) and Hugh (who became Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandu). The children received a good home education under the supervision of their mother, and Philip later became one of the most educated rulers of his time. Meanwhile, Anna became, in fact, the co-ruler of her husband, Henry I. This is evidenced by documents sealed with two signatures - the king and queen. On state acts, on letters granting privileges or granting estates to monasteries and churches, one can read: “With the consent of my wife Anna”, “In the presence of Queen Anna”. “The rumor of your virtues, delightful maiden, has reached our ears. And we hear with great joy that you are fulfilling your duties in this very Christian state with commendable zeal and a wonderful mind,” Pope Nicholas II wrote to her.

When Henry I died in 1060, according to his will, Anna became regent for the young son of King Philip I, settled in Senlis, a small castle near Paris, where she founded a church and a convent. Later, during the reconstruction of the church, a full-length stucco image of Anna Yaroslavna was erected on it with a model of the temple erected by her in her hand: “Anna of Russia, Queen of France, erected this cathedral in 1060.”

In 1062, one of the descendants of Charlemagne, Count Raoul Crepy de Valois, fell in love with the queen and "kidnapped her when she was hunting in the Senlis forest, taking her to his castle as a mere mortal." The local priest on the count's estate married them. However, Raul was married, and his wife Alinor complained to Pope Alexander II about her husband's unseemly behavior. He declared the marriage invalid, but the noble newlyweds neglected this. There is another version: the count divorced Alina, convicting his wife of infidelity, after which he married Anna. One way or another, Anna continued to live with Raoul in the fortified castle of Montdidier and at the same time rule France with her son-king. From this time, charters with the signatures "Philip and the Queen, his mother", "Anna, mother of King Philip" have been preserved. It is noteworthy that Anna signed all the same, in Cyrillic, less often in Latin letters.

In 1074, Anna's second husband died, and she again returned to the court, to state affairs. The son surrounded his mother with attention. Her younger son married the daughter of the Count of Vermandois. The marriage helped him legitimize the seizure of the count's lands. Anna Yaroslavna lived a sad life: over the past years, her father and mother left in Kyiv, many brothers, died Bishop Gauthier. The last charter she signed dates back to 1075.

The line “Anna returned to the land of her ancestors” carved at the foot of her statue in Senlis gave historians evidence of her attempts to return to Rus'. According to other sources, Anna did not leave anywhere and lived out her life at the court of her son Philip. According to N.K. Karamzin, "ambition, family ties, habit and the Catholic faith, adopted by her, kept this queen in France."

Anna is remembered not only in France, but also in our country. Employees of the tourist information center in Senlis, talking about the history of the city, recall, for example, how in the early sixties, during an official visit to France, he was visited by the Soviet leader N.S. Khrushchev, who, it turns out, was very interested in the fate of Anna Yaroslavna.

(According to the materials of N. Pushkareva)

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ANNA YAROSLAVNA(about 1024 - not earlier than 1075) - daughter of c. book. Yaroslav the Wise of Kyiv, wife (1049–1060) of the French king Henry I, ruler of France as a regency with her young son, King Philip I.

Received in childhood a good upbringing and education at the Kiev princely court, by her youth she already knew Greek and Latin, knew the basics of healing. According to French chronicles, the "golden-haired" daughter of the powerful Kyiv ruler was famous for her beauty. In 1044, the widowed French king Henry I (the son of King Robert II the Pious (996-1031), who was considered a theologian) who heard about this, sent the first wedding embassy to distant Rus'. He got rejected. Perhaps at that time, Yaroslav hoped to strengthen relations with Germany with the help of a similar marriage union.

However, the childless Henry I needed an heir. Knowing about the youth and beauty of the Russian princess, he sent in 1049 for new negotiations the Bishop of Chalon Roger. He brought combat swords, overseas cloths, precious silver bowls as a gift to the Russian prince and achieved agreement. In addition to him, the embassy was attended by the Bishop of Meaux, the theologian Gauthier Saveyer, who later became Anna's teacher and confessor.

On May 14, 1049, Anna arrived in France in Reims, where coronations were traditionally held in the Church of the Holy Cross, bringing her own Gospel there from Kyiv.

This act showed the persistence of the future queen: she refused to swear an oath when placing a golden French crown on her head on a Latin Bible and took an oath on a Slavic church manuscript.

