Einstein inventions. Albert Einstein short biography

A well-known figure in the world of natural sciences, Albert Einstein (life: 1879-1955) is known even to humanists who do not like exact subjects, because the man’s surname has become a household name for people with incredible mental abilities.

Einstein is the founder of physics in its modern sense: the great scientist is the founder of the theory of relativity and the author of more than three hundred scientific works. Albert is also known as a publicist and public figure, who is an honorary doctor of about twenty higher educational institutions in the world. This man is attractive because of his ambiguity: the facts say that, despite his incredible intelligence, he was clueless in solving everyday issues, which makes him an interesting figure in the eyes of the public.

Childhood and youth

The biography of the great scientist begins with the small German city of Ulm, located on the Danube River - this is the place where Albert was born on March 14, 1879 in a poor family of Jewish origin.

The father of the brilliant physicist Herman was engaged in the production of filling mattresses with feather stuffing, but soon Albert’s family moved to the city of Munich. Herman, together with Jacob, his brother, started a small company selling electrical equipment, which at first developed successfully, but soon could not withstand the competition of large companies.

As a child, Albert was considered a slow-witted child; for example, he did not speak until he was three years old. Parents were even afraid that their child would never learn to pronounce words when, at the age of 7, Albert could barely move his lips, trying to repeat memorized phrases. Also, the scientist’s mother Paulina was afraid that the child had a congenital deformity: the boy had a large back of the head that protruded strongly forward, and Einstein’s grandmother constantly repeated that her grandson was fat.

Albert had little contact with his peers and liked solitude more, for example, building houses of cards. From an early age, the great physicist showed a negative attitude towards war: he hated the noisy game of toy soldiers, because it personifies a bloody war. Einstein’s attitude towards war did not change throughout his later life: he actively opposed bloodshed and nuclear weapons.

A vivid memory of the genius is the compass that Albert received from his father at the age of five. Then the boy was sick, and Herman showed him an object that interested the child: what’s surprising is that the arrow on the device showed the same direction. This small object aroused incredible interest in young Einstein.

Little Albert was often taught by his uncle Jacob, who from childhood instilled in his nephew a love for the exact mathematical sciences. They read textbooks on geometry and mathematics together, and solving a problem on their own was always a joy for the young genius. However, Einstein’s mother Paulina had a negative attitude towards such activities and believed that for a five-year-old child, love for the exact sciences would not turn out to be anything good. But it was clear that this man would make great discoveries in the future.

Albert Einstein with his sister

It is also known that Albert was interested in religion from childhood; he believed that it was impossible to begin to study the universe without understanding God. The future scientist watched the clergy with trepidation and did not understand why the higher biblical mind did not stop the wars. When the boy was 12 years old, his religious beliefs sank into oblivion due to the study of scientific books. Einstein became a believer that the Bible was a highly developed system for controlling youth.

After graduating from school, Albert enters the Munich gymnasium. His teachers considered him mentally retarded due to the same speech impediment. Einstein studied only those subjects that interested him, ignoring history, literature and the German language. He had special problems with the German language: the teacher told Albert to his face that he would not graduate from school.

Albert Einstein at age 14

Einstein hated going to school and believed that the teachers themselves did not know much, but instead imagined themselves as upstarts who were allowed to do everything. Because of such judgments, young Albert constantly entered into arguments with them, so he developed a reputation as not only a backward student, but also a poor student.

Without graduating from high school, 16-year-old Albert and his family move to sunny Italy, to Milan. In the hope of enrolling at ETH Zurich, the future scientist sets off from Italy to Sweden on foot. Einstein managed to show decent results in the exact sciences in the exam, but Albert completely failed the humanities. But the rector of the technical school appreciated the teenager’s outstanding abilities and advised him to enter the Aarau school in Switzerland, which, by the way, was considered far from the best. And Einstein was not considered a genius at all at this school.

The best students of Aarau left to receive higher education in the German capital, but in Berlin the abilities of the graduates were poorly rated. Albert found out the texts of the problems that the director's favorites couldn't solve and solved them. After which the satisfied future scientist came to Schneider’s office, showing him the solved problems. Albert angered the head of the school by saying that he was unfairly choosing students for competitions.

After successfully completing his studies, Albert enters the educational institution of his dreams - the Zurich school. However, the relationship with the professor of the department, Weber, was bad for the young genius: the two physicists constantly fought and argued.

Beginning of a scientific career

Due to disagreements with professors at the institute, Albert's path to science was closed. He passed the exams well, but not perfectly, the professors refused the student a scientific career. Einstein worked with interest at the scientific department of the Polytechnic Institute; Weber said that his student was a smart guy, but did not take criticism.

At the age of 22, Albert received a teaching diploma in mathematics and physics. But because of the same quarrels with teachers, Einstein could not find a job, spending two years in a painful search for permanent income. Albert lived poorly and could not even buy food. The scientist's friends helped him get a job at the patent office, where he worked for quite a long time.

In 1904, Albert began collaborating with the journal Annals of Physics, gaining authority in the publication, and in 1905 the scientist published his own scientific works. But a revolution in the world of science was made by three articles of the great physicist:

To the electrodynamics of moving bodies, which became the basis of the theory of relativity;
The work that laid the foundation for quantum theory;
A scientific article that made a discovery in statistical physics about Brownian motion.

Theory of relativity

Einstein's theory of relativity radically changed scientific physical concepts, which were previously based on Newtonian mechanics, which existed for about two hundred years. But only a few could fully understand the theory of relativity developed by Albert Einstein, so in educational institutions only the special theory of relativity, which is part of the general one, is taught. SRT speaks of the dependence of space and time on speed: the higher the speed of a body’s movement, the more both dimensions and time are distorted.

According to STR, time travel is possible by overcoming the speed of light, therefore, based on the impossibility of such travel, a restriction has been introduced: the speed of any object cannot exceed the speed of light. For small speeds, space and time are not distorted, so the classical laws of mechanics are applied here, and high speeds, for which the distortion is noticeable, are called relativistic. And this is only a small part of both the special and general theories of Einstein’s entire movement.

Nobel Prize

Albert Einstein was nominated for the Nobel Prize more than once, but this award bypassed the scientist for about 12 years because of his new and not everyone understood views on exact science. However, the committee decided to compromise and nominate Albert for his work on the theory of the photoelectric effect, for which the scientist was awarded the prize. All because this invention is not so revolutionary, unlike general relativity, for which Albert, in fact, was preparing a speech.

However, at the time the scientist received a telegram from the nomination committee, the scientist was in Japan, so they decided to present him with the award in 1922 for 1921. However, there are rumors that Albert knew long before the trip that he would be nominated. But the scientist decided not to stay in Stockholm at such a crucial moment.

Personal life

The life of the great scientist is covered with interesting facts: Albert Einstein is a strange man. It is known that he did not like to wear socks, and also hated brushing his teeth. In addition, he had a poor memory for simple things, such as telephone numbers.

