Absolute synonyms. What is absolute

Synonyms in Russian

A. Signs of synonyms.

Synonyms (gr. synonymos- eponymous) - these are words,

• different in sound
• but identical or close in meaning,
• belonging to the same part of speech
• often differing in stylistic coloration .

For example: here - here, wife - spouse, look - look, homeland - fatherland, fatherland.

Synonyms are usually denote the same phenomenon of objective reality. The nominative function allows you to combine them into open series, which are replenished with the development of the language, with the emergence of new meanings for words.

On the other hand, synonymic relations can break up, and then individual words are excluded from the synonymic series, acquiring other semantic connections.

For example,

• word scrupulous, formerly synonymous with haberdashery(cf.: trades London scrupulous(A. Pushkin)), now synonymized with the words thin, delicate;
• word vulgar no longer synonymous common, popular(cf. the hope expressed by the writer Trediakovsky that the book he wrote would be at least a little vulgar) and approached a number: vulgar - rude, low, immoral, cynical;
• at the word dream the semantic correlation with the word is currently violated thought(cf.: What a terrible dream!(A. Pushkin)), but preserved with the words dream, dream.

In most cases, synonyms, denoting the same thing, characterize it from different points of view.

Synonyms are recorded in special dictionaries - dictionaries of synonyms (see links below).

Some linguists do not consider synonyms:

• words denoting genus-species relations: flower - chamomile;
• words denoting related concepts: house - apartment.

B.Synonymous line.

A group of words consisting of several synonyms is called synonymous next(or nest): doctor— doctor— doctor— Aesculapius.

Synonyms can be either multi-rooted, and from single root synonyms: face - face, overtake - overtake; fisherman - angler, fisherman.

The first place in the synonymic row is usually taken by a common meaning and stylistically neutral word - dominant(lat. dominants- dominant) (it is also called the pivotal, main, supporting word). Other members of the series clarify, expand its semantic structure, supplement it with evaluative values. For example, brave -intrepid,daring,dashing,.

So, in the last example, the dominant of the series is the word brave, it most capaciously conveys the meaning that unites all synonyms, "without fear" and free from expressive stylistic shades. The rest of the synonyms are distinguished in the semantic-stylistic sense and in the peculiarities of their use in speech. For example,

• intrepid- a book word, interpreted as "very brave";
• daring- folk-poetic, means "full of daring";
• dashing- colloquial - "bold, risk-taking";
• synonyms brave, courageous, fearless, fearless differ not only in semantic nuances, but also in the possibilities of lexical compatibility (they are combined only with nouns that name people; one cannot say “brave project”, “fearless decision”, etc.).

Members of the synonymic series can be not only individual words, but also stable phrases (phraseological units), as well as prepositional case forms: a lot - over the edge, without counting, chickens do not peck. All of them, as a rule, perform the same syntactic function in a sentence.

The Russian language is rich in synonyms, rare synonymic series have two or three members, more often there are many more.

B. Types of synonyms.

1. Complete(absolute) synonyms, or doublets, most often there are parallel scientific terms: spelling - spelling, nominative - nominal, fricative - fricative, as well as single-root words formed with the help of synonymous affixes: wretchedness - squalor, guard - guard. There are not many complete synonyms in the language.

2. Synonyms that differ in shades of meaning are called semantic (semantic, ideographic): wet - wet, wet reflect varying degrees of manifestation of the trait - "having significant moisture, saturated with moisture"; to die - to perish, to perish- "cease to exist, be destroyed (as a result of disasters, the impact of any forces, conditions)".

3. Synonyms that have differences in expressive-emotional coloring and are therefore used in different styles of speech are called style: wife(general use) - spouse(official), young(colloquial) - newlyweds(book), eyes(neutral) — eyes(vyc.), face(neutral) — muzzle(reduced) — face(vyc.)

4. Synonyms that differ both in shades of meaning and stylistically are called semantic-stylistic. For example, wander- a bookish word meaning "to go or go without a certain direction, without a goal, or in search of someone or something"; circle (circle) - colloquial, meaning "changing the direction of movement, often get to the same place"; stray- everyday colloquial, meaning "to go or go in search of the right direction, the right road"; with the same meaning: get confused- colloquial fornicate- spacious.

The language is dominated by semantic-stylistic synonyms.