Anna did not consider Paris a beautiful city. “To what barbarous country did you send me,” she wrote to her father in her native Kyiv. “Here the dwellings are gloomy, the churches are ugly, and the manners are terrible.” However, she was destined to become the queen of this particular country, where even the royal courtiers were illiterate.

In 1053 Anna gave birth to the long-awaited heir, Philip (this name has since become a royal name in France). Following her were born Robert (died in infancy) and Hugh (who became Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandu). The children received a good home education under the supervision of their mother, and Philip later became one of the most educated rulers of his time.

Meanwhile, Anna became, in fact, the co-ruler of her husband, Henry I. This is evidenced by documents sealed with two signatures - the king and queen. On state acts, on letters granting privileges or granting estates to monasteries and churches, one can read: “With the consent of my wife Anna”, “In the presence of Queen Anna”.

“The rumor of your virtues, delightful maiden, has reached our ears. And we hear with great joy that you are fulfilling your duties in this very Christian state with commendable zeal and a wonderful mind,” Pope Nicholas II wrote to her.

When Henry I died in 1060, according to his will, Anna became regent for the young son of King Philip I, settled in Senlis, a small castle near Paris, where she founded a church and a convent.

Later, during the reconstruction of the church, a full-length stucco image of Anna Yaroslavna was erected on it with a model of the temple erected by her in her hand: "Anna of Russia, Queen of France, erected this cathedral in 1060."

However, Raul was married, and his wife Alinor complained to Pope Alexander II about her husband's unseemly behavior. He declared the marriage invalid, but the noble newlyweds neglected this.

There is another version: the count divorced Alina, convicting his wife of infidelity, and then married Anna. One way or another, Anna continued to live with Raoul in the fortified castle of Montdidier and at the same time rule France with her son-king.

From this time, charters with the signatures "Philip and the Queen, his mother", "Anna, mother of King Philip" have been preserved. It is noteworthy that Anna signed all the same, in Cyrillic, less often in Latin letters.

The marriage helped him legitimize the seizure of the count's lands. Anna Yaroslavna lived a sad life: over the past years, her father and mother left in Kyiv, many brothers, died Bishop Gauthier. The last charter she signed dates back to 1075.

The line “Anna returned to the land of her ancestors” carved at the foot of her statue in Senlisse gave historians evidence of her attempts to return to Rus'. According to other sources, Anna did not leave anywhere and lived out her life at the court of her son Philip.

According to N.K. Karamzin, “ambition, family ties, habit and the Catholic faith, adopted by her, kept this queen in France.”

AT 1979 a musical film was released on Soviet screens Igor Maslennikov entitled "Yaroslavna, Queen of France" based on the novel Antonina Ladinsky"Anna Yaroslavna Queen of France". Although I have not read the novel, I know about those events from history. The plot of this film is based on a historical fact the wedding of the daughter of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Yaroslav the Wise Anna with the French King Henry I. It is easy to guess that the girl's trip to the groom took a lot of time (given the condition of the roads and the distance between Kiev and Paris). That's why Igor Maslennikov decided to show us what adventures this wedding procession got into on the way to France, and what tragic moments they had to go through Anna Yaroslavna .

However, despite the interesting idea, the film turned out to be not as interesting as we would like. Yes, Maslennikov's directing is not bad. Yes, the composer Vladimir Dashkevich wrote wonderful music for the film, and Yuli Kim (aka "Yu. Mikhailov" in the credits) wrote the lyrics to the songs. It was successful to combine the vocals of Mikhail Boyarsky on the screen with the hoarse voice of Vasily Livanov. The acting was a delight. I think that the role of the monk Daniel in the film in Viktor Evgrafov's career is one of the most successful (besides Moriarty in Sherlock Holmes). Igor Dmitriev in the role of a scoundrel was convincing. The Polish actors also did a good job. But the image of Anna Yaroslavovna let us down. According to history, Anna was a beautiful, stately, restrained woman with long hair. And in the film, Elena Koreneva is an ordinary simpleton with a boy's haircut. Anna was one of the most educated women in Rus' (thanks to the upbringing of her father, who himself knew several European languages), and Koreneva turned out to be some kind of street girl who, although literate, did not know how to behave in society. It is clear that "Yaroslavna, Queen of France" is not a historical film, but rather a costumed film musical with elements of adventure and melodrama. This is a free interpretation of the events of a thousand years ago, which does not claim to be historic. Unfortunately, the film itself spoils the protractedness in every frame. Hence the feeling of boredom in the viewer.

