Denial (psychological defense). Psychological defenses (denial of the disease and its treatment)

Psychologists argue that all defense mechanisms have two characteristics in common: 1) they operate at an unconscious level and are therefore a means of self-deception, and 2) they distort, deny, or falsify the perception of reality in order to make anxiety less threatening to the individual. Psychotherapist also notice that people rarely use any single defense mechanism - usually they use various defense mechanisms to resolve conflict or reduce anxiety. Some basic defensive strategies will be discussed below.

Crowding out. Freud viewed repression as the primary defense of the self, not only because it is the basis for the formation of more complex defense mechanisms, but also because it provides the most direct way to escape anxiety (in a situation stress or outside of it). Sometimes described as "motivated forgetting," repression is the process of removing painful thoughts and feelings from consciousness, unconscious. As a result of the action of repression, individuals are unaware of their anxiety-producing conflicts and also have no memory of traumatic past events. For example, a person who suffers from horrendous personal failures may become unable to talk about this difficult experience due to repression.

Releasing anxiety by repression does not go unnoticed. Freud believed that repressed thoughts and impulses do not lose their activity in unconscious and to prevent their breakthrough into consciousness, a constant expenditure of psychic energy is required. This relentless waste of self resources can severely limit the use of energy for more adaptive, self-developmental, creative behavior. However, the constant striving of the repressed material for open expression can receive short-term satisfaction in dreams, jokes, slips of the tongue, and other manifestations of what Freud called "the psychopathology of everyday life." Moreover, according to his theory psychoanalysis, repression plays a role in all forms of neurotic behavior (with neurosis and not only), in psychosomatic diseases (such as, for example, peptic ulcer), psychosexual disorders (such as obsessive (pathological) masturbation, impotence and frigidity) - that is, in those cases when it becomes necessary professional psychological help - psychologist consultation, help of a psychotherapist. This is the main and most commonly encountered defense mechanism.

Projection. As a defense mechanism in its theoretical significance in psychology projection follows repression. It is the process by which an individual attributes their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to other people or environments. Thus, projection allows a person to place the blame on someone or something for their shortcomings or blunders. A golfer who criticizes his club after a bad shot shows a primitive projection. On another level psychologist, psychotherapist may observe the projection of a young woman who is unaware that she is struggling with her strong sex drive, but suspects everyone who meets her of intent on seducing her. Finally, a classic example of projection is a student who has not prepared well for an exam, attributing his low grade to dishonest testing, cheating other students, or blaming a professor for not explaining this topic in a lecture. Projection also explains social prejudice and the "scapegoat" phenomenon, since ethnic and racial stereotypes are a convenient target for attributing negative personality characteristics to someone else. Discussion of manifestations of the projection mechanism is a frequent topic in psychologist's office and in practice psychotherapy.

Substitution. In a defense mechanism called substitution, the manifestation of the instinctive impulse is redirected from the more threatening, defiant fear object or person to a less threatening one. A common example, known not only psychoanalysts- a child who, after being punished by his parents, pushes his younger sister, kicks her dog or breaks her toys. Substitution also manifests itself in the increased sensitivity of adults to the slightest annoying moments. For example, an overly demanding employer criticizes an employee, and she reacts with outbursts of rage to minor provocations from her husband and children. She does not realize that, being the objects of her irritation, they are simply replacing the boss. In each of these examples, the true object of hostility is replaced by a much less threatening one for the subject. Less common is this form of substitution when it is directed against oneself: hostile impulses addressed to others are redirected to oneself, which causes a feeling of depression or condemnation of oneself (up to depression), which may require counseling and assistance of a psychologist.

Rationalization. Another way for the self to deal with frustration and anxiety is to distort reality and thus protect self-esteem. Rationalization refers to false reasoning by which irrational behavior is presented in such a way that it looks quite reasonable and therefore justified in the eyes of others. Stupid mistakes, bad judgments, and blunders can be justified through the magic of rationalization. One of the most commonly used types of such protection is rationalization according to the "green grapes" type. This name originates from Aesop's fable about the fox, which could not reach the bunch of grapes and therefore decided that the berries were not yet ripe. People rationalize in the same way. For example, a man who was humiliated by a woman when he asked her out on a date consoles himself with the fact that she is completely unattractive. Similarly, a student who fails to get into the dental department of a medical school may convince herself that she doesn't really want to be a dentist.

Reactive education. Sometimes the ego can defend itself against forbidden impulses by expressing opposite impulses in behavior and thoughts. Here we are dealing with jet formation, or vice versa. This protective process is carried out in two stages: first, the unacceptable impulse is suppressed; then, on the level of consciousness, the opposite is manifested. The resistance is especially noticeable in socially approved behavior, which at the same time looks exaggerated and inflexible. For example, a woman who experiences anxiety (and sometimes panic) in connection with his own pronounced sexual desire, can become in his circle an adamant fighter against pornographic films. She may even actively picket film studios or write letters of protest to the film company, expressing her strong concern about the degradation of modern cinema. Freud wrote that many men who make fun of homosexuals are actually defending themselves against their own homosexual urges.

Regression. Another well-known defense mechanism used to protect against anxiety and fear, - this is regression. Regression is characterized by a return to childish, childish patterns of behavior. It is a way of alleviating anxiety by returning to an earlier period of life that is safer and more enjoyable. Easily recognizable manifestations of regression in adults include intemperance, discontent, as well as features such as "sulking and not talking" with others, baby talk, resisting authority, or driving a car at a recklessly high speed - manifestations that indicate the appropriateness of receiving psychological consultation.

Sublimation. According to Freud, sublimation is a defense mechanism that enables a person, for the purpose of adaptation, to change his impulses so that they can be expressed through socially acceptable thoughts or actions. Sublimation is seen as the only healthy, constructive strategy for curbing unwanted impulses because it allows the self to change the purpose or/and object of the impulses without inhibiting their manifestation. The energy of instincts is diverted through other channels of expression - those that society considers acceptable. For example, if over time masturbation causes the young man more and more anxiety, he may sublimate his impulses into socially approved activities such as football, hockey or other sports. Similarly, a woman with strong unconscious sadistic tendencies can become a surgeon or a first-rate novelist. In these activities, it can demonstrate its superiority over others, but in a way that will produce a socially useful result.

Freud argued that the sublimation of sexual instincts was the main impetus for great achievements in Western science and culture. He said that the sublimation of the sex drive was a particularly salient feature of the evolution of culture - it alone made possible the extraordinary rise in science, art and ideology, which play such an important role in our civilized life.

Negation. When a person refuses to admit that an unpleasant event has occurred, this means that he turns on such a defense mechanism as negation. Imagine a father who refuses to believe that his daughter has been raped and brutally murdered; he acts as if nothing like this ever happened (which protects him from devastating grief and depression) or a wife who denies treason husband. Or imagine a child denying the death of a beloved cat and stubbornly believing that she is still alive. Reality denial also occurs when people say or insist, "This just can't happen to me," despite obvious evidence to the contrary (as happens when a doctor tells a patient that he has a terminal illness). According to Freud, negation is most typical of psychology young children and older individuals with reduced intelligence (although mature and normally developed people can also sometimes use denial in highly traumatic situations).

Denial and other described defense mechanisms represent the paths used by the psyche in the face of internal and external threats. In each case, psychological energy is expended to create protection, as a result of which the flexibility and strength of the self is limited. Moreover, the more effective the defense mechanisms are, the more distorted the picture of our needs, fears and aspirations they create. Freud noticed that we all use defense mechanisms to some extent, and this becomes undesirable only if we rely on them excessively. The seeds of serious psychological problems fall on fertile ground only when our methods of protection, with the exception of sublimation, lead to a distortion of reality and subsequent psychological suffering when a person needs psychological help and psychotherapist consultation.

Why does the feeling of the unreality of the world arise, and how to deal with it?

Causes and symptoms

In the language of specialists, a disorder in which the surrounding world suddenly loses its usual forms, colors and sounds is called derealization.

Derealization is not an independent disease, as a rule, it occurs against the background of the existence of other mental problems, often along with depression and neurasthenia. Or maybe a feeling of unreality of what is happening may appear in a generally healthy person - as a response to physical and mental overstrain, a stressful situation.

Also among the causes of derealization are called somatic (bodily) diseases, alcohol or drug addiction. The personality of a person also plays a role: in people who are impressionable, vulnerable, with an unstable psyche, the likelihood of a state of derealization is especially high.

In general, as observations show, the most common target for derealization is perfectionists, whose obsession with some task conflicts with the realization that they will not be able to bring it to life at the highest possible level. Not surprisingly, in psychoanalysis, the feeling of unreality is seen as a consequence of intrapersonal conflict and long-term suppression of desires (perhaps unconscious).

How exactly does derealization manifest itself?

Various visual distortions: the entire surrounding reality becomes flat or is seen in a mirror image, colors fade, objects lose their clear contours.
Auditory Distortions: Sounds seem too quiet or too loud, muffled, or distant.
The perception of space and time is changing: it is difficult to separate one day from another, time starts to slow down or, on the contrary, go too fast. Familiar places are perceived as unfamiliar, a person cannot understand where to move. This also includes the effects of deja vu and jamevu (“never seen”, when a familiar person or space seems completely unknown).
Feelings and emotions are dulled.
In severe forms, memory impairment occurs.