5. Words that come together in meaning only in the same context are called contextual(situational, occasional, author's) synonyms: For hundreds of miles, for hundreds of miles, for hundreds of kilometers, salt lay, the feather grass rustled, the cedar grove turned black.(A. Akhmatova). Contextual synonyms are not reflected in synonym dictionaries.

In the context, words are synonymized that, in essence, are not synonyms. So, the girl can be called baby, beauty, laughter, whim, coquette; dog - bug etc.

D. Basicsynonym functions.

1. Clarification is based on an incomplete coincidence of the meanings of synonymous words: synonyms allow you to “add” the missing meanings, to reveal new sides in the designated: He ran, or rather rushed.

2. Substitution based on the fact that in a number of contexts the differences between synonyms are erased, and this allows you to avoid repetitions of the same words: He made a mistake, but his mistake was not noticed.

3. Euphemia is called a deliberately inaccurate designation of reality: boss is delayed (= late), he is not far (= stupid).

4. Contrasting synonyms highlights the differences between synonyms: She didn't walk, she walked.

Additionally:

In the modern Russian language, there are several types of synonyms that are distinguished depending on the nature of the differences between words with their general semantic similarity.

Words that have the same meaning are called full synonyms, absolute synonyms, or lexical doublets:linguistics=linguistics , throw=throw, look=look, stop=cease, strike=strike, original=original, everywhere=everywhere, spelling=spelling, cavalry=cavalry. These are words that have neither semantic nor stylistic differences. From this point of view, all other types of synonyms are incomplete, relative. There are few complete synonyms in Russian, as the language tries to avoid duplication.

Incomplete synonyms ( quasi-synonyms) .

Semantic (ideographic, conceptual), denoting the same phenomenon of reality, they distinguish different aspects in it and different so apart shades of its meaning I.

If the meaning of one of the quasi-synonyms is completely “embedded” in the meaning of the second, and at the same time, there are some more semantic components in the meaning of the second, then there are relations of “inclusion” between them. The words carry = drag, attack = aggression are related in this way: drag- This carry, but with difficulty (you can carry a bag and drag it, but you can’t drag a cup of coffee, for example); any aggression is an attack, but not every attack can be considered aggression (in combination attack by robbers on a passerby word attack cannot be replaced by aggression).

The meanings of two quasi-synonyms can have a common part, and the meaning of each of them differs in some feature, in which case their meanings “intersect”. So, greedy means ‘obsessed with the passion to capture someone else’, stingy- ‘obsessed with passion not to give what is his’. Consider the following group of synonymous nouns: stillness, stillness, stillness. All of them mean ‘lack of wind’, but differ from each other in shades of their lexical meanings: the word calmness has the meaning ‘complete absence of wind, calm weather’; word silence– ‘calmness, absence of noise’; word calm– ‘weakening, temporary cessation of wind, noise’.

Stylistic synonyms, denoting the same phenomenon of reality, differ from each other stylistic affiliation. They also have differences in semantic expressiveness and emotional coloring. An example of stylistic synonyms is the words to sleep - to rest - to sleep. Verb sleep is neutral in stylistic terms and does not contain emotional overtones. Verb rest is obsolete, stylistically bookish; word sleep is vernacular with an emotional appraisal of disapproval.

Stylistic or multi-style synonyms also include the words: face - face - muzzle(neutral - bookish - vernacular), to die - to die - to die(neutral - bookish - colloquial), satisfactory - triple, tired - tired(neutral - colloquial), argument - argument, view - look(neutral - bookish).

Within the framework of stylistic synonyms, the following are also distinguished:

a) Synonyms that differ from each other in the degree of modernity. In such a synonymous series, one word refers to modern vocabulary, the other to obsolete: plane - airplane, minister - people's commissar, this - this, cinema - cinema;

b) Synonyms that differ in the scope of use. This includes, for example, series consisting of a national word and a term or professionalism : kitchen - galley, cook - cook(maritime), jaundice - hepatitis(honey.), page - strip(polygraph.); literary jargon : parents - ancestors, dining room - feeder, knife - pen, search - shmon;

