Biology test on the topic "reproduction". Biology test on the topic "reproduction" Make a test on the topic reproduction

Option 1

Part A

a) doubles

b) is halved

c) turns out to be the same

d) changes with age

2. The essence of meiosis is:

a) 24 chromosomes

b) 8 chromosomes

c) 16 chromosomes

d) 32 chromosomes

What sequence of stages of individual development is typical

For the cabbage white butterfly?

a) egg → butterfly

b) egg → butterfly → larva

c) egg → larva → pupa → butterfly

d) egg → pupa → larva → butterfly

5. The process of individual development of the organism:

a) phylogeny b) cell cycle c) ontogeny d) embryogenesis

6. The sequence of mitosis phases is as follows:

a) prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase

b) prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase

c) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

d) prophase, telophase, metaphase, anaphase

There is a specific relationship between the objects and processes listed in the columns of the table below.

What object should be entered in the blank space in this table?

a) mitochondria

b) cell center

c) ribosome

d) vacuole

Figures (1,2,3,4) show one of the methods of vegetative

Reproduction. What is it called?

a) propagation by leaf cuttings

b) propagation by layering

c) propagation by root cuttings

d) reproduction by whiskers

Asexual reproduction is widespread in nature, as it promotes

a) rapid population growth

b) the occurrence of changes in individuals of the species

c) the appearance of modification variability

d) adaptation of organisms to unfavorable environmental conditions.

In which method of reproduction is the genotype of the offspring an exact copy of the genotype of the parents?

a) sexual

b) seed

c) vegetative

d) with the participation of gametes.

Part B

Choose several correct answers.

How is mitosis different from meiosis?

a) two divisions occur one after another

b) one division occurs, consisting of four phases

c) two daughter cells are formed, identical to the mother one

d) four haploid cells are formed

e) homologous chromosomes diverge to the cell poles,

2. Characteristics of gametes - sperm:

1) immobility

2) active mobility

4) there is no supply of nutrients

6) supply of nutrients in the cytoplasm (yolk)

7) gamete is large

8) the gamete is small.

3.Features characteristic of meiosis:

1) two daughter cells,

2) four daughter cells,

3) one division,

4) two divisions,

5) diploid daughter cells,

6) haploid daughter cells.

4. Is the judgment true (if true, mark this judgment with a “+” sign, if not - “-”)

1) A chromosome is a complex of one DNA molecule with proteins, i.e. consists of one chromatid.

2) Interphase is the period of the cell cycle between cell divisions.

3) Amitosis is an indirect cell division, in which the nucleus is divided by constriction and a uniform distribution of hereditary material is ensured.

4) Crossing over is a crossover between homologous chromosomes. accompanied by the exchange of relevant areas.

5) As a result of meiosis, cells are formed that are exact copies of the mother cell.

6) The separation of the cytoplasm occurs during anaphase of mitosis.

Arrange and label the stages of the cell cycle of a cell undergoing mitosis (number of chromosomes, using the formula where n is the number of chromosomes,

1 2 3 4 5

Part C

Fill in the missing words

The essence of fertilization is that fusion occurs _________________

and ______________________, and then _____________________ is formed

Test on the topic “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

Option 2

Part A

1) During the process of cell division, the most significant transformations undergo:

a) ribosomes

b) chromosomes

c) mitochondria

d) lysosomes

2) How to explain the constancy of the number of chromosomes in individuals of the same species?:

a) diploidity of organisms

b) the process of cell division

c) haploidy of organisms

d) processes of fertilization and meiosis

3) The nucleus of the sperm of an animal contains 16 chromosomes, and the nucleus of the egg of this animal contains:

a) 24 chromosomes

b) 8 chromosomes

c) 16 chromosomes

d) 32 chromosomes

Part B.