It is important that in the overwhelming majority of cases, critical thinking is preserved during derealization: a person understands that the objects in his perception are unreal, unusual, do not correspond to reality, the ability to control actions, awareness of the need to overcome this state remains.

Derealization is closely related to the phenomenon of depersonalization. Depersonalization is a violation of self-perception, when a person looks at his actions as if from the outside, he cannot control them (in this case, we are also talking about the preservation of critical thinking, since the person realizes that he does not control himself).

These two states often accompany one another, therefore, in psychological practice, one general term “derealization” is often used to denote a distorted perception of reality (the wording “derealization-depersonalization syndrome” is also used).

It is necessary to distinguish from derealization the denial of reality - one of the mechanisms of psychological defense. When it is turned on, the person is not aware of and does not accept facts or events that pose a threat, danger or source of fear to him. This is the main difference between denial and another method of protection - repression, in which information still enters consciousness, and then is forced out of there.

Denial is usually the first link in a chain of reactions to very painful information. According to the stories of acquaintances, many people probably know the picture from cinema or literature: a patient who categorically denies the news of his imminent death. Also, the denial of reality acts as a symptom of a mental disorder. It can occur with manic syndrome, schizophrenia and other pathologies.

How to return to the present

The states of derealization and depersonalization can last from a few minutes to several years. In the event of symptoms of a loss of reality, it is necessary to contact a specialist, because only he can determine whether the attack was caused by fatigue and stress or is a sign of a serious mental disorder.

Fortunately, almost always the prognosis for the treatment of derealization is favorable.

What to do during the attack itself? Firstly, in no case should you perceive it as the beginning of madness, on the contrary, try to convince yourself that derealization is temporary, and it will certainly be followed by a return to real life.

Secondly, try to normalize breathing. And finally, psychologists advise focusing on one object and looking at it, but without undue tension.

There is another technique aimed at reducing the feeling of fear that will inevitably arise during derealization: switching attention to something that brings pleasure (for example, eating candy).

This advice is especially relevant for those who have seizures on a regular basis. Gradually, a reflex will be developed that replaces fear with pleasant emotions, which will help to cope with panic.

Of course, all these manipulations do not cancel the need for a visit to the doctor. Even if the attack of derealization was single and short-lived, it is necessary to consult a specialist.

In general, derealization, like all perceptual disorders, of course, is much easier to prevent than to treat. What can be done to prevent derealization?

Set a clear daily routine, alternate work and rest, get enough sleep.
Do physical exercises.
Reduce the amount of alcohol and cigarettes, if possible, abandon drugs that affect the psyche.
Try to concentrate on everyday feelings: distinguish certain colors in the environment, isolate individual sounds, focus on any business, even the smallest one. If derealization is associated with visual distortions, pay special attention to the visual component of the world, if with acoustic - sound, and so on.
Try to reduce the amount of stressors.

The last advice is probably the most difficult to implement, but at the same time the most significant: to live in harmony with yourself, do what you like, do not reproach yourself for mistakes and believe in the best - the most effective methods for maintaining a healthy psyche.

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Denial as a defense mechanism

Denial is a psychological defense mechanism in which a person rejects thoughts, feelings, desires, needs or realities that he cannot accept in himself on a conscious level. In other words, denial is when a person does not want to put up with reality. According to statistics, it is believed that almost 90% of deception occurs in this state.

Denial is when a person tries to avoid any new information that is inconsistent with the positive self-image that has already developed. Protection is manifested in the fact that disturbing information is ignored, the person seems to evade it. Information that is contrary to the attitudes of the individual is not accepted at all. Often, the defense mechanism of denial is used by people who are very suggestible, and very often prevails in people who are sick with somatic diseases. In such cases, the level of anxiety can be reduced by changing the person's perception of the environment that surrounds him. True, this is a very dangerous situation, because in this case, when any certain aspects of reality are rejected, the patient may begin to strongly and categorically resist the treatment that is important for life. People whose leading psychological defense mechanism is denial are quite suggestible, self-suggestible, they show artistic and artistic abilities, often lack self-criticism, and they also have a very rich imagination. In extreme manifestations of denial, demonstrative behavior is manifested in people, and in the case of pathology, hysteria or delirium begins.

Often, the psychological defense mechanism of denial is largely characteristic of children (they think that if you cover your head with a blanket, then everything around will cease to exist). Adults very often use the mechanism of denial as a defense against crisis situations (an illness that cannot be cured, thoughts about the approach of death, or the loss of a loved one).

There are many examples of denial. Most people are afraid of various serious diseases and begin to deny that they have even the most obvious symptoms of any disease just to avoid going to the doctor. And the disease at this time begins to progress. Also, this protective mechanism begins to work when one person from a married couple “does not see” or simply denies the problems that exist in married life, and this behavior often leads to a breakdown in relationships and the collapse of the family. People who resort to such a psychological defense mechanism as denial - they simply ignore reality that is painful for themselves and behave as if they do not exist. Very often, such people believe that they have no problems, since they deny the presence of difficulties in their lives. Often these people have high self-esteem.

reality denial

Dictionary of practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 .

See what "denial of reality" is in other dictionaries:

NEGATION - is a way of rejection by a person of his unconscious inclinations, desires, thoughts, feelings, in fact, indicating the presence of a repressed unconscious in him. In classical psychoanalysis, the patient's denial of unconscious desires and ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

REALITY DENIAL - eng. reality, negation of; German realitatsverlust. The protective mechanism of the "I", manifested in the fact that various phenomena, facts, etc., containing a threat, danger, fear for this or that individual, are denied and not perceived by him. ... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Denial - A defense mechanism by which a person can deny one aspect of reality. For example, if someone cannot come to terms with the death of a loved one, he still talks to him, sets the table for him. even erases and irons it ... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

Holocaust Denial - Part of a Holocaust Series Ideology and Politics Racial Anti-Semitism ... Wikipedia

Denial (psychology) - This term has other meanings, see Denial (meanings). Denial is a mental process related to the mechanisms of psychological defense. Manifested as a refusal to acknowledge the existence of something undesirable. Contents 1 Description ... Wikipedia

Negation is a logical act opposite to affirmation. The purpose of mental activity is the knowledge of truth, in the formation of such affirmative judgments, which would reflect the connection and structure of reality; but achieving this goal is only possible ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

REALITY DENIAL - eng. reality, negation of; German realitatsverlust. The protective mechanism of the Self, manifested in the fact that various phenomena, facts, etc., containing a threat, danger, fear for this or that individual, are denied and not perceived by him ... Explanatory Dictionary of Sociology

REALITY CHECK - is a functional human activity associated with the distinction between the processes of perception and thinking, external objects and mental images, reality and fantasy, the external and internal world. When describing this phenomenon in psychoanalytic ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Wittgenstein - (Wittgenstein) Ludwig () Austro English. philosopher, prof. philosophy at the University of Cambridge. Philos. V.'s views were formed as under the influence of certain phenomena in the Austrian. culture early. 20th century, and as a result of creative ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Solipsism - (from Latin solus "only" and Latin ipse "self") a radical philosophical position characterized by the recognition of one's own individual consciousness as the only undoubted reality and the denial of ... ... Wikipedia

Denial of reality, deception of the mind and delusion

The disease of denial

Most people quite often (sometimes all their lives) are in a state of delusion, a restless mind deceives them, and this leads to a denial of reality. This is the burden that we acquire as we go through our lives. And the longer we carry these inner demons in us, the heavier our burden and the more difficult it is for us to free ourselves from it. Treatment in this case is the generally accepted way. The doctor acts as an outside observer, holding a mirror of our behavior before us. Meditation for these purposes is not so familiar tool. Through meditation, we can learn to act as an outsider and hold that same mirror in front of us. In doing so, we are taking an important step to link spiritual values and everyday life together.

Without a share of conscious attention, we will remain prisoners of stereotypes previously developed by education. We carry our way of behavior and ingrained habits through life. In changing intimate relationships, we approach each encounter with a range of predispositions and long-established behaviors. These personal patterns are the most difficult to identify, because they are invisibly imprinted in ourselves. Like the course of a river, our long-established expectations determine the direction of our reactions and perceptions. Being deluded, our mind perceives the events of life through a distorted mirror, thus creating false conclusions. If we have low self-esteem, we will constantly feel criticized, and if we are deeply afraid, we will not be able to trust.

When we lack trust, we will try to make up for it with bravado. Self-justification, denial of responsibility, and blaming others all allow us to resort to denial of reality in an attempt to protect ourselves. When our minds are deluded, we can deny big and small mistakes, cause and effect, responsibility and ownership. The awakened contemplative mind, however, leaves no room for denying reality, for in the clear light of day the inner self cannot hide from itself. The denial of reality will be honored wherever the status quo prevails. We avoid seeing things as they are and distort the course of events in order to maintain an illusion that is pleasing to our eyes. We scapegoat others to protect ourselves. Although we recognize the truth at a deeply hidden level in the subconscious, we cannot openly admit our mistakes. Difficult relationships breed self-deception, which leads to unjustified accusations. We run from the truth in order to keep our self-image. Delusion of the mind, deceit and denial of reality are the common coin of everyday life and everyday relationships. When we are ready to accept the light of awareness of the world around us, we are ready to find ourselves.