The film "Yaroslavna, Queen of France" is not an exemplary Soviet film. Being somewhat "raw" this vaudeville will not appeal to all viewers. Although a number of actors from this film will later star with Maslennikov in his series about Sherlock Holmes (Vasily Livanov, Viktor Evgrafov, Igor Dmitriev, Nikolai Karachentsov, Sergei Martinson), it is definitely worth watching at least once.

France and Russia. A lot has been written about this period and especially about the fate of the Russian princess Anna Yaroslavna (1032-1082) in recent decades. But, unfortunately, both journalists and writers approached the topic without sufficient scientific and historical analysis. In the proposed article, the approach from the particular to the general, the deduction method, is chosen. It allows, through the description of individual events, to present a picture of historical development more vividly and figuratively. To recreate the images of gifted, exceptional people for their time, and most importantly, to look at a woman in medieval society, at the role that she played against the backdrop of the main events that characterize that era. Such events include changing the borders of states, the transformation of institutions of power, the acceleration of monetary circulation, the strengthening of the role of the church, the construction of cities and monasteries.

WOMAN AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER

In the 10th century, many Slavic tribes (there were more than thirty of them) united in Russia into a single Old Russian state. At the same time, it is interesting to trace the socio-economic and other reasons that caused changes in the history of France and Russia at that time. They are almost the same. Both countries are moving from early feudal fragmentation to centralized power. This circumstance is especially important, since it is generally recognized that before the invasion of the Mongols, Ancient Rus' developed according to laws that were the same as Europe.

It was a time when power acquires the most important, fundamental significance. Initially, she had a kind of "home", court character. Historical documents of that period traditionally highlight the power of a man at various levels and, of course, as the head of state. Only their names and dates of life speak about the presence of women next to him. The role played by them can only be judged indirectly, by those specific events that took place in the country and in the palaces of sovereigns. Nevertheless, the special role of women was already obvious then. Even the church (as an institution), defining the place of spiritual power in the state, used the image of a woman-mother and announced that the church is a mother who gives people spiritual life through her faithful sons-bishops.

Power and its forms in the state were established primarily on the basis of property, economic relations, but also under the influence of inequality. The experience of inequality was traditionally acquired in the family, in family relationships. Therefore, the inequality of men and women was perceived as sent down from above, created by God - as a reasonable distribution of duties. (Only from the 18th century, under the influence of revolutionary ideas and the ideas of the Enlightenment, the concept of inequality began to be considered from negative positions.)

Relationships of spouses (especially in power, state spheres) meant that women entering into marriage had only one duty - to protect the interests of their husband and help him. The exception was widows, who, after the loss of a spouse, served as the head of the family, and sometimes of the state. Thus, from "women's" duties, they passed to the performance of "man's" duties. Such a mission was successfully carried out only by a woman with talent, character, will, for example, Grand Duchess Olga, Novgorod posadnitsa Martha, Dowager Empress Elena Glinskaya ... However, here we are not talking about "equality of women", because before us, in fact, concept of a different order.

With the emergence of large feudal empires, a strict succession of power was required. It was then that the question of control over the institution of marriage arose. Whose word will be decisive in this? King, priests? It turned out that the main word often remained with the woman, the successor of the clan. Increasing the family, caring for the growing offspring, about its physical and spiritual development and about the position that it will take in life, as a rule, fell on the shoulders of women.

That is why the choice of the bride, the future mother of the heirs, meant so much. The place and influence that the mother could acquire in the family depended on this choice, and not only thanks to intelligence and talent. Its origin also played a significant role. If we talk about the families of sovereigns, then the degree of attitude of the wife to the royal family of her or another country was important here. It was precisely this that largely determined international and economic relations between the states of Europe. Carrying a royal child, a woman reunited two parental bloodlines, two genealogies, predetermining not only the nature of the future government, but often the future of the country. A woman - a spouse and mother - already in the early Middle Ages was the basis of the world order.

