Asking a hypothetical question to an unprepared interlocutor. Hypothetical vision of the world (Features of the construction of conceptual knowledge)

Hypothetical

HYPOTHETICAL oh, oe.hypothétique, German. hypothetisch lat. hypotheticus. conjectural, possible. Sl. 18. Throw down the idols of sects and destroy their temples of hypothetical foundations. Pnk. 1800 6. Both maps serve to hypothetically identify the places mentioned by ancient land writers, especially Strabo. 1823. Ants-Apostle Put. along Taurida IX. The dining lodges are reminiscent of English meetings; they also have something distant, questions and solutions, often hypothetical. Batenkov Vosp. about Freemasonry. // BE 1872 123 7 274. This incident can serve as a hypothetical example for our situation. OZ 1872 9 2 140. In everyone's soul there is still a faint spark of a female image - .. that hypothetical girl with whom all life was to be united. Mamin-Sib. Father for New. They tried to offend me and .. for my hypothetical belonging to his admiral Canaris antipodes - the Jews. D. Karalis From the Varangians to. // Neva 2003 4 4. - Lex. Jan. 1803: hypothetical; SAN 1847: Hypothesis/ tic.

Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language. - M.: Dictionary publishing house ETS http://www.ets.ru/pg/r/dict/gall_dict.htm. Nikolay Ivanovich Epishkin [email protected] . 2010 .

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what "hypothetical" is in other dictionaries:

HYPOTHETICAL- (from hypothesis). Based on conjecture, divinatory. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. HYPOTHETIC based on a hypothesis, conjectural, conjectural, incompletely reliable. Vocabulary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

hypothetical- hypothetical, conjectural, problematic; divinatory, problematic. Ant. obvious, clear, explicit Dictionary of Russian synonyms. hypothetical see hypothetical Russian Synonym Dictionary ... Synonym dictionary

HYPOTHETICAL- HYPOTHETIC, hypothetical, hypothetical (book). conjectural, based on a hypothesis. hypothetical statement. To state something hypothetically (adv.). Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

HYPOTHETICAL- [te], oh, oh (bookish). Hypothetical, conjectural. Hypothetical construction. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

HYPOTHETICAL- (from the Greek. hypothesis - basis) conditional, presumptive; the judgment is hypothetical if the validity of the second position is due to the validity of the first position: if there is A, then there is B. Philosophical Encyclopedic ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

hypothetical- hypothetical. Pronounced [hypothetical] ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

hypothetical- [te], oh, oh, book. Hypothetical, conjectural. hypothetical judgment. Hypothetical case. Related words: hypothetical / cheski Etymology: From Western European languages (German hypothetisch, French hypothétique, English hypothetical ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

Hypothetical- adj. 1. ratio with noun. hypothesis associated with it 2. Inherent to the hypothesis, characteristic of it. 3. Based on a hypothesis. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

hypothetical- hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, hypothetical, ... ... Word forms

hypothetical- See hypothetico... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

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Hypothetical esotericism and humanitarian self-consciousness. Selected Works, L. V. Skvortsov. Metamorphosis of esotericism. The Problem of Fear: The Art of Living in the Age of Death. Homo faber: the collapse of the classical concept? Information society and violence. The prospect of tolerance...

Today, not only in scientific, but also in colloquial speech, you can often hear the word "hypothetically". What is hidden in this lexeme?

The meaning and origin of the word

The semantics of the word is associated with the noun "hypothesis", which in translation from ancient Greek means "assumption". The term belongs to the world of science. This is a scientific conjecture, an assumption that has not yet been proven or verified. As a result of the experiment, the hypothesis can be proved and go into the category of facts or be refuted. Derived from this word, the adjective "hypothetical" means "based on a hypothesis." The meaning of the word "hypothetically" is presumably, admissible.

Assumptions become true

Let's take a look at what facts could once be considered hypothetically. What is the Universe in terms of cosmology? It is immutable, eternal. To prove this hypothesis, Einstein needed to introduce a cosmological constant into the theory of relativity. Astronomers eventually confirmed the guess of the brilliant scientist.