Albert married Mileva Maric at the age of 26. Despite the 11-year marriage, the couple soon had disagreements about family life, rumored to be due to the fact that Albert was still a womanizer and had about ten passions. However, he offered his wife a contract of cohabitation, according to which she had to comply with certain conditions, for example, periodically wash things. But according to the contract, Mileva and Albert did not provide for any love relationships: the former spouses even slept separately. The genius had children from his first marriage: the youngest son died while in a psychiatric hospital, and the scientist did not have a good relationship with the eldest.

After divorcing Mileva, the scientist married Elsa Leventhal, his cousin. However, he was also interested in Elsa’s daughter, who did not have mutual feelings for a man who was 18 years older than her.

Many who knew the scientist noted that he was an unusually kind person, ready to lend a helping hand and admit mistakes.

Cause of death and memory

In the spring of 1955, during a walk, Einstein and his friend had a simple conversation about life and death, during which the 76-year-old scientist said that death is also a relief.

On April 13, Albert’s condition worsened sharply: doctors diagnosed an aortic aneurysm, but the scientist refused to operate. Albert was in the hospital, where he suddenly became ill. He whispered words in his native language, but the nurse could not understand them. The woman approached the patient’s bed, but Einstein had already died from a hemorrhage in the abdominal cavity on April 18, 1955. All his friends spoke of him as a meek and very kind person. This was a bitter loss for the entire scientific world.

Quotes

Quotes from a physicist about philosophy and life are a subject for a separate discussion. Einstein formed his own and independent view of life, which more than one generation agrees with.

There are only two ways to live life. The first is as if miracles do not exist. The second one is like there are only miracles all around.
If you want to lead a happy life, you must be attached to a goal, not to people or things.
Logic can take you from point A to point B, and imagination can take you anywhere...
If the theory of relativity is confirmed, the Germans will say that I am a German, and the French will say that I am a citizen of the world; but if my theory is refuted, the French will declare me a German, and the Germans a Jew.
If a cluttered desk means a cluttered mind, then what does an empty desk mean?
People cause me seasickness, not the sea. But I'm afraid science has not yet found a cure for this disease.
Education is what remains after everything learned at school is forgotten.
We are all geniuses. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life thinking it is stupid.
The only thing that prevents me from studying is the education I received.
Strive not to achieve success, but to ensure that your life has meaning.

The discovery of the theory of relativity was surrounded by serious but little-known accusations of plagiarism by Einstein, David Hilbert and his supporters. It all started when Hilbert claimed that he was the first to come up with the general theory of relativity and that his work was copied by Einstein without proper credit. Einstein denied the accusations, saying that it was Hilbert who copied several of Einstein's earlier works.

At first, most people assumed that both scientists had worked independently on general relativity and that Hilbert had submitted the paper with the correct equations five days before Einstein. However, after historians decided to look into the matter, they discovered that it was Hilbert who borrowed several ideas from Einstein without mentioning his name.

Apparently, the proofs originally presented by Hilbert were missing an important step, without which they were incorrect. By the time Hilbert's work was published, he had already corrected the error. And he contrasted his work with Einstein’s, which was published much earlier.

He did well in high school

Einstein was an excellent high school student. Moreover, he was so good at mathematics that he studied calculus at the age of 12, three years earlier than usual. At the age of 15, Einstein wrote an advanced essay that became the basis for his later work on the theory of relativity.

The myth that Einstein was terrible at school was born out of differences in marking systems between German and Swiss schools. When Einstein exchanged the German school for one in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland, the classification system - from 1 to 6 (like ours from 5 to 1) - was inverted. A 6, which was the lowest score, became the highest score, and a 1, which was the highest score, became the lowest score.

However, Einstein failed the college entrance exam. Before getting to Aargau, where the myth of poor academic performance originated, he tried to enter the Federal Polytechnic School in Switzerland. And although he passed exams in mathematics and physics with flying colors, he scored poorly in some non-scientific subjects, especially French.

His inventions

During Einstein's life, he was credited with several inventions, including the Einstein refrigerator, which he invented with his friend and colleague physicist Leo Szilard. Unlike regular refrigerators, Einstein's refrigerator did not use electricity. It cooled food through a process of absorption, which uses pressure changes between gases and liquids to lower the temperature in the food chamber.

Einstein wanted to invent his own refrigerator after hearing about the death of a German family who were poisoned by toxic gases leaking from an ordinary refrigerator. In the 1800s, mechanical compressors in refrigerators could have defective seals that leaked poisonous gases, sulfur dioxide and methyl chloride.

Einstein also invented the pump and the blouse. The blouse had two sets of buttons sewn parallel to each other. One set of buttons would suit a thin person, and the other would suit a heavier person. A skinny person who would buy an Einstein blouse could gain weight and simply switch to a different set of buttons. Just like a curvy person who has lost weight. Saving.

The loophole that could make the US a dictator

Kurt Gödel was among the scientists who fled to the United States from Nazi-controlled areas during World War II. Unlike Einstein, Gödel had difficulty obtaining American citizenship. When he was finally invited to a citizenship interview, he had to bring two people with him who could vouch for his behavior. Gödel took friends Oscar Morgenstern and Einstein.

Gödel read a lot in preparation for the interview, which, quite by chance, was conducted by Judge Philip Foreman, a friend of Einstein. When Foreman expressed the hope that the United States was not and would never become a dictatorship, Godel objected, saying that the United States could very well acquire a dictatorship due to a loophole in the Constitution.

He was about to explain, but Einstein interrupted Gödel, since his answer could ruin his chances of becoming a citizen. Judge Foreman quickly continued the interview, and Godel became a US citizen.

This incident became known only thanks to Morgenstern's diary entry. However, it does not say what the loophole was or how the US could become a country with a dictatorship. No one knows which part of the Constitution contains the obvious loophole, but there is speculation that Gödel was thinking about Article 5, which allows changes to the Constitution. It is quite possible that some amendments could legally destroy it.

The FBI tracked Einstein from 1933, when he came to the United States, until his death in 1955. The Bureau tapped his phone, intercepted his letter, and searched his trash for evidence that might point to a suspicious group or activity, including spying for the Soviet Union. At one point, the FBI even teamed up with the immigration service in search of a reason to deport a scientist. Einstein was suspected of being an anti-government radical or communist due to his political views and connections to pacifist and human rights groups.

Before Einstein arrived in the United States, the Women's Patriotic Corporation sent a 16-page letter to the State Department protesting the scientist's entry into the country. She argued that even Joseph Stalin was less associated with communist groups than Einstein.

As a result, the State Department thoroughly questioned Einstein about his political beliefs before issuing the visa. Angry, Einstein angrily told his interviewers that the American people had begged him to come to the United States and he would not tolerate being treated as a suspect. Having already received citizenship, Einstein remained in the United States, even knowing that he was under surveillance. Once he even told the Polish ambassador that their conversation was secretly recorded.