Semantic-stylistic synonyms differ both in shades of lexical meanings and in stylistic coloring. An example of such synonyms are the verbs go and trail, which have a close but not identical meaning: go- "to move, stepping over your feet", and trail- "move slowly, sluggishly." Therefore, the verb trail has an additional semantic connotation - "to move with difficulty, barely stepping over." In addition, synonymous verbs go and trail differ in stylistic affiliation: verb go is neutral and the verb trail used in colloquial speech with an emotional assessment of disapproval. Thus the words go and trail are semantic-stylistic synonyms. Comp. Also: reserve - reserve: stock- a common word, means "everything that is prepared for the future"; reserve- bookish, special, meaning "what is left for a special, exceptional case." Semantic and stylistic differences are also characteristic of synonyms angry - angry(colloquial), hasty - hasty(colloquial), eat - eat(simple);

All the previously given synonyms are common language, i.e. they are characteristic of the lexical system of the Russian language, understandable to all or the vast majority of its speakers. It should be distinguished from general language contextual, or individual author's synonyms. These include words that enter into synonymous relations temporarily, only in this context. For example, between words showered and pasted over there are no synonymous relations in the lexical system of the Russian language. However, in the story "Chelkash" A.M. Gorky uses the word pasted over as a synonym for the word showered: He fell asleep with a vague smile on his face covered with flour dust. Let's compare more examples of the use of contextual synonyms : Ostap was about to take the pounds for the starched collar and show him the way, the way(collar- contextual synonym of the word collar); The whole plain is covered with loose and soft lime (lime – snow).

Polysemantic words can be included in several synonymous rows, participating in each of them with only one meaning. So, short in meaning ‘small in height’ is synonymous with the word low; quasi-synonymous with words squat, stunted, undersized(about a human); in the meaning ‘relating to the lower sound register’ is a synonymous series with bassy, ​​bassy(for example, about the voice); in the meaning of ‘unsatisfactory in quality’ is synonymous with the word bad; when designating a certain quality of a person short enters into synonymous relations with the words vile, dishonorable.

Synonyms can also differ in their compatibility with other words. So, brown has free compatibility with many words: pencil, shoes, coat. Meaning brown is phraseologically related to the word eyes; chestnut can only be hair.

12. Synonym functions

In everyday speech, synonyms perform two new functions for everyone who speaks Russian. First, this substitution function one word with another. It is caused by the desire to avoid unwanted repetitions of the same words in speech: The whole hall applauded. Clapping hands up. Secondly, refinement function. A person with a large weight can be called and complete, and thick, and overweight. Moreover, each of the synonyms has its own peculiarity of meaning, emphasizing the volume (full), shape ( thick), the weight ( overweight). Such a person can sit down or about start I'm on a chair, maybe plop down; at the door he is not always included- in a narrow squeezed in or squeezes through; his voice may to sound, to roar, to rumble(if it's bass) hum, whine etc.

The clarification function is associated with the method of stringing synonyms to emphasize the identity or semantic similarity of words: Mind, reason, she agreed with Sergei in everything.« We will close the file cabinet, bury it,” Volodya said. In this case, in one synonymous row there may be words that are different in stylistic affiliation and emotional coloring: They shouted that it was sinful, even vile, that the old man was out of his mind, that the old man had been deceived, cheated, deceived(Dost.). Comp. also: And soon a crowd gathers near the wood warehouse ... Ochumelov makes a half turn to the left and steps towards the crowd(A. Chekhov.) - here in a synonymous pair crowd - gathering the second word in the meaning of "a large crowd of people" has the stylistic marks "disapproved." and “colloquial”, which “reduces” its meaning in the text and serves as an expression of a negative assessment.

The use of synonyms can create a comic effect and be a means of characterization:

-- Died Claudia Ivanovna, - said the customer.

“Well, the kingdom of heaven,” agreed Bezenchuk. -- passed away so old lady...

Old ladies, they always pass away... Or give your soul to god- it depends on what an old woman. Yours, for example, is small and in the body, which means it has passed away. And, for example, the one who is bigger and thinner is considered to give her soul to God ...

- So how is it considered? Who considers it?

- We count. At the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, of lofty stature, although thin. You are considered, if, God forbid, die, what in box played. And who is a merchant, a former merchant guild, that means ordered to live long. And if someone is of a lower rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: spread or legs stretched out. But the most powerful, when they die, railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is believed that give oak. So they say about them: "But ours, they heard, gave oak."

Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveyevich asked:

- Well, when you die, what will the masters say about you?

- It’s impossible to give me oak or play in the box: I have a small complexion ...(I. Ilf and E. Petrov. Twelve chairs)

Sometimes there is the use of synonyms in the so-called antonymic situation. for example : this city is old but not old. Compare the following statement by K.S. Stanislavsky: Actors do not have hands, but hands, not fingers, but fingers ... They do not walk, but march, do not sit, but sit, do not lie, but recline ...

Antonyms(gr. anti - against + onima - name) words with opposite meanings are called.

Words enter into antonymic relations that are correlated with each other in terms of logical connection, common semantics and grammatical meanings (refer to the same part of speech). For example, ruddy - pale, cheerful - sad, polite - rude, health - illness, joy - sadness. The above pairs contain opposite meanings in the field of quality, state, as well as the properties of objects and phenomena. Antonyms can also express contrasting concepts of time (early - late, morning - evening), space (close - far, south - north), size, volume (small - large, shallow - deep), feelings (love - hate, happiness - sorrow ), age (old - young), natural phenomena (cold - heat, windy - quiet), contrasting concepts in the field of objects and phenomena associated with human social activity (labor - idleness, victory - defeat, peace - war), etc.

AT antonymic relationship come far not all words Russian language. So, nouns with a specific meaning (house, table, wall) do not have antonyms, numerals, most of the pronouns and proper names do not have antonyms. As a rule, there are no antonyms among quality adjectives denoting the names of colors and their shades (with the exception of a few: black - white, dark - light), although in general antonymic pairs among quality adjectives are formed especially actively, and this is precisely what serves as one of the distinctive signs of quality adjectives.

By structure antonyms are divided into heterogeneous ( day Night) and single-rooted ( come - go, revolution - counter-revolution).

Antonyms, as already mentioned, usually form pairs in the language. However, this does not mean that a particular word can have one antonym. Antonymic relations make it possible to express the opposition of concepts in an “open”, polynomial series, cf.: specific - abstract, abstract; cheerful- sad, sad, dull, boring.

Such a correlation of synonymous and antonymic relations reflects the systemic connections of words in the vocabulary. The interrelation of ambiguity and antonymy of lexical units also points to the consistency. When choosing antonyms, take into account the possibility of multiple meanings. So, the word low can be an antonym not only to the word high (low house - high house), but also to the words noble (low deed - noble deed), lofty (low goal - lofty goal).

14. Semantic types of antonyms.

Antonymic pairs (unlike synonyms) differ not in stylistic and emotional-evaluative features, but almost exclusively in conceptual ones. Their logical basis is incompatible concepts, that is, concepts whose volumes do not match. Incompatible concepts are of three types - opposite (counter) and contradictory (contradictor), multidirectional (vector).

1) Contradictor antonyms are presented in pairs whose members are mutually exclusive. Into the Contradictory Opposition the inclusion of a neutral member is not allowed. Contradictor antonyms are mainly represented by pairs of cognate words, one of which contains a negative derivational prefix, meaning the absence or lack of any feature, for example, loading - unloading, good faith - bad faith. This kind of opposition shows a gradualness in the expression of a generic feature.

2) Vector antonyms. They are in opposite directions: there - here, up - down, sunrise - sunset, rise - fall, enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.

Synonyms are divided into absolute (full) and relative (partial).

Absolute (full) synonyms are called lexical and phraseological units that have the same meaning, stylistic coloring. Absolute synonyms have neither semantic nor stylistic differences.

For example: abstract - abstract, spelling - spelling, linguistics - linguistics, bucks - greens - green. Such synonyms are most often completely interchangeable. .

For example, absolute PU-synonyms are PU when the crayfish whistles on the mountain, after the rain on Thursday. All these phraseological units have the meaning ‘it is not known when in an indefinite future, never’, a colloquial stylistic coloring.

As the language evolves, one of the variants may become obsolete while the other remains in active stock, for example: airplane - airplane‘(obsolete) aircraft heavier than air with a power plant and a wing that creates lift’ . Sometimes the options start to diverge in meaning, for example: lover 1. ‘a man in relation to a woman who is in an extramarital relationship with him’, 2. obsolete man in love - in love 1. ‘a person experiencing a feeling of love, attraction to someone.’