The proof of Fermat's famous theorem appeared only in 1994; mathematicians have been looking for it for three centuries. Until 2002, Poincaré's suggestion that any three-dimensional object with the properties of a sphere should be a sphere, up to deformation, could be said to be a hypothetical question, but the Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman proved this assumption, and it moved from the category of conjectures to the category indisputable facts. Some long-standing problems in science are still waiting to be confirmed. The statements contained in them are still considered hypothetically.

What is creationism?

This is an explanation of the emergence of all life on earth by the Divine will. In general, the question of the appearance of life has been disturbing the minds of scientists from various fields of knowledge for thousands of years. It is important for a person to answer it, because his views, principles, and convictions depend on it. Proponents of scientific creationism (creatio means "creation") are trying to find a scientific basis for their theory. In addition to this version of the birth of the world, there are several more hypotheses. And if the assumption about the spontaneous origin of life looks frankly weak, then the judgment about the biochemical evolution of carbon compounds, expressed by Academician Alexander Oparin at the beginning of the last century, today divides part of the scientific world.
The idea that life on the planet was brought by extraterrestrial civilizations gave rise to the theory of the “great barrier”, hypothetically expressed by ufologists. What is the Great Barrier Hypothesis? Intelligent beings create a civilization that is becoming more and more high-tech, so it destroys itself before it has time to discover the possibility of making a galactic journey to other planets where there are brothers in mind. That is why many people report seeing aliens, but no one can give unconditional and intelligible arguments in favor of this statement.

HYPOTHETICAL is:

HYPOTHETIC HYPOTHETIC (from a hypothesis). Based on conjecture, divinatory.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910.

HYPOTHETIC based on a hypothesis, conjectural, conjectural, incompletely reliable.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907.

HYPOTHETIC from a hypothesis. Based on assumptions.

Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865.

HYPOTHETICAL supposed, guesswork, based on a hypothesis, on assumptions.

A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907.

Hypothetical ( gr. hypothetikos) based on a hypothesis, conjectural.

A new dictionary of foreign words. - by EdwART, 2009.

Hypothetical [< гр. ] – основанный на гипотезе, предположительный; гипотетическое суждение – логическое суждение, в котором утверждение поставлено в зависимость от определённых условий, например, “если враг не сдаётся, его уничтожают”

Big dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007.

What does the word hypothetically mean?

The word "hypothetical" comes from the word "hypothesis", which means a scientific assumption in the absence of scientific evidence. In everyday speech, the concept of "hypothesis" practically does not occur, because it is a purely scientific, professional term. But the word "hypothetically" is often used by literate people, and it means - "presumably." For example, the expression "ask a hypothetical question" means to ask a question according to the principle "what if ...".

looking-v-both

the word hypothetically is a kind of assumption, hypothesis (in fact, it came from the word hypothesis). The word "conditionally" can also serve as a synonym for the word hypothetically, that is, it is something "needing verification."

There are also hypothetical questions, the meaning of such conversations is in modeling the situation, something like "let's imagine"

Strymbrym

Apparently, the word "hypothetically" was formed from the word hypothesis That is, it is used not as an unconditional statement, but as an assumption. As an example, the phrase "Space is infinite" can be cited, although it is impossible to prove this.

The word hypothetically has a common root with the word hypothesis, from which this word, in general, came from. But few people say in everyday life, they say, a hypothesis was born here. But the word hypothetically is used all the time. Perhaps simply because the word is long and beautiful. The meaning of the word is that there is a probability of some event, there is an assumption that everything will be so. After all, the word hypothesis means an assumption, and it is normal if this assumption is based on real facts. Therefore, answering the question "can you come tomorrow" with the word "hypothetically" is not worth it, although this is an assumption, but conditional. Better to answer "presumably" - also a long and beautiful word.

Matvey628

The word "hypothetical" comes from the word "hypothesis", an assumption, a variant of a possible explanation. Therefore, the word "hypothetically" means presumably, probably. For example, we do not have reliable data on the presence of water on Mars, but hypothetically, there is water on Mars, that is, the possibility of this quite exists.