He regretted his involvement in the atomic bomb

Einstein never took part in , the US government program that created the first nuclear bombs during World War II. Even if he wanted to participate, he would be refused due to security reasons. Scientists who took part in the project were also prohibited from meeting with him.

Einstein's only contribution was signing a letter asking President Roosevelt to develop an atomic bomb. Together with physicist Leo Szilard, Einstein wrote a letter after learning that German scientists had split the uranium atom.

Although Einstein knew about the extremely destructive power of the atomic bomb, he got involved in the first place because he was afraid that the Germans would be the first to make a bomb. But later he regretted writing and signing the letter. When he heard that the United States had dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, he responded, “Woe is me.” Einstein later admitted that he would not have signed the letter if he had known that the Germans would never make a bomb.

Born in 1910, Eduard was the second son of Einstein and his wife Mileva Maric. Eduard (nicknamed "Tete" or "Tetel") was often ill as a child and was diagnosed as a schizophrenic at the age of 20. Mileva, who divorced Einstein in 1919, initially cared for Eduard but later committed him to a mental institution.

Einstein was not surprised when Tete received this diagnosis. Mileva's sister suffered from schizophrenia and Tete often exhibited behavior that indicated illness. Einstein fled Germany for the United States a year after Tete was hospitalized. Although Einstein often visited his sons when they all lived in Europe, once in America, he limited himself to letters.

Einstein's letters to Edward were rare, but very sincere. In one letter, Einstein compared people to the sea, noting that they can be “affable and friendly” or “turbulent and complex.” He added that he would like to see his son this coming spring. Unfortunately, World War II broke out and Einstein never saw Tete again.

After Mileva's death in 1948, Tete remained in the hospital for another nine years. He spent eight years with a foster family, but returned to the hospital when his foster mother became ill. Tete died in 1965.

Einstein was a heavy smoker

More than anything in the world, Einstein loved his violin and pipe. A heavy smoker, he once said that he believed smoking was necessary for peace and "objective judgement" in people. When his doctor prescribed him to quit his bad habit, Einstein put his pipe in his mouth and lit a cigarette. Sometimes he would also pick up cigarette butts on the streets to light in his pipe.

Einstein received life membership in the Montreal Pipe Smoking Club. One day he fell overboard while on a boat, but managed to save his treasured pipe from the water. Apart from his many manuscripts and letters, the pipe remains one of the few personal belongings of Einstein that we have.

He loved women

When Einstein wasn't working on E=mc^2, smoking, writing letters, or designing a blouse, he entertained himself with women. His letters show how much he loved women, or, in Einstein's own words, how much women loved him.

In an interview with NBC News, Hanoch Gutfreund, chairman of the Albert Einstein World Exhibition at Hebrew University, described Einstein's marriage to his second wife Elsa as a "marriage of convenience." Gutfreund also believes that the 3,500 pages of Einstein's letters, published in 2006, show that Einstein was not such a bad father and husband as originally thought.

Admitting that he could not stay with one woman, Einstein was open with Elsa about his extramarital affairs. He often wrote to her in letters about how many women gathered around him, which he himself described as unwanted attention. While married, he had at least six girlfriends, including Estella, Ethel, Tony and Margarita.

In a letter to his stepdaughter Margot in 1931, Einstein wrote: “It is true that M. has followed me to England, and her persecution is getting out of control. Of all the ladies, I am really attached only to Mrs. L., who is absolutely harmless and decent.”

Einstein's biggest mistake

Einstein may have been a brilliant scientist, but he was far from perfect. In fact, he made at least seven mistakes in various proofs of E = mc^2. Nevertheless, in 1917 he admitted his “greatest mistake.” He added the cosmological constant - represented by the Greek letter lambda - to the equations of general relativity. Lambda represented the force that counteracts the pull of gravity. Einstein added lambda because most scientists believed that the universe was stable at that time.

Einstein later removed the constant when he discovered that his previous equations were correct and the Universe was actually expanding. But in 2010, scientists found that equations with lambda may well be correct. Lambda may explain "dark energy", a theoretical force that opposes gravity and .

One of the most famous personalities of the first half of the 20th century was Albert Einstein. This great scientist achieved a lot in his life, becoming not only a Nobel laureate, but also radically changing scientific ideas about the Universe.

He has written about 300 scientific papers and about 150 books and articles in various fields of knowledge.

Born in 1879 in Germany, he lived for 76 years, dying on April 18, 1955 in, where he worked for the last 15 years of his life.

Some of Einstein's contemporaries said that communicating with him was like the fourth dimension. Of course, she is often surrounded by a halo of glory and various legends. That is why there are often cases when certain moments from their enthusiastic fans are deliberately exaggerated.

We offer you interesting facts from the life of Albert Einstein.

Photo from 1947

As we said at the beginning, Albert Einstein was extremely famous. Therefore, when random passers-by stopped him on the street, asking in a jubilant voice if it was him, the scientist often said: “No, sorry, they always confuse me with Einstein!”

One day he was asked what the speed of sound is. To this the great physicist replied: “I do not have the habit of remembering things that can easily be found in a book.”

It is curious that little Albert developed very slowly as a child. His parents were worried that he would be retarded, since he began to speak tolerably only at the age of 7. It is believed that he had a form of autism, possibly Asperger's Syndrome.

Einstein's great love for music is well known. He learned to play the violin as a child and carried it with him all his life.

One day, while reading a newspaper, a scientist came across an article that reported that an entire family had died due to a leak of sulfur dioxide from a faulty refrigerator. Deciding that this was a mess, Albert Einstein, together with his former student, invented a refrigerator with a different, safer principle of operation. The invention was called “Einstein’s Refrigerator.”

It is known that the great physicist had an active civic position. He was an ardent supporter of the civil rights movement and declared that Jews in Germany and blacks in America had equal rights. “Ultimately, we are all human,” he said.

Albert Einstein was a convinced man and spoke out strongly against all Nazism.

Surely everyone has seen the photograph where the scientist sticks out his tongue. An interesting fact is that this photo was taken on the eve of his 72nd birthday. Tired of cameras, Albert Einstein stuck out his tongue at another request to smile. Now all over the world this photograph is not only known, but also everyone interprets it in their own way, giving it a metaphysical meaning.

The fact is that when signing one of the photographs with his tongue hanging out, the genius said that his gesture was addressed to all of humanity. How can we do without metaphysics! By the way, contemporaries always emphasized the scientist’s subtle humor and ability to make witty jokes.

It is known that Einstein was Jewish by nationality. So in 1952, when the state was just beginning to form into a full-fledged power, the great scientist was offered to become president. Of course, the physicist flatly refused such a high post, citing the fact that he was a scientist and did not have enough experience to govern the country.