Relative (partial) synonyms (quasi-synonyms) such lexical and phraseological units are called that have semantic and stylistic differences.

There are three types of relative synonyms:

semantic (ideographic) synonyms differ in shades of meaning. For example: Key - spring: key‘source where the water flows with pressure’, spring‘water seeps in’. Phraseologisms differ in shades of meanings: on knives(colloquial) ‘in sharply hostile relations’ and like a cat with a dog(colloquial) ‘in constant quarrel, enmity’.

Semantic synonyms can

1) differ in shades of meaning in the characteristic of a sign, action. For example, synonyms flare up, flare up, flare up, flare up. All these verbs are used to indicate the initial moment of combustion. catch fire‘start burning’ , get busy use mainly in those cases when the burning starts very intensely, when the flame covers an object, structure, etc.’ , flare up indicates the speed at which the flame appears , blaze‘immediately catch fire with a strong fire’

2) differ in the degree of manifestation of a feature or action.

For example, synonyms run away and rush in the following example: The clouds ran through our village... So they flew to the pine forest, crossed the ravine and rushed on(V. Kozlov). It is clear that the verb rush compared to its synonymous verb run away indicates a greater intensity of action, a greater speed of movement. Therefore, we can say that the verbs used in the text run away and rush allowed the author to clarify the nature of the action, to emphasize the intensity of its manifestation. There are many such examples among synonyms: (bonfire) burned- (bonfire) glowing, fast(step) - impetuous(step), fear, fear, horror, confusion, hot(air) - sultry(air), etc.

Sometimes phraseological synonyms differ in the degree of intensity of action. For example: pour tears, burst into tears, drown in tears, cry out one's eyes- each subsequent synonym conveys a stronger manifestation of the action.

Semantic synonyms can also have a different scope of meaning. For example, among the synonyms bend - curve the word is broad in meaning bend‘rounded corner’: river bend, road bend, branch bend, arm bend etc. Word bend used only when talking about the bends of the river, for example: Lena flows in bends(I.A. Goncharov).

stylistic synonyms differ in their stylistic affiliation, i.e. used in different functional styles of speech. For example, synonyms eyes - eyes, beauty - beauty differ from each other only in a stylistic sense: the first words are stylistically neutral, the second ones are bookish. In the synonymy run away - run away the first word is stylistically neutral, the last word is colloquial.

For example, phraseological units get into the skin and put oneself in one's place have the same meaning ‘to imagine oneself in the position of someone’, but at the same time they differ in stylistic coloring: phraseologism get into the skin has a colloquial stylistic coloring, and phraseological unit put oneself in one's place does not have a stylistic coloring, is neutral.

The differences between the shades of bookishness and colloquialism in synonymous words become obvious if you use a bookish word in a colloquial style or a colloquial word in a bookish one.

semantic-stylistic synonyms differ in shades in meaning and stylistic affiliation. For example, synonymous adjectives interesting and amusing differ in shades of meaning: the word interesting used in the sense of ‘exciting attention with something significant’, and amusing– ‘exciting only external interest’. Besides, interesting- the word is stylistically neutral, and amusing- colloquial. ( Anddti - drag, cough - thump, breathe).

For example, phraseological units dense forest(colloquial) ‘complete obscurity, obscurity. About something unfamiliar or incomprehensible’, gibberish(simple) ‘something incomprehensible, difficult to understand’, sealed book(bookish) ‘something completely incomprehensible, inaccessible to understanding’.

It must be said that synonyms relatively rarely appear in their “pure form”, in one strictly defined role: most often, various “roles” are combined in their use.

According to A.P. Evgenyeva, it is impossible to draw a line between stylistic and “ideographic” synonyms, “enrolling some as stylistic, and others only as ideographic. The main, overwhelming mass of synonyms serves both stylistic and semantic (shading, clarifying) purposes, often performing both functions at the same time. For example, words drag, weave(colloquial) , trudge(colloquial) , stretch(colloquial) , crawl(colloquial) differ from each other and shades in the characteristics of the action, expressiveness and stylistic function.

By structure lexical synonyms are divided into

single root (deaf‘not sonorous, not sharp, the word is used. advantage In relation to low sounds, regardless of their duration, muted‘weakened by something (distance, obstacle)’) and heteroroot.