The word "hypothetical" is used in those cases where the assumption cannot yet be supported by evidence, but the probability of the reliability of the assumption exists.

Kudryavtsev Vladimir Semenovich

The word and concept hypothetically can be attributed to the root word hypothesis. And the hypothesis, as you know, is a concept that has not yet been proven, that is, it is at the stage of study, disputes, and evidence. Therefore, the expression "hypothetical question" which can often be heard in conversation expresses nothing more than an assumed and possible.

Hypothetically, it's like. In general, this is not yet actually, but you can dream up. Hypothetically, this is a representation in the mind of something unknown, but possibly probable. Imagine as if tomorrow is the end of the world, what to do or what to do? These are the hypothetical assumptions that blow the roof off people.

A synonym, or a word close in meaning to the word "hypothetically" will be "presumably". The assumption is based on the provisions of some well-known hypothesis. Hypothetically - following a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an unproven statement that serves as a starting point for further research. This is a guess, possibly claiming to be true.

Sayans

"Hypothetically" is an adverb used in a sentence when the speaker wants to describe a situation, but does not want to show that it really is. "Hypothetically" comes from the word "hypothesis", which means conjecture. So hypothetically it will be, for example, to assume what will happen under a certain set of circumstances.

Mirra mi

The word "hypothetically" is derived from the word "hypothesis". In scientific language, a "hypothesis" is a statement that requires proof but has not yet been proven. So the word "hypothetically" can be said "presumably, but this is not yet accurate", "possibly".

hypothetical questions. This is a special question form when the questioner wants to get an answer to the question of what will happen if the implied is (is being or has already been) accomplished. Hypothetical questions encourage the interlocutor to make predictions, fantasize about the prospects of the object of the conversation or the possible consequences of his actions:

“Mr. Director, try to imagine the future of your plant if the government allocates money for its reconstruction?”;

“Do you think such a critical situation would have developed if help had arrived in the disaster area on time?”

Such questions have a tinge of conventional meaning and suggest the same kind of answer-guess. Therefore, many journalists refuse to use them in interviews, rightly believing that there is no room for speculation in journalism. By the way, politicians and decision-makers often refuse to answer such questions, because they risk answering in a way that is unfavorable for themselves.

Does this mean that hypothetical questions should be avoided altogether? Not at all. However, keep in mind that you may get a null result in response. Nevertheless, we must also take into account that there are people, especially creative natures, who have a positive attitude towards hypothetical questions.

In addition, there are scientists, experts involved in economic, political, social forecasts, who, by the nature of their activities, can answer this question professionally:

"Mr. Professor, what will happen if the ozone hole increases even more?";

"Could you describe the effects of the global economic crisis?"

Asking a hypothetical question to an unprepared interlocutor,

you run the risk of receiving an unreasonable, incompetent answer or not receiving it at all.

Hypothetical questions are best asked

futurologists or experts,

forecasters in their field.

project questions. Projective questions also deserve attention, which will help to study the character of your interlocutor more deeply, to determine the potential of his inner world:

"If you got a million, what would you do?";

"What would you do in this situation if you were the president of the country?"

transition questions. They are also called "bridge questions" or "switch questions". They serve to smoothly change the direction of the conversation, to transfer the conversation to a new or casually mentioned topic:

“Mr. director, at the beginning of the conversation you mentioned how difficult it was to find funds for the filming of this film. Let's talk about the economic part of producing a picture. How much did she cost?

A professionally asked transitional question should not interrupt the interlocutor. You should not suddenly switch the conversation to a new topic for which the interlocutor is not yet ready. However, if you see that the conversation has reached a dead end, you can try an abrupt plot change:

“Okay, let's not talk about your troubles at work and talk about your family. How long have you been married?"

If the interlocutor is persistent in conveying his (often pre-prepared) "message", a transitional question may not work. Here is an example:

“Mr. Governor, I heard that your position on the issues of land privatization sharply diverges from the position of the President. Can you comment on the President's position?