On the eve of his death, he was offered to undergo surgery, but he refused, saying that “artificial prolongation of life makes no sense.” In general, all the visitors who came to see the dying genius noted his absolute calm, and even cheerful mood. He expected death as an ordinary natural phenomenon, such as rain. In this it is somewhat reminiscent of .

An interesting fact is that the last words of Albert Einstein are unknown. He spoke them in German, which his American nurse did not know.

Taking advantage of his incredible popularity, the scientist for some time charged one dollar for each autograph. He donated the proceeds to charity.

After one scientific dialogue with his colleagues, Albert Einstein said: “God does not play dice.” To which Niels Bohr objected: “Stop telling God what to do!”

Interestingly, the scientist never considered himself an atheist. But he also did not believe in a personal God. It is certain that he stated that he preferred humility corresponding to the weakness of our intellectual awareness. Apparently, until his death he never decided on this concept, remaining a humble questioner.

There is a misconception that Albert Einstein was not very good at . In fact, at the age of 15 he had already mastered differential and integral calculus.

Einstein at 14

Having received a check for $1,500 from the Rockefeller Foundation, the great physicist used it as a bookmark for a book. But, alas, he lost this book.

In general, there were legends about his absent-mindedness. One day Einstein was riding on a Berlin tram and was thinking intently about something. The conductor, who did not recognize him, received the wrong amount for the ticket and corrected him. And indeed, rummaging in his pocket, the great scientist discovered the missing coins and paid. “It’s okay, grandpa,” said the conductor, “you just need to learn arithmetic.”

Interestingly, Albert Einstein never wore socks. He did not give any special explanations about this, but even at the most formal events his shoes were worn on bare feet.

It sounds incredible, but Einstein's brain was stolen. After his death in 1955, pathologist Thomas Harvey removed the scientist's brain and took photographs of it from different angles. Then, cutting the brain into many small pieces, he sent them to various laboratories for 40 years to be examined by the best neurologists in the world.

It is noteworthy that the scientist, during his lifetime, agreed to have his brain examined after his death. But he did not consent to the theft of Thomas Harvey!

In general, the will of the brilliant physicist was to be cremated after death, which was done, but only, as you already guessed, without a brain. Even during his lifetime, Einstein was an ardent opponent of any cult of personality, so he did not want his grave to become a place of pilgrimage. His ashes were scattered to the wind.

An interesting fact is that Albert Einstein became interested in science as a child. When he was 5 years old, he fell ill with something. His father, to calm him down, showed him a compass. Little Albert was amazed that the arrow constantly pointed in one direction, no matter how he turned this mysterious device. He decided that there was some force that made the arrow behave this way. By the way, after the scientist became famous throughout the world, this story was often told.

Albert Einstein was very fond of the “Maxims” of the outstanding French thinker and political figure François de La Rochefoucauld. He re-read them constantly.

In general, in literature, the genius of physics preferred Bertolt Brecht.

Einstein at the Patent Office (1905)

At the age of 17, Albert Einstein wanted to enter the Swiss Higher Technical School in Zurich. However, he only passed the math exam and failed all the others. For this reason, he had to go to a vocational school. A year later, he still managed to pass the required exams.

When radicals took the rector and several professors hostage in 1914, Albert Einstein, along with Max Born, went to negotiate. They managed to find a common language with the rioters, and the situation was resolved peacefully. From this we can conclude that the scientist was not a timid person.

By the way, here is an extremely rare photo of the master. We'll do without any comments - just admire the genius!

Albert Einstein at a lecture

Another interesting fact that not everyone knows. Einstein was first nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1910 for his theory of relativity. However, the committee found her evidence insufficient. Further, every year (!), except 1911 and 1915, he was recommended for this prestigious award by various physicists.

And only in November 1922 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 1921. A diplomatic way out of the awkward situation was found. Einstein was awarded the prize not for the theory of relativity, but for the theory of the photoelectric effect, although the text of the decision included a postscript: “... and for other work in the field of theoretical physics.”

As a result, we see that one of the greatest physicists, considered to be, was awarded only the tenth time. Why is this such a stretch? Very fertile ground for lovers of conspiracy theories.

Did you know that Master Yoda's face from the Star Wars movie is based on images of Einstein? The facial expressions of a genius were used as a prototype.

Despite the fact that the scientist died back in 1955, he confidently occupies 7th place in the “” list. Annual income from sales of Baby Einstein products is more than $10 million.

There is a common belief that Albert Einstein was a vegetarian. But this is not true. In principle, he supported this movement, but he himself began to follow a vegetarian diet about a year before his death.

Einstein's personal life

In 1903, Albert Einstein married his classmate Mileva Maric, who was 4 years older than him.

The year before, they had an illegitimate daughter. However, due to financial difficulties, the young father insisted on giving the child to Mileva’s wealthy but childless relatives, who themselves wanted this. In general, it must be said that the physicist did his best to hide this dark story. Therefore, there is no detailed information about this daughter. Some biographers believe that she died in childhood.

Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric (first wife)

When Albert Einstein's scientific career began, success and travel around the world took a toll on his relationship with Mileva. They were on the verge of divorce, but then, nevertheless, they agreed on one strange contract. Einstein invited his wife to continue living together, provided that she agreed to his demands:

Keep his clothes and room (especially his desk) clean.
Bring breakfast, lunch and dinner to your room regularly.
Complete renunciation of marital relations.
Stop talking when he asks.
Leave his room upon request.

Surprisingly, the wife agreed to these conditions, humiliating for any woman, and they lived together for some time. Although later Mileva Maric still could not stand her husband’s constant betrayals and after 16 years of marriage they divorced.

It is interesting that two years before his first marriage he wrote to his beloved:

“...I have lost my mind, I am dying, I am burning with love and desire. The pillow you sleep on is a hundred times happier than my heart! You come to me at night, but, unfortunately, only in a dream...”

But then everything went according to Dostoevsky: “From love to hate there is one step.” The feelings quickly cooled down and were a burden for both.

By the way, before the divorce, Einstein promised that if he received the Nobel Prize (and this happened in 1922), he would give it all to Mileva. The divorce took place, but he did not give the money received from the Nobel Committee to his ex-wife, but only allowed her to use the interest from it.

In total, they had three children: two legitimate sons and one illegitimate daughter, which we have already talked about. Einstein's youngest son Eduard had great abilities. But as a student, he suffered a severe nervous breakdown, as a result of which he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Entering a psychiatric hospital at age 21, he spent most of his life there, dying at age 55. Albert Einstein himself could not come to terms with the idea that he had a mentally ill son. There are letters in which he complains that it would be better if he had never been born.

Mileva Maric (first wife) and Einstein's two sons

Einstein had an extremely bad relationship with his eldest son Hans. And until the death of the scientist. Biographers believe that this is directly related to the fact that he did not give the Nobel Prize to his wife, as promised, but only the interest. Hans is the only successor to the Einstein family, although his father bequeathed an extremely small inheritance to him.

