5 sentences with separate and clarifying ones. Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence in Russian

One of the most difficult, in our opinion, rules in the Russian language - punctuation marks with clarifying, connecting and explanatory members of a sentence - is somewhat undeservedly costed in textbooks. Indeed, it is more useful to explain the rule for spelling "not" with parts of speech or compound sentences with multiple clauses. The rule about the use of punctuation marks with clarifying members of the sentence is pushed out, as it were, to the periphery of the Russian language. One can only guess why every year the question addressed to the applicant: "Why is there a comma here?", Examiners hear: "This is a clarification." Moreover, this answer is "customized" by applicants both for separate definitions, and for circumstances, and, most often, for applications. As for the independent written work of schoolchildren, the selection of a “clarifying” member of any level is especially successful there - from a homogeneous subject and object to circumstances and “words similar to introductory words”. When analyzing such works, you constantly hear explanations: "This is a clarifying member." The root of the errors lies in an unsteady understanding of the essence of the clarification, and even in the construction of our manuals, which are replete with examples from fiction, but do not teach real Russian.

So, first of all, it is necessary to determine what clarification is, how clarification differs from attachment and clarification, which members of the sentence can be in the function of clarifying, connecting and explanatory.

"Clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one," defines the "Handbook of Punctuation" edited by D. E. Rosenthal (Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of Punctuation. - M. AST, 1997, p. 79). (In another manual by a well-known author (Rosenthal D.E. Russian language. - Ulyanovsk, Moscow, 1997, p. 239), clarifying members are words that "clarify the meaning of words"). But, in addition to this definition, in the text of the above manual, we also find homogeneous terms that "are in the nature of clarification", and "clarifying remarks" in the group of homogeneous members, and an additional "clarifying meaning" of isolated definitions; applications that explain or clarify common nouns; revolutions with the value of refinement or attachment. The very concept of "refining", "refining member" is blurred. A student studying a manual either throws out a bunch of "unnecessary notes" from memory, or extends the concept of "clarification" to any use of a double comma (after all, in each case of isolated members, he reads about additional clarifying shades of meaning). It seems, why study several pages about the isolation of definitions, if there is a magic word "clarification"?

Another problem is the examples given by the authors of the manuals. It is often almost impossible to see the difference in a "specifying" and simply isolated member. Compare: In the sky, deep blue, the silver moon was melting. And five minutes later it was pouring heavy rain, heavy rain. These are examples from different sections of the rule for separating a single definition. Separation in the first case is explained as follows: "carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to the subordinate part of a complex sentence" (Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation Handbook. - M. AST, 1997, p. 49), and in the second case - as having a clarifying meaning. Another example: Then Dasha was surprised by the "home-grown" of all this, so sensational, daring. Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head. In the second example, there is no clarifying meaning, in the first, from the point of view of the author, it was. How to distinguish? I don’t know about you, but, in my opinion, most high school students should formulate the following rule: “Any sentence member that I, as a writer, want to highlight can be isolated, and this can be explained either as a special semantic load, or as its clarification". Another version of the rule, perhaps more dangerous for the student: "Each rule for non-separation has a special exception - the clarifying meaning requires isolation, so I will separate it just in case - in case I miss this clarifying sense."

The second wording we came up with begins to work when completing tasks from manuals. For example, several sentences are given in which it is necessary to place signs or indicate those where there are no signs. Compare: “Two years later, in early September, I had to visit these places again. One spring, I heard a fragrant conversation between birch and bird cherry in the aroma of buds . The next day, early in the morning, I went to Kosovo. By the morning, still dark, they should be in place "(Tkachenko N.G. Tests on the grammar of the Russian language. Part 2. - M. Iris, 1998, ex. 89-91 ). Schoolchildren must decide where to put the signs and where not. True, in the reference book of Rosenthal mentioned above, it is indicated that it is the author's will to decide whether a drowning member or not. But put yourself in the place of those who test their knowledge, who did not guess the will of the author in the phrases he proposed from the works of the classics. Will they guess the will of the examiner later? So the schoolchildren begin to isolate whatever comes up and explain it by the clarifying nature of the secondary member or turnover.

As a result, we have the following extremely common mistakes in essays and presentations:

*These observations made by Belinsky are still relevant today.

* In his office, in St. Petersburg, Onegin keeps various objects that he does not need.

* In Manilov's office there was a dusty book laid on page 14.

* Once, while hunting, he managed to shoot a seasoned wolf.

In the practice of teaching the Russian language at the preparatory courses and the preparatory department of Moscow State University, the author cited such examples to the students as true ones and offered to explain the meaning of isolation. Applicants easily found explanations, the absurdity of which does not require commentary: as they were made by Belinsky; precisely in the one in St. Petersburg; exactly those that he does not need; dusty, because it is laid down, that is, it is not readable; what happened on the hunt (it's hard to imagine that you can kill a wolf during a ball!). But the need to explain the will of the authors, and not to place commas themselves, leads the guys to the search for such explanations.

It seems that the time has come to more accurately define the rule for separating qualifying members, without resorting to reforming the spelling rules.

1. A clarifying member will be considered such a member of the sentence, which, being after its syntactic counterpart, will narrow the transmitted concept or limit it in some respect. In other words, the clarifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition - after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The role of clarifying members is the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application.

2. The circumstances of time can be expressed in pronominal words: then, then, now. In this case, the circumstance of time that follows is isolated, since it specifies the time of action - Then, in childhood, even ice cream seemed sweeter. The next day, March 15, the final examination was scheduled.

The second circumstance of time can limit the time of the first, give it more precise and narrow boundaries. Compare: Reception of visitors on Tuesdays and Fridays from 11 to 18.- in this case, both temporal circumstances indicate a wide time for the action. On Friday, from 11 to 11.30, there will be a distribution of coupons for free lunches. - time is limited very narrowly, which is noted both by the intonation of the sentence and punctuation. We note right away that in the first sentence we have the opportunity to indicate the narrowing of the boundaries of time - reception takes place only on Fridays, from 11 to 18. Proposals in which the second circumstance is isolated require a more careful attitude to the exact time, and not just to the general time suggestions. Every morning from 7 to 10 I go to the gym. - in this phrase there is no clarification in relation to the exact time, it is usually, it is this time for most people that is associated with the concept of "morning". Early in the morning, at the beginning of the sixth, Masha runs around her house. The concept of "early morning" is rather vague - for someone it is six hours, for someone it is eight, so it needs to be clarified. At rush hour, at three o'clock in the afternoon, I got stuck on Tverskaya.- unfortunately, the reality of our life is such that when we pronounce "rush hour", we specify its time. In big cities, it sometimes stretches for a day.

The circumstance of time can more accurately describe the time of the action, giving it a more detailed and even figurative description: I first came to Paris in the spring, on a sunny and warm day. In winter, on a cold and dank evening, I had to walk home for about an hour.

The isolation of the circumstances of time in other cases depends on the will of the author and on the meaning that we want to give to the whole sentence: In autumn, during a thunderstorm, it is dangerous to walk on this bridge. The phrase can be interpreted approximately as follows: it is dangerous to walk on the bridge during thunderstorms, and the strongest and longest thunderstorms occur in autumn. When writing someone else's text, you can hear the intonational emphasis of the clarifying member. The author does not recommend that schoolchildren create sentences where the clarifying meaning requires such a long interpretation, and, as far as possible, rephrase it ("during autumn thunderstorms ...").

3. The circumstances of the place can also be expressed very vaguely: there, from there, everywhere. The circumstances of the place after them will be clarifying - There, in Moscow, Tatyana found her destiny. From above, from the observation deck, the city seems to be drawn.

Often the specifying circumstance of a place will be the exact name of the place in relation to the wider area - I lived then in Spain, in Barcelona. Every summer they have a rest in Europe, in Austria. He received an apartment in the south of Moscow, in Troparevo.