YAROSLAV THE WISE AND THE ROLE OF A WOMAN AT THE PRINCE'S COURT

In Rus', as well as in Europe, marriage unions were an important part of foreign policy. The family of Yaroslav I, called the Wise (the years of the great reign: 1015-1054), intermarried with many royal houses of Europe. His sisters and daughters, having married European kings, helped Rus' to establish friendly relations with European countries and solve international problems. And the formation of the mentality of future sovereigns was largely determined by the worldview of the mother, her family ties with the royal courts of other states.

Future grand dukes and future queens of European states, who came out of the family of Yaroslav the Wise, were brought up under the supervision of their mother, Ingigerda (1019-1050). Her father, King Olaf of Sweden (or Olaf Shetkonung), gave his daughter the city of Aldeigaburg and all of Karelia as a dowry. The Scandinavian sagas convey the details of Yaroslav's marriage to Princess Ingigerda and the marriage of their daughters. (The retelling of some of these Scandinavian sagas was made by S. Kaidash-Lakshina.) The legends and myths included in the collection "The Circle of the Earth" confirm the mentioned historical events. Undoubtedly, the family and friendly ties of the Grand Duchess Ingigerda influenced the marriage unions of her daughters. All three daughters of Yaroslav became queens of European countries: Elizabeth, Anastasia and Anna.

The Russian beauty Princess Elizabeth won the heart of the Norwegian Prince Harold, who served her father in his youth. In order to be worthy of Elizabeth Yaroslavna, Harold went to distant countries to gain fame by exploits, as A. K. Tolstoy poetically told us:

Harold sits in the battle saddle,
He left the sovereign Kyiv,

He sighs heavily on the way:
"You are my star, Yaroslavna!"

Harold the Bold, having made trips to Constantinople, Sicily and Africa, returned to Kyiv with rich gifts. Elizabeth became the wife of the hero and the Queen of Norway (in her second marriage - the Queen of Denmark), and Anastasia Yaroslavna - the Queen of Hungary. These marriages were already known in France, when Princess Anna Yaroslavna was betrothed by King Henry I (he reigned from 1031 to 1060).

Yaroslav the Wise taught children to live in peace, love among themselves. And numerous marriage unions strengthened the ties between Russia and Europe. The granddaughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Eupraxia, was married off to the German Emperor Henry IV. Yaroslav's sister, Maria Vladimirovna (Dobronega), - for the King of Poland, Casimir. Yaroslav gave his sister a large dowry, and Casimir returned 800 captured Russians. Relations with Poland were also strengthened by the marriage of Anna Yaroslavna's brother, Izyaslav Yaroslavich, to Casimir's sister, the Polish princess Gertrude. (Izyaslav in 1054 will inherit the great throne of Kiev after his father.) Another son of Yaroslav the Wise, Vsevolod, married an overseas princess, the daughter of Constantine Monomakh. Their son Vladimir II immortalized the name of his maternal grandfather by adding the name Monomakh to his name (Vladimir II Monomakh reigned from 1113 to 1125).

Anna, Anastasia, Elizabeth and Agatha

Yaroslav's path to the Grand Duke's throne was far from easy. Initially, his father, Vladimir the Red Sun (980-1015), put Yaroslav to reign in Rostov the Great, then in Novgorod, where a year later Yaroslav decided to become an independent sovereign of the vast Novgorod land and free himself from the power of the Grand Duke. In 1011, he refused to send 2,000 hryvnias to Kyiv, as all Novgorod posadniks had done before him.

When Yaroslav reigned in Novgorod "under the hand" of Vladimir, coins appeared with the inscription "Yaroslavl silver." On one side of it is depicted Christ, on the other - St. George, the patron saint of Yaroslav. This first minting of Russian coins continued until the death of Yaroslav the Wise. At that time, Ancient Rus' was at the same level of development with neighboring European countries and played a significant role in shaping the image of medieval Europe, its political structure, economic development, culture and international relations.

After the death of Vladimir the Red Sun, a stubborn struggle for the Grand Duke's throne unfolded between his sons. In the end, Yaroslav won, he was then 37 years old. And one had to be truly Wise in order to overcome the numerous confrontations of the specific princes over and over again in the name of the unification of Rus': during his life, Yaroslav won the throne of the Grand Duke several times and lost it.

In 1018, he entered into an alliance with Henry II of Germany - that was the high level of international relations of Rus'. Not only Henry II considered it an honor to negotiate with Russia, but also Robert II the Pious, King of France, father of Anna Yaroslavna's future husband. The two sovereigns agreed in 1023 on the reform of the church and the establishment of the peace of God among Christians.