Phraseological synonyms by structure divided into single-structured and multi-structured.

Single structure PhU synonyms have the same construction model. For example, phraseological units: in two counts - in one step, at least climb into the noose - at least lie down in the coffin, hurt the living - grab the heart.

Diversified phraseological synonyms are built according to different models. For example: grandmother said in two - it’s written with a pitchfork on the water, for no reason at all - you live great.

Between these two clearly distinguished structural types of PU-synonyms, one-structured and different-structured, there are the so-called similar structural phraseological units. Similar structural phraseological units have the same basic component, expressed by a certain part of speech (verb, noun, etc.), and all other components differ in form. For example, send to the next world, send to another world, send to the forefathers, put in place, knock out the soul -‘kill, kill’.

Synonyms are divided into occasional and general language.

Common language (usual) synonyms synonyms are called, which are characterized by relative independence from the context, sufficient frequency of use. Such synonyms are reflected in modern dictionaries and, as a rule, lend themselves to literal translation into another language (if they do not denote special, nationally limited concepts, phenomena, realities, etc.). For example, cheerful - joyful.

occasional (usual, contextual speech, contextual, situational, individual, author's ) synonyms such words-synonyms are called, which, taken separately, are not synonyms, but, lined up in a row by the speaker in a certain context, seem to converge in a common sense, tk. become expressions of the author's intention.

For example, " They are tired ofdual power , polyarchy , to be more precise -anarchy "(Ros. newspaper. 1994). Dual power and multiple power are equated to anarchy only in this context.

Contextual synonyms approach their meanings only in context.

Distinctive features of such synonyms are clearly expressed contextual conditionality and fixation, a single (usually individual) nature of semantics (and often word formation), irreproducibility, i.e. a clear limitation of use, absence in dictionaries and the difficulty of literal translation into another language.

internal when phraseological units enter into synonymous relations only with phraseological units. For example, darkness, darkness, do not count the numbers, even a dime a dozen thatthe sand of the sea, like uncut dogs.

Phraseological synonyms can be external when phraseological units enter into synonymous relations with words. External phraseological synonyms form mixed synonymous rows. For example, thin, skinny, skin and bones, like a pole; make a fool of, leave with a nose, wrap around your finger, plumbyou eyes(to whom), rub glasses(to whom), take on the gun, deceive, foolcheat, deceive, deceive, deceive, deceive, mystify).

In different speech situations, to designate one concept, the speaker uses words of different stylistic coloring: sleep (neutral) - rest (high) - sleep (decrease). For synonyms, what distinguishes them is also important. The individual features of the meaning make it possible to single out the types of synonyms in the lexicon.

1. Doublet synonyms are also called absolute synonyms. They express concepts that are equal in meaning, interchangeable in the text: navigator - navigator, spelling - spelling, lame - lame-footed, overlooked - overlooked.

2. Ideographic synonyms are also called conceptual. These words are close, but not identical in meaning: to do, to fulfill, to carry out; silence, stillness, stillness. Ideographic synonyms belong to the same part of speech and differ in the following ways:

1) the intensity of manifestation of the trait, quality: wet, damp, wet; elderly, old, decrepit, middle-aged;

2) dynamics of action: shine, shine, sparkle; throw, toss, toss;

3) internal differences of phenomena, their purpose or cause: faded, faded (from time to time), faded (from washing), burnt out (from the sun).

3. Stylistic synonyms express the same meaning, replacing each other in various speech situations (high, neutral and reduced): reproduce - repeat - hammer; hoax - deceit - swindle. The neutral word in the synonymic group is used in all styles, high and low words seem to "diverge" from it in the form of rays. Words of high and low use express emotions and evaluations. As a rule, there are no "pure" stylistic synonyms in the language. Words express shades of meaning, they differ depending on the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech. For example, in the group of synonyms favorite, darling, favorite, protégé, lover, darling, darling, human soul, passion, there are positive evaluative names with a high color (beloved), negative - with a reduced color (mind) and book (favorite).

Modern Russian literary language / Ed. P. A. Lekanta - M., 2009

Lexical doublets denoting the same: a) in meaning; b) stylistic coloring; c) contextual conditions; d) connotative properties of objects and concepts; e) having the same lexical compatibility; e) related to the same style of speech; g) most often used in scientific speech: hippo - hippopotamus; century - century.