Be Conscious and Open

The way we look at the world and our own place in it shapes our habits, aspirations and behavior. A narrow view gives rise to a narrow perception. Looking at the world through the prism of limited ideas reduces everything around to the same extent. A narrow worldview creates a narrowed world. Each new opportunity that allows expanding these limits is discarded, not noticed, or simply perverted. The new experience must be adjusted to the existing internal model of the world. If we seek to tie everything new to our existing preconceptions, we are constantly narrowing down our life experience. If we fail to notice the fluidity of life itself and understand it, then the very bridges that connect us are dismantled. On the other hand, if we manage to be open, we will grow and mature. If we try to build relationships through openness, then we begin to see things as they are in themselves, and not as products of our own prejudices. We are able to create the conditions under which internal changes can take place. Our self-preservation mechanisms are so subtle that we do not notice their work until we make the proper effort to observe them.

Meditation allows us to develop an observing consciousness, to create an observer within ourselves. Buddhism names six major delusions and twenty secondary ones. They call us to introspection. The path to the Western mysteries is usually opened by the call "Know thyself." If you are ready to find yourself, then you are seriously ready to start meditation. And do not be confused by the fact that your search will no doubt take a purely external form, the journey itself is actually made inside. Perhaps the time has come for a new call, because the way to yourself can be opened in a variety of ways. The expression "I am who I am" can serve as a new starting point, because you don't really need to go on a journey to find yourself, but simply open your eyes to who you are. This new call does not abolish change or growth, it only affirms that you are capable of absorbing everything to understand who you are in every moment. Try meditating on these words and see if they bring you insight into yourself.

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This is not! Negative negation

Denial as a psychological defense

In psychology, there are such concepts as defense and coping strategies (coping behavior). Very useful things in the life of every citizen. And very dangerous if used incorrectly!

One of the simplest and most powerful is denial.

Denial can be included as an independent defense. Very often it is part of other, more complex psychological defenses.

Denial often works automatically, unconsciously. But sometimes, on the contrary, it is a conscious choice of the type of behavior, and we are talking more about a coping strategy.

Denial is also used as an aggressive tool in manipulative techniques.

Denial as a psychological defense works as follows: a certain part of reality is simply ignored.

This is a very energy-intensive process for a person, and, as a rule, ineffective or completely destructive.

Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of psychological defense into psychology. Anna Freud offered a detailed typology and a more detailed study. Then, in one way or another, many scientists and practitioners worked with this topic.

It is believed that denial is one of the earliest psychological defense mechanisms. It is formed when the human cub is still small and helpless, and its ways of influencing the world are extremely limited.

"This" is NOT! is the negation formula.

When is denial justified as a defense mechanism?

1. A person defends himself from pain, fear, horror, from losses, denying the facts that have already happened. In the short term, this is an excellent adaptation mechanism. It allows you to act in the outside world "despite ...", and in the meantime, the deep layers of the psyche have time to assimilate new information about the changed living conditions.

Very often, the first reaction to the news of the sudden death of a loved one is shock, and then “NO! THIS CANNOT BE!

Refusal to accept the terrible fact allows the survivors to take the necessary actions: finish work, put the children in for a while, take care of the burial, call friends, family and loved ones, ask for help, get to the place in the end, and so on.

During natural disasters or military operations, a part of reality is also not allowed into the limits of consciousness. A person needs to save and preserve life, and all resources go exclusively to this.

And only when the external environment and internal state allow it, the person, as it were, lets go of himself, and all the horror of what happened falls upon him. And then comes the time of suffering, restoration and acceptance of a new reality.

2. Denial also serves to preserve the personality and mind in the event of a severe incurable disease. Having taken the necessary measures (medication, hospitalization, etc.), a person most of the time lives in the “this is not there” mode. Very often, such an output is one of the best. Not every person has the inner strength to face such a reality face to face.

Here the psychological defense in the form of a denial of reality is only partly unconscious. When conditions change (new methods of treatment, or vice versa approaching death), denial is discarded.

3. The third option, it would be more correct to attribute it to coping behavior, since it is applied for the most part consciously.

I remember Scarlett O’Hara saying: “I won’t think about it today, I’ll think about it tomorrow”, and went to bed in the old, unchanged reality, so that in the morning with fresh forces to start coping with the “news” that fell on her.

Sometimes the conscious decision “I won’t think about it now, I’ll decide this issue then” turns out to be quite effective. Provided that either the circumstances change and the need for a solution disappears, or at the appointed time (or under the prescribed conditions), the person accepts the fact of the problem and solves it.

An excellent example here is the parable of the "good worker", who does a third of the orders of the authorities immediately, a third does after the first reminder, and a third "hangs on a nail" - "they are not there."

When, how and why denial of reality harms a person

I think many can remember their feelings in such a situation:

You are enthusiastically watching an interesting movie (go through level 43, nailing the penultimate monster; reading a book at the place when the main character stretched his lips to the lips of the main character; deeply focused on your thoughts; passionately rooting for your favorite team without taking your eyes off the TV ... ) and then someone abruptly, rudely interrupts you, bringing you down into everyday reality.

As a rule, a person will experience active irritation, discontent, anger.

The reason for this is the very unexpected transition from the state of “awake sleep” to the mode of conscious wakefulness, and the collapsed flow of information, and the need to somehow respond to all this.

Perhaps someone will remember situations when they denied him. Didn't hear, didn't see...

Now imagine that a person lives for years (!) in a world where part of reality is distorted. That is, part of his world and part of his psyche is blocked, frozen.

To maintain such an illusion sewn into the real picture of the world, a huge amount of psychic energy is needed. Accordingly, it simply does not remain for anything else.

A woman over the age of fifty lost one of her three children ... A few years later (!) She continued to maintain the same order in his room that was with him, talking only about him. At the same time, she practically did not notice the other two children. She, like an insect in amber, almost froze at the moment when a terrible misfortune happened. Work, family, two other children, grandchildren, her health, friends, home and dacha… she did not see any of this, continuing to remain in the stop world.

Just roughly estimate how much strength it takes to NOT notice the constant manifestations of those who were actually with her.

Part of the harm of denial lies in the enormous expenditure of vital energy to maintain the false belief that “it doesn’t exist.”

Another part of the harm from denial, often long-term, is due to purely material reasons. As part of reality is ignored, the disorder in it grows very, very much. What was once created and valued is being destroyed, skills and abilities are being lost. And when, one unexpected day, a person awakens from denial, among other things, he receives not just a problem, but a chic, overgrown quality problem. That is, his strength has become less, and the problem is much greater. And the need to solve it is more acute!

At thirty-two, Tatyana wondered: am I not an alcoholic? I drink only in a decent company, always on occasion, I drink good drinks ... She was frightened by the thought that she drinks alone a couple of times a week. True, still expensive quality booze.

Several times she decided to pause... BUT! Have you seen our calendar? Then you understand that the number of Holidays that celebrate the “holy cause” with alcohol, each time turned out to be too large for Tatyana.

And she just stopped thinking about it.

At thirty-eight, she was forced to turn to specialists, as she lost her job due to her addiction.

Elena raised her daughter, constantly struggling with betrayal and drunkenness of her husband. She suffered beatings from time to time. She was sure that he loved her. In his own way… That he appreciates her sacrificial love. In addition, she was too scared to think about an independent life. No work experience, with a little daughter in her arms…

Twelve years later, she had to face a difficult reality: a woman in her forties, with no work experience and with two children, learn to live and survive, as her husband considered her an “old twitchy hysterical woman” and left for another family.

It is very painful and bitter to regret the years of “awake sleep”, the time of denial, the time of lost strength and opportunities.

And it's good that someone has time to wake up, when you can still change something for the better.

And now, please, pay attention to such an interesting fact: as a rule, in a sect, no matter a religious or business sect, there is an active introduction to adherents (followers) of the idea “do not communicate with such and such”.

Part of reality is artificially distorted. People are persuaded to believe that "it is not." Under "this" are, as a rule, people who think differently. Expressing skepticism, doubts about the adequacy, correctness of the chosen line of behavior.

Regardless of everything else (teaching, group orientation, etc.), the very habit of ignoring a part of living life is harmful and dangerous.

How often do we deny reality over trifles

I suggest you conduct an interesting and instructive experiment. Watch the people around you and count how many times you hear such dialogues:

He yelled at me!

Yes? And I have five more reports to do!

Never mind! (Wave your hand, etc.)

He yelled at me!

Oh, my, my! And last week ... (text about twenty minutes).

He yelled at me!

What do you answer? Silent?! That's because you allow yourself to be treated like this ... (and again free text).

Instead of the first phrase, there can be any other. The bottom line is that in all these dialogues, the second interlocutor tells the first one “you are not”, your reality is not. He denies. Communicating in this way with children, we, imperceptibly for ourselves, teach them to live in a world where denial is the norm ...

Once you have completed your observations, try this conversation pattern.

He yelled at me!

In this case, the second interlocutor sees the first one, and helps him cope with unpleasant events, naming his feelings and showing that he is nearby.

There is no need to "jump" into reality if there is a problem with a good long term denial.

There is no need to continue to spend your life maintaining the illusion that there is no problem.

To begin with, you can explore the problem area in a detached, rational way. Understand the problem, evaluate your strengths, try on how it will be more convenient to take up its solution.