“I don’t know what the president thinks about this, but my point of view is this…”.

Transitional questions are needed to change the direction of the conversation.

They are very helpful when the conversation gets stuck.

However, they must be so interesting

so that the interlocutor wants to switch.

In the already mentioned interview with Maris Liepa, Urmas Ott also successfully applied the technique of a transitional question to relieve tension, complete one topic and proceed to the next:

A. Tell me, what did the period of study at the Moscow Choreographic School give you as a ballet actor, and how did you get there?

L. This is again a lucky break. The future teachers Elena Nikolaevna Sergievskaya and Professor Nikolai Ivanovich Tarasov were resting in Riga at that time... There was such a case. Elena Nikolaevna asked: “Maris, guess how many matches are in this matchbox?” I named a number. A second passed, two, three, she says: "You guessed right." I said a word that I will never repeat in Russian. I said: "You're lying...". She repeats: "You guessed right." She put me on my knees, she says, excuse me, it’s impossible to speak Russian like that, especially for a woman. I ask: "How should I speak"? "Just in case, remember to say at least 'you're not telling the truth'," she replies. I remember this for the rest of my life. She said, “Do you know what I thought? I wondered: will you study in Moscow or will you not study in Moscow? And indeed, a month has passed, I arrived in Moscow, in the class of Nikolai Ivanovich Tarasov.

F. Kotler proceeds from the assumption that marketing in one way or another affects the interests of everyone, be it a buyer, a seller or an ordinary citizen. But these people may have goals that contradict each other. In support of this, he uses a hypothetical example to confront three positions - an ordinary buyer, a marketing manager of a company, and a senator interested in the activities of entrepreneurs in the field of marketing. In addition, the author gives a number of statements about marketing by its defenders and opponents, as well as facts regarding the regulation of marketing activities. All this is done in order to lead the reader to one of the key questions What is the true purpose of marketing

Hypothetical questions These questions ("What would you do if...") can immediately reveal the views of the applicant on a particular issue. They are useful for identifying attitudes and values. However, they should be asked as infrequently as possible. (Questions with a "trick" should also be excluded).

Example (hypothetical). Let's say your ship crashed and you were forced to land on a desert island. The ship that will take you from here will not arrive until six months later. You have $10,000 with you. The question is whether the present value of this money will change in these six months.

It is useful to plot the likely future profits of the acquiring company, both with and without the merger. Such a graph for a hypothetical merger is shown in Fig. 24.2. The graph shows how long it will take to eliminate the dilution of earnings per share and achieve the increase in earnings per share discussed above. In this example, the period is 1.5 years. Initially, immediately after the merger, EPS declines by $0.30, but this relative dilution resolves by the middle of the second year. The presence of this effect suggests that the longer the period during which the impact of the initial dilution of earnings per share persists, the less desirable the acquisition from the point of view of the acquiring company. Some companies set a maximum acceptable length of this period, and this value serves as a limiter in establishing the exchange ratio on the basis of which the acquisition is made. When considering the takeover of a company, such graphs should be constructed for various possible values of the exchange ratio. Graphs should also be made for different values of the amount of profit of the company being taken over. The construction of such graphs provides the company's management with a large amount of information on the basis of which it is possible to negotiate a takeover.

Consider the following (hypothetical) data. RT has assets of $10 billion in bankrupt savings institutions at current market prices. Each dollar of assets sold reduces the net costs incurred by taxpayers to clean up the consequences of the crisis by $1. The market estimate of unsold assets is reduced evenly by 50% annually. Lastly, the market interest rate is 7% per annum. Answer the following questions assuming that RT sells assets at market prices.

To answer this question, we will make an appropriate approximate calculation. Based on the ratio 20 1 and assuming that each next tariff category should be paid higher than the previous one by the same number of percent, we would get the following hypothetical tariff scale for the pre-war period compared to the current 8-fold grid (Table 23).

