Academician and pavlov father of modern physiology. Scientific works of I.P.

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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14 (26), 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of digestion regulation; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion". The whole set of reflexes was divided into two groups: conditional and unconditioned.

Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's paternal and maternal ancestors were clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church. Father Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother - Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890).[* 1]

After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In the last year of the seminary, he read a short book "Reflexes of the Brain" by Professor I. M. Sechenov, which turned his whole life upside down. In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (seminarians were limited in their choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission, he moved to the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University (he specialized in animal physiology under I. F. Zion and F. V. Ovsyannikov ). Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, dealt a lot with nervous regulation. Sechenov, because of intrigues, had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at the university. His chair at the Medico-Surgical Academy was taken by Ilya Faddeevich Zion, and Pavlov took over the virtuoso operational technique from Zion. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to getting a fistula (hole) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice flowing from the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I. P. Pavlov stitched the skin and mucous membranes in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with stoppers, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which was made by him on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food does not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of gastric juice secretion reflexes. For 10 years, Pavlov, in essence, re-created the modern physiology of digestion. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a presentation at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. And in the following year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for the study of the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to IP Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

In the Madrid report, made in Russian, I. P. Pavlov for the first time formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Such concepts as reinforcement (reinforcement), unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (not quite successfully translated into English as unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, instead of conditional) became the main concepts of behavioral science, see also classical conditioning (English) Russian ..

There is a strong opinion that during the years of the Civil War and war communism, Pavlov, enduring poverty, lack of funding for scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and it was planned to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research in the vicinity of Stockholm. build at the request of Pavlov such an institution as he wants. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere.

This was refuted by the historian V. D. Esakov, who found and made public Pavlov’s correspondence with the authorities, where he describes how he desperately fights for existence in the hungry Petrograd of 1920. He extremely negatively assesses the development of the situation in the new Russia and asks to let him and his employees go abroad. In response, the Soviet government is trying to take measures that should change the situation, but they are not completely successful.

This was followed by a corresponding decree of the Soviet government, and Pavlov was built an institute in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.

Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 in the city of Leningrad. The cause of death is listed as pneumonia or poison.

Stages of life

In 1875, Pavlov entered the 3rd year of the Medical and Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy, VMA), at the same time (1876-1878) he worked in the physiological laboratory of K. N. Ustimovich; after the end of the VMA (1879) he was left the head of the physiological laboratory at the clinic of S. P. Botkin. Pavlov thought very little about material well-being and, before his marriage, did not pay any attention to everyday problems. Poverty began to oppress him only after in 1881 he married a Rostovite Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. They met in St. Petersburg in the late 70s. Pavlov's parents did not approve of this marriage, firstly, in connection with the Jewish origin of Serafima Vasilievna, and secondly, by that time they had already chosen a bride for their son - the daughter of a wealthy St. Petersburg official. But Ivan insisted on his own and, without receiving parental consent, went with Seraphim to get married in Rostov-on-Don, where her sister lived. The money for their wedding was given by the wife's relatives. The next ten years, the Pavlovs lived very cramped. The younger brother of Ivan Petrovich, Dmitry, who worked as an assistant to Mendeleev and had a state-owned apartment, let the newlyweds in.

Pavlov visited Rostov-on-Don and lived for several years twice: in 1881 after the wedding and, together with his wife and son, in 1887. Both times Pavlov stayed in the same house, at the address: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. The house has been preserved to this day. There is a memorial plaque on the facade.

1883 - Pavlov defended his doctoral thesis "On the centrifugal nerves of the heart."
1884-1886 - was sent to improve knowledge abroad in Breslau and Leipzig, where he worked in the laboratories of W. Wundt, R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
1890 - was elected professor of pharmacology in Tomsk and head of the department of pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - head of the department of physiology, which he led until 1924. At the same time (from 1890) Pavlov was head of the physiological laboratory at the then organized Institute of Experimental Medicine.
1901 - Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1904 - Pavlov is awarded the Nobel Prize for many years of research into the mechanisms of digestion.
1925 - Until the end of his life, Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1935 - at the 14th International Congress of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich was crowned with the honorary title of "Elder Physiologists of the World". Neither before nor after him, no biologist was honored with such an honor.
1936 - February 27 Pavlov dies of pneumonia. He was buried at the Literary Bridges of the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Kotenius Medal (1903)
Nobel Prize (1904)
Copley Medal (1915)
Croonian Lecture (1928)

Collecting

IP Pavlov collected beetles and butterflies, plants, books, stamps and works of Russian painting. I. S. Rosenthal recalled Pavlov's story that happened on March 31, 1928:

My first collecting began with butterflies and plants. Collecting stamps and paintings was next. And finally, all the passion turned to science ... And now I cannot indifferently pass by a plant or a butterfly, especially those I know well, so as not to hold it in my hands, not to examine it from all sides, not to stroke it, not to admire it. And all this makes a good impression on me.