Most of the circumstances of the place are isolated or not, depending on subjective, extralinguistic factors: In the yard, between the sandbox and the swing, there is a flower bed.- By the presence of a clarifying term, we know exactly the picture of the courtyard. There was a checkpoint on the road ahead.. – the speaker is also on the road.

4. The circumstances of the manner of action are specified, as they carry additional information about the manner in which the action was performed, and this information is more specific - She dressed dull, like an old lady. Only in this way, in silence, could she work.

5. Definitions are isolated if they have a more specific meaning than the specified definition (agreed), which expresses the feature in its general form. Clarifying definitions are most often called color, size, age - She was wearing a light, pale blue skirt. A young girl, about eighteen years old, entered the room.

Almost all manuals provide examples of clarifying definitions for the pronouns that, this, such. Meanwhile, in the text of the rules for separating definitions, it is noted that the attributive phrase after these words is closely adjacent to them in meaning and should not be isolated (see, for example, Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation Handbook, p. 47). And although the authors of manuals always point out the possibility of isolation with the clarifying nature of the definition, it seems to us that when teaching practical literacy, one could refuse to analyze such examples. Confused in the detection of a clarifying or non-clarifying meaning, the student makes more mistakes than could appear if he learned only one rule. Examples of isolation of definitions with demonstrative pronouns are found mainly in fiction, entirely dependent on the will of the author, and the use of such cases when writing essays and presentations by schoolchildren themselves is unlikely. In dictations, according to the already established practice, the isolation of the clarifying definition with the named pronouns can be considered as an optional sign, non-isolation, in our opinion, is preferable.

6. Formal means to highlight the clarifying member of the sentence are the words or rather, more precisely, rather, otherwise (when you can add "saying" to them), moreover. These words are isolated themselves, the qualifying member after them is not separated by commas. Thus, these words turn out to be introductory, which, in fact, is reflected in the manuals. In our opinion, duplicating them in the rule into clarifying members leads to errors when the student begins to isolate the above words together with the members of the sentence following them:

His honesty, or rather, his truthfulness, did not give him the opportunity to cheat. I immediately understood, or rather, felt my involvement in what was happening.

The word is rather not isolated in the meanings of "better to say", "better", "more willing" - He was not pleased, but rather surprised by her comment. She would rather agree to quit, but not fulfill the absurd demand of her boss.

Let us give as an example the text on which it is possible to consider different cases of isolation of qualifying members:

Typically, institutions work on holidays from 10.00 to 15.00. No one, more precisely, most of the people would prefer not to work at all on such days, because they need to put things in order in the house, prepare a festive dinner, moreover, put themselves in order. On December 31, a young unmarried secretary was on duty at the head office of the Ves Mir company, (comma is optional, given the end of the sentence, you can use a dash or do without a punctuation mark) Lidochka Sergeeva. She was supposed to send confirmations for the arrival of groups of our tourists to warm countries, Spain and Greece, to celebrate the holiday under the hot rays of the sun. There, at the resort, the meeting of the New Year was supposed to be a special, unforgettable holiday for someone (it can be either a homogeneous member of the proposal or a clarifying one). Lidochka visited Spain in the spring, in May, and now, in the midst of a cold winter, she recalled this trip with pleasure. Today, the girl sent faxes without the usual envy, with pity. For a week now, since December 23, news programs have been reporting unprecedented cold snaps in Europe, especially in Athens and Barcelona. From here, from frozen Moscow, their minus one seems ridiculous, but they, the poor fellows, (apart from the appendix with a personal pronoun) are probably sad.

The door slammed and Lida's friend, Katya Petrova, a girl of about twenty-five, entered the room. On the occasion of the holiday, she was in an elegant, light blue dress. Usually she dressed in a businesslike way, faded and gray. From the threshold, Katya began noisily, loudly and shrillly, to tell something funny about her colleagues at work. Lida frowned: she could only work in silence, calmly and without being distracted, and did not like to participate in these stupid and meaningless (in this case, it is possible to separate definitions after "these" as an author's mark, the rules allow this) conversations. Therefore, Lidochka interrupted her friend and turned the conversation to the problems of Europe, or rather, its southern countries.

Half an hour later, at about noon, Lida, with the help of Katyusha, finished sending faxes and joined the noisy, young and cheerful crowd of her colleagues. The work for today has come to an end and the employees of the travel company have begun to jointly celebrate a joyful, cheerful and beloved holiday.

The above text shows some typical cases of using clarifying members of a sentence in speech. But no less important will be the work of analyzing the writers' own mistakes. The tendency of some to over-emphasize the circumstances of time, others to the mode of action, the indistinguishability of a group of homogeneous members and a clarifying and clarifying member should be the subject of attention of teachers, school teachers and teachers of various preparatory courses. Work on such errors should be built along the path of creating individual tasks, and not texts from fiction, in which the student is faced with the need not only to apply the punctuation rule, but also to "guess" the individual will of the author.

We now turn to the rules for selection of explanatory members of the sentence.An explanation is a designation of the same concept in different words. Almost any member of the sentence and even the whole sentence can be explanatory. To introduce an explanatory member, coordinating explanatory conjunctions are used, namely, exactly, that is, or (= that is). If these conjunctions are not used in a sentence, they can be inserted. The explanatory term is set off by a comma, but may be set off by a dash, especially if it is at the end of a sentence.

Basic rule: the explanatory member of the sentence is separated by commas on both sides, together with the explanatory conjunction. The explanatory member itself is not separated from the union.- Next week, that is, from the seventh to the thirteenth of March, I will be busy preparing for the conference. His new apartment, namely a two-level 150-meter apartment, was the envy of all his acquaintances. Between the explanatory union and the explanatory member itself, there may be introductory words and introductory constructions - His cousin, or, to be more precise, a second cousin, is the president of a large real estate firm.

Explanatory meaning often has an application. Firstly, it can be a proper name with a common noun, if before the name without changing the meaning you can insert exactly, that is, and his name is - His youngest daughter, Larisa, differed from her peers in her quiet and calm character. In this case, the punctuation often depends on the meaning conveyed. For example, in the above example, it is possible to assume that the listener/reader for the first time receives information about someone's daughter or does not firmly remember her name. Or - She went to visit her sister Larisa.- it can be assumed that she has several sisters and it is important for the speaker to indicate the choice of one. If the sister is alone, we will clarify her name and put a comma. Secondly, clarifying applications become in cases where the participants in speech or objects of speech are more accurately called, and the word being defined is more general in nature - Both father and son were fond of fishing.

The sentence may have an explanatory member introduced without an explanatory conjunction (it can be inserted without changing the meaning). Punctuation in this case remains the same. - For this room, different, light and finely striped wallpapers would suit more than these, red and floral.

If the explanatory term is introduced without the use of the union, while it is at the end of the sentence, a dash can be used - All he wanted was to eat. He had only one dream - to see his hometown at least once. He spent more time to complete the order than the customers allotted him - three months.

If the whole sentence turns out to be explanatory, and it is preceded by the union "namely", then a colon can be used after the union - When doing homework, one circumstance should be taken into account, namely: the paper should be drawn up strictly in accordance with the examination requirements.

Possible difficulties with punctuation with explanatory members are related to the following:

When using the union "or", one should distinguish between the cases of its use as an explanatory union (in the meaning of "that is") and as a dividing one (="or"). - Attaching a prefix or prefix does not affect the change in the partial ownership of the word. - here "or" is used in the meaning of "that is", introduces an explanatory term and is isolated along with it. Adding a suffix or suffix along with a prefix often changes the word's part of speech. - here "or" is used in a separating sense. Compare also: The pocket edition of the book, or pocket book, is in high demand because of the relatively low price. Publishers have not yet decided whether to publish them in pocket or regular book format.

Explanatory definitions are separated from the word being defined, but after them a comma is not put (that is, they are not isolated) - The poem "Dead Souls" shows the negative, terrible and ugly sides of Russian reality. Memories of the old, broken car no longer disturbed him.