The reign of Yaroslav the Wise is the time of the economic prosperity of Rus'. This gave him the opportunity to decorate the capital following the example of Constantinople: the Golden Gate, the St. Sophia Cathedral appeared in Kyiv, in 1051 the Kiev-Pechersky Monastery was founded - the highest school of the Russian clergy. In Novgorod in 1045-1052 the church of Hagia Sophia was erected. Yaroslav the Wise, a representative of a new generation of literate, enlightened Christians, created a large library of Russian and Greek books. He loved and knew church statutes. In 1051, Yaroslav made the Russian Orthodox Church independent of Byzantium: independently, without the knowledge of Constantinople, he appointed the Russian Metropolitan Hilarion. Previously, Greek metropolitans were appointed only by the Byzantine patriarch.

Reconstruction of the Golden Gate

ANNA YAROSLAVNA - THE QUEEN OF FRANCE

The matchmaking and wedding of Anna Yaroslavna took place in 1050, when she was 18 years old. The ambassadors of the King of France, the recently widowed Henry I, went to Kyiv in the spring, in April. The embassy moved slowly. In addition to the ambassadors who rode, some on mules, some on horses, the convoy consisted of numerous carts with supplies for a long journey and carts with rich gifts. As a gift to Prince Yaroslav the Wise, magnificent battle swords, overseas cloth, precious silver bowls were intended ...

Henry I, King of France

On boats they went down the Danube, then on horseback they went through Prague and Krakow. The path is not the closest, but the most beaten and safest. This road was considered the most convenient and crowded. It was followed by trade caravans to the east and west. The embassy was headed by the Bishop of Chalon Roger from a noble family of the Counts of Namur. The eternal problem of younger sons - red or black - he solved by choosing a cassock. An outstanding mind, a noble origin, a master's grip helped him to successfully conduct earthly affairs. His diplomatic abilities were used more than once by the king of France, sending the bishop to Rome, then to Normandy, then to the German emperor. And now the bishop was approaching the goal of his great historical mission, which went down in history for millennia.

In addition to him, the embassy was the bishop of the city of Meaux, the learned theologian Gauthier Saveyer, who would soon become the teacher and confessor of Queen Anne. The French embassy arrived in Kyiv for the bride, the Russian princess Anna Yaroslavna. In front of the Golden Gates of the capital of Ancient Rus', it stopped with a sense of surprise and delight. Anna's brother, Vsevolod Yaroslavich, met the ambassadors and easily communicated with them in Latin.

The arrival of Anna Yaroslavna to the land of France was solemnly arranged. Henry I went to meet the bride in the ancient city of Reims. The king, in his forties, was obese and always gloomy. But when he saw Anna, he smiled. To the credit of the highly educated Russian princess, it must be said that she was fluent in Greek, and she learned French quickly. Anna wrote her name on the marriage contract, and her husband, the king, put a "cross" instead of a signature.

Anna Yaroslavna, Queen of France

It was in Reims that French kings were crowned from ancient times. Anna was given a special honor: the ceremony of her coronation took place in the same ancient city, in the Church of the Holy Cross. Already at the beginning of her royal journey, Anna Yaroslavna accomplished a civil feat: she showed perseverance and, refusing to swear on the Latin Bible, took an oath on the Slavic Gospel, which she brought with her. Under the influence of circumstances, Anna will then accept Catholicism, and in this the daughter of Yaroslav will show wisdom - both as the French queen and as the mother of the future king of France, Philip the First. In the meantime, a golden crown was placed on Anna's head, and she became Queen of France.

Arriving in Paris, Anna Yaroslavna did not consider it a beautiful city. Although by that time Paris had turned from a modest residence of the Carolingian kings into the main city of the country and received the status of the capital. In letters to her father, Anna Yaroslavna wrote that Paris was gloomy and ugly; she complained that she had ended up in a village where there were no palaces and cathedrals, which Kyiv is rich in.

THE CAPETING DYNASTY IS STRENGTHENED ON THE THRONE

At the beginning of the 11th century in France, the Carolingian dynasty was replaced by the Capetian dynasty, named after the first king of the dynasty, Hugo Capet. Three decades later, the future husband of Anna Yaroslavna, Henry I, son of King Robert II the Pious (996-1031), became the king from this dynasty. Anna Yaroslavna's father-in-law was a rude and sensual man, but the church forgave him everything for his piety and religious zeal. He was considered a learned theologian.