1 2 3 4 5

Part C

Fill in the missing words

The very first cell that gives rise to a new organism during sexual reproduction is called __________________

It is formed as a result of _________________________________

Test on the topic “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

Option 1

Part A

1. Thanks to mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the cells of the body:

a) doubles

b) is halved

c) turns out to be the same

d) changes with age

2. The essence of meiosis is:

a) in the formation of cells with a diploid set of chromosomes

b) doubling the amount of DNA in body cells

c) restoration of the full set of chromosomes in cells

d) the formation of gametes with a haploid set of chromosomes

3. The nucleus of an animal’s egg contains 16 chromosomes, and the nucleus of the sperm of this animal:

a) 24 chromosomes

b) 8 chromosomes

c) 16 chromosomes

Option 1

Part A

Due to mitosis, the number of chromosomes in body cells is:

a) doubles

b) is halved

c) turns out to be the same

d) changes with age

The essence of meiosis is:

A) in the formation of cells with a diploid set of chromosomes

B) doubling the amount of DNA in body cells

C) restoration of the full set of chromosomes in cells

D) the formation of gametes with a haploid set of chromosomes

The nucleus of the egg of an animal contains 16 chromosomes, and the nucleus of the sperm of this animal contains:

A) 24 chromosomes

B) 8 chromosomes

B) 16 chromosomes

D) 32 chromosomes

What sequence of stages of individual development is typical

For the cabbage white butterfly?

A) egg → butterfly

B) egg → butterfly → larva

B) egg → larva → pupa → butterfly

D) egg → pupa → larva → butterfly

The process of individual development of the body:

The sequence of mitosis phases is as follows:

a) prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase

b) prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase

c) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

d) prophase, telophase, metaphase, anaphase

There is a specific relationship between the objects and processes listed in the columns of the table below.

a) mitochondria

b) cell center

c) ribosome

d) vacuole

Figures (1,2,3,4) show one of the methods of vegetative

Reproduction. What is it called?

a) propagation by leaf cuttings

b) propagation by layering

c) propagation by root cuttings

d) reproduction by whiskers

9. Asexual reproduction is widespread in nature, as it promotes

rapid population growth
the occurrence of changes in individuals of the species
the appearance of modification variability
adaptation of organisms to unfavorable environmental conditions.

10. In which method of reproduction is the genotype of the offspring an exact copy of the genotype of the parents?

sexually
seed
vegetative
with the participation of gametes.

Part B

How is mitosis different from meiosis?

a) two divisions occur one after another

b) one division occurs, consisting of four phases

c) two daughter cells are formed, identical to the mother one

d) four haploid cells are formed

e) homologous chromosomes diverge to the cell poles,

Characteristics of gametes - sperm:

immobility
active mobility
gamete large
gamete is small.

3.Features characteristic of meiosis:

1) two daughter cells,

2) four daughter cells,

3) one division,

4) two divisions,

5) diploid daughter cells,

6) haploid daughter cells.

4. Is the judgment true (if true, mark this judgment with a “+” sign, if not - “-”)

A chromosome is a complex of one DNA molecule with proteins, i.e. consists of one chromatid.
Interphase is the period of the cell cycle between cell divisions.
Amitosis is an indirect cell division in which the nucleus is divided by constriction and an even distribution of hereditary material is ensured.
Crossing over is a crossover between homologous chromosomes. accompanied by the exchange of relevant areas.
As a result of meiosis, cells are formed that are exact copies of the mother cell.
The separation of the cytoplasm occurs during anaphase of mitosis.

5. Arrange and label the stages of the cell cycle of a cell undergoing mitosis (number of chromosomes, using the formula, where n is the number of chromosomes,

1 2 3 4 5

Part C

Fill in the missing words

The essence of fertilization is that fusion occurs _________________

and ______________________, and then _____________________ is formed

Test on the topic “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

Option 2

Part A

1) During the process of cell division, the most significant transformations undergo:

a) ribosomes

b) chromosomes

c) mitochondria

d) lysosomes

2) How to explain the constancy of the number of chromosomes in individuals of the same species?:

A) diploidity of organisms

B) the process of cell division

B) haploidy of organisms

D) processes of fertilization and meiosis

3) The nucleus of the sperm of an animal contains 16 chromosomes, and the nucleus of the egg of this animal contains:

A) 24 chromosomes

B) 8 chromosomes

B) 16 chromosomes

D) 32 chromosomes

4) What type of postembryonic development is typical for most mammals?