Then, gather your strength, “shake off the dust” from the resources that were previously set aside as unnecessary and slowly, like a responsible snail.

Please select a problem that worries you, but for some reason you do not want to think about. Or a problem that some people, friends, relatives tell you about. And you think you don't have it.

Write it down.
Now write down 10 objective facts that are directly related to this problem. Even if you think about them unpleasantly, uncomfortable.
Read them carefully and check if they are facts? Or maybe it's your beliefs, ideas. Correct and supplement, please, your list.
Now draw conclusions from these facts that help in solving your problem.
Now write down how you feel.
And what else hinders the solution of the problem.

In the last paragraph, there may also be a record of what is already clear, how and what to do now. Then the steps towards implementation should follow almost immediately (taking into account the real circumstances).

CUSTOMER FEEDBACK:

- THIS IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARACTER OF THE "UNHAPPY" PERSON
His 2 main problems: 1) chronic dissatisfaction of needs, 2) the inability to direct his anger outward, contain it, and with it the containment of all warm feelings, every year makes him more and more desperate: no matter what he does, it’s better not to on the contrary, it only gets worse. The reason is that he does a lot, but not that. If nothing is done, then, over time, either the person will “burn out at work”, loading himself more and more - until he is completely exhausted; or his own Self will be emptied and impoverished, unbearable self-hatred will appear, a refusal to take care of oneself, in the long term - even self-hygiene. A person becomes like a house from which bailiffs took out furniture. Against the background of hopelessness, despair and exhaustion , energy even for thinking. Complete loss of the ability to love. He wants to live, but begins to die: sleep is disturbed, metabolism is disturbed ... It is difficult to understand what he lacks precisely because we are not talking about the deprivation of possession of someone or something.
On the contrary, he has the possession of deprivation, and he is not able to understand what he is deprived of. Lost is his own I. It is unbearably painful and empty for him: and he cannot even put it into words. This is neurotic depression. Everything can be prevented, not brought to such a result. If you recognize yourself in the description and want to change something, you urgently need to learn two things: 1. Learn the following text by heart and repeat it all the time until you can use the results of these new beliefs:
- I am entitled to needs. I am, and I am me.
- I have the right to need and satisfy needs.
- I have the right to ask for satisfaction, the right to get what I need.
- I have the right to crave love and love others.
- I have the right to a decent organization of life.
- I have the right to express dissatisfaction.
- I have a right to regret and sympathy.
- ... by birthright.
- I may get rejected. I can be alone.
- I'll take care of myself anyway.
I want to draw the attention of my readers to the fact that the task of "learning the text" is not an end in itself. Auto-training by itself will not give any sustainable results. It is important to live each phrase, to feel it, to find its confirmation in life. It is important that a person wants to believe that the world can be arranged somehow differently, and not just the way he used to imagine it to himself. That it depends on him, on his ideas about the world and about himself in this world, how he will live this life. And these phrases are just an occasion for reflection, reflection and search for one's own, new "truths".
2. Learn to direct aggression to the one to whom it is actually addressed.
…then it will be possible to experience and express warm feelings to people. Realize that anger is not destructive and can be presented.
WANT TO KNOW WHAT IS NOT ENOUGH FOR A PERSON TO BECOME HAPPY?
YOU CAN SIGN UP FOR A CONSULTATION FROM THIS LINK:
BEHIND EVERY "NEGATIVE EMOTION" IS A NEED OR DESIRE, THE SATISFACTION OF WHICH IS THE KEY TO CHANGE IN LIFE...
TO SEARCH THESE TREASURES I INVITE YOU TO MY CONSULTATION:
YOU CAN SIGN UP FOR A CONSULTATION FROM THIS LINK:
Psychosomatic diseases (it will be more correct) are those disorders in our body that are based on psychological causes. Psychological causes are our reactions to traumatic (difficult) life events, our thoughts, feelings, emotions that do not find the timely, right for specific human expression.
Mental defenses work, we forget about this event after a while, and sometimes instantly, but the body and the unconscious part of the psyche remember everything and send us signals in the form of disorders and diseases
Sometimes the call may be to respond to some events from the past, to bring “buried” feelings out, or the symptom simply symbolizes what we forbid ourselves.
YOU CAN SIGN UP FOR A CONSULTATION FROM THIS LINK:
The negative impact of stress on the human body, and especially distress, is enormous. Stress and the likelihood of developing diseases are closely related. Suffice it to say that stress can reduce immunity by about 70%. Obviously, such a decrease in immunity can result in anything. And it’s also good if it’s just colds, but what if it’s cancer or asthma, the treatment of which is already extremely difficult?
brekhoff
Building is simple and intuitive, but building is hard!
"And when you wrote your post about tomorrow's rain, did you think that now your wife and children will get wet, catch a cold and die? And you will be to blame, you heartless bastard!"
"I understand that this bastard hopes to sit out in a warm house, and dooms all of us to innumerable torments in the rain! I hate you, burn in hell, you bastard!"
"But in America it doesn't rain! And if it does, it's only democratic, but you, stupid cotton wool, don't understand this, because you are all saturated with imperial propaganda and a schizophrenic!"
"And under Stalin there was no such garbage! We need to hang all the oligarchs, and we will live without rain!"
In any, even the strongest family, relationship crises or situations can happen.
In any, even the strongest family, relationship crises or a situation leading to divorce can happen. After all, life is made up not only of holidays, but also of everyday worries and difficulties.
10 reasons that can destroy a marriage
And how you can deal with minor troubles and problems every day depends on your family happiness. People do not become strangers in an instant, a strong family does not crack instantly. This needs to be done within a certain amount of time. Minor quarrels and scandals, resentment, indifference, disparate views gradually, often quite imperceptibly, lead to coldness and rupture. Once in love, doves become completely alien and unnecessary to each other people. To avoid such a situation, work proactively, study possible problems and do not allow them into your family. And if you are already on the verge of a breakup, reconsider your mistakes and, perhaps, try to correct the situation.
Psychologists identify ten main reasons that can lead any marriage to a dead end.
1. Syndrome of denial of reality. This term implies the desire of one of the partners to remake or re-educate the character of the second. The fact is that in a state of falling in love, people tend to somewhat exaggerate the merits of their chosen one and not notice flaws, even obvious ones. And after some time, they suddenly realize that their object of adoration is not so white and fluffy. And here comes the panic and disappointment at the same time. The first thing that comes to mind is to fit your partner to your ideas of the ideal. And the upbringing and continuous demands begin!?
Now, stop for a moment and come to reality! The only person you can change is yourself. If you clearly understand this truth, it will be much easier for you to live. Better, work on yourself and your ally will pull himself under you. Learn to love your spouse for who they are. Accept all their real strengths and weaknesses. There are no perfect people. Treat this as an interesting game. After all, if we were all only with positive qualities, we would die of boredom and predictability. If you clearly understand that you cannot put up with any shortcomings of your partner, under any circumstances, then most likely you cannot avoid a relationship crisis.