The accession to the throne of Henry I was not without palace intrigue, in which the main role was played by a woman. Robert the Pious was married twice. With his first wife, Berta (Henry's mother), Robert divorced at the insistence of his father. The second wife, Constanta, turned out to be a gloomy and vicious woman. She demanded from her husband that he crown their young son Hugh II as co-ruler. However, the prince ran away from home, unable to bear the oppressive treatment of his mother, and became a highway robber. He died very young, at the age of 18.

Contrary to the intrigues of the queen, the bold and energetic Henry I, crowned in Reims, became the co-ruler of his father in 1027. Constanza hated her stepson with a fierce hatred, and when his father, Robert the Pious, died, she tried to depose the young king, but in vain. It was these events that made Henry think of an heir to make him his co-ruler.

Widowed after his first marriage, Henry I decided to marry a Russian princess. The main motive for such a choice is the desire to have a strong, healthy heir. And the second motive: his ancestors from the house of Capet were in consanguinity with all neighboring monarchs, and the church forbade marriages between relatives. So fate destined Anna Yaroslavna to continue the royal power of the Capetians.

Anne's life in France coincided with the country's economic boom. During the reign of Henry I, the old cities - Bordeaux, Toulouse, Lyon, Marseille, Rouen - are being revived. The process of separating handicrafts from agriculture is going faster. Cities begin to free themselves from the power of seniors, that is, from feudal dependence. This led to the development of commodity-money relations: taxes from cities bring income to the state, which contributes to the further strengthening of statehood.

The most important concern of the husband of Anna Yaroslavna was the further reunification of the lands of the Franks. Henry I, like his father Robert, led the expansion to the east. The foreign policy of the Capetians was distinguished by the expansion of international relations. France exchanged embassies with many countries, including the Old Russian state, England, the Byzantine Empire.

The sure way to strengthen the power of the kings was to increase, increase the royal lands, turning the royal domain into a compact complex of fertile lands of France. The domain of the king is the lands on which the king is sovereign, here he had the right to judge and real power. This path was carried out with the participation of women, through elaborate marriage alliances of members of the royal family.

In order to strengthen their power, the Capetians approved the principle of heredity and co-ruling of royal power. For this heir, the son, was attached, as already mentioned, to the government of the country and was crowned during the life of the king. In France, for three centuries, it was the co-government that kept the crown.

The role of women in maintaining the principle of inheritance was considerable. So, after his death and the transfer of power to a young son, the wife of the sovereign became the regent, mentor of the young king. True, this rarely happened without a struggle between palace factions, which sometimes led to the violent death of a woman.

The practice of co-government, established in France, was also used in Rus'. For example, in 969 Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir became co-rulers of their father, Grand Duke Svyatoslav I Igorevich. Ivan III (1440-1505) declared Ivan's eldest son from his first marriage co-ruler, but his second wife, the Byzantine princess Sophia from the Palaiologos family, was dissatisfied with this. After the early mysterious death of his son, Ivan Ivanovich, Ivan III appointed his grandson Dmitry Ivanovich as co-ruler. But both the grandson and the daughter-in-law (the wife of the late son) fell into disgrace during the political struggle. Then the son born to Sophia, Vasily Ivanovich, was declared co-ruler and heir to the throne.

In those cases when this order was violated and the father distributed inheritances to his sons, after his death, a fratricidal struggle began - the path to the feudal fragmentation of the country.

THE DIFFICULT LOT OF THE QUEEN MOTHER, IF SHE IS A WIDOW

Anna Yaroslavna was widowed at the age of 28. Henry I died on August 4, 1060 at the castle of Vitry-aux-Loges, near Orleans, in the midst of preparations for war with the English king William the Conqueror. But the coronation of the son of Anna Yaroslavna, Philip I, as co-ruler of Henry I, took place during the life of his father, in 1059. Henry died when the young King Philip was eight years old. Philip I reigned for almost half a century, 48 years (1060-1108). He was a smart but lazy man.