Exercise . Arrange punctuation marks using the rules above.

The fourth last part of the novel "War and Peace" is unread by almost all schoolchildren.

Nectarines or a hybrid of peach and apricot is an artificially bred fruit.

There were always nectarines or peaches on the table, because those were Katya's favorite fruits.

His house was considered elite, namely, on the ground floor there was a swimming pool and a gym, in the courtyard there was a guarded parking lot only for residents and guests, each apartment had a winter garden.

From childhood, namely from the age of 11, he had the only dream of becoming a great hockey player, and then an Olympic champion.

His dacha plot of ten acres, a tiny house and a bathhouse he built on his own were the annual gathering place for all friends.

Figure skiing or freestyle skiing is one of the most difficult, but at the same time very beautiful sports.

This year, an enrollment has been announced for groups wishing to study Korean or Thai, as well as Persian or Farsi.

Either he decided that she would not come, decided not to meet with him anymore, or he was simply offended, but Ivan left the meeting place without waiting for the girl.

The connecting members of the proposal are those members that contain additional explanations or comments. They are entered in the middle or at the end of a sentence and are separated by commas, although dashes may be used. Usually, the adjoining term is introduced by the words even, especially, in particular, for example, in particular, moreover, moreover, and (= and moreover), and, yes, and in general, and only, including ...

Basic rule:the connecting member and the connecting sentence are separated by commas along with the word introducing this connecting phrase. – Everyone, especially first-year students, went to his lectures to look at the first handsome man of the faculty. He always read, even spoiled his eyesight, but he could not at all tell what he read about. Classmates laughed at him, and rightly so. His apartment was small, and, moreover, very shabby and in a non-prestigious area, so he was embarrassed to invite acquaintances there.

In order to isolate the connecting member (to highlight it from two sides), it is often necessary to consider the entire structure of the sentence. We isolate the connecting member if its removal does not violate the general structure of the sentence, and we do not separate it if the structure of the entire sentence is violated when the connecting member is withdrawn - In this novel, and in the previous one, the writer managed to create a surprisingly accurate image of our contemporary.- in this example, the removal of the connecting member will not violate the structure of the sentence. In this, and in the two previous novels, the main character was Police Major Petrova. - when the connecting member is removed, the structure is violated - "in this ... novels."

A whole sentence can act as an affiliate member: I didn't like going to school, and none of my friends are eager to learn..

By the way, the union "yes and" should be treated very carefully. It can act not only in an attached meaning, but also as a connecting one (= "and") - He went into the forest and got lost.- in this case, a comma is not placed before the union. "Yes and" can be part of the construction "took and did", which is a single predicate, so there is no comma inside the construction - After arguing with friends, Vasya took and ate the toadstool. A stable combination, inside which a comma is not placed, is the construction "no-no yes and" - Pavel no, no, yes, and he recalled his quiet life at home.

Exercise. Fill in the missing signs using the following rule:
All my classmates especially Katya support me.

I did not want to see her, and there is no need for us to meet again.

You have a lot of experience working with children and especially with kids, so we recommended you.

In mine and in two neighboring apartments, after the overhaul of our house, the plaster fell off the ceiling.

The most experienced athletes, including veterans, volunteered to help organize a children's sports camp.

I fell and it hurt so much that I cried.

During the week of my absence, the floor, window sills, and indeed all the free surfaces in the room were covered with dust.

In my yard, and in the neighboring yard, the hooligans broke all the benches.

Our athletes, mostly skiers, will be our hope for the upcoming Olympics.

Out of boredom, I took yes and went to the competition but unexpectedly won.

Task 2.

In the proposed text, there are isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, clarifying, connecting and explanatory members. Fill in the missing signs and explain them.

In a large clearing cleared of trees, a hare and a fox built two houses at the beginning of a long and cold winter, especially for forest animals. Of course, everyone was surprised at such a strange neighborhood, but the hare and the fox, meeting each other daily, as a result, even became friends, or rather learned not to quarrel. Of course, the fox would not mind having dinner with a bunny that settled nearby, but for the time being it tried to restrain its predatory instinct. In the mornings from seven to nine, the neighbors were engaged in clearing the area around the houses, removing the snow that had piled up during the night, after which the hare had a snack on the crispy carrots stored since autumn, and the fox, probably sniffing the pleasant smell of a young hare, ran to steal rabbits in a village located a mile or a mile and a half from the forest edge . There, in the village, the chanterelle sometimes managed, despite all the precautions taken by the housewives, to grab a chicken for dinner. The fox calmed down only after swallowing its prey and, having had its fill, went to a neighbor to chat. Satisfied with the food, she did not notice that her tomorrow's dinner might be in front of her. So the evening flew by while talking, and the fox and the hare, two sworn forest enemies, managed to finally become friends.

Now, having finished the exposition, we should move on to characterizing the main characters of the story, that is, the hare and the fox. The hare was a serious and positive animal. He built his hut from boards, mainly pine, received from beavers for their help in logging. A strong and durable hut had to stand for more than one year, and besides, starting from spring, the hare was going to start expanding it. Carrying plans for marriage, the hare could not help but understand the need to have a warm house, and especially in the cold season. Therefore, he worked tirelessly all winter, distracted only by lunch and nightly conversations with the fox. By the way, while talking with the fox, the hare thought about the time when small and fluffy hares would run around the clearing and hoped that friendly and warm relations with a neighbor would help him protect his, and not yet born, children.

Now let's talk about the neighbor, that is, the fox. The redhead cunning, as her acquaintances called her, she built her relationship with her neighbor on completely different grounds. The fact is that, having decided to save on building materials, the fox built her house from the most fragile material, that is, from ice. The animals laughed at the cunning but still stupid fox, and rightly so. Everyone at once unanimously started talking about the upcoming global warming and began to take bets mostly on "bunnies" when the house starts to melt. But not understanding the reasons for the giggling of the forest dwellers, the fox repeated only one thing, namely: "The hare has a dark hut and my chanterelles are light." Although now, at the beginning of March, it became clear even to a stupid fox that it was necessary to be friends with a neighbor. Therefore, the fox began to use every evening free from her personal affairs and meetings with fox girlfriends to establish good, almost family relations with the hare.

Reassured by the imaginary friendliness of a neighbor, the hare lived unperturbed until the arrival of real spring. In one such short week, the snow melted, and with it came the inevitable, and even the predictable end of the fox's house built of light marbled ice. She was cruel and did not do anything special and ask, moreover, senselessly to the houses of her even closest friends. Just going in one evening to chat with a neighbor, the fox did not begin to talk about her mostly far-fetched problems, did not ask about the romantic and sentimental plans for the hare's life, but simply had a delicious dinner at the same time, having privatized a comfortable house built with the expectation of a large family, the unfortunate victim of her predatory plans.

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The two branches of the science of language - syntax and punctuation - are always studied together. Simple cases of comma placement, for example, a mandatory comma before A and BUT, usually do not cause difficulties. But to isolate the secondary ones, knowledge of the basics of syntax is necessary.

Secondary members under a number of conditions can be distinguished from two sides and circumstance.

The circumstance in the sentence answers the questions of adverbs, as it denotes a sign of action or, much less often, not only an adverb, but also any independent element can act as a circumstance.

The isolation of circumstances expressed either by a single gerund, although it has its own subtleties, is easily assimilated by schoolchildren. The presence of a gerund in a sentence is a kind of signal for setting a comma.

Another thing is a clarifying circumstance. Examples of this kind are harder to find: they are not so obvious.

What is a clarifying circumstance?

Clarifying members, as is already clear from the term itself, clarify the information contained in the sentence:

All childhood friends, (who exactly?) Especially Mikhail, are very dear to me.

Dark (what exactly?) almost jet-black eyes stood out against his pale face.