Let's consider the stages of constructing an ideal indicator V at the methodological level, which is necessary to find a number of relevant statistics, including Vc. However, the task can be formulated more narrowly - to estimate F without asking about the nature and properties of an ideal indicator, but at the same time, in our opinion, the efforts to evaluate F are comparable to the efforts to build an ideal indicator. Until this complex problem is solved, one can be content with a hypothetical estimate of V, including V = 0.

Hypothetical and scoring questions

The workshop got off to a good start and most of the attendees were very eager to learn something new about a subject that many traders don't spend too much time researching. I started with the coin example described in Chapter 2 of this book. The listeners waited with awe for the conclusions, and I really succeeded in capturing their attention. However, after 30-40 minutes, one person got up and, apparently, pursuing certain goals, directly shouted out a sarcastic question, why am I talking about what should not be used. Intimidated by this talk, I confusedly explained that this is the most recommended method, and if I'm going to continue talking about the Fixed Proportional method, then they must understand the shortcomings of the Fixed Fractional method. This appeased the questioner for a while. However, soon after that it became clear that I was not going to teach them the Fixed Ratio method. Instead, I just showed some printouts of hypothetical results comparing the results of using the Fixed Fractional method with the Fixed Ratio method.

It may seem that this topic is out of place in a money management book. Nevertheless, in an indirect way, it is closely related to the issues addressed in this edition. Money management without a trading method or system is simply useless. In addition, using the negative mathematical expectation method in trading is also useless. Thus, the method or trading system must make money in order for the growth factors that originate from money management to come into play and produce good end results. Open any trading magazine and you will find more trading systems and methods than you can try. They all seem great, and most of them are claimed to be the best ways to create money. Among other things, the basis for most of these statements are hypothetical results. I once received a "newsletter" claiming that he had "turned" $200 into $18,000,000 (no mistake, $18 million) in just a few years. It also said that you could do it too by purchasing the book for $39.95 and reading about the incredible method described in it. (For a small fee, I'll tell you what this book is.) The fact is that most of these hypothetical results appear only after significant optimization testing of the presented method. If money management is intricately linked to the system or methods used in trading, then hypothetical results become especially important at the time of deciding whether to use this method or system.

Here's what we got. The optimized results for the moving average system are applied to the bond market. Now the only question is what use is this information to us. Not much, I'm afraid. By itself, this information does not make any sense, except that, under certain parameters, it gives us certain results over a five-year period. The above results are what you usually see when you are offered to buy a method or system, i.e. these are the results of hypothetical testing. Most of the time these results are pretty good. However, the following sections of the book show that optimizing a trading system for one type of financial instrument and one set of data is very similar to optimizing the Fixed Fractional method for a particular set of data, as shown in Chapter 5. What is optimal for one data series may not be optimal for another set.

Key question. Suppose that in 1974 the total production in the hypothetical economy

Key question. Suppose that the parameters of aggregate demand and aggregate supply in a hypothetical economy have the following values.

Key question. Let us assume that in the hypothetical economy to which question 4 is devoted, there is the following relationship between the actual volume of production and the amount of resources required for this production.

Answer the questions below based on the following information about the state of the hypothetical economy in the first year. The money supply is $400 billion. long-term annual growth in real GDP - 3% velocity of money - 4. Assume that initially the banking system does not have excess reserves and that

Key question. Using the aggregate 6 model. Suppose that in a hypothetical economy, a real

Key question. Below are tables of hypothetical production possibilities for New Zealand and Spain.

On fig. 10.6 the map of positioning of hypothetical competing products in the certain target market on two parameters the price (horizontal axis) and quality (vertical axis) is presented. In circles, the radii of which are proportional to the volume of sales, the letters indicate the names of competing products. The question mark characterizes the possible choice of a market position for a new competitor firm, based on an analysis of the position in the corresponding market of products of other firms. This choice is justified by the desire to take a place in the target market, where there is less competition (in this example, a product of relatively high quality, sold at an average price).

The questions are hypothetical in nature and are structured in such a way that, from the answers received, one can get some idea of the way of thinking, personal beliefs, creativity and practical experience of the candidate.