Letter of the French King Philip I in favor of the Abbey of St. Krepin in Soissons, containing the autographic signature of Anna Yaroslavna, Queen of France, 1063

In his will, King Henry appointed Anna Yaroslavna as the guardian of his son. However, Anna - the mother of the young king - remained queen and became regent, but, according to the custom of that time, she did not receive guardianship: only a man could be a guardian, and Henry I's brother-in-law, Count Baudouin of Flanders, became the guardian.

According to the tradition then existing, the Dowager Queen Anne (she was about 30 years old) was married off. The widow was married to Count Raoul de Valois. He was reputed to be one of the most recalcitrant vassals (the dangerous family of Valois had previously tried to depose Hugh Capet, and then Henry I), but nevertheless he always remained close to the king. Count Raul de Valois is the lord of many possessions, and he had no less warriors than the king. Anna Yaroslavna lived in the fortified castle of her husband Mondidier.

But there is also a romantic version about the second marriage of Anna Yaroslavna. Count Raoul fell in love with Anna from the first days of her appearance in France. And only after the death of the king he dared to open his feelings. For Anna Yaroslavna, the queen mother's duty was in the first place, but Raul was persistent and kidnapped Anna. Count Raul broke up with his former wife, convicting her of infidelity. After the divorce, the marriage with Anna Yaroslavna was concluded according to the church rite.

The life of Anna Yaroslavna with Count Raoul was almost happy, she was only worried about her relationship with her children. Beloved son, King Philip, although he treated his mother with unchanging tenderness, he no longer needed her advice and participation in royal affairs. And the sons of Raoul from his first marriage, Simon and Gauthier, did not hide their dislike for their stepmother.

Anna Yaroslavna was widowed for the second time in 1074. Not wanting to depend on the sons of Raoul, she left the castle of Montdidier and returned to Paris to her son-king. The son surrounded the aging mother with attention - Anna Yaroslavna was already over 40 years old. Her younger son, Hugo, married a wealthy heiress, daughter of the Count of Vermandois. The marriage helped him legitimize the seizure of the count's lands.

NEWS FROM RUSSIA AND RECENT YEARS

Little is known about the last years of Anna Yaroslavna's life from historical literature, therefore all available information is interesting. Anna looked forward to hearing from home. News came different - sometimes bad, sometimes good. Shortly after her departure from Kyiv, her mother died. Four years after the death of his wife, at the age of 78, Anna's father, Grand Duke Yaroslav, died.

Departure of Princess Anna, daughter of Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise, to France for the wedding with King Henry I

The old sick Yaroslav did not have the determination to leave the supreme power to one of his sons. He did not use the European principle of co-government. He divided his lands among his sons, bequeathing them to live in harmony, honoring their elder brother. Vladimir received Novgorod, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl, Vyacheslav - Suzdal and Beloozero, Igor - Smolensk, Izyaslav - Kyiv, and at first Novgorod. With this decision, Yaroslav laid a new round of struggle for the throne of the Grand Duke. Izyaslav was removed three times, Anna's beloved brother Vsevolod Yaroslavich returned to the throne twice.

Statue of Anna of Kyiv in Senlis

From the marriage of Vsevolod with the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Anastasia in 1053, the son Vladimir was born, the nephew of Anna Yaroslavna, who will go down in history as Vladimir Monomakh (Grand Duke of Kiev in 1113-1125).

Anna Yaroslavna now lived a dreary life, no significant events awaited her anymore. The father and mother, many brothers, relatives and close people passed away. In France, her teacher and mentor, Bishop Gauthier, died. The husband of Elizabeth's beloved sister, King Harold of Norway, died. There was no one left who once arrived with the young Anna Yaroslavna on French soil: who died, who returned to Rus'.

Anna decided to travel. She became aware that her older brother, Izyaslav Yaroslavich, having been defeated in the struggle for the throne of Kiev, was in Germany, in the city of Mainz. Henry IV of Germany was friendly with Philip I (both were in conflict with the Pope), and Anna Yaroslavna set off, counting on a good reception. She looked like an autumn leaf torn off a branch and driven by the wind. Arriving in Mainz, I learned that Izyaslav had already moved to the city of Worms. Persistent and stubborn, Anna continued her journey, but fell ill on the way. In Worms, she was informed that Izyaslav had gone to Poland, and his son had gone to Rome to the Pope. According to Anna Yaroslavna, it was not in those countries that one should look for friends and allies for Rus'. Sorrow and illness broke Anna. She died in 1082 at the age of 50.

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