In the mid-1890s, in his dining room, one could see several shelves hanging on the wall with specimens of butterflies he had caught. Coming to Ryazan to his father, he spent a lot of time hunting for insects. In addition, at his request, various native butterflies were brought to him from various medical expeditions.
Given for his birthday, a butterfly from Madagascar, he placed in the center of his collection. Not satisfied with these methods of replenishing the collection, he himself grew butterflies from caterpillars collected with the help of boys.

If Pavlov started collecting butterflies and plants in his youth, then the beginning of collecting stamps is unknown. However, philately has become no less a passion; once, back in pre-revolutionary times, during a visit to the Institute of Experimental Medicine by a Siamese prince, he complained that there were not enough Siamese stamps in his stamp collection and a few days later I.P. Pavlov’s collection was already adorned with a series of stamps of the Siamese state. To replenish the collection, all acquaintances who received correspondence from abroad were involved.

Collecting books was peculiar: on the birthday of each of the six members of the family, a collection of works of a writer was bought as a gift.

The collection of paintings by I. P. Pavlov began in 1898, when he bought from the widow of N. A. Yaroshenko a portrait of his five-year-old son, Volodya Pavlov, painted by him; once the artist was struck by the face of the boy and persuaded his parents to allow him to pose. The second picture, painted by N. N. Dubovsky, depicting the evening sea in Sillamyaga with a burning fire, was donated by the author. And thanks to her, Pavlov had a great interest in painting. However, the collection was not replenished for a long time; only in the revolutionary times of 1917, when some collectors began to sell the paintings they had, did Pavlov amass an excellent collection. It contained paintings by I. E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky and others. According to the story of M. V. Nesterov, with whom Pavlov met in 1931, Lebedev, Makovsky, Bergholz, Sergeev were in the collection of Pavlov's paintings. Currently, part of the collection is presented in the Pavlov Museum-Apartment in St. Petersburg, on Vasilyevsky Island. Pavlov understood painting in his own way, endowing the author of the picture with thoughts and ideas that he, perhaps, did not have; often, carried away, he began to talk about what he himself would put into it, and not about what he himself actually saw.

I. P. Pavlov awards

The first award named after the great scientist was the I.P. Pavlov Prize, established by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1934 and awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology. Its first laureate in 1937 was Leon Abgarovich Orbeli, one of the best students of Ivan Petrovich, his like-minded and associate.

In 1949, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the birth of a scientist of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a gold medal named after I.P. Pavlov was established, which is awarded for a set of works on the development of the teachings of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Its peculiarity is that works previously awarded the state prize, as well as nominal state prizes, are not accepted for the I.P. Pavlov gold medal. That is, the work performed must be really new and outstanding. For the first time this award was awarded in 1950 by Konstantin Mikhailovich Bykov for the successful, fruitful development of IP Pavlov's heritage.

In 1974, a commemorative medal was made for the 125th anniversary of the birth of the great scientist.

There is a medal of IP Pavlov of the Leningrad Physiological Society.

In 1998, on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the birth of I.P. Pavlov, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences established the I.P. Pavlov Silver Medal “For the Development of Medicine and Healthcare”.

In memory of Academician Pavlov, Pavlovsk readings were held in Leningrad.

The brilliant naturalist was in his 87th year when his life was cut short. Pavlov's death came as a complete surprise to everyone. Despite his advanced age, he was physically very strong, burned with ebullient energy, worked tirelessly, enthusiastically made plans for further work II, of course, the last thing he thought about was death...
In a letter to I. M. Maisky (Ambassador of the USSR in England) in October 1935, a few months after suffering from influenza with complications, Pavlov wrote:
"Damned flu! Has knocked down my confidence to live to a hundred years old. Until now, the tail of it remains, although so far I do not allow changes in the distribution and size of my classes"

MedicInform.net›History of Medicine›Biographies›Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

You have to live 150 years

Pavlov was distinguished by good health and never got sick. Moreover, he was convinced that the human body is designed for a very long life. “Do not upset your heart with grief, do not poison yourself with a tobacco potion, and you will live as long as Titian (99 years old),” said the academician. He generally proposed to consider the death of a person under 150 years of age as “violent”.

However, he himself died at the age of 87, and a very mysterious death. Once he felt unwell, which he considered "flu-like", and did not attach any importance to the disease. However, succumbing to the persuasion of relatives, the doctor nevertheless invited, and he gave him some kind of injection. After a while, Pavlov realized that he was dying.
By the way, he was treated by Dr. D. Pletnev, who was shot in 1941 for the "wrong" treatment of Gorky.