A) complete transformation

B) direct

B) indirect

D) incomplete transformation

5) There is a certain relationship between the objects and processes indicated in the columns of the table below.

What object should be entered in the blank space in this table?

a) mitochondria

b) core

c) ribosome

d) vacuole

6) The figure shows a diagram of the structure of a flower. Which letter indicates the part of the flower involved in sexual reproduction of plants?

a) B b)A c) D d) D

7) Development with metamorphosis occurs in:

a) silver spider b) pond frog

c) house mouse d) sand lizard

8) Thanks to crossing over, it occurs

halving the number of chromosomes
doubling the number of chromosomes
exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes
increase in the number of gametes

9) The process of embryonic development of the organism:

a) phylogeny b) cell cycle c) ontogeny d) embryogenesis

10. The set of genes in a daughter organism differs significantly from the set of genes in parent organisms during reproduction

vegetative
disputes
sexually
budding.

Part B.

Choose several correct answers.

Select the signs of meiosis:

A) as a result of division, the number of chromosomes in the cell remains the same

B) the process ends as a result of one division

C) as a result of fission, 4 nuclei are formed

D) the process goes through two stages of division

D) the process ensures the growth and development of the organism, its asexual reproduction

E) the process ensures the formation of gametes and sexual reproduction of animals.

Characteristics of gametes - eggs:

immobility
active mobility
contain a haploid set of chromosomes
no supply of nutrients
contain a diploid set of chromosomes
supply of nutrients in the cytoplasm (yolk)
gamete large
gamete is small.

Is the judgment true (if true, mark this judgment with a “+” sign, if not - “-”)

Replication is the process of self-duplication of DNA strands
Meiosis consists of 2 consecutive divisions.
The spindle is attached on one side to the centromere of the chromosome, and on the other to the centrioles at the cell poles.
The cell cycle is a set of sequential and interconnected processes occurring in a cell during the period of its preparation for division and during the period of division.
A formed nucleus is present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that leads to a reduction in the number of chromosomes.

Option #1.

Part A. Test.

1) Thanks to mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the cells of the body:

a) doubles

b) is halved

c) turns out to be the same

d) changes with age

2) The essence of meiosis is:

a) in the formation of cells with a diploid set of chromosomes

b) doubling the amount of DNA in body cells

c) restoration of the full set of chromosomes in cells

d) the formation of gametes with a haploid set of chromosomes

3) The nucleus of an animal’s egg contains 16 chromosomes, and the nucleus of the sperm of this animal:

a) 24 chromosomes

b) 8 chromosomes

c) 16 chromosomes

d) 32 chromosomes

4) What sequence of stages of individual development is typical

for the cabbage white butterfly?

a) egg → butterfly

b) egg → butterfly → larva

c) egg → larva → pupa → butterfly

d) egg → pupa → larva → butterfly

5) Bacteria multiply

a) spores b) with the help of germ cells c) vegetatively d) cell division in half

6) Chromosome conjugation is a process:
a) divergence of chromosomes b) their distribution among gametes
c) convergence and exchange of homologous regions d) disintegration into fragments

7) As a result of meiosis, the number of chromosomes in the resulting nuclei:
a) doubles b) halves c) remains the same d) triples

8) Is not a stage of mitosis:

a) anaphase b) telophase c) conjugation d) metaphase

9) In the telophase of mitosis occurs:
a) DNA doubling b) chromosome spiralization
c) divergence of homologous chromosomes d) formation of nuclei of daughter cells

10) In prophase of meiosis I, as well as in prophase of mitosis:
a) protein synthesis occurs b) chromosome despiralization occurs
c) conjugation of chromosomes occurs d) a spindle is formed

Part B

B 1. Select the characteristics characteristic of meiosis:
A) Cells of any part of the body of mammals divide in this way
B) Occurs in some cells formed in the testes or ovaries
B) During the division process, conjugation and crossing over of chromosomes occur
D) Conjugation and crossing over do not occur
E) The result of division is the formation of haploid gametes

E) The result of division is the formation of somatic diploid cells

B 2. Establish a correspondence between the type of reproduction and its characteristic features:

Part C

What is the biological significance of meiosis?

Test on the topic “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

Option #2.

Part A. Test.