Hypothetical - imaginary. Hypothetical interview questions are designed to predict the behavior of a candidate in a given situation, both questions and answers are purely conjectural.

A major problem with case interviews is that the questions are only hypothetical. You cannot assess whether a candidate will be as successful in solving real problems that arise at work as he does in an artificially created situation.

Candidates are not asked hypothetical questions to resolve imaginary situations. They are asked to talk about what they actually did under similar circumstances in the past.

Anyone, however, will understand that the case of a simultaneous and uniform increase in the intensity of labor in all branches of production, of which Marx hypothetically speaks, is exceptionally rare. The change in the dynamics of labor productivity throughout the national economy as a whole is, unfortunately, so far only an interesting theoretical problem. In everyday practice, however, there is always talk about the productivity of individual industries and producers, and it is compared not only in time, but also in space, for example, among the slaughterers of Kuzbass and Donbass. In all these cases, it is out of the question that increased intensity lowers the unit cost of the product. Thus, the dialectical yes and no of this textbook is practically reduced to a categorical no, i.e., to the denial of the possibility of an increase in labor productivity with an increase in its intensity in one or another specific production or separate area of \u200b\u200blabor. And thus, in fact, our authors are slipping into those guidelines on this question of Ginzburg and Co., which are rejected by our entire Party.

Key question. Let's assume that a hypothetical economy, where PSPr is 0.8, is experiencing a severe recession. By how much should government spending be increased to shift the aggregate demand curve to the right by $25 billion? How much do you need

Understanding the actual course of events, in contrast to a hypothetical equilibrium, poses many problems that have not been properly assessed. The reason for their occurrence is that participants make decisions based on their inherent imperfect understanding of the situation in which they participate. Two interrelated groups of problems should be considered - the imperfection of the understanding of the situation by its participants and the imperfection of the understanding of the situation by the social scientist. Under no circumstances should we mix them. In this section, I will try to explain why participants' understanding is inherently imperfect. In the next section, we will consider why this imperfect understanding creates difficulties for the social sciences. The imperfect understanding of the situation by its participants is a concept that is difficult to define and even more difficult to work with. I will try to approach it by comparing the position of the participant in the situation with that of a natural scientist. (I must choose the natural scientist, because the social scientist faces special problems arising from the imperfect understanding of the situation by its participants. We will consider these problems in the next section). The purpose of this comparison is to define a certain standard against which the participant's understanding can be called imperfect. This comparison is further complicated by the fact that the understanding of the natural scientist is also not perfect. Far from it. As Karl Popper3 has shown, one of the basic postulates of the scientific method is that completeness of knowledge is unattainable. Scientists work by testing plausible hypotheses and coming up with new ones. If scientists did not consider all the conclusions obtained as temporary and subject to further refinement, the natural sciences could not reach the current state in their development and could not develop further. Despite, however, the imperfection of the knowledge obtained by natural scientists, it acts as a standard, according to

Trading signals. Let's use the British pound example to demonstrate a very simple swing breakout strategy. It does not claim to be recognized as a completely profitable, complete trading system, but rather as a philosophical approach to the issue of improving investment strategies related to the Elliott theory. It is based on the oscillatory system, since it is generally a commonly used strategy, which has its roots in Elliott theory. Keep this in mind when looking at the trade details below that illustrate the hypothetical payoffs of this method (neither commission nor slippage (=slip, slippage, skid) are included)

We started this book with the words that the PR is trying to increase the number of controlled parameters, the press conference in this regard is a fairly striking example. Being an improvisational event in form, it is actually realized according to a rigid scheme of pre-known questions and prepared answers to them. When Henry Kissinger appeared at his first briefing as Secretary of State, he began with the following words, "Who has questions ... for my answers," which illustrates the problem we are considering quite accurately. Americans are also advised not to answer hypothetical questions (such as what would happen if ...), so as not to get into trouble.