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• - Lexical doublets denoting the same: a) in meaning; b) stylistic coloring; c) contextual conditions; d) connotative properties of objects and concepts; e) having the same lexical compatibility ...

  Syntax: Dictionary

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Offensive synonyms

From the book Computer Terrorists [Latest Technologies in the Service of the Underworld] author Revyako Tatyana Ivanovna

Offensive Synonyms Microsoft enlists a renowned Mexican linguist to fix the thesaurus in the Spanish-language version of Office. Representatives of the company met with Professor Luis Fernando Lara, who is the author of the popular Spanish

Synonyms

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (C) author Brockhaus F. A.

Synonyms Synonyms are words of close, adjacent, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds in language to the creation of new shades of expression - synonyms. Not always does a new shade of thought receive a new name;

Synonyms

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SI) of the author TSB

Synonyms of authors

From the book AlReader 2.5 Help olimo

Author Synonyms The Librarian allows you to combine the same authors listed differently in books using a synonym file. This file must have the name ALIASE.txt and be located in the directory with the program settings. Example of lines in the list of synonyms PUSHKIN A=PUSHKIN

3.5. Synonyms

From the book Advertising text. Methodology of compilation and design author Berdyshev Sergey Nikolaevich

3.5. Synonyms Synonyms are words with approximately the same or completely identical (contextually) lexical meaning, but having completely different spelling and sounding. Synonymy is extremely useful as an expressive means of language, because it expands

Dopmin (Dopmin) Synonyms. dopamine, dopamine

From the book Modern Medicines for Children author Pariyskaya Tamara Vladimirovna

Dopmin (Dopmin) Synonyms. Dopamine, Dopamine A group of drugs. Medicines used in circulatory failure. Composition and form of release. Solution for infusion in ampoules of 5 ml (1 ml of solution contains 40 mg of dopamine hydrochloride)

Test 2. Find synonyms

From the book Gifted Child [Illusions and Reality] author Yurkevich Victoria Solomonovna

Test 2. Find synonyms This test reveals your sense of the word. There are six words in each row: two of them are more closely related than the rest, meaning almost the same thing. Find these two words. Underline them. Example: walking, running, driving, flying, sitting,

War and betrayal are synonyms!

From the book Rebel South author Zhirinovsky Vladimir

War and betrayal are synonyms! I knew and felt that the books "Last Dash South" and "The South is War" would require a sequel. Life itself will require. And death. The death that all these years have been sowed by "petty-power chauvinists" of various kinds. To this day, this is the most

“Documentary and contemporary are not synonyms”

From the book Literaturnaya Gazeta 6427 (No. 33-34 2013) author Literary Newspaper

“Documentary and modern are not synonyms” Igor GUSKOV, program director of the international film festival VOICES (Vologda Independent Cinema from European Screens). Lives in France, for Vologda every year he collects a program of films worthy of attention and professional

THE TERM "DAMAGE" AND ITS SYNONYMS

From the book About one ancient fear. Whom and how "spoil" sorcerers author Igumen N.

THE TERM "DAMAGE" AND ITS SYNONYMS The term "damage" in Russia has been used since ancient times. Moreover, it has always been used exclusively to refer to precisely those forms of mental and physical illnesses that were caused with the help of "dark forces" and secret witchcraft knowledge. Full

SIN AND DEATH - SYNONYMS

From the book Patriarch and youth: a conversation without diplomacy author author unknown

SIN AND DEATH ARE SYNONYMS But sin is death. Death came through sin. Sin and death are synonyms. Everyone knows that sin is evil, but they do not always take into account that evil is dynamic. It never stays within the limits predetermined for it. Evil is always

SYNONYMS. ABOUT THE MOANING OF A SINFUL SOUL

From the book Novice and Schoolboy, Mentor and Master. Medieval Pedagogy in Persons and Texts the author Bezrogov V G

SYNONYMS. ABOUT THE MOANING OF A SINNER SOUL Book 2<…>Know yourself, man, know who you are, where your origin came from, why you were born and for what purpose you were born, how you are arranged, in what conditions you were brought up and why you were created in this world. Remember your rank, keep your rank