1) During the process of cell division, the most significant transformations undergo:

a) ribosomes

b) chromosomes

c) mitochondria

d) lysosomes

2) How to explain the constancy of the number of chromosomes in individuals of the same species?:

a) diploidity of organisms

b) the process of cell division

c) haploidy of organisms

d) processes of fertilization and meiosis

3) The nucleus of the sperm of an animal contains 16 chromosomes, and the nucleus of the egg of this animal contains:

a) 24 chromosomes

b) 8 chromosomes

c) 16 chromosomes

d) 32 chromosomes

4) What type of postembryonic development is typical for most mammals?

a) complete transformation

b) direct

c) indirect

d) incomplete transformation

5) In the process of formation of germ cells, the number of germ cells is halved

a) chromosomes b) ribosomes c) mitochondria d) chloroplasts

6) Sexual reproduction compared to asexual:
a) provides a large number of offspring

b) maintains the genetic stability of the species
c) leads to greater biological diversity
d) ensures better adaptation of the body to the environment

7) Not formed mitotically:
a) epithelial cells b) spermatozoa c) leukocytes d) muscle cells

8) In the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs:
a) before mitosis b) after mitosis c) during mitosis d) constantly

9) In anaphase of mitosis occurs:
a) spiralization of homologous chromosomes b) divergence of homologous chromosomes
c) division of the cytoplasm d) DNA duplication

10) During sexual reproduction the following is observed:
a) complete reproduction of parental characteristics

b) recombination of traits and properties of parent organisms
c) maintaining the number of females

d) predominance of males

Part B.1.

Select the signs of mitosis:

A) as a result of division, the number of chromosomes in the cell remains the same

B) the process ends as a result of one division

C) as a result of fission, 4 nuclei are formed

D) the process goes through two stages of division

D) the process ensures the growth and development of the organism, its asexual reproduction

E) the process ensures the formation of gametes and sexual reproduction of animals.

Q 2. Establish a correspondence between the form of reproduction and its type:

Part C

What is the biological significance of mitosis?

Answers

Option #1. Option #1. Part 1. Part 1.

1 – in 1 - B

2 – g 2 - B

3 - in 3 - in

4 - c 4 - b

5 – g 5 - a

6 - at 6 - at

7 - b 7 - b

8 - at 8 - a

9 – d 9 – b

10 – g 10 - b

IN 1. B; IN; D IN 1. A; B; D

AT 2. A –1 AT 2. A - 2

B – 1 B - 1

B – 2 B – 2

G – 1 G - 2

Part A (only one correct answer)
A1. What chromosome set can a human sperm have?
1) 44 autosomes and XY chromosomes;
2) 23 autosomes and an X chromosome;
3) 22 autosomes and an X chromosome;
4) 23 autosomes and a Y chromosome.

A2. Ferns reproduce using:
1) seeds; 2) dispute; 3) kidneys; 4) leaves.

A3. The nucleus of a flowering plant zygote contains 20 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are contained in the cells of its leaves?

1) 10 chromosomes;	3) 20 chromosomes;
2) 15 chromosomes;	4) 30 chromosomes.

A4. Fertilization is:
1) the birth of a new organism;
2) fusion of male and female reproductive cells;
3) mating of two individuals of different sexes;
4) development of individuals from gametes.

A5. Which example refers to sexual reproduction?
1) hydra budding;
2) dividing the amoeba into two individuals;
3) the formation of a new plant at the end of a creeping shoot;
4) conjugation in ciliates.

A6. Parthenogenesis is:
1) development of an individual from an unfertilized egg;
2) development of an individual from sperm;
3) development of an individual from a zygote;
4) development of an individual from a diploid somatic cell.

A8. Why are most garden plants propagated vegetatively?
1) they are not capable of producing seeds;
2) varietal characteristics are preserved;
3) productivity and sustainability increases;
4) organisms arise with new, more advantageous traits for humans.

A9. Hermaphrodites are:

A10. In embryonic development, kidneys in vertebrates are formed from:
1) mesoderm; 2) endoderm; 3) ectoderm; 4) whole.

A11. The formation of a diploid set of chromosomes in the zygote occurs due to:
1) mitosis; 2) crushing; 3) fertilization; 4) meiosis.