2. Incorrect distribution of roles in the family. Before marriage, each of the spouses had a parental family with a certain distribution of responsibilities and roles in the family. Well, if these models match, the issue is resolved by itself. But if they are fundamentally different, problems with this cannot be avoided. Spouses will constantly make claims to each other: who should provide the family budget, who is engaged in certain economic affairs, the participation of each in the upbringing of children, and so on.
To solve this problem, you need to sit down at the negotiating table. Forget about your previous experience and establish your new family charter, distribute roles and responsibilities together, agreeing on all points.
3. Total control. This problem has its root of evil in banal selfishness. Unhealthy control of the partner's personal space gives rise to rejection of the controlled. And the controller himself gets even more excited with the resistance of the other.
Build relationships only on trust and love, without this you will never achieve happiness.
4. Problems of a financial nature. The constant lack of money and the uncertainty of the future will never be on the side of a strong relationship. With a cute paradise and a hut, this is an unjustified and outdated myth that is quickly broken in everyday life.
5. Self-doubt. If you constantly doubt, ask for advice on any trifles, you cannot solve even the simplest problems on your own, fatigue comes from this very quickly. At first, this behavior may seem cute, but over time it will become very annoying.
Any person should be self-sufficient and holistic. Only then will it be interesting for many years.
6. Work troubles. Never transfer the difficulties and troubles associated with work to your loved ones.
7. Failures in intimate relationships. This fact cannot be ignored, otherwise you cannot avoid cooling. Men are more acute about this. Try to maintain interest in each other, bring piquancy and experiments into your personal life.
8. The birth of a child. Pregnancy and the birth of a baby completely change the foundations and rhythm of family life. Often in worries and troubles, spouses push each other into the background and gradually move away. Understand that the child does not take someone's place, but only changes your status. Be attentive and patient, do everything together.
9. The fact of treason. If one of the spouses decided on this, it means that their relationship is a complete disaster. As a rule, those who have changed are not looking for momentary carnal pleasure, but for understanding, warmth, and pity.
There are two options for the development of events: either you forgive once and for all, without constantly causing a feeling of guilt of the screwed up and build relationships anew, or leave.
10. Influence of other people. It is bad if a young family lives with their parents, intervention in this case cannot be avoided. Sometimes it can be friends, colleagues, neighbors or anyone.
Your family is your fort and fortress, do not let anyone interfere and impose your stereotypes and opinions. Stop any attempts to influence immediately at the root, otherwise you may be seriously injured.
Negation
This is an important characteristic of both addiction and codependency. Therefore, I want to dwell on it in more detail. Denial is the ability to ignore, to deny what is happening. The ability to not believe your eyes. Denial is manifested in the fact that codependents do not see their problems. “I have no problems, my husband has problems, treat him, but I don’t need help.” Denial contributes to a long stay in illusions. "My husband drinks, but today he might be sober." Family members do not notice that their life has become unmanageable and that they cannot feel normal, cannot cope with the duties of a mother, a wife, that they have lost part of their professional performance. Denial hinders understanding of one's codependency.
Denial is both our friend and our enemy. Its friendly side lies in the fact that it gives us the opportunity to gather strength until we are ready to accept a reality that is too painful. Denial helps to survive in unbearably difficult circumstances. This is a gentle way of dealing with a traumatic situation. Maybe being under the protective umbrella of denial is buying us time. After a while, we will be ready to face the harsh reality.
When our thinking is controlled by denial, then one part of our personality knows the truth, another whispers distortion, downplaying the truth, clouding the mind.
The unfriendly side of denial is that it does not allow us to see problems clearly, it leads us away from the actions by which we could end the pain, we spend too much energy on fantasies instead of really taking care of ourselves. Denial allows us to distort our true feelings - to dull them, to twist them. We lose touch with ourselves. We continue to be in an unbearably painful situation and think that this is normal. Denial makes us blind in relation to feelings, our own needs, to our personality as a whole.
I am not advocating that you be harsh and harsh with yourself. I am not asking you to throw off your denial in one moment and “see the light”. Denial is like a warm blanket, protection from the cold, security in the cold. We cannot throw it off instantly in the cold, but we can start to take off the blanket in the room if the cold is replaced by warmth. My point is that under safe circumstances, with support, with the help of a therapy group, at a time when we are ready to face reality, we will throw off the blanket that has protected us.
You can ask God to give you the courage to start changing your life, to change in the direction of recovery from codependency. In the process of recovery, we may resort to the services of denial more than once or twice. Each time, under the pressure of a cold wind, we can afford to wrap ourselves in a warm blanket again. Then we'll shed the denial when we're warm and safe. This is a normal healing process. But we will see reality more and more clearly.
It would be nice to learn to recognize your denial. Signs can be: confusion in feelings, lethargy of energy or a rapid escape from reality, too much desire to immediately do something and end everything that hurts, obsessive thoughts about the same thing, rejection of help and support. If you stay too long with those people who mistreat you, then inevitably the denial will come back to you. One can wish well to others and at the same time free oneself from their influence. You need to strive to surround yourself with warm people. Then we don't need to wrap ourselves in a blanket of denial.
An alternative to denial is awareness of reality and acceptance (acceptance) of it. Gentle, gentle handling of oneself and compassion for oneself, along with compassion for others, help to achieve awareness and acceptance.
Stages of accepting the inevitable
In the life of every person there are illnesses, losses, grief. A person must accept all this, there is no other way out. “Acceptance”, from the point of view of psychology, means an adequate vision and perception of the situation. Acceptance of a situation is often accompanied by fear of the inevitable.
American physician Elisabeth Kübler-Ross created the concept of psychological help for dying people. She studied the experiences of terminally ill people and wrote a book: "On Death and Dying." In this book, Kübler-Ross describes the staging of accepting death:
She watched the reaction of the patients of the American clinic, after the doctors told them about the terrible diagnosis and imminent death.
All 5 stages of psychological experiences are experienced not only by sick people themselves, but also by relatives who have learned about a terrible disease or about the imminent departure of their loved one. The syndrome of loss or the feeling of grief, the strong emotions that are experienced as a result of the loss of a person, are familiar to everyone. The loss of a loved one can be temporary, resulting from separation, or permanent (death). Throughout life, we become attached to our parents and close relatives, who provide us with care and care. After the loss of close relatives, a person feels destitute, as if a part of him was “cut off”, he experiences a feeling of grief.
Negation
The first stage of accepting the inevitable is denial.
At this stage, the patient believes that some kind of mistake has occurred, he cannot believe that this is really happening to him, that this is not a nightmare. The patient begins to doubt the professionalism of the doctor, the correct diagnosis and the results of the research. In the first stage of "accepting the inevitable", patients begin to turn to larger clinics for consultations, go to doctors, mediums, professors and doctors of sciences, to whisperers. In the first stage, a sick person experiences not only denial of a terrible diagnosis, but also fear, for some it can continue until death itself.
The brain of a sick person refuses to perceive information about the inevitability of the end of life. In the first stage of "accepting the inevitable", cancer patients begin to be treated with folk remedies, refuse traditional radiation and chemotherapy.
The second stage of accepting the inevitable is expressed as the patient's anger. Usually at this stage, a person asks the question “Why me?” “Why did I get this terrible disease?” and begins to blame everyone, from doctors to himself. The patient understands that he is seriously ill, but it seems to him that the doctors and all the medical staff are not attentive enough to him, do not listen to his complaints, do not want to treat him at all anymore. Anger can manifest itself in the fact that some patients begin to write complaints about doctors, go to the authorities or threaten them.
At this stage of "accepting the inevitable" a sick person begins to annoy young and healthy people. The patient does not understand why everyone around is smiling and laughing, life goes on, and she did not stop for a moment because of his illness. Anger can be experienced deep inside, or it can at some point “pour out” on others. Manifestations of anger usually occur at that stage of the disease when the patient feels well and has strength. Very often, the anger of a sick person is directed at psychologically weak people who cannot say anything in response.
The third stage of the psychological reaction of a sick person to an imminent death is bargaining. Sick people try to make a deal or bargain with fate or with God. They begin to guess, they have their own "signs". Patients at this stage of the disease may think: "If the coin now falls tails down, then I will recover." In this stage of "acceptance" patients begin to do various good deeds, to engage in almost charity. It seems to them that God or fate will see how kind and good they are and “change their mind”, give them a long life and health.
At this stage, a person overestimates his abilities and tries to fix everything. Bargaining or a deal may manifest itself in the fact that a sick person is ready to pay all his money to save his life. In the stage of bargaining, the patient's strength gradually begins to weaken, the disease progresses steadily, and every day he becomes worse and worse. At this stage of the disease, a lot depends on the relatives of the sick person, because he gradually loses strength. The stage of bargaining with fate can also be traced to the relatives of a sick person, who still have hope for the recovery of a loved one and they make every effort for this, give bribes to doctors, and begin to go to church.
Depression
In the fourth stage, severe depression occurs. At this stage, a person usually gets tired of the struggle for life and health, every day he gets worse and worse. The patient loses hope for recovery, he "give up", there is a decrease in a sharp decline in mood, apathy and indifference to the surrounding life. A person at this stage is immersed in his inner experiences, he does not communicate with people, he can lie in one position for hours. Against the background of depression, a person may experience suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts.
Adoption
The fifth stage is called acceptance or humility. In stage 5, “accepting the inevitable person has already practically been eaten by the disease, it has exhausted him physically and mentally. The patient moves little, spends more time in his bed. In stage 5, a seriously ill person, as it were, sums up his entire life, understands that there was a lot of good in it, he managed to do something for himself and others, fulfilled his role on this Earth. “I have not lived this life in vain. I have done a lot. Now I can die in peace."
Many psychologists have studied the “5 stages of accepting death” model by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross and have come to the conclusion that the research of the American woman was rather subjective, not all sick people go through all 5 stages, some may have their order broken or absent altogether.
The stages of acceptance show us that this is not only the acceptance of death, but of all that is inevitable in our lives. At a certain moment, our psyche includes a certain defense mechanism, and we cannot adequately perceive objective reality. We unconsciously distort reality, making it convenient for our ego. The behavior of many people in severe stressful situations is similar to the behavior of an ostrich that hides its head in the sand. The acceptance of objective reality can qualitatively influence the adoption of adequate decisions.
From the point of view of the Orthodox religion, a person must humbly perceive all situations in life, that is, the phasic acceptance of death is characteristic of non-believers. People who believe in God are more psychologically able to endure the process of dying.

Description

Denial is an extremely easy-to-understand defense. Its name speaks for itself - the person using it, in fact, denies events or information that he cannot accept.

An important point is the difference between negation and repression, which consists in the fact that the information subject to repression was first realized, and only then it is repressed, and the information subjected to denial does not enter consciousness at all. In practice, this means that the repressed information can be remembered with some effort, and subjectively it will be perceived precisely as forgotten. The information that has been denied, a person, after refusing this protection, will not remember, but recognizes, because before that I did not perceive it at all as existing or making sense.

A typical example of denial is the first reaction to a significant loss. The first thing a person does when he receives information about the loss, for example, of a loved one, is to deny this loss: “No!” he says, “I didn't lose anyone. You are mistaken". However, there are many less tragic situations where people often use denial. This is the denial of one's feelings, in situations where it is unacceptable to experience them, the denial of one's thoughts if they are unacceptable. Denial is also a component of idealization, where the existence of flaws in the idealized is denied. It can be useful in critical situations where a person can save his head by denying the danger.