Was he poisoned by the NKVD?

The unexpected death of an old, but still quite strong academician, caused a wave of rumors that his death could be "accelerated". Note that this happened in 1936, on the eve of the Great Purge. Even then, the famous "poison laboratory" was created by the former pharmacist Yagoda to eliminate political opponents.

In addition, everyone was well aware of Pavlov's public statements against the Soviet regime. It was said that at that time he was almost the only person in the USSR who was not afraid to do this openly, actively spoke out in defense of the innocently repressed. In Petrograd, supporters of Zinoviev, who ruled there, openly threatened the brave scientist: “After all, we can hurt, Mr. Professor! ' they promised. However, the Communists did not dare to arrest the world-famous Nobel Prize winner.

Outwardly, Pavlov's death strongly resembles the same strange death of another great Petersburger, Academician Bekhterev, who discovered paranoia in Stalin.
He was also quite strong and healthy, although he was old, but he died just as quickly after visiting him by the "Kremlin" doctors. The historian of physiology Yaroshevsky wrote:
"It is quite possible that the NKVD organs 'easier' Pavlov's suffering."

Source(http://www.spbdnevnik.ru/?show=article&id=1499)
justsay.ru›zagadka-death-akademika-1293

Perhaps, any Russian person is well aware of the surname Pavlov. The great academician is known both for his life and his death. Many are familiar with the story of his death - in the last hours of his life, he called his best students and, using the example of his body, explained the processes taking place in a dying body. However, there is such a version that he was poisoned in 1936 for his political views.

Many experts believe that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the greatest scientist in St. Petersburg, second only to Lomonosov. He was a graduate of Petersburg University. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion and circulation. It was he who was the first Russian to win this award.

His works on the physiology of the nervous system and the theory of "conditioned reflexes" became known throughout the world. Outwardly, he was stern - a bushy white beard, a firm face and rather bold statements, both in politics and in science. For many decades, it was in his appearance that many imagined a true Russian scientist. During his life he received many invitations to the most prestigious world universities, but he did not want to leave his native country.

Even after the Revolution died down, when he, like many members of the intelligentsia, had a rather difficult life, he did not agree to leave Russia. His home was repeatedly searched, six gold medals were taken away, as was the Nobel Prize, which was kept in a Russian bank. But it was not this that offended the scientist most of all, but Bukharin's impudent statement, in which he called the professors robbers. Pavlov was indignant: “Am I a robber?”

There were moments when Pavlov almost died of starvation. It was at this time that the great academician was visited by his friend science fiction writer from England, Herbert Wells. And when he saw the life of an academician, he was simply horrified. The corner of the office of the Nobel Prize-winning genius was littered with turnips and potatoes, which he and his students grew to keep from starving.

However, over time, the situation has changed. Lenin personally issued instructions, according to which Pavlov began to receive enhanced academic rations. In addition, normal communal conditions were created for him.

But even after all the hardships, Pavlov did not want to leave his country! Although he had such an opportunity - he was allowed to go abroad. So he visited England, France, Finland, the USA.

Tainy.net›24726-strannaya…akademika-pavlova.html

The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of death of the Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV by his FULL NAME code.

Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".

Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

16 17 20 32 47 50 60 63 64 78 94 100 119 136 151 154 164 188
P A V L O V I V A N P E T R O V I C
188 172 171 168 156 141 138 128 125 124 110 94 88 69 52 37 34 24

10 13 14 28 44 50 69 86 101 104 114 138 154 155 158 170 185 188
I V A N P E T R O V I C P A V L O V
188 178 175 174 160 144 138 119 102 87 84 74 50 34 33 30 18 3

PAVLOV IVAN PETROVICH \u003d 188 \u003d 97-SICK + 91-FLU.

The reader can easily find the numbers 97 and 91 in the upper table if the code of the letter "E", equal to 6, is divided by 2.

6: 2 = 3. 94 + 3 = 97 = SICK. 88 + 3 = 91 = FLU.

On the other hand, these figures can be represented as:

188 \u003d 91-DYING + 97-FROM FLU \ a \.

188 \u003d 125-DYING FROM ... + 63-FLU \ a \.

188 \u003d 86-DIES + 102-FROM ILLNESS.

Look at the columns in the top table:

63 = FLU
______________________
128 = DYING \ th \

64 = FLU
______________________
125 = DYING FROM...

The final decoding of the code of the FULL NAME of Academician I.P. PAVLOV removes all the veils from the secret of his death:

188 = 125-COLD + 63-FLU.

DATE OF DEATH code: 02/27/1936. This is = 27 + 02 + 19 + 36 = 84.