A little girl ran into the room, (what exactly?) No older than our son.

A qualifier is always separated by a dash.

A separate clarifying circumstance in most cases specifies the time and place of the action.

If we have a clarifying circumstance of time, then the sentence, in addition to it, should contain generalized information about when the action is performed:

We left late in the evening, (when exactly?) at eleven o'clock.

At the end of August, (when exactly?) on the twenty-fifth, my only brother was born.

The specifying circumstance of the place details, narrows down the information about where the event described in the sentence takes place:

Andrei lives very close to us, (where exactly?) A five-minute walk.

Ahead, (where exactly?) in the very center of the road, we noticed a huge pit.

Geographical names and addresses are often specified:

Last summer we returned from another city, (where exactly?) from Vladivostok.

My friend moved to the Oktyabrsky district of the city of Samara, (where exactly?) to Michurin street.

Less common is a clarifying circumstance of the course of action:

The soldiers tried to speak as quietly as possible, (how exactly?) Almost a whisper.

Perepyolkin listened to me attentively, (how exactly?) With some special respect.

Clarifying circumstances with other meanings are also isolated.

For the correct punctuation, it is important to understand the context of the sentence:

Artists performed on the square in the city center. (The area is located in the central part of the city)

Artists performed on the square in the center of the city. (Artists perform on the square, located exactly in the center of the city).

A clue in isolating the clarifying members of a sentence is intonation. But it is not worth focusing only on semantic pauses in the speech flow, it is better to pay attention to the syntactic role of the construction and choose a question for it.

Lesson type: lesson of generalization and systematization.

Lesson type: combined (lecture with feedback, research type practical lesson).

Triune didactic goal:

Educational aspect: repeat the rules for separating secondary members of a sentence, deepen knowledge about separate definitions, clarifying members, explanatory and connecting constructions, develop the skills of analyzing punctuation marks with isolated members of a sentence.

Development aspect: to develop the improvement of linguistic flair, the ability to differentiate the types of isolated members of the sentence and punctuation marks with them, to form interest in educational research and educational and practical activities.

Educational aspect: maintain interest in learning the Russian language, mastering the topic through group work, fostering cooperation and striving for high quality work results.

Methods of work: reproductive, partially search, heuristic.

Forms of organization of educational activities: frontal, group, individual.

Providing a lesson: handouts (tests, tables, algorithms).

Material for dictionary and semantic work: isolation, defined word, agreed and inconsistent definition, separate applications, separate additions, isolated circumstances.

Literature:

Tutorials:

1. Vlasenkov A.I., Potemkina T.V., Russian language. Secondary vocational education. - M.: Bustard, 2007.

2. Goltsova N.G., Shamshin I.V. Russian language grade 10-11. - M .: "Russian word - RS" 2008.

3. E.S. Antonova, T.M. Voitelev. Russian language NSPO. -M.: Publishing Center "Academy". 2012.

Lesson stages

Structural elements of the lesson, teaching methods	Stage content	Time
1. Organizing moment Method: conversation	Checking the readiness of the audience for the lesson. Section 7 Syntax and Punctuation Theme of the Sentence with separate and clarifying members. Setting goals: the teacher acquaints students with the objectives of the lesson, explains that for effective work and achievement of the set goal, attention, composure is necessary, notebooks, pens, pencils, textbooks should be on the desktop Objectives: to repeat the rules for separating secondary members of a sentence, to deepen knowledge about separate definitions, clarifying members, explanatory and connecting constructions, to develop the skills of analyzing punctuation marks with isolated members of a sentence.	1 min.
2. Checking homework Method: frontal survey	Oral survey on vocabulary and semantic work. Checking the written exercise on the topic “Complicated sentence”.	5 minutes.
3. Calling “Basket” concepts Method: food for thought	The teacher focuses students' attention on the key concepts of the topic being studied, stimulates students to actively and creatively perceive the educational material. Terms are written down, then discussed in pairs, together with the teacher they come to the desired conclusion. In the process, students demonstrate primary knowledge on the topic being studied, a “Basket” of concepts is compiled.	10 minutes.
4. Realization of meaning Method: teacher and student lecture, self-study	There is direct contact with new information, the teacher recalls the rules for writing theses, maintains the inertia of movement created during the challenge stage. The topic of the lesson is written on the board and in notebooks. Textbook applied. Lecture plan: 1. The concept of isolated members of the proposal. 2. Types of isolated members of the proposal. 3. Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles. 4. Separation of clarifying members of the proposal, turns with the meaning of explanation and accession. 5. Rules for separating agreed and inconsistent definitions.	20 minutes.
5. Updating knowledge Method: explanation, group work, testing, independent work	The teacher offers to perform tasks of a generalizing nature, which help to systematize knowledge. Students analyze the proposed text, distinguishing between separate members of the sentence, answering the questions of the teacher. Working in groups with tables activates the creative and cognitive activity of students. The commented dictation and the practical task prepare for the control testing.	35 min.
Physical education minute		4 min.
6. Reflection Method: frontal survey on the application of new knowledge, individual work on cards, drawing up an algorithm	The teacher conducts a face-to-face survey. Work for a group, in which creative processing, interpretation takes place. During the survey, 4 students individually perform tasks on cards. Drawing up an algorithm introduces an integrating element.	10 minutes.
7. Summing up Method: story-information	The teacher sums up, formulates conclusions and grades for active work in the lesson, correct and complete answers to the question, draws attention to the fact that not all students are ready to correctly evaluate their work, consistently and clearly state their thoughts, recalls the need to correct the situation.	2 minutes.
8. Homework Method: explanation	The teacher comments on homework: Ex. 235. Make a summary on the topic "Introductory words and sentences." Prepare for the vocabulary dictation “Н and НН in adjectives and participles”.	3 min.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

1. Give definitions to key concepts: “Homogeneous members”, “Composing connection”, “Series of homogeneous members”, “Generalizing word”.

2. Exercise 372 (1).

III. Challenge the “Basket” of ideas.

Explain the meaning of the key concepts: “Separation”, “Turnover”, “Defined word”, “Separate definitions”, “Participial turnover”, “Separate applications”, “Separate circumstances”, “Gerential turnover”.

IV. Realization of meaning.

1. The word of the teacher.

A simple sentence can be complicated by separate members, which in oral speech are distinguished by intonation and meaning, and in writing by commas or dashes.

Separate members of the sentence contain an addition, explanation, clarification in relation to the word being defined, for example: Glass cups full of pure fire burned on the sides(K. Paustovsky) - a separate definition full of pure fire in speech it receives a special intonational design, contains an additional meaning in relation to the highlighted word, and is separated by commas in writing.

When isolating the secondary members of the proposal, the following should be taken into account:

1. What word (what part of speech) does the sentence member refer to.
2. How the isolated member of the sentence is expressed, whether it is common or not.
3. The position of a separate member relative to the word being defined (before or after it, separated or not from it by other members of the sentence).
4. The presence or absence of additional semantic shades (most often circumstantial).

Separate members of a sentence can be transformed into synonymous constructions - subordinate clauses, for example, compare: There reflected in the water familiar sky, forgotten for this evening people(K. Paustovsky). There the usual sky was reflected in the water, which was forgotten for this evening by people; By dawn, having burned down, the lamp went out(A. Green). - By dawn, when it burned out, the lamp went out.

Different secondary members of the sentence6 of the definition (agreed and inconsistent), applications, additions, circumstances, secondary members of the sentence, having a clarifying, explanatory, connecting meaning, can be isolated.

Separate nouns with prepositions instead of, except for, including, except for, in addition to, beyond, along with etc., conditionally called additions: I really liked the story except for some details (S.T. Aksakov); There is nothing outside the window except for lanterns (K. Paustovsky).

Separate additions contain an additional message to the main idea of ​​the sentence and have the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, cf .: There are no special beauties and riches in the Meshchersky region, except for forests, meadows and clear air (K. Paustovsky). - In the Meshchersky region there are no special beauties and riches, but there are forests, meadows and clear air.

Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles.

The circumstances expressed by the adverbial turnover are always isolated, cf .: trembling leaves beat against each other, trying to break away and fly away (M. Prishvin). - Trying to break away and fly away fluttering leaves beat against each other.

Single gerunds are isolated if they retain the meaning of the verb, indicating the time, place, reason for the action. Such gerunds often come before the predicate: Horses, snoring, swept past the sentinel at the outskirts(K. Paustovsky); resting, I lay on the mound for a long time(I.A. Bunin).

A participial turnover or a single participle standing after a union (union word) is separated from it by a comma, cf .: People walked around the yard, but did not notice me and, talking loudly passed by(V. Garshin). - People walked around the yard, but did not notice me and passed by, talking loudly (such a turnover can be freely rearranged to another place); compare: Zvyagintsev had no doubt that, examining the territory of the plant, quickly navigate the situation and be able to help in the construction of defensive fortifications(A. Chakovsky). - Zvyagintsev had no doubt that he would quickly orient himself in the situation and be able to help in the construction of defensive fortifications, looking around the plant.

Two participles and participles connected by a non-repeating union and, commas are not separated, as homogeneous members connected by a single union and: The wind quickly drove the clouds, whistling and screeching (I.S. Turgenev); Taking off my wet jacket and hanging hunting armor on the wall, I started making fire(D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak).

Circumstances are necessarily isolated if they are expressed by nouns with prepositions in spite of, in spite of, For example: At the gates of houses despite the early morning crowded people(V. Garshin); Finally, our patience snapped, and, despite the bad weather we decided to go back to the sea(V. K. Arseniev).

Circumstances expressed by nouns with derivative prepositions are usually isolated. due to, in spite of, in contrast to, in view of, due to, in the absence of, likeand others: Contrary to expectations the owner met us, although not very kindly, but nevertheless ordered to feed us and allowed us to spend the night in his fanza(V. K. Arseniev); Unlike the crane, herons don't get used to humans(I. Sokolov-Mikitov).

Separation of clarifying members of the sentence, turns with the meaning of explanation or attachment.

Clarifying members of a sentence are words, phrases that explain other members of a sentence.

Most often, clarifying circumstances are the circumstances of the place, time, mode of action, etc., specifying the meaning of the word to which they refer: There, in the sky the summer sun was already shining, and there was still dusk on the earth(K. Paustovsky); The ants crawled out in a dense mass, one to one, sitting and waiting for something( M. Prishvin).

In the letter, clarifying members are separated (separated) by commas. In addition to circumstances, other members of the proposal may be specified: Only narrow three hundred fathoms, a strip of fertile land is the possession of the Cossacks(LN Tolstoy) - definition.

Clarifying members of a sentence with the meaning of an explanation can be joined by conjunctions that is, or(in meaning i.e.), namely: It goes without saying that in wet times one must already seek salvation under a tent, or in a booth as the Siberians say(A. Cherkasov); As soon as the snow melts and the rags begin to dry, that is last year's grass,"burns" or steppe fires begin(S.T. Aksakov).

Clarifying connecting constructions, including an additional message about the content of the statement, are attached with words even, especially, in particular, for example, in particular, especially, and in general. In a letter, they are distinguished by commas, less often by a dash: roof painting, especially with our drying oil and paint, considered to be very profitable(A.P. Chekhov); The fastest growing mushrooms such as birch trees and russula, reach full development in three days(S.T. Aksakov).

2. Student's speech “Separation of agreed definitions” (students write down abstracts)

1. An agreed definition is isolated if it refers to personal pronoun, regardless of the place in the sentence, cf .: She is, indignant, suddenly changed to me ... (M. Prishvin). - Outraged She suddenly changed towards me.

Common agreed-upon definitions are separated, expressed by participial turnover or adjectives with a dependent word after the word being defined: The mountains, covered with snow, turned white in the middle of the night (K. Paustovsky); The road entered a small forest, dead, cold from the moon and dew(I.A. Bunin).

2. Agreed definitions are always isolated if it comes after the defined a word preceded by one or more definitions: Black plentiful bunches, emitting a faint smell of strawberries, hung heavily between the dark greenery, somewhere gilded by the sun(I.A. Kuprin).

3. If the word being defined has no previous definition, then isolation depends on the meaning and intonation: Moon, bright and wet, flashed over the bare tops(I.A. Bunin); They ate fish fried and salted and drank water and honey, old, aged (P. Zagrebelny).

4. An agreed definition before the word being defined is isolated if has an additional adverbial value(reasons, concessions, etc.), cf.: Tired and chilled, all sluggishly dragged along the slippery and dirty road(V.V. Veresaev) - the meaning of the cause. – Being tired and chilled , everyone trudged sluggishly along the muddy and muddy road; Unnoticed by anyone quivering aspen can be beautiful and noticeable in autumn (S.T. Aksakov) - the meaning of concession.

5. An agreed definition is isolated if it separated from defined words by other members of the sentence: The locomotive shouted jubilantly, intoxicated by its own rush (K. Paustovsky).

If agreed definitions that depend on a personal pronoun are connected in meaning with both the subject and the predicate, then they are not isolated: They returned home satisfied and happy .

The agreed definition with a noun is not isolated if it is connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate: Foliage

Coming out from under your feet tight-fitting, gray(M. Prishvin).

Inconsistent definitions are isolated (highlighted, separated by commas) in the following cases:

1. If they refer to a proper name : Now Makarka, in his old clothes and with a stick in his hand, stood at the threshold and sang(I.A. Bunin).
2. If referring to a personal pronoun : With beaten feet I finally got to my hometown(K. Paustovsky).
3. If separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence: She is entered the door of the visiting room, under a thick veil, and became on the other side of a private double lattice(M. Prishvin).
4. If they are in a series of homogeneous members of the proposal with separate agreed definitions: Even chess, old, broken, scratched, with a spool of thread instead of a rook and a tin soldier instead of an elephant, evoked a warm feeling in me.(E. Ryss).
5. If expressed in turns with an adjective in the form of a comparative degree: Other room, almost double, called the hall(A.P. Chekhov).
6. If expressed by nouns with a preposition and refer to a common noun; at the same time, the independence of the meaning of this definition is emphasized: Among them, raising his eyebrows, walked Jewish grain merchant, in a bowler hat, in a coat with a hood (I. A. Bunin).

V. Actualization of knowledge. Development of skills and abilities

Explain punctuation marks in the text, determine what makes a simple sentence complicated in a complex one?

What members of the sentence are separate revolutions?

What is the function of participial phrases in the text? (Participles with dependent words convey the sign of an object as an action. Participle phrases give the text expressive brevity, since they have the “energy” of the verb and the pictorial power of the adjective. Therefore, participles and participial phrases are an expressive artistic means in the text.)

What is special about this passage? (There are many participial phrases in a small text. Participle phrases are usually used in book speech. Their advantage is brevity, conciseness. The participles and participles and participles are very expressive, so they are widely used in artistic speech.)

2. The work of students in groups “Who is faster?”: it is necessary to supplement the table with examples using explanatory dictionaries, examples from literary texts. (The task is carried out in writing with subsequent verification).