If there are many problems, then this is a positive factor, since the problem is something that needs to be dealt with in order to improve things. To formulate a problem, you need to know the goals to be striven for and the current state of affairs. At the same time, global goals are always development in a competitive economy, competitiveness, survival depend on improving results, increasing sales and reducing costs. Each workshop has a list of problems, the deadline for their solution and the name of the person responsible. After the problem is solved, it is considered closed, and a new one is entered in its place. If there are no problems, then this is a sign of weakness in management and the team. The problem is created by examining the status quo and asking questions like Can it be done faster, cheaper, better, etc. Suppose ten people are doing a certain job now and they have no problems. But managers raise the question Can this be done by seven, and bottlenecks are immediately identified, problems arise that should be solved, and when they are solved, productivity growth is achieved and the basis for raising wages and increasing the competitiveness of products, because its production becomes cheaper. The enterprise is considered as a hypothetical reservoir, the problems of which are not visible under the layer of water, but it is necessary to artificially lower the water level, then the problems will come to the surface. The usual range of problems is over-staffing, unbalanced production processes, equipment malfunctions, management deficiencies, time-consuming pre-production, and scrap. Compare with this approach the American proverb No news is good news - no news is good news.

Let us first of all consider the question of determining the real exchange rate of two currencies, bearing in mind that both of them, albeit to varying degrees, inflate. Let, for example, compare the exchange rates of the dollar (inflation 4% per year) and the currency of some hypothetical country - Fanta, whose inflation is 10% per year. Let us assume that at the beginning of 1995 the exchange rate of these currencies was $1. = = 1 fanta. The real value of each of the currencies due to inflation

The idea is to find out what terms of a loan of the same amount of capital costs is equivalent in terms of its effectiveness (ie, in terms of the expected flow of profits) a given investment project. In other words, it is necessary to answer the question at what interest rate would it be equally preferable (equally beneficial) instead of investing in this project, to simply open a deposit for the same period in a reliable bank in the amount / o necessary for investing in the project being evaluated. This hypothetical lending rate is called the internal rate of return on a particular investment. The difference between it and the actual market rate of loan interest at the time of assessment then indicates the comparative efficiency of this investment project in comparison with the average efficiency of simple investments in the credit market.

You run the risk of receiving an unreasonable, incompetent answer or not receiving it at all.

Hypothetical questions are best asked

To futurologists or experts,

Engaged in forecasts in their field.

project questions. Projective questions also deserve attention, which will help to study the character of your interlocutor more deeply, to determine the potential of his inner world:

"If you got a million, what would you do?";

"What would you do in this situation if you were the president of the country?"

“Okay, let's not talk about your troubles at work and talk about your family. How long have you been married?"

If the interlocutor is persistent in conveying his (often pre-prepared) "message", a transitional question may not work. Here is an example:

“Mr. Governor, I heard that your position on the issues of land privatization sharply diverges from the position of the President. Can you comment on the President's position?

“I don’t know what the president thinks about this, but my point of view is this…”.

Transitional questions are needed to change the direction of the conversation.

They are very helpful when the conversation gets stuck.

However, they must be so interesting

To make the interlocutor want to switch.

In the already mentioned interview with Maris Liepa, Urmas Ott also successfully applied the technique of a transitional question to relieve tension, complete one topic and proceed to the next:

A. Tell me, what did the period of study at the Moscow Choreographic School give you as a ballet actor, and how did you get there?

Oh. By the way, how many matches were in the box?

L. I don't want to lie. I do not remember.

Passive and mimic questions. In fact, these are not even questions, but a verbal or non-verbal urge of the interlocutor to continue the conversation. Passive questions are asked in the form of brief expressions that send a signal that the interlocutor is involved in the conversation (“I understand ...”; “Yes, yes, of course ...”; “Really?”). These are signals that encourage the interlocutor to continue the dialogue, and since they are not evaluative, this technique is especially effective when the interlocutor's views are in opposition to yours. This is facilitated by facial expressions - facial expressions, gestures, body movements. However, during on-air interviews, passive and facial questions should be used sparingly.

Passive and facial questions

Encourage continuation of the conversation.