It is important to emphasize here that after the divorce, Mileva Maric suffered from depression for a long time and was treated by various psychoanalysts. Albert Einstein felt guilty about her all his life.

However, the great physicist was a real ladies' man. After divorcing his first wife, he literally immediately married his cousin (on his mother’s side) Elsa. During this marriage, he had many mistresses, which Elsa knew very well. Moreover, they spoke freely on this topic. Apparently, the official status of the wife of a world-famous scientist was enough for Elsa.

Albert Einstein and Elsa (second wife)

This second wife of Albert Einstein was also divorced, had two daughters and, like the physicist’s first wife, was three years older than her scientist husband. Despite the fact that they did not have children together, they lived together until Elsa's death in 1936.

An interesting fact is that Einstein initially considered marrying Elsa’s daughter, who was 18 years younger than him. However, she did not agree, so she had to marry her mother.

Stories from the life of Einstein

Stories from the lives of great people are always extremely interesting. Although, to be objective, any person in this sense is of enormous interest. It’s just that more attention is always paid to outstanding representatives of humanity. We are pleased to idealize the image of a genius, attributing to him supernatural actions, words and phrases.

Count to three

One day Albert Einstein was at a party. Knowing that the great scientist was fond of playing the violin, the owners asked him to play together with the composer Hans Eisler, who was present here. After preparations, they tried to play.

However, Einstein just couldn’t keep up with the beat, and no matter how hard they tried, they couldn’t even play the introduction properly. Then Eisler rose from the piano and said:

“I don’t understand why the whole world considers a man great who can’t count to three!”

Brilliant violinist

They say that Albert Einstein once performed at a charity concert together with the famous cellist Grigory Pyatigorsky. There was a journalist in the hall who was supposed to write a report about the concert. Turning to one of the listeners and pointing to Einstein, he asked in a whisper:

- Do you know the name of this man with a mustache and a violin?

- What are you talking about! - the lady exclaimed. - After all, this is the great Einstein himself!

Embarrassed, the journalist thanked her and began frantically writing something in his notebook. The next day, an article appeared in the newspaper that an outstanding composer and incomparable violin virtuoso named Einstein, who eclipsed Pyatigorsky himself with his skill, performed at the concert.

This amused Einstein so much, who was already very fond of humor, that he cut out this note and, on occasion, said to his friends:

- Do you think I'm a scientist? This is a deep misconception! I'm actually a famous violinist!

Great Thoughts

Another interesting case is that of a journalist who asked Einstein where he wrote down his great thoughts. To this the scientist replied, looking at the reporter’s thick diary:

“Young man, truly great thoughts come so rarely that they are not at all difficult to remember!”

Time and eternity

Once an American journalist, attacking the famous physicist, asked him what the difference between time and eternity was. To this Albert Einstein replied:

“If I had time to explain this to you, an eternity would pass before you could understand it.”

Two celebrities

In the first half of the 20th century, only two people were truly global celebrities: Einstein and Charlie Chaplin (see). After the release of the film “Gold Rush,” the scientist wrote a telegram to the comedian with the following content:

“I admire your film, which is understandable to the whole world. You will undoubtedly become a great man."

To which Chaplin replied:

“I admire you even more! Your theory of relativity is incomprehensible to anyone in the world, and yet you have become a great man.”

It doesn't matter

We have already written about Albert Einstein’s absent-mindedness. But here is another example from his life.

One day, walking down the street and thinking about the meaning of existence and global problems of humanity, he met an old friend of his, whom he mechanically invited to dinner:

- Come this evening, Professor Stimson will be our guest.

- But I am Stimson! – the interlocutor exclaimed.

“It doesn’t matter, come anyway,” Einstein said absentmindedly.

Colleague

One day, while walking along the corridor of Princeton University, Albert Einstein met a young physicist who had no merit to science except an uncontrolled ego. Having caught up with the famous scientist, the young man tapped him familiarly on the shoulder and asked:

- How are you, colleague?

“How,” Einstein was surprised, “do you also suffer from rheumatism?”

He really couldn't be denied a sense of humor!

Everything but money

One journalist asked Einstein's wife what she thought of her great husband.

“Oh, my husband is a real genius,” answered the wife, “he knows how to do absolutely everything except money!”

Einstein Quotes

Do you think all that simple? Yes, it's simple. But not at all like that.

Anyone who wants to see the results of their labor immediately should become a shoemaker.

Theory is when everything is known, but nothing works. Practice is when everything works, but no one knows why. We combine theory and practice: nothing works... and no one knows why!

There are only two infinite things: the Universe and stupidity. Although I'm not sure about the Universe.

Everyone knows that this is impossible. But then comes an ignorant person who doesn’t know this - he makes a discovery.

I don’t know with what weapons the third world war will be fought, but the fourth will be fought with sticks and stones.

Only a fool needs order - genius rules over chaos.

There are only two ways to live life. The first is as if miracles do not exist. The second one is like there are only miracles all around.

Education is what remains after everything learned at school is forgotten.

We are all geniuses. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life thinking it is stupid.

Only those who make absurd attempts will be able to achieve the impossible.

The greater my fame, the more stupid I become; and this is undoubtedly the general rule.

Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited, while imagination embraces the whole world, stimulating progress, giving rise to evolution.

You will never solve a problem if you think the same way as those who created it.

If the theory of relativity is confirmed, the Germans will say that I am a German, and the French will say that I am a citizen of the world; but if my theory is refuted, the French will declare me a German, and the Germans a Jew.

Mathematics is the only perfect method for fooling yourself.

Through coincidences, God maintains anonymity.

The only thing that prevents me from studying is the education I received.

I survived two wars, two wives and...

I never think about the future. It comes soon enough on its own.

It can take you from point A to point B, and your imagination can take you anywhere.

Never memorize anything you can find in a book.

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In November 1930, physicists Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard received a patent for a refrigerator of their own design. The device, unfortunately, did not gain distribution and was not put into production. This device was not the only invention of Albert Einstein. We decided to talk about five famous developments of the famous physicist.