Separate members of the sentence	Separation conditions
Definitions	Separated: 1) Common definitions expressed by a participial phrase or adjectives with a dependent word (determinative phrases) after the word being defined. 2) A single definition, if it comes after the word being defined or if it is torn off in the text from the word being defined. 3) Common or single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial value. 4) Definitions related to the personal pronoun.
Applications	1) Common applications expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun are isolated. 2) A single application, standing after a common noun, if the noun being defined has an explanatory word with it. 3) An application referring to a proper name if it comes after the noun being defined. 4) The proper name of a person or the nickname of an animal acts as a separate application if it explains or clarifies a common noun. 5) Applications with a personal pronoun.
Circumstance	1) A participial turnover or a single participle. 2) Circumstances expressed by nouns in the form of an indirect case for semantic emphasis or for incidental explanation. Turnover with prepositional combinations in spite of, in view of, due to, depending on, in order to avoid, in spite of, in contrast, in contrast, in connection with, due to, due to, in case, for lack of, for absence, like, due to, on occasion, in presence, with condition according to and etc.
Addition	Nouns with prepositions except for, instead of, in addition to, over, except for, along with and etc.
Specifying members of a sentence	Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words: 1) Clarifying circumstances of the place. 2) Clarifying circumstances of time. 3) Clarifying circumstances of the course of action. 4) clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.
Explanatory constructions	Explanatory members of a sentence with a union or.
Connecting structures		Structures that join with words even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and then, moreover, and in general and etc.

3. Recording sentences under the dictation of the teacher. Commentary dictation.

The garden was completely silent. The frozen earth, covered with a fluffy soft layer, was completely wet, without giving off sounds: on the other hand, the air became especially sensitive, clearly and completely transferring to far distances the cry of a crow, and the blow of an ax, and the slight crackle of a broken branch. From time to time a strange sound was heard, as if from glass, passing to the highest notes and dying away, as if at a great distance. It was the boys who threw stones on the village pond, which was covered with a thin film of first ice in the morning.

In the estate the pond was also frozen over, but the river near the mill, heavy and dark, still oozed in its fluffy banks and rustled at the locks. Peter went to the dam and stopped, listening. The sound of the water was different - heavier and without a melody. It seemed to feel the cold of the dead surroundings in it ...

In Peter's soul, too, it was cold and gloomy. The dark feeling that even on that happy evening rose from the depths of the soul with some kind of fear, dissatisfaction and a question, now has grown and occupied the place in the soul that belonged to the sensations of joy and happiness. ( V. Korolenko.)

Show in the text you have written down the syntactic function of isolated minor terms.

4. Written assignment.

Rearrange the sentences so that non-separated definitions become separate. Compare both options, paying attention to intonation. Write sentences with punctuation marks.

1. A magnificent and bright sun rose over the sea. 2. An official who arrived from St. Petersburg by personal order demands you to him. 3. The boat, driven by a fair wind, easily glided through the water. 4. The sea and clean month illuminated our path. 5. A dense fog that suddenly covered the coast forced us to stand in the roadstead.

5. Control testing.

1. Determine if you need to put the missing punctuation marks in sentences with separate definitions:

a) a comma before and;

b) a comma after and;

c) signs are placed correctly.

1. Now, probably, the wind will blow, sharp, unpleasant and will tear this fog to shreds.

2. Now Anna saw in the corner a stove made of a large iron barrel and a large cast iron on the stove.

3. The yellow boards lay quietly on the water and, carried away by an imperceptible current, turned their ends towards the river.

4. I assumed that the matter would end with a little rain, and, lulled by this thought, I calmly fell asleep.

5. The plane began to smoke and, bent down by the beam, went to its west.

6. A rippling river beat with a booming wave, already covered with lard in the channels and seized by ice near the banks.

7. The poor guest, with a ragged coat and scratched to the point of blood, soon found a safe corner.

8. Eyes stuck together and half-closed, too, smiled.

9. The valley covered with herbs and the transparent river bathed in a whitish haze pierced by moonbeams.

10. A large yard, curly with burdock and strewn with yellow leaves, slightly silvered with autumn drizzle.

Answers: 1 - in; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - in; 7 - in; 8 - b; 9 - a; 10 - c.

2. Determine if there are punctuation errors in sentences with isolated circumstances: a) yes; b) no:

1. The Vasnetsovs lived without meeting anyone.

2. Half an hour later, Anna led them to a clearing.

3. Daring on the great, you inevitably risk your good name (Vauvenargues).

4. I tremble all the time at the thought that, wanting to express the truth, I write down only a sigh (Stendhal).

5. The teacher quickly and without waiting for an answer bombarded the students with questions.

6. In the distance, merging with the sky, ice piled up.

7. Grabbing the fishing rod, Pavka pulled it and breaking off the hooked line, jumped out onto the road.

8. In a quiet spring hour, it would be nice to stand in the awakened forest.

9. Despite repeated warnings from weather forecasters, the Pathfinders hit the road.

10. Mother, according to her old lady's habit, appeared at the station for a whole hour.

Answers: 1 - b; 2 - a; 3 - b; 4 - b; 5 - a; 6 - a; 7 - b; 8 - a; 9 - b; 10 - a.

3. In which option are the answers correctly indicated and all the commas are explained?

Nightingale (1) Scattering with a jubilant trill (2) sang (3) his spring song.

a) 2 - participial turnover is highlighted;

b) 1, 2 - participial turnover is distinguished;

c) 1, 2 - participle turnover is highlighted;

d) 1, 3 - the adverbial turnover is distinguished.

Answer: b).

4. In which answer option are all the commas correctly indicated and explained?

The evening sun (1) having bathed enough (2) in the clouds (3) will throw a few purple strokes into the sky.

a) 1 - participial turnover is highlighted;

b) 2 - participial turnover is distinguished;

c) 1, 3 - participial turnover is highlighted;

d) 1, 3 - the adverbial turnover is distinguished.

VI. Reflection

1. Questions.

Name the cases of mandatory separation of agreed definitions.

In what cases are gerunds and gerunds with dependent words separated?

What punctuation marks are used in clarifying connecting constructions?

What are the principles for differentiating separate members of a sentence?

2. Work on cards.

Read and underline the qualifying parts of the sentence.

1) The nightingales sang in the direction where the dawn is beyond the river, and on the mountain above me, and below, in the alder ravine, and I listened and chose in which direction the nightingales sang better.

2) Everything good, including a good story, comes not only from personal effort, no, it ripens itself, like an apple on the trunk of a human personality.

3) In order to be a real artist, one must overcome in oneself malicious envy for the best and replace it with admiration for the absolutely beautiful.

Why should I envy the best, if the best is a beacon in front of the absolutely beautiful, if I participate in it to some extent, even in the smallest, but: by the very fact that I admire, I participate.

Justify the communicative expediency of using clarifying isolated members of the sentence in the above passages.

3. Drawing up the algorithm “Separation of agreed definitions”.

VII. Summarizing. Evaluation.

VIII. Homework:

Make a summary of "Introductory words and sentences."

Prepare for the vocabulary dictation “Н and НН in adjectives and participles”.

Russian language lesson on the topic: “Separation of clarifying members of a sentence” in grade 8.

Lesson Objectives:

1. General education

To develop the ability to use in oral speech and find clarifying members of the sentence in writing

Learn to separate qualifying members of a sentence with commas

Learn how to construct sentences with qualifying members

2.Developing

Activate the cognitive activity of students

Stimulate and develop thought processes

Develop memory, attention, speed of reaction

Type of lesson: Lesson explaining new material.

During the classes:

1 Frontal survey on the topics covered from the section "Separation".

What is isolation? (Separate - separate especially

Highlight, shield, exclude from the general.

Isolation - intonation and semantic separation of secondary members of the sentence.

What members of the sentence are called isolated? (highlighted secondary members

How is separation expressed in writing? In spoken language? (in writing with commas, in oral speech - intonation).

In what case are definitions, applications separated? (If they stand after the word being defined, they refer to a personal pronoun, have an additional adverbial meaning, refer to a proper name)

What are the rules for separating circumstances? (In Russian there are cases of mandatory isolation of circumstances -

this is a separation of circumstances expressed by a single gerund or participle turnover)

What is the word being defined, how do we designate it? (the word being defined, to which the isolated member of the sentence refers)

In which case separate circumstances are not distinguished (if they are a stable expression (phraseologism) For example: Work carelessly. Headlong, holding your breath.