However, they should be avoided during on-air interviews.

Close in meaning are the so-called silent or "mute" questions, which stimulate dialogue without words, only with the help of a pause. Novice reporters are terrified of the voids formed during the conversation. Their embarrassment also affects the interlocutor. They are, of course, right, but only partly. Silence is scary only when there is nothing to ask, but contrary to prevailing prejudices, it can be used wisely.

First, a pause during the interview will give the interlocutor a break and time to think. As a result, you can get a deeper answer.

Secondly, a pause with the help of additional non-verbal means, facial expressions, body language and gestures informs the interlocutor that the dialogue is ongoing and the journalist is waiting for new details.

In addition, the interlocutor can intentionally or intuitively send signals to the journalist to take a break, to think about the answer. For example, when, having leaned back in his chair, he looks at the ceiling or when he says “uh”, “hmmm”, choosing the words necessary for the answer, formulating thoughts. At this moment, you should not rush the interlocutor, and making a pause here is a win-win move.

A “silent” question gives the interlocutor time to think,

At the same time, without interrupting the course of the conversation.

Follow the interlocutor: he will send you a signal to pause.

To the begining

Questions to Avoid

Not all forms of questions used in everyday life should be used by journalists in their practice. For example, they are too long, cumbersome, by which it is difficult to determine what, in fact, information is requested. Or those in which, in essence, there is no desire to ask, but only a statement or assumption of a journalist. Inexperienced reporters, trying to put "deep meaning" into their part of the dialogue, ask two or more questions at once, which is also undesirable, as this disorients the interlocutor in the order of answers. Quite often, journalists are also let down by “duty” questions, which are reserved in case there is nothing more to ask.

Here is how one well-known journalist reacted to the question of a student:

Do you remember any funny episode from your practice?

I don’t answer questions like that,” he said.

Why? Why is this question bad? - the student asked in bewilderment.

These are questionnaire questions, people most of all do not like to answer them. The most interesting questions are the ones that make you think.

There are other variants of the inept approach to the selection of questions that you should be aware of in order not to complicate the already difficult technology of conducting a conversation.

In this section, the most typical cases of unsuccessful questions will be considered, the functional and structural component of errors that affect the interview process will be analyzed. The substantive aspect of questions is not touched upon here because of their infinite variety and dependence on specific situations.

Rhetorical questions. Separated by grammar into a separate group of interrogative sentences, they do not contain a question as such, but a hidden statement that does not require an answer. At the same time, a rhetorical question has all the components of an interrogative sentence that distinguish it from a narrative one - a specific intonation, a special word order, the presence of interrogative particles, which, of course, cannot but confuse an inexperienced interviewer. Another "attractive" moment of the rhetorical question is emotional expressiveness, i.e. the ability to convey through it additional information about the shades of their emotions:

“How can young ladies who utter such monologues be seriously blamed for anything?” (N. Dobrolyubov. dark kingdom);

“Is it possible to do this?”;

Isn't this the solution to all problems?

In rhetorical questions, the required two-way question-answer interaction between the journalist and his hero does not occur. The active side is the journalist. He makes the verdict, and he, and not his interlocutor, puts an end to it.

In this case, the correspondent violates two rules of the interview at once: obtaining new information in general and obtaining new information from the side being asked. In addition, a rhetorical question, in essence, interrupts the course of the conversation, and the interlocutor has no choice but to shrug and silently retreat. No wonder rhetorical questions are close in their meaning to statements containing a hidden affirmation or negation.

In a TV interview with Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov, the topical problem of the current tension that has arisen in relations between Russia and Georgia was discussed. In particular, the talk turned to Russia's introduction of a visa regime on the border with Georgia. The minister argues for such a decision by the authorities, and the journalist tries to find out whether everything has been done to solve the problem with milder measures, and exclaims in vehemence: “In general, can you imagine that people loved by everyone, such as Kikabidze, Bregvadze, become real foreigners in Russia!” The minister has been looking for a suitable answer to this rhetorical question for a long time.

Rhetorical questions do not contain