The problem with denial is that it cannot protect against reality. You can deny the loss of a loved one, but the loss does not disappear from this. You can deny the presence of a dangerous disease, but this does not make it less dangerous, rather the opposite.

Association with mental disorders and personality types

Denial is especially characteristic of mania, hypomania and, in general, people with bipolar affective disorder in the manic stage - in this state, a person can deny for an amazingly long time the presence of fatigue, hunger, negative emotions and problems in general, until it physically depletes his resources. body (which usually leads to a depressive phase). In addition, denial is one of the basic defenses of paranoid personalities, acting in tandem with "projection".

Literature

McWilliams, Nancy. Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process= Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. - Moscow: Class, 1998. - 480 p. - ISBN 5-86375-098-7

Notes

Defense mechanisms of the psyche
Man: psyche
Primary
Secondary
Related concepts
Science :Psychology /Psychiatry

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Otreshkovo (station)
Denial of the Armenian Genocide

See what "Negation (psychology)" is in other dictionaries:

PSYCHOLOGY- PSYCHOLOGY, the science of the psyche, personality processes and their specifically human forms: perception and thinking, consciousness and character, speech and behavior. Soviet P. builds its own understanding of the subject of P. on the basis of the development of the ideological legacy of Marx ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

cognitive psychology- one of the leading directions of modern foreign psychology. It originated in the late 50's early 60's. 20th century as a reaction to the denial of the role of the internal organization of mental processes, characteristic of behaviorism. Spread across the US...

Negation- A defense mechanism by which a person can deny one of the aspects of reality. For example, if someone cannot come to terms with the death of a loved one, he still talks to him, sets the table for him. even washes and irons it… … Great Psychological Encyclopedia

Analytical psychology- Analytical psychology is one of the psychodynamic directions, the founder of which is the Swiss psychologist and culturologist C. G. Jung. This direction is related to psychoanalysis, but has significant differences. His ... ... Wikipedia

Projection (psychology)- This term has other meanings, see Projection. Projection (lat. projectio throwing forward) is a psychological process related to psychological defense mechanisms, as a result of which the internal is mistakenly perceived as ... ... Wikipedia

Understanding psychology- (German: Verstehende Psychologie) an idealistic trend in German philosophy and psychology that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and developed a special method of psychological research, which consists in correlating ... ... Wikipedia

existential psychology- Existential psychology is a direction in psychology, which proceeds from the uniqueness of a specific human life, irreducible to general schemes, which arose in line with the philosophy of existentialism. Its applied section is existential ... ... Wikipedia

cognitive psychology- direction in psychology, which arose in the early 60s. 20th century It is characterized by considering the psyche as a system of cognitive operations. Modern cognitive psychology works in the following research areas: perception, recognition ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

cognitive psychology- one of the leading areas of modern psychology. K. p. arose in the late 50s and early 60s. 20th century as a reaction to the denial of the role of the internal organization of mental processes, characteristic of the behaviorism dominant in the USA. Initially… … Great Psychological Encyclopedia electronic book

In psychology, there are such concepts as protection and coping strategies (cooperative behaviour). Very useful things in the life of every citizen. And very dangerous if used incorrectly!

One of the simplest and most powerful negation.

Denial can be included as an independent defense. Very often it is part of other, more complex psychological defenses.

Denial often works automatically, unconsciously. But sometimes, on the contrary, it is a conscious choice of the type of behavior, and we are talking more about a coping strategy.

Denial is also used as an aggressive tool in manipulative techniques.

Denial as a psychological defense works as follows: some part of reality is simply ignored.

This is a very energy-intensive process for a person, and, as a rule, ineffective or completely destructive.

"This" is NOT! is the negation formula.

When is denial justified as a defense mechanism?

1. A person defends himself from pain, fear, horror, from losses, denying the facts that have already happened. In the short term, this is an excellent adaptation mechanism. It allows you to act in the outside world "despite ...", and in the meantime, the deep layers of the psyche have time to assimilate new information about the changed living conditions.

Very often, the first reaction to the news of the sudden death of a loved one is shock, and then “NO! THIS CANNOT BE!

2. Denial also serves to preserve the personality and mind in the event of a severe incurable disease. Having taken the necessary measures (medication, hospitalization, etc.), a person most of the time lives in the “this is not there” mode. Very often, such an output is one of the best. Not every person has the inner strength to face such a reality face to face.

Here the psychological defense in the form of a denial of reality is only partly unconscious. When conditions change (new methods of treatment, or vice versa approaching death), denial is discarded.

3. The third option, it would be more correct to attribute it to coping behavior, since it is applied for the most part consciously.

Sometimes conscious decision making I won’t think about it now, I will solve this issue then.” turns out to be quite effective. Provided that either the circumstances change and the need for a solution disappears, or at the appointed time (or under the prescribed conditions), the person accepts the fact of the problem and solves it.

When, how and why denial of reality harms a person

I think many can remember their feelings in such a situation:

As a rule, a person will experience active irritation, discontent, anger.

Perhaps someone will remember situations when they denied him. Didn't hear, didn't see...

Now imagine that a person lives for years (!) in a world where part of reality is distorted. That is, part of his world and part of his psyche is blocked, frozen.

To maintain such an illusion sewn into the real picture of the world, a huge amount of psychic energy is needed. Accordingly, it simply does not remain for anything else.

Just roughly estimate how much strength it takes to NOT notice the constant manifestations of those who were actually with her.

Part of the harm of denial lies in the enormous expenditure of vital energy to maintain the false belief that “it doesn’t exist.”

Examples

And she just stopped thinking about it.

At thirty-eight, she was forced to turn to specialists, as she lost her job due to her addiction.

It is very painful and bitter to regret the years of “awake sleep”, the time of denial, the time of lost strength and opportunities.

And it's good that someone has time to wake up, when you can still change something for the better.

Regardless of everything else (teaching, group orientation, etc.), the very habit of ignoring a part of living life is harmful and dangerous.

How often do we deny reality over trifles

I suggest you conduct an interesting and instructive experiment. Watch the people around you and count how many times you hear such dialogues:

- He yelled at me!
- Yes? And I have five more reports to do!

- He yelled at me!

- Never mind! (Wave your hand, etc.)

- He yelled at me!
- Oh, my, my! And last week ... (text about twenty minutes).

- He yelled at me!
- What do you answer? Silent?! That's because you allow yourself to be treated like this ... (and again free text).

Once you have completed your observations, try this conversation pattern.

- He yelled at me!
- Wow! You are furious.

In this case, the second interlocutor sees the first one, and helps him cope with unpleasant events, naming his feelings and showing that he is nearby.

There is no need to "jump" into reality if there is a problem with a good long term denial.

There is no need to continue to spend your life maintaining the illusion that there is no problem.

To begin with, you can explore the problem area in a detached, rational way. Understand the problem, evaluate your strengths, try on how it will be more convenient to take up its solution.

Then, gather your strength, “shake off the dust” from the resources that were previously set aside as unnecessary and slowly, like a responsible snail.

An exercise

Please select a problem that worries you, but for some reason you do not want to think about. Or a problem that some people, friends, relatives tell you about. And you think you don't have it.

Write it down.
Now write down 10 objective facts that are directly related to this problem. Even if you think about them unpleasantly, uncomfortable.
Read them carefully and check if they are facts? Or maybe it's your beliefs, ideas. Correct and supplement, please, your list.
Now draw conclusions from these facts that help in solving your problem.
Now write down how you feel.
And what else hinders the solution of the problem.

IF YOU CANNOT FIND A SOLUTION TO YOUR SITUATION WITH THE HELP OF THIS ARTICLE, SIGN UP FOR A CONSULTATION AND WE WILL FIND A SOLUTION TOGETHER

- THIS IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARACTER OF THE "UNHAPPY" PERSON
  Its 2 main problems: 1) chronic dissatisfaction of needs, 2) the inability to direct his anger outward, restraining him, and with it restraining all warm feelings, every year makes him more and more desperate: no matter what he does, it doesn’t get better, on the contrary, only worse. The reason is that he does a lot, but not that. If nothing is done, then, over time, either the person will “burn out at work”, loading himself more and more - until he is completely exhausted; or his own Self will be emptied and impoverished, unbearable self-hatred will appear, a refusal to take care of oneself, in the long term - even self-hygiene. A person becomes like a house from which bailiffs took out furniture. Against the background of hopelessness, despair and exhaustion , energy even for thinking. Complete loss of the ability to love. He wants to live, but begins to die: sleep is disturbed, metabolism is disturbed ... It is difficult to understand what he lacks precisely because we are not talking about the deprivation of possession of someone or something.
  
  On the contrary, he has the possession of deprivation, and he is not able to understand what he is deprived of. Lost is his own I. It is unbearably painful and empty for him: and he cannot even put it into words. This is neurotic depression.. Everything can be prevented, not brought to such a result.If you recognize yourself in the description and want to change something, you urgently need to learn two things: 1. Learn the following text by heart and repeat it all the time until you can use the results of these new beliefs:
  - I am entitled to needs. I am, and I am me.
  - I have the right to need and satisfy needs.
  - I have the right to ask for satisfaction, the right to get what I need.
  - I have the right to crave love and love others.
  - I have the right to a decent organization of life.
  - I have the right to express dissatisfaction.
  - I have a right to regret and sympathy.
  - ... by birthright.
  - I may get rejected. I can be alone.
  - I'll take care of myself anyway.
  I want to draw the attention of my readers to the fact that the task of "learning the text" is not an end in itself. Auto-training by itself will not give any sustainable results. It is important to live each phrase, to feel it, to find its confirmation in life. It is important that a person wants to believe that the world can be arranged somehow differently, and not just the way he used to imagine it to himself. That it depends on him, on his ideas about the world and about himself in this world, how he will live this life. And these phrases are just an occasion for reflection, reflection and search for one's own, new "truths".
  