EINSTEIN'S FRIDGE

Einstein's refrigerator was an absorption refrigerator. Physicists Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard began developing the device in 1926. It was patented on November 11, 1930. The idea of creating a new refrigerator for physicists was prompted by an incident that they read about in the newspaper. The note talked about an incident that occurred in a Berlin family. Members of this family were poisoned due to a leak of sulfur dioxide from a refrigerator.
The refrigerator proposed by Einstein and Szilard had no moving parts and used relatively safe alcohol.
Despite the fact that Einstein received a patent for his invention, his model of the refrigerator was not put into production. The rights to the patent were bought by Electrolux in 1930. Since refrigerators using a compressor and freon gas were more efficient, they replaced the Einstein refrigerator. The only copy disappeared without a trace, leaving only a few photographs of it.
In 2008, a group of scientists from the University of Oxford spent three years creating and developing a prototype of the Einstein refrigerator.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

MAGNETOSTRICTIONAL LOUDSPEAKER

Rudolf Goldschmidt and Albert Einstein received a patent for a magnetostrictive loudspeaker on January 10, 1934. The title of the patent was “A device, particularly for a sound reproduction system, in which changes in electric current due to magnetostriction cause movement of a magnetic body.”
It was assumed that this device would serve, first of all, as a hearing aid. Mutual friends of Einstein and Goldschmidt were the singer Olga and pianist Bruno Eisner. Olga Aizner had difficulty hearing. Goldschmidt and Einstein undertook to help her. It is unknown whether a prototype of such a loudspeaker was created.

AUTOMATIC CAMERA

On October 27, 1936, Bucchi and Einstein received a patent for a camera that automatically adjusted to light levels. In addition to the lens, such a camera had another hole through which light fell on the photocell. When photons hit the photocell, an electric current was generated, which rotated the ring segment located between the objective lenses. The rotation of the segment is greater, and, consequently, the darkening of the lens is greater, the brighter the object is illuminated.

EINSTEIN INDUCTION SUSPENSION

Einstein took part in the development of the gyrocompass. It is known that he collaborated with Anschutz in the development of the device. Einstein, in particular, figured out how to center the gyrosphere in the vertical and horizontal directions, proposing the so-called induction suspension scheme.

VERY LOW VOLTAGE METER

Einstein, together with Konrad Habicht, designed a device in 1908 that measured voltages up to 0.0005 volts. This is how Einstein writes about his invention: “In order to experiment with voltages less than 0.1 V, I built an electrometer and a voltage source. You won’t be able to escape with a grin when you see the masterpiece I’ve created.”

Albert Einstein is a legendary physicist, a leading light of science of the 20th century. He owns the creation general relativity And special theory of relativity, as well as a powerful contribution to the development of other areas of physics. It was GTR that formed the basis of modern physics, combining space with time and describing almost all visible cosmological phenomena, including allowing for the possibility of the existence wormholes, black holes, fabrics of space-time, as well as other gravitational-scale phenomena.

The childhood of a brilliant scientist

The future Nobel laureate was born on March 14, 1879 in the German town of Ulm. At first, nothing foreshadowed a great future for the child: the boy began to speak late, and his speech was somewhat slow. Einstein's first scientific research took place when he was three years old. For his birthday, his parents gave him a compass, which later became his favorite toy. The boy was extremely surprised that the compass needle always pointed to the same point in the room, no matter how it was turned.

Meanwhile, Einstein's parents were concerned about his speech problems. As the scientist’s younger sister Maya Winteler-Einstein said, the boy repeated every phrase he was preparing to utter, even the simplest, to himself for a long time, moving his lips. The habit of speaking slowly later began to irritate Einstein’s teachers. However, despite this, after the first days of studying at a Catholic primary school, he was identified as a capable student and transferred to the second grade.

After his family moved to Munich, Einstein began studying at a gymnasium. However, here, instead of studying, he preferred to study his favorite sciences on his own, which yielded results: in the exact sciences, Einstein was far ahead of his peers. At the age of 16 he mastered differential and integral calculus. At the gymnasium (now the Albert Einstein Gymnasium) he was not among the first students (with the exception of mathematics and Latin). Albert Einstein was disgusted by Albert Einstein's deep-rooted system of rote learning (which he later said was detrimental to the spirit of learning and creative thinking), as well as the authoritarian attitude of teachers towards students, and he often got into arguments with his teachers. At the same time, Einstein read a lot and played the violin beautifully. Later, when the scientist was asked what prompted him to create the theory of relativity, he referred to the novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky and the philosophy of Ancient China.

Youth

Without graduating from high school, 16-year-old Albert went to enter a polytechnic school in Zurich, but “failed” the entrance exams in languages, botany and zoology. At the same time, Einstein brilliantly passed mathematics and physics, after which he was immediately invited to the senior class of the cantonal school in Aarau, after which he became a student at the Zurich Polytechnic. The teaching style and methodology at the Polytechnic differed significantly from the ossified and authoritarian German school, so further education was easier for the young man. Here his teacher was a mathematician Herman Minkowski. They say that it was Minkowski who was responsible for giving the theory of relativity a complete mathematical form.

Einstein managed to graduate from the university with a high score and with negative characteristics from the teachers: At the educational institution, the future Nobel laureate was known as an avid truant. Einstein later said that he “simply did not have time to go to class.”

For a long time the graduate could not find a job. “I was bullied by my professors, who did not like me because of my independence and closed my path to science,” said Einstein.

Beginning of scientific activity and first work

In 1901, the Berlin Annals of Physics published his first article. "Consequences of the theory of capillarity", dedicated to the analysis of the forces of attraction between atoms of liquids based on the theory of capillarity. Former classmate Marcel Grossman helped to overcome difficulties with employment, who recommended Einstein for the position of third-class expert at the Federal Bureau of Patents of Inventions (Bern). Einstein worked at the Patent Office from July 1902 to October 1909, primarily assessing patent applications. In 1903 he became a permanent employee of the Bureau. The nature of the work allowed Einstein to devote his free time to research in the field of theoretical physics.

Personal life

Even at university, Einstein was known as a lover of women, but over time he chose Mileve Maric, whom he met in Zurich. Mileva was four years older than Einstein, but studied in the same course as him. She studied physics, and she and Einstein were brought together by their interest in the works of great scientists. Einstein needed a friend with whom he could share his thoughts about what he was reading. Mileva was a passive listener, but Einstein was quite satisfied with this. At that time, fate did not pit him against a comrade equal to him in mental strength (this did not fully happen later), nor with a girl whose charm did not need a common scientific platform.

Einstein’s wife “shone in mathematics and physics”: she was excellent at performing algebraic calculations and had a good grasp of analytical mechanics. Thanks to these qualities, Maric could take an active part in the writing of all her husband’s major works. The union of Maric and Einstein was destroyed by the latter's inconstancy. Albert Einstein enjoyed enormous success with women, and his wife was constantly tormented by jealousy. Their son Hans-Albert later wrote: “The mother was a typical Slav with very strong and persistent negative emotions. She never forgave insults..."

For the second time, the scientist married his cousin Elsa. Contemporaries considered her a narrow-minded woman, whose range of interests was limited to clothes, jewelry and sweets.

Successful 1905

The year 1905 went down in the history of physics as the “Year of Miracles.” This year, the Annals of Physics published three outstanding papers by Einstein that marked the beginning of a new scientific revolution:

"On the electrodynamics of moving bodies"(the theory of relativity begins with this article).
“On one heuristic point of view concerning the origin and transformation of light”(one of the works that laid the foundation for quantum theory).
“On the motion of particles suspended in a fluid at rest, required by the molecular kinetic theory of heat”(work dedicated to Brownian motion and significantly advanced statistical physics).