The students' worksheet contains seven sentences with separate definitions, circumstances, and applications. Students read the sentences and verbally explain the punctuation marks.

1. The vase on the table struck me.

2. Under the clouds, flooding the air with silver sounds, the larks sang.

3. The snow that fell during the night covered a narrow path.

4. Danko rushed forward, holding his burning heart high.

5. Immensely in love with the sky, he remained faithful to him.

6. My grandmother worked tirelessly all her life.

7. Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva.

One of the students does a syntactic analysis of the second sentence (orally). The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory. Grammatical basis: Larks - subject, sang - predicate. The proposal is simple two-part. The sentence contains secondary members. Where did you sing? Under the clouds - so it is common. The sentence is complicated by a separate circumstance expressed by a participial turnover.

2. Explanation of the new material: "Separation of clarifying members of the proposal"

Suggestions are written on the board:

a) Tomorrow we will go on an excursion. (at 10 o'clock)

b) Golden autumn decorates the earth. (with yellow leaves)

c) The stars in the sky are gradually fading. (So ​​slow)

Try to concretize these members of the proposal, make them more precise, clear.

Students give their examples of clarification.

Let's try to draw a conclusion. What words are isolated in these sentences?

Separate words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.

Why do we need to use clarifying members of a sentence in speech?

a) In order not to make a mistake when arranging a meeting place (where, when, exactly when) I am at the pharmacy, and I was waiting for you at the cinema. So tomorrow at the same place, at the same hour.

b) The clarifying members of the sentence create an image, have an artistic

value. Golden, with yellow leaves, autumn adorns the earth.

c) help to reveal various feelings. We talked well, in a friendly way.

Questions: What members of the sentence are called clarifying?

How do they stand out in speech? In writing?

Compiling a table " Commas in sentences with qualifying members suggestions." The table is posted on the blackboard The same table is on the students' worksheets . One student at the blackboard and the rest in their worksheets must correlate the left and right parts of the table. Find sentences corresponding to each item in the table.

Separate words and phrases that clarify the meaning of previous words

Clarifying circumstances of the place	Every morning at eight o'clock I go to work.
Clarifying circumstances of time	Far away, in the forest, the blows of an ax were heard.
Clarifying circumstances of the course of action	It was Alexander Ivanovich, or simply Sasha, a guest who had come from Samara.
Clarifying definitions with the meaning of color, size, age.	There was nothing to be seen below, except for the glittering lights.
Clarifying applications with conjunction or (= that is)	A long, several versts, shadow lay from the mountains on the steppe.
Clarifying objects with prepositions (except, including, except, etc.)	He naively, childishly, wiped his eyes with his fingers.

6.Fixing the material.

Selective (complicated) cheating.

From the proposed pairs of sentences, select only sentences with qualifying members.

A.1. Here, among the swamps, a thin stream makes its way.

2. Something strange happened on the farm yesterday.

B.1. Having entered the yurt, Makar went up to the fire.

2.Today, at eight o'clock in the evening, we will go to visit.

B. 1. The nutria, or water rat, appreciates (t, t) with its fur.

2. The letter will be delivered by my brother or his friend.

D. 1. I did not hear anything except the noise of the leaves.

2. In the north, faintly flickering, some whitish clouds rose.

After completing this task, students exchange their work and make a mutual check. Evaluated according to the following criteria:

2 sentences - "3"

3 sentences - "4"

4 sentences - "5"

Lexical work: In the worksheets during this task, you noticed the highlighted words. Try to determine the lexical meaning of these words from the context.

Students provide their own answers.

The teacher reads out the correct interpretation of the words.

Farm: 1) A separate piece of land with the owner's estate.

2) In Ukraine, Kuban - a small peasant village.

Kamelek: Small fireplace or hearth for heating.

Whitish: Whitish, dull white. (The suffix -ovat- denotes an incomplete sign, for example, reddish, sad).

4.Designing proposals.

Students are invited to "collect" the scattered sentence.

a) High waters, in the spring, now, with fear, we, early, are waiting.

Now, in early spring, we fear floods.

b) Sitting, children, at home, near, a bench, on.

Near the house, on a bench, children were sitting.

c) We study, that is, we, sentences, science, about, phrases, sentences, etc.

We study syntax, that is, the science of phrases and sentences.

At the blackboard, three students make sentences with clarifying members, attaching words to the board with magnets and explain the punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying members of the sentence.

5. Draw up sentence schemes with clarifying members. (Listening)

Proposals are read out once (without repetition). After each sentence, students write sentence patterns in their notebooks.

Then the sentence patterns are written on the board.

Late in the evening, at eleven o'clock, I went out into the garden

To the right of the house, on the bank of the river, there is a huge park.

We talked well, in a friendly way.

White mosquitoes, that is, snowflakes, occasionally appeared in the air.

He worked cheerfully, with a twinkle.

Examination:

when exactly when

where, exactly where,

how exactly.

There is something.

how exactly.

6. Creative task.

Compose a short story on the topic "School holidays"using the sentences of the structure studied. Remember what holidays are celebrated in our school and try to write a short story, use sentences with clarifying terms.

Pupils write stories, two or three works are read out.

Separation of agreed definitions

Agreed definitions are separated if:

1) are expressed by participial turnover or turnover with the main word adjective and stand after the noun being defined: Event, left a deep mark on my life happened on the first of April. I lived my life full of surprises and betrayals.

2) such turns are before the noun being defined, but have an additional adverbial meaning (reasons, concessions, conditions, time): Scattered by weariness, the huge column stretched discordantly (which column? + Why was it stretched?).

3) single definitions make up a homogeneous series and stand after the noun being defined, before which there is often another (non-isolated) definition: Two years of a strange life have passed, silent, sad. poured rain, oblique, large, beating in the face. Single definitions are isolated if they have additional adverbial meaning: Mother is at home, sad, collected her son on the road. Stately, beautiful, the young man immediately attracted attention.

4) common and non-common definitions, standing both before and after the word being defined, refer to the personal pronoun: Observant, he immediately noticed the sparkle of binoculars.

5) definitions are separated from the word being defined by other words: Furious, stood one against the other two living walls: red and white. An oak leaf broke away from a native branch and rolled into the steppe, driven by a fierce storm.

6) the definition is expressed by a short adjective or a short participle (usually forming a homogeneous series, mainly in poetic speech): The sun was sailing towards sunset. / A ship wave driven, /Embraced by the fading light, / I wanted to slip under it.

NOT separate if:

1) stand in front of the noun being defined and do not have an additional adverbial meaning: Walked around the table tied to the leg hen. Three days later they got naked open to all winds bumps.

2) the noun itself in this sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined: He could hear things quite unpleasant for myself.... The wisdom and beauty of literature are revealed only before a person enlightened and knowledgeable.

3) the adjective or participle are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate: Taiga stood silent and full of mystery. Moon rose strongly crimson and gloomy, definitely sick.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Inconsistent definitions are separated if:

1) it is necessary to emphasize their meaning, highlight an important sign for the described situation (appearance, emotional state of a person, etc.): old lady, in a padded jacket and with a scarf on his head.

2) refer to a personal pronoun or proper name: Denis Antonovich, without a jacket, in slippers on bare feet sitting at the table with a newspaper.

3) make up a homogeneous series with agreed: And only in December snow will return back white, untouched, without a single speck.

Application isolation

Applications are separated if:
1) are common and stand after the word being defined: There is a nightingale, spring lover singing all night...
2) refer to the personal pronoun: We, gunners, fussed about the guns.
3) single applications are after the word being defined and have an additional independent meaning: Suddenly a young woman enters the room, typist.
4) stand before the word being defined and have an additional adverbial meaning, and if the word being defined is a proper name: Courageous and tireless innovator, the poet sought to convey in verse the iron tread of the revolution. Stubborn in everything, Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in teaching.
5) the application is a proper animate name, which has a clarifying meaning: In the house, the daughter of the landowner quietly lived out her life, Katerina Ivanovna. Sakli owner, Sado was a man in his forties.
6) applications with union as have causal significance: Kiselyov, as a regimental commander, it was impossible to fight with a subordinate.
BUT! As a stylist, Chekhov is inaccessible - "inaccessible as a stylist" - there is no isolation.