  2. Learn to direct aggression to the one to whom it is actually addressed.
  
  …then it will be possible to experience and express warm feelings to people. Realize that anger is not destructive and can be presented.
  
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  FOR K EVERY “NEGATIVE EMOTION” IS A NEED OR DESIRE, THE SATISFACTION OF WHICH IS THE KEY TO CHANGE IN LIFE…
  
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  Psychosomatic diseases (it will be more correct) are those disorders in our body, which are based on psychological causes. psychological causes are our reactions to traumatic (difficult) life events, our thoughts, feelings, emotions that do not find timely, correct expression for a particular person.
  
  Mental defenses work, we forget about this event after a while, and sometimes instantly, but the body and the unconscious part of the psyche remember everything and send us signals in the form of disorders and diseases
  
  Sometimes the call may be to respond to some events from the past, to bring “buried” feelings out, or the symptom simply symbolizes what we forbid ourselves.
  
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  The negative impact of stress on the human body, and especially distress, is enormous. Stress and the likelihood of developing diseases are closely related. Suffice it to say that stress can reduce immunity by about 70%. Obviously, such a decrease in immunity can result in anything. And it’s also good if it’s just colds, but what if it’s cancer or asthma, the treatment of which is already extremely difficult?

Its name speaks for itself - the person using it, in fact, denies events or information that he cannot accept.

An important point is the difference between denial and repression, which lies in the fact that the information subject to repression was first realized, and only then it is repressed, and the information subjected to denial does not enter consciousness at all. In practice, this means that the repressed information can be remembered with some effort, and subjectively it will be perceived precisely as forgotten. The information that has been denied, a person, after refusing this protection, will not remember, but recognizes, because before that I did not perceive it at all as existing or making sense.

A typical example of denial is the first reaction to a significant loss. The first thing a person does when he receives information about the loss, for example, of a loved one, is to deny this loss: “No!” he says, “I didn't lose anyone. You are mistaken". However, there are many less tragic situations where people often use denial. This is the denial of one's feelings, in situations where it is unacceptable to experience them, the denial of one's thoughts if they are unacceptable. Denial is also a component of idealization, when the existence of flaws in the idealized is denied. It can be useful in critical situations where a person can save his head by denying the danger.

Denial is especially characteristic of mania, hypomania and, in general, people with bipolar affective disorder in the manic stage - in this state, a person can deny himself the presence of fatigue, hunger, negative emotions and problems in general for an amazingly long time, until it physically depletes his resources. body (which usually leads to a depressive phase). In addition, denial is one of the basic defenses of paranoid personalities, acting in tandem with "projection".

The presence of unmodified denial in an adult, like other primitive defenses, is cause for concern. However, slightly hypomanic people can be charming. Many comedians and entertainers display wit, energy, a flair for wordplay, and an infectious high spirits. It is these signs that characterize people who for a long time successfully remove and transform painful experiences. But relatives and friends often notice the other side of their character - heavy and depressing, and it is often not difficult to see the psychological cost of their manic charm.

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Denial as a defense mechanism

Negation of negation.

Denial often works automatically, unconsciously. But sometimes, on the contrary, it is a conscious choice of the type of behavior, and we are talking more about a coping strategy. Denial is also used as an aggressive tool in manipulative techniques.

Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of psychological defense into psychology, Anna Freud offered a detailed typology and a more detailed study, then many scientists and practitioners worked with this topic in one way or another.

I remember Scarlett Ohara saying “I won’t think about it today, I’ll think about it tomorrow” and went to bed in the old, unchanged reality, so that in the morning with fresh strength to start coping with the “news” that fell on her.

When, how and why does the denial of reality harm a person?

You are enthusiastically watching an interesting movie (go through level 43, nailing the penultimate monster; reading a book at the place when the main character stretched his lips to the lips of the main character; deeply focused on your thoughts; enthusiastically rooting for your favorite team without taking your eyes off the TV. ) and then someone abruptly, rudely interrupts you, bringing you down into everyday reality.

The reason for this is the unexpected transition from the state of “awake sleep” to the mode of conscious wakefulness, and the collapsed flow of information, and the need to somehow respond to all this.

Perhaps someone will remember situations when they denied him. Didn't hear, didn't see.

Now imagine that a person for years! lives in a world where part of reality is distorted. That is, part of his world and part of his psyche is blocked, frozen.

A woman in her fifties lost one of her three children. A few years later (.), she continued to maintain the same order in his room that was with him, spoke only about him. At the same time, she practically did not notice the other two children. She, like an insect in amber, almost froze at the moment when a terrible misfortune happened. Work, family, two other children, grandchildren, her health, friends, home and dacha…she didn't see any of this, continuing to remain in the stop-world.

At thirty-two, Tatyana wondered: am I not an alcoholic? I drink only in decent company, always on occasion, I drink good drinks. She was frightened by the thought that a couple of times a week she drinks and is alone. True, still expensive quality booze. Several times she decided to take a break. BUT! Have you seen our calendar? Then you understand that the number of holidays that are celebrated with alcohol "holy cause" each time turned out to be too large for Tatiana.

At thirty-eight, she was forced to see a specialist because she lost her job due to her addiction.

Elena raised her daughter, constantly struggling with betrayal and drunkenness of her husband. She suffered beatings from time to time. She was sure that he loved her. In my own way. That he appreciates her sacrificial love. In addition, she was too scared to think about an independent life. No work experience, with a small daughter in her arms.

Twelve years later, she had to face a difficult reality: a woman in her forties, with no work experience, and with two children to learn to live and survive, as her husband considered her an “old twitchy hysterical woman” and left for another family.

How often do we deny reality over trifles?

He yelled at me!

He yelled at me!

He yelled at me!

Oh, my, my! And last week. (text about twenty minutes).

He yelled at me!

What do you answer? Silent?! It's because you allow yourself to be treated this way. (and again free text).

He yelled at me!

Wow! You are furious.

Then, gather your strength, “shake off the dust” from the resources that were previously set aside as unnecessary and slowly, like a responsible snail, step by step, begin to deal with the difficulties accumulated during the “waking dream” - the denial of a part of reality.

Now write down 10 objective facts that are directly related to this problem. Even if thinking about them makes you uncomfortable, uncomfortable.

Carefully reread them, and specify whether these are real facts? Or maybe it's your beliefs, ideas. Correct and supplement, please, your list.

Denial - what does it mean in psychology?

Denial in psychology is considered as a mechanism for protecting the psyche from feelings and circumstances that, for some reason, can have a destructive effect on the psyche. In psychoanalysis, denial is defined as a person's rejection of subconscious drives, feelings, and thoughts.

Denial of feelings

An excessive tendency of the psyche to ignore can be a cause or a sign of the development of pathological personality traits, mental disorders and impaired functioning of the psyche.

There are a number of situations that the psyche tends to deny. The most common among them:

Ignoring illness. A person is so afraid of the disease and its consequences that he refuses to notice even the obvious signs and symptoms. This is very dangerous, because a person does not seek treatment, and the disease develops rapidly. Love, care and support of loved ones in this case can cause irritation and rejection.
Ignoring dependency. Almost all people with alcohol or drug addiction consider themselves able to stop using at any time. This confidence does not allow them to seek qualified help. One of the foundations of recovery is acknowledging that there is a problem.
Ignoring fear. The psyche of people who go in for extreme sports usually denies the danger of their activities, dulls fear. In some cases, this leads to the fact that they begin to neglect safety precautions and die.
Ignoring problems in family life. Often people in marriage get so used to each other that they become uninteresting for their partner, move away. For the sake of maintaining a dysfunctional family structure, they ignore even the obvious signs of the trouble of this union, for example, the lack of love, sex and mutual respect. Many families break up because both spouses have such psychological protection.
Denial of the death of a loved one. Upon receiving news of the death of a loved one, the first reaction is denial. The person refuses to believe what happened. This mechanism gives him the opportunity to perform the necessary actions in the current situation: inform the rest of the relatives, arrange a funeral.

There are many examples of denial. In itself, denial is not a pathology, but a tool that the psyche uses to adapt. Sometimes denial becomes one of the stages of understanding the situation.

Stages of grief

In psychology, there are 5 stages that a person goes through before accepting a traumatic situation, such as, for example, making a fatal diagnosis. What these stages look like:

Negation. The person does not believe what happened. Hoping for a mistake and waiting for a miracle.
Anger. At this stage, there is a search for an answer to the question: “Why did this happen to me?”. A person begins to be annoyed by people who have not been touched by the same trouble. He is looking for the guilty or blames everyone around.
Bargain. A person tries to "pay off" from the inevitable. Or in the literal sense, ready to give all the money, just to correct the situation. Or he is looking for other ways to “appease” fate: he begins to help sick people, deepens into religion, makes uncontrolled spending.
Depression. A person is exhausted by the ongoing struggle for life, he loses hope, there is no strength left to fight. Appetite decreases. Suicidal thoughts may appear.
Adoption. Here comes humility with what happened. The fight is over, the person takes the situation for granted.