A12. In angiosperms, the egg is produced:

A15. External (external) fertilization is typical for most:

1) cartilaginous fish;	3) reptiles;
2) bony fish;	4) insects.

A16. Bacterial spores, as opposed to plant spores:
1) serve for reproduction;
2) contain a supply of nutrients;
3) help to survive under unfavorable conditions;
4) contain a haploid set of chromosomes.

A17. Determine the correct life cycle of the common bumblebee:
1) egg, pupa, larva, adult bumblebee;
2) egg, larva, pupa, adult bumblebee;
3) egg, larva, adult bumblebee;
4) larva, egg, pupa, adult bumblebee.

A18. Parthenogenesis is characteristic of:
1) butterflies; 2) aphids; 3) dragonflies; 4) mosquitoes.

A19. The secondary body cavity first appears in:

A20. The ontogeny of an organism begins with:
1) fertilization;
2) fragmentation of the zygote;
3) birth of an individual;
4) gastrulation and formation of germ layers.

A21. What do a sperm and an egg have in common?
1) set of chromosomes;
2) supply of nutrients;
3) mobility;
4) dimensions.

A22. In cephalopods, postembryonic development:
1) indirect, with incomplete transformation;
2) indirect, with complete transformation;
3) indirect, without the larval stage;
4) direct.

A23. The lancelet is characterized by:
1) complete uniform crushing;
2) complete uneven crushing;
3) incomplete discoidal crushing;
4) incomplete surface crushing.

A24. The outer layer of the gastrula is formed by cells:
1) epithelium; 2) endoderm; 3) mesoderm; 4) ectoderm.

A25. An example of two-layer animals is:

A26. The zygote is crushed:
1) mitosis; 2) amitosis; 3) meiosis; 4) fragmentation.

A27. The third germ layer first appears in:

A28. Deuterostome animals include:
1) insects;
2) marine gastropods;
3) echinoderms;
4) corals.

A29. Human cartilage tissue develops from:
1) ectoderm; 2) endoderm; 3) mesoderm; 4) bone tissue.

A30. The primary body cavity in adulthood is preserved only in:

Part B
In tasks B1-B3, choose three correct answers out of six.
B1. The sperm, unlike the egg, is characterized by:
1) active movement;
2) smaller size;
3) haploid set of chromosomes;
4) almost complete absence of organic matter reserves;
5) rounded shape;
6) formation during the process of meiosis.

B2. What signs are characteristic of sexual reproduction?
1) two individuals must participate;
2) the new organism is not an exact copy of the maternal one;
3) specialized cells are formed - sperm and eggs;
4) there is no exchange of genetic information;
5) one of the methods of this type of reproduction is parthenogenesis;
6) it includes schizogony.

B3. Select the signs characteristic of blastula:
1) formed as a result of crushing;
2) consists of two or three germ layers;
3) its wall in all animals is multilayered;
4) there is usually a cavity inside;
5) it is approximately equal in size to a zygote;
6) occurs only in organisms with indirect development.

When completing tasks B4-B7, establish a correspondence between the contents of the first and second columns.
B4. Establish a correspondence between an organism and its preferred method of reproduction.

B5. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the stage of embryonic development of the lancelet for which it is characteristic.

B6. Establish a correspondence between a human organ and the germ layer from which this organ develops.

B7. Establish a correspondence between the animal and the type of its postembryonic development.

B8. Establish the sequence of stages of oogenesis:
1) an increase in cell size and accumulation of nutrients in it;
2) formation of an egg;
3) the cell begins to divide by meiosis;
4) the primary germ cell divides by mitosis;
5) formation of one directional body.

Part C
C1. Why is sexual reproduction considered more evolutionarily advantageous than asexual reproduction?

C2. What are the advantages of indirect development? Provide at least three facts.

C3. How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis? Name at least three differences.

C4. Why do animals with external fertilization tend to produce many more gametes than animals with internal fertilization?

C5. If an organism is capable of reproducing asexually and sexually, then in most cases, under favorable conditions, it uses asexual reproduction, and in unfavorable conditions, sexual reproduction. Why?

Biology test.