It was these works that brought Einstein worldwide fame. On April 30, 1905, he sent the text of his doctoral dissertation on the topic “A New Determination of the Size of Molecules” to the University of Zurich. Although Einstein’s letters are already called “Mr. Professor,” he remained for four more years (until October 1909). And in 1906 he even became a class II expert.

In October 1908, Einstein was invited to read an elective course at the University of Bern, however, without any payment. In 1909, he attended a congress of naturalists in Salzburg, where the elite of German physics gathered, and met Planck for the first time; over 3 years of correspondence they quickly became close friends.

After the convention, Einstein finally received a paid position as extraordinary professor at the University of Zurich (December 1909), where his old friend Marcel Grossmann taught geometry. The pay was small, especially for a family with two children, and in 1911 Einstein without hesitation accepted an invitation to head the department of physics at the German University in Prague. During this period, Einstein continued to publish a series of papers on thermodynamics, relativity and quantum theory. In Prague, he intensifies research on the theory of gravity, setting the goal of creating a relativistic theory of gravity and fulfilling the long-standing dream of physicists - to exclude Newtonian long-range action from this area.

Active period of scientific work

In 1912, Einstein returned to Zurich, where he became a professor at his native Polytechnic and lectured there on physics. In 1913, he attended the Congress of Naturalists in Vienna, visiting 75-year-old Ernst Mach there; Once upon a time, Mach's criticism of Newtonian mechanics made a huge impression on Einstein and ideologically prepared him for the innovations of the theory of relativity. In May 1914, an invitation came from the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, signed by physicist P. P. Lazarev. However, the impressions of the pogroms and the “Beilis case” were still fresh, and Einstein refused: “I find it disgusting to go unnecessarily to a country where my fellow tribesmen are so cruelly persecuted.”

At the end of 1913, on the recommendation of Planck and Nernst, Einstein received an invitation to head the physics research institute being created in Berlin; He is also enrolled as a professor at the University of Berlin. In addition to being close to his friend Planck, this position had the advantage that it did not oblige him to be distracted by teaching. He accepted the invitation, and in the pre-war year 1914, the convinced pacifist Einstein arrived in Berlin. Citizenship of Switzerland, a neutral country, helped Einstein withstand militaristic pressure after the outbreak of war. He did not sign any “patriotic” appeals; on the contrary, in collaboration with the physiologist Georg Friedrich Nicolai, he compiled the anti-war “Appeal to the Europeans” in contrast to the chauvinistic manifesto of the 1993s, and in a letter to Romain Rolland wrote: “Will future generations thank our Europe, in which three centuries of the most intense cultural work only led to the fact that religious madness was replaced by nationalistic madness? Even scientists from different countries behave as if their brains were amputated.”

Main work

Einstein completed his masterpiece, the general theory of relativity, in 1915 in Berlin. It presented a completely new idea of space and time. Among other phenomena, the work predicted the deflection of light rays in a gravitational field, which was subsequently confirmed by English scientists.

But Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 not for his ingenious theory, but for his explanation of the photoelectric effect (the knocking out of electrons from certain substances under the influence of light). In just one night, the scientist became famous throughout the world.

This is interesting! The scientist's correspondence, released three years ago, says that Einstein invested most of the Nobel Prize in the United States, losing almost everything due to the Great Depression.

Despite the recognition, in Germany the scientist was constantly persecuted, not only because of his nationality, but also because of his anti-militarist views. “My pacifism is an instinctive feeling that controls me because killing a person is disgusting. My attitude does not come from any speculative theory, but is based on the deepest antipathy to any kind of cruelty and hatred,” the scientist wrote in support of his anti-war position. At the end of 1922, Einstein left Germany and went on a trip. And once in Palestine, he solemnly opens the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

More about the main scientific prize (1922)

In fact, Einstein’s first marriage broke up in 1914; in 1919, during the legal divorce proceedings, the following written promise from Einstein appeared: “I promise you that when I receive the Nobel Prize, I will give you all the money. You must agree to the divorce, otherwise you will get nothing at all." The couple were confident that Albert would become a Nobel laureate for the theory of relativity. He actually received the Nobel Prize in 1922, although with a completely different wording (for explaining the laws of the photoelectric effect). Since Einstein was away, the prize was accepted on his behalf on December 10, 1922 by Rudolf Nadolny, the German Ambassador to Sweden. Previously, he asked for confirmation whether Einstein was a citizen of Germany or Switzerland; The Prussian Academy of Sciences has officially certified that Einstein is a German subject, although his Swiss citizenship is also recognized as valid. Upon his return to Berlin, Einstein received the insignia accompanying the prize personally from the Swedish ambassador. Naturally, Einstein dedicated his traditional Nobel speech (in July 1923) to the theory of relativity. By the way, Einstein kept his word: he gave all 32 thousand dollars (the amount of the bonus) to his ex-wife.

1923–1933 in the life of Einstein

In 1923, completing his journey, Einstein spoke in Jerusalem, where it was planned to open the Hebrew University soon (1925).

As a person of enormous and universal authority, Einstein was constantly involved in various kinds of political actions during these years, where he advocated social justice, internationalism and cooperation between countries (see below). In 1923, Einstein participated in the organization of the cultural relations society “Friends of the New Russia”. He repeatedly called for the disarmament and unification of Europe, and for the abolition of compulsory military service. Until about 1926, Einstein worked in many areas of physics, from cosmological models to research into the causes of river meanders. Further, with rare exceptions, he focuses his efforts on quantum problems and the Unified Field Theory.

In 1928, Einstein saw off Lorentz, with whom he became very friendly in his last years, on his last journey. It was Lorentz who nominated Einstein for the Nobel Prize in 1920 and supported it the following year. In 1929, the world noisily celebrated Einstein's 50th birthday. The hero of the day did not take part in the celebrations and hid in his villa near Potsdam, where he enthusiastically grew roses. Here he received friends - scientists, Tagore, Emmanuel Lasker, Charlie Chaplin and others. In 1931, Einstein visited the USA again. In Pasadena he was very warmly received by Michelson, who had four months to live. Returning to Berlin in the summer, Einstein, in a speech to the Physical Society, paid tribute to the memory of the remarkable experimenter who laid the first stone of the foundation of the theory of relativity.

Years in exile

Albert Einstein did not hesitate to accept the offer to move to Berlin. But the opportunity to communicate with major German scientists, including Planck, attracted him. The political and moral atmosphere in Germany became more and more oppressive, anti-Semitism was raising its head, and when the Nazis seized power, Einstein left Germany forever in 1933. Subsequently, as a sign of protest against fascism, he renounced German citizenship and resigned from the Prussian and Bavarian Academies of Sciences.