This model was proposed by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, but some scientists have come to the conclusion that not all people go through these 5 stages. There are times when they are lived in a different order, or a person goes through only some of the stages. Nevertheless, denial in such cases is common and is an important part of the process of accepting the inevitable.

If the stage of denying the disease does not move to the next stage for a long time, a person needs support, treatment and the help of a psychologist.

The specialist helps to build for the patient an internal picture of his disease, combine all the symptoms and associate them with the diagnosis, adapt to the situation.

Denial ensures that the content is kept from awareness, which can cause irreparable damage to the psyche. Due to denial, the impact of strong traumatic factors is smoothed out, and the psyche gets additional time to mobilize its resources in adapting to stressful conditions.

However, if for some reason more complex forms of defenses are not activated in a person, and denial turns out to be the main, habitual way of responding, this disrupts the adequate interaction of a person with the world and may be a sign of a mental disorder.

Denial is a method of protecting the psyche, which is very revealing for the psychoanalyst, makes the picture clearer and reveals many pressing problems.

Psychological defenses. Negation

Another early way to deal with adversity is to refuse to accept its existence. We all automatically respond with such denial to any catastrophe. The first reaction of a person who was informed of the death of a loved one: “No!”. This reaction is an echo of an archaic process rooted in children's egocentrism, when cognition is controlled by a prelogical conviction: "If I don't admit it, it means it didn't happen." Processes like these inspired Selma Freiberg to name her classic popular early childhood book The Magic Years.

The person for whom denial is a fundamental defense always insists that "everything is fine and everything is for the best." The parents of one of my patients continued to give birth to one child after another, although already three of their offspring had died from what any other parents, not in a state of denial, would understand as a genetic disorder. They refused to mourn their dead children, ignored the suffering of two healthy sons, rejected advice to seek genetic counseling, and insisted that what was happening to them was the will of God, who knows their welfare better than they themselves. Experiences of elation and all-consuming joy, especially when they occur in situations in which most people would find negative aspects, also speak of the effect of denial.

Most of us resort to denial to some degree, with the worthy goal of making life less unpleasant, and many people have their own particular areas where this defense prevails over others. Most people whose feelings are hurt, in a situation where crying is inappropriate or unreasonable, are more willing to give up their feelings than, fully aware of them, suppress tears with a conscious effort. In extreme circumstances, the ability to deny the danger to life at the level of emotions can be life-saving. Through denial, we can realistically take the most effective and even heroic actions. Every war leaves us with stories of people who "haven't lost their heads" in terrible, deadly circumstances and saved themselves and their comrades as a result.

Worse, denial can lead to the opposite outcome. A friend of mine refuses to have annual gynecological tests, as if by ignoring the possibility of uterine and cervical cancer, she can magically avoid these diseases. A wife who denies that a beating husband is dangerous; an alcoholic who insists that he has no problems with alcohol; a mother ignoring evidence of sexual abuse of her daughter; an elderly person who does not consider giving up driving, despite a clear decline in the ability to do so, are all familiar examples of denial at its worst.

This psychoanalytic concept is more or less undistorted in everyday language, in part because the word "denial", like "isolation", has not become jargon. Another reason for the concept's popularity is its special role in the 12 Steps (addiction treatment) and other activities designed to help participants become aware of their habitual use of this protection and to help them get out of the hell they created for myself.

The denial component can be found in most more mature defenses. Take, for example, the comforting belief that the person who rejected you actually wanted to be with you, but was simply not yet ready to give himself completely and formalize your relationship. In this case, we see the denial of rejection, as well as a more sophisticated method of finding justification, which is called rationalization. Similarly, defense by reaction formation, when an emotion is turned into its opposite (hate-love), is a specific and more complex kind of denial of a feeling, from which it is necessary to defend itself than simply refusing to experience this feeling.

The most obvious example of denial-driven psychopathology is mania. While in a manic state, people may be in incredible denial of their physical needs, the need for sleep, financial difficulties, personal weaknesses, and even their own mortality. While depression makes it completely impossible to ignore the painful facts of life, mania renders them psychologically irrelevant. People for whom denial is their primary defense are manic in nature. Analytically oriented clinicians classify them as hypomanic. (The prefix "hypo", meaning "few" or "few", indicates a difference between these people and individuals experiencing real manic episodes.)

This category has also been characterized by the word "cyclothymia" ("alternating emotions"), since it tends to alternate between manic and depressive moods, usually not reaching the severity of clinically diagnosed bipolar disease. Analysts view these fluctuations as the result of periodic uses of denial, each time followed by an inevitable “crash” as the person becomes exhausted due to the manic state.

The presence of unmodified denial in an adult, like other primitive defenses, is cause for concern. However, slightly hypomanic people can be charming. Many comedians and entertainers display wit, energy, a flair for wordplay, and an infectious high spirits. It is these signs that characterize people who for a long time successfully remove and transform painful experiences. But relatives and friends often notice the other side of their character - heavy and depressive, and it is often not difficult to see the psychological cost of their manic

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This is not! Negative negation

Denial as a psychological defense

In psychology, there are such concepts as defense and coping strategies (coping behavior). Very useful things in the life of every citizen. And very dangerous if used incorrectly!

One of the simplest and most powerful is denial.

Denial can be included as an independent defense. Very often it is part of other, more complex psychological defenses.

Denial often works automatically, unconsciously. But sometimes, on the contrary, it is a conscious choice of the type of behavior, and we are talking more about a coping strategy.

Denial is also used as an aggressive tool in manipulative techniques.

Denial as a psychological defense works as follows: a certain part of reality is simply ignored.

This is a very energy-intensive process for a person, and, as a rule, ineffective or completely destructive.

"This" is NOT! is the negation formula.

When is denial justified as a defense mechanism?

Very often, the first reaction to the news of the sudden death of a loved one is shock, and then “NO! THIS CANNOT BE!

Here the psychological defense in the form of a denial of reality is only partly unconscious. When conditions change (new methods of treatment, or vice versa approaching death), denial is discarded.

3. The third option, it would be more correct to attribute it to coping behavior, since it is applied for the most part consciously.

When, how and why denial of reality harms a person

I think many can remember their feelings in such a situation:

As a rule, a person will experience active irritation, discontent, anger.

Perhaps someone will remember situations when they denied him. Didn't hear, didn't see...

Now imagine that a person lives for years (!) in a world where part of reality is distorted. That is, part of his world and part of his psyche is blocked, frozen.

To maintain such an illusion sewn into the real picture of the world, a huge amount of psychic energy is needed. Accordingly, it simply does not remain for anything else.

Just roughly estimate how much strength it takes to NOT notice the constant manifestations of those who were actually with her.

Part of the harm of denial lies in the enormous expenditure of vital energy to maintain the false belief that “it doesn’t exist.”

And she just stopped thinking about it.

At thirty-eight, she was forced to turn to specialists, as she lost her job due to her addiction.

It is very painful and bitter to regret the years of “awake sleep”, the time of denial, the time of lost strength and opportunities.

And it's good that someone has time to wake up, when you can still change something for the better.

Regardless of everything else (teaching, group orientation, etc.), the very habit of ignoring a part of living life is harmful and dangerous.

How often do we deny reality over trifles

I suggest you conduct an interesting and instructive experiment. Watch the people around you and count how many times you hear such dialogues:

He yelled at me!

Yes? And I have five more reports to do!

Never mind! (Wave your hand, etc.)

He yelled at me!

Oh, my, my! And last week ... (text about twenty minutes).

He yelled at me!

What do you answer? Silent?! That's because you allow yourself to be treated like this ... (and again free text).

Once you have completed your observations, try this conversation pattern.

He yelled at me!

In this case, the second interlocutor sees the first one, and helps him cope with unpleasant events, naming his feelings and showing that he is nearby.

There is no need to "jump" into reality if there is a problem with a good long term denial.

There is no need to continue to spend your life maintaining the illusion that there is no problem.

To begin with, you can explore the problem area in a detached, rational way. Understand the problem, evaluate your strengths, try on how it will be more convenient to take up its solution.

Then, gather your strength, “shake off the dust” from the resources that were previously set aside as unnecessary and slowly, like a responsible snail.

Please select a problem that worries you, but for some reason you do not want to think about. Or a problem that some people, friends, relatives tell you about. And you think you don't have it.

Write it down.
Now write down 10 objective facts that are directly related to this problem. Even if you think about them unpleasantly, uncomfortable.
Read them carefully and check if they are facts? Or maybe it's your beliefs, ideas. Correct and supplement, please, your list.
Now draw conclusions from these facts that help in solving your problem.
Now write down how you feel.
And what else hinders the solution of the problem.

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Denial (psychological defense). Psychological defenses (denial of the disease and its treatment)

Causes and symptoms

How to return to the present

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Denial as a defense mechanism

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This is not! Negative negation

Denial as a psychological defense

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Denial as a defense mechanism

Negation of negation.

Denial - what does it mean in psychology?

Denial of feelings

Stages of grief

Psychological defenses. Negation

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This is not! Negative negation

Denial as a psychological defense