9th grade.

1 option

2. Write down the biological information on a separate piece of paper.

Biology test.

9th grade.

Topic: “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

Option 2

On a separate piece of paper, write down the numbers from 1 to 10.

Next to each number, put a + if the statement is true, and a - sign if the statement is false.

Female gamete without flagellum.

2. On a separate piece of paper, write down the numbers from 1 to 10.

Next to each number, write down the correct answer.

2. Write down the biological essence of crossing over on a separate piece of paper.

Biology test.

9th grade.

Topic: “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

1 option

There are two main types of reproduction: sexual and asexual.
Sexual reproduction is the self-reproduction of organisms in which one individual participates.
The male gamete can be with or without a flagellum.
Vegetative reproduction is an example of asexual reproduction.
Prokaryotic cells reproduce by simply dividing in two.
Chromosome duplication and chromatid formation occur during prophase.
The process of cell division, as a result of which half as many chromosomes are formed in the nucleus, is called mitosis.
As a result of meiosis, one cell produces four cells with a haploid set of chromosomes.
Meiosis consists of two divisions.
In utero, postembryonic development of the body occurs in the mother's body.

2. Write down the correct answer.

The female gamete is called ______________.
A male gamete without a flagellum is called ___________________.
Sporulation is an example of ______________ reproduction.
The ability to repeat in daughter organisms the unchanged hereditary qualities of the parent, i.e. reproduce homogeneous offspring, a unique property of ________________ reproduction.
The first phase of mitosis is called ___________________.
The chromatids are connected by a constriction called ___________________.
The process of exchanging sections of DNA strands, during which new combinations of genes are formed, is called ______________.
Cell division that results in the formation of sex gametes is called _______________.
Cells with a single set of chromosomes are called _________________.
The development of an individual (individual), determined by heredity and the influence of environmental conditions, is called ______________.

2. Write down the biological essence of sexual reproduction.

Biology test.

9th grade.

Topic: “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

Option 2

1. Next to each number, put + if the statement is true, and a - sign if the statement is false.

Reproduction is the main property of living organisms to reproduce their own kind, ensuring the continued existence of the species.
Asexual reproduction is the self-reproduction of organisms in which two individuals participate.
Female gamete without flagellum.
Budding is an example of asexual reproduction.
The nuclei of eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis.
The separation of centromeres and the divergence of chromatids to the cell poles occurs during prophase.
The process of cell division, as a result of which the same number of chromosomes is formed in the nucleus, is called meiosis.
As a result of mitosis, one cell produces two cells with a diploid set of chromosomes.
Mitosis consists of one division.
After birth or emergence from the egg, the embryonic development of the organism begins.

2. Write down the correct answer.

When sex gametes fuse, ________________ is formed.
A male gamete with a flagellum is called ___________________.
Dividing a cell into two is an example of _______________ reproduction.
Constant renewal of hereditary properties in daughter generations of organisms occurs during _____________ reproduction.
The second phase of mitosis is called ___________________.
Duplicated chromosomes consist of two thread-like copies called ______________.
The duplication of chromosomes and the formation of chromatids is called ______________.
Chromosomes that form pairs with each other are called _________________.
Cells with a double set of chromosomes are called _________________.
In the individual development of a multicellular organism, ____ periods are distinguished.

2. Write down the biological essence of crossing over.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Concepts in biology.

9th grade.

Topic: “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

1 option

There are two main types of reproduction: sexual and asexual.
The essence of sexual reproduction.
Centromere.
Crossing over.
Mitosis and meiosis.
Phases of mitosis.
Ontogenesis.

Concepts in biology.

9th grade.

Topic: “Reproduction and individual development of organisms”

1 option

There are two main types of reproduction: sexual and asexual.
The essence of sexual reproduction.
The essence of asexual reproduction.
Sex gametes. With and without flagella.
Types of asexual reproduction: vegetative reproduction, budding, sporulation, cell division in two.
Division of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Chromosome duplication and chromatid formation.
Centromere.
Crossing over.
Mitosis and meiosis.
Phases of mitosis.
Ontogenesis.
Haploid and diploid set of chromosomes.
Embryonic and postembryonic development of the body.