7) applications are entered in words by name, by nickname, by nickname, by surname, by birth and the like: This student, named Mikhalevich, sincerely loved Lavretsky.

Exercise number 28. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Indicate separate agreed and inconsistent definitions and applications. State the terms of separation.

A. 1. My host doctor was an eternally busy, silent man. 2. A young guy in a torn sheepskin coat, blond and high cheekbones, was waiting for the Zemstvo doctor. 3. Behind the house one can see a blackened garden. 4. Yermolai had a cop dog called Valetka. 5. Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house. 6. Attracted by the light, butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern. 7. It's a shame to me an old man to listen to such things. 8 The response received is considered as consent. 9. Taiga stood silent and full of mystery. 10. And illuminated by the pale moon, stretching out his hand in the sky, behind him rushes the Bronze Horseman on a galloping horse. 11. As an old artilleryman, I despise this kind of cold decoration ... 12. A cheerful southerner, he could make everyone laugh at the most difficult moment. 13. In a clean field, wavy and pockmarked snow is silvering. 14. As a high-ranking person, it is not appropriate for me to ride a horse. 15. In the hallway he came across Naum completely dressed and in a hat. 16. Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded. 17. We know India as a country of ancient culture. 18. He could hear things rather unpleasant for himself if Grushnitsky guessed the truth. 19. In the yard surrounded by a fence of cobblestones, there was another shack.

B. 1. Oak as a very strong tree is used for the manufacture of parquet. 2. The arrows fired at him fell miserably back to the ground. 3. The color of the sky is a light lavender and does not change all day. 4. Wet to the last thread, they took me off the horse with almost no memory. 5. The son of a woman and an eagle, he (Larra) is distinguished by selfishness, arrogance, contempt for people. 6. A few years later, another ataman, nicknamed Shamai, set off in his footsteps. 7. Chernyshevsky created a highly original and extremely remarkable work. 8. Rich and good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom. 9. A pale light, like water slightly diluted with blue, flooded the eastern part of the horizon. 10. Her husband, a Putilov worker, was in prison twice before the war. 11. Here it is family life ... 12. I saw a wet man in rags with a long beard. 13. Mother returned home tired and irritated. 14. Kashtanka stretched, yawned, and angry, sullen, walked around the room. 15. He ran ahead of everyone without a hat with disheveled hair. 16. Paw-like maple leaves stood out sharply on the yellow sand of the alleys. 17. Colored autumn evening of the year smiles brightly at me. 18. Stunned by a heavy roar, Terkin bows his head. 19. A well-fed and contented puppy slept soundly. 20. Masha in a bright, sparkling suit stood out in a crowd of guests. 21. Always self-confident this time she was frightened.

Separation of circumstances

Circumstances are isolated if:

1) are expressed by participial turnover: greeting the morning, pheasants called from all sides.

2) are expressed by single gerunds and it must be emphasized, highlight this circumstance: Girl, not answering looked at the door.

3) the action called a single gerund does not coincide in time with the main action called the verb: having a rest he was about to leave.

4) Single gerunds form a homogeneous series of circumstances: Grunting and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room.

BUT! If a homogeneous series is expressed by an adverb and a gerund, then the circumstance is not isolated: The boy answered questions frankly and without embarrassment.

5) the circumstance is expressed by a noun with a preposition in spite of : Despite the bad weather the fishermen went to sea.

NOT separate if:

1) the participle or participle turnover is close in meaning to the adverb: Up to two hours the classes went on without interruption(continuous). Lived the Artamonovs not knowing anyone(closed).

2) the gerund is part of the phraseological unit: Rushing headlong(fast). work slipshod(bad).

Separation of add-ons

The additions expressed by the forms of oblique cases of nouns with prepositions are optionally separated besides, besides, along with, apart from, apart from and the like. Such nouns name objects distinguished in any way from a series of similar objects: He did not know any joys, besides reading books. A hand that does not tire of working with rare exceptions, of good.
A number of researchers call these designs emphatic members of a sentence .

Sentences with clarifying isolated members

Clarifying sentence members specify or clarify the meanings of other sentence members. Clarifiers differ from semi-predicative isolated members in semantics: they do not contain an additional message, like semi-predicative ones, but only specify the existing message in any part of it: Near the house, near the porch, silently flowing nameless river. I was sitting in a birch grove autumn, about half of september . She has black, wide-open eyes and short, boyishly , trimmed curls.
Clarifying members call a more particular, specific concept than that indicated by the word being explained.
Qualifying words can be linked to qualifying ones with the help of words. especially, in particular, even, mainly, in particular, including, for example, moreover, and in general and the like. That's how they say explanatory sentence members : The Germans badly damaged Popov's garden, especially cherry trees.

Exercise number 29. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Specify special circumstances and additions. State the terms of separation.

1. The horses stood with bowed heads and occasionally shuddered. 2. Kitty stood at the table and, as she passed, met Levin's eyes. 3. I really liked the story, except for some details. 4. Anfisa did not see anything on her husband's face except the former gleam of his eyes. 5. The captain said all this to me. 6. He talked about the walk laughing. 7. Yacht races will take place on Sunday if the weather is favorable. 8. Instead of a cheerful Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in a deaf and distant side. 9. We were the shadows of Chuya's ancestors standing next to each other to death near Moscow. 10. Young jackdaws were circling above the bare trees playing. 11. Pantelei Prokofievich reluctantly entrusted Darya Bykov. 12. Sintsov answered questions reluctantly and without going into particular details. 13. In collective farms, due to prolonged rains, covered currents began to be equipped. 14. Despite the drought, the acorns were born to fame. 15. Despite the bad weather, the engines sing over the taiga. 16. Ivan Ilyich looked without looking up at the mirror-like bluish water. 17. Not a sound but the sighs of the sea. 18. The officers, with the exception of Solovyov, hurried out. 19. The weather was dry and warm throughout October beyond all expectations. 20. Lvov wrote convulsively without looking at anyone. 21. Between dogs, as between people, clever girls and fools come across. 22. This morning, shortly after sunrise, the volcano erupted. 23. Late in the evening, that is, at eleven o'clock, I went for a walk along the linden alley of the boulevard. 24. There, in the darkness, someone's eyes looked without blinking.

Homework
Exercise number 30. Indicate isolated secondary members, name the conditions for isolation.

1. Can a dwarf compete with a giant? 2. The disheveled, unwashed Nejdanov looked wild and strange. 3. The detachment that left early in the morning had already covered four versts. 4. Due to the many guests who came, no one slept alone. 5. And we will add cheerfully brewed tea to spiritual food. 6. We ran to the hut soaking wet. 7. Having chosen a dry sonorous tree, the forest musician, the motley woodpecker, drums. 8. The wind was still blowing strong now from the east, scattering snow and rain clouds. 9. Our camp in the bay, contrary to the expectations of many, dragged on. 10. The plane, along with the passengers, also captured the mail. 11. Yuri Gagarin went down in history as the world's first cosmonaut. 12. The mother lady with gray hair spoke more. 13. Already the willow is all fluffy spread around. 14. Sometimes Ilyusha, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush and redo everything himself. 15. Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles from me and left very pleased with his victory. 16. The expanse of the plain flowed into the sky hung with sharp clouds. 17. I say this as a writer. 18. Sergei Lazo was sent by the committee as commander in chief. 19. Father came upset by this message. 20. He, with his mind and experience, could already notice that she marked him. 21. As a true poet, Shishkin knows how to find a reason for creating a deep image in the simplest motive.

Sentences with complicating elements that are not members of the sentence