During the Berlin period, in addition to the general theory of relativity, Einstein developed the statistics of particles of integer spin, introduced the concept of stimulated radiation, which plays an important role in laser physics, predicted (together with de Haas) the phenomenon of the emergence of a rotational momentum of bodies when they are magnetized, etc. However, being One of the creators of quantum theory, Einstein did not accept the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, believing that a fundamental physical theory cannot be statistical in nature. He often repeated that "God doesn't play dice with the universe".

Having moved to the United States, Albert Einstein took a position as professor of physics at the new Institute for Basic Research in Princeton (New Jersey). He continued to study issues of cosmology, and also intensively searched for ways to build a unified field theory that would unify gravity, electromagnetism (and possibly the rest). And although he failed to implement this program, this did not shake Einstein’s reputation as one of the greatest natural scientists of all time.

Atomic bomb

In the minds of many people, Einstein's name is associated with the atomic problem. Indeed, realizing what a tragedy for humanity the creation of an atomic bomb in Nazi Germany could be, in 1939 he sent a letter to the President of the United States, which served as an impetus for work in this direction in America. But already at the end of the war, his desperate attempts to keep politicians and generals from criminal and insane actions were in vain. This was the biggest tragedy of his life. On August 2, 1939, Einstein, who was living in New York at the time, wrote a letter to Franklin Roosevelt to prevent the Third Reich from acquiring atomic weapons. In the letter, he called on the American president to work on his own atomic weapons.

On the advice of physicists, Roosevelt organized the Uranium Advisory Committee, but found little interest in the problem of developing nuclear weapons. He believed that the likelihood of its creation was low. The situation changed two years later, when physicists Otto Frisch and Rudolf Pierls discovered that a nuclear bomb could actually be made and that it was large enough to be transported by a bomber. During the war, Einstein advised the US Navy and contributed to solving various technical problems.

Post-war years

At this time, Einstein became one of the founders Pugwash Peace Scientists Movement. Although its first conference was held after Einstein’s death (1957), the initiative to create such a movement was expressed in the widely known Russell-Einstein Manifesto (written jointly with Bertrand Russell), which also warned about the dangers of the creation and use of the hydrogen bomb. As part of this movement, Einstein, who was its chairman, together with Albert Schweitzer, Bertrand Russell, Frederic Joliot-Curie and other world-famous scientists, fought against the arms race and the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons.

In September 1947, in an open letter to delegations of UN member states, he proposed to reorganize the UN General Assembly, turning it into a permanent world parliament, with greater powers than the Security Council, which (in Einstein's opinion) was paralyzed in its actions by law veto. To which in November 1947, the largest Soviet scientists (S.I. Vavilov, A.F. Ioffe, N.N. Semenov, A.N. Frumkin) expressed disagreement with the position of A. Einstein (1947) in an open letter.

Last years of life. Death

Death overtook the genius at Princeton Hospital (USA) in 1955. The autopsy was performed by a pathologist named Thomas Harvey. He removed Einstein's brain for study, but instead of making it available to science, he took it for himself. Risking his reputation and job, Thomas placed the brain of the greatest genius in a jar of formaldehyde and took it to his home. He was convinced that such action was a scientific duty for him. Moreover, Thomas Harvey sent pieces of Einstein’s brain for research to leading neurologists for 40 years. The descendants of Thomas Harvey tried to return to Einstein’s daughter what was left of her father’s brain, but she refused such a “gift”. From then to this day, the remains of the brain, ironically, are in Princeton, from where it was stolen.

Scientists who examined Einstein's brain proved that the gray matter was different from normal. Scientific studies have shown that the areas of Einstein's brain responsible for speech and language are reduced, while the areas responsible for processing numerical and spatial information are enlarged. Other studies have found an increase in the number of neuroglial cells (cells of the nervous system that make up half the volume of the central nervous system. Neurons of the central nervous system are surrounded by glial cells).

Einstein was a heavy smoker

Einstein received life membership in the Montreal Pipe Smoking Club. One day he fell overboard while on a boat, but managed to save his treasured pipe from the water. Apart from his many manuscripts and letters, the pipe remains one of the few personal belongings of Einstein that we have.

Einstein often kept to himself

To be independent of conventional wisdom, Einstein often isolated himself in solitude. This was a childhood habit. He even started talking at the age of 7 because he did not want to communicate. He built cozy worlds and contrasted them with reality. The world of family, the world of like-minded people, the world of the patent office where I worked, the temple of science. “If the sewage of life licks the steps of your temple, close the door and laugh... Do not give in to anger, remain as before as a saint in the temple.” He followed this advice.

Impact on culture

Albert Einstein has become the hero of a number of fictional novels, films and theatrical productions. In particular, he appears as an actor in the film by Nicholas Rog "Insignificance", the comedy by Fred Schepisi "I.Q.", the film by Philip Martin "Einstein and Eddington" (2008), in the Soviet / Russian films "Choice of Target", "Wolf Messing", a comic play by Steve Martin, the novels "Please, Monsieur Einstein" by Jean-Claude Carrier and "Einstein's Dreams" by Alan Lightman, the poem "Einstein" by Archibald MacLeish. The humorous component of the great physicist's personality appears in Ed Metzger's production of Albert Einstein: Practical Bohemian. “Professor Einstein,” who creates the chronosphere and prevents Hitler from coming to power, is one of the key characters in the alternative Universe he created in the Command & Conquer series of real-time computer strategies. The scientist in the film "Cain XVIII" is clearly made up to look like Einstein.

The appearance of Albert Einstein, usually seen as an adult in a simple sweater with disheveled hair, has become a staple in popular culture's portrayal of "mad scientists" and "absent-minded professors." In addition, it actively exploits the motif of the great physicist’s forgetfulness and impracticality, which is transferred to the collective image of his colleagues. Time magazine even called Einstein “a cartoonist’s dream come true.” Albert Einstein's photographs have become widely known. The most famous one was made at the physicist’s 72nd birthday (1951).

Photographer Arthur Sass asked Einstein to smile for the camera, to which he stuck out his tongue. This image has become an icon of modern popular culture, presenting a portrait of both a genius and a cheerful living person. On June 21, 2009, at an auction in New Hampshire, America, one of the nine original photographs printed in 1951 was sold for $74,000. A. Einstein gave this photograph to his friend, journalist Howard Smith, and signed on it that “the humorous grimace is addressed to all humanity”.

Einstein’s popularity in the modern world is so great that controversial issues arise in the widespread use of the scientist’s name and appearance in advertising and trademarks. Because Einstein bequeathed some of his property, including the use of his images, to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the brand "Albert Einstein" was registered as a trademark.

Sources

http://to-name.ru/biography/albert-ejnshtejn.htm http://www.aif.ru/dontknows/file/kakim_byl_albert_eynshteyn_15_faktov_iz_zhizni_velikogo_geniya