84 \u003d UNHEALTH\ ye \ \u003d END\ l life \.

188 = 84-UNHEALTHY + 104-FLU.

188 \u003d 119-illness + 69-END.

270 = 104 - FLU + 166 - ENDED LIFE.

Full DATE CODE = 270-FEBRUARY TWENTY-SEVENTH + 55-\ 19 + 36 \-(YEAR CODE OF DEATH) = 325.

325 = 125-COLD + 200-DEATH FROM THE FLU.

Code for the number of complete YEARS OF LIFE = 164-EIGHTY + 97-SIX = 261.

261 = DEATH FROM A COLD.

189-EIGHTY SH \ is \, DYING FROM FLU - 1-A \u003d 188- (FULL NAME code).

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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is one of the most famous physiologists in the world, who overshadowed his teachers, a bold experimenter, the first Russian Nobel Prize winner, a possible prototype of Bulgakov's professor Preobrazhensky.

Surprisingly, little is known about his personality in his homeland. We have studied the biography of this outstanding man and will tell you a few facts about his life and legacy.

1.

Ivan Pavlov was born into the family of a Ryazan priest. After the theological school, he entered the seminary, but, contrary to the wishes of his father, he did not become a clergyman. In 1870, Pavlov came across Ivan Sechenov's book Reflexes of the Brain, became interested in physiology and entered St. Petersburg University. Pavlov's specialty was animal physiology.

2.

In his first year, Pavlov's teacher of inorganic chemistry was Dmitri Mendeleev, who had published his periodic table the year before. And Pavlov's younger brother worked as an assistant for Mendeleev.

3.

Pavlov's favorite teacher was Ilya Zion, one of the most controversial personalities of his time. Pavlov wrote about him: “We were directly struck by his masterfully simple presentation of the most complex physiological issues and his truly artistic ability to set up experiments. Such a teacher is not forgotten all his life.

Zion irritated many colleagues and students with his integrity and incorruptibility, was a vivisector, anti-Darwinist, quarreled with Sechenov and Turgenev.

Once at an art exhibition, he had a fight with the artist Vasily Vereshchagin (Vereshchagin hit him on the nose with a hat, and Zion claimed that with a candlestick). It is believed that Zion was one of the compilers of the Protocol of the Elders of Zion.

4.

Pavlov was an implacable opponent of communism. “You believe in a world revolution in vain. You are sowing across the cultural world not a revolution, but fascism with great success. There was no fascism before your revolution,” he wrote to Molotov in 1934.

When the purges began among the intelligentsia, Pavlov wrote to Stalin in a rage: "Today I am ashamed that I am Russian." But even for such statements, the scientist was not touched.

He was defended by Nikolai Bukharin, and Molotov forwarded letters to Stalin with the signature: "Today the Council of People's Commissars received a new nonsense letter from Academician Pavlov."

The scientist was not afraid of punishment. “The revolution caught me almost at the age of 70. And somehow a firm conviction settled in me that the term of an active human life is exactly 70 years. And so I boldly and openly criticized the revolution. I said to myself: “To hell with them! Let them shoot. Anyway, life is over, I will do what my dignity demanded of me.

5.

Pavlov's children were named Vladimir, Vera, Victor and Vsevolod. The only child whose name did not begin with V was Mirchik Pavlov, who died in infancy. The youngest, Vsevolod, also lived a short life: he died a year before his father.

6.

Many distinguished guests visited the village of Koltushi, where Pavlov lived.

In 1934 Pavlov was visited by the Nobel laureate Niels Bohr and his wife, and the science fiction writer Herbert Wells and his son, zoologist George Philip Wells.

A few years earlier, H. G. Wells had written an article about Pavlov for The New York Times, which helped to popularize the Russian scientist in the West. After reading this article, the young literary scholar Burres Frederick Skinner decided to change careers and became a behavioral psychologist. In 1972, Skinner was named the most prominent psychologist of the 20th century by the American Psychological Association.

7.

Pavlov was an avid collector. First, he collected butterflies: he grew, caught, begged from traveling friends (the pearl of the collection was a bright blue, with a metallic sheen, a butterfly from Madagascar). Then he became interested in stamps: a Siamese prince once presented him with stamps of his state. For each birthday of a member of the family, Pavlov gave him another collection of works.

Pavlov had a collection of paintings that began with a portrait of his son, which was made by Nikolai Yaroshenko.

Pavlov explained the passion for collecting as a goal reflex. “The life of that one is red and strong only, who all his life strives for a constantly achieved, but never achievable goal, or with the same ardor moves from one goal to another. All life, all its improvements, all its culture becomes a reflex of the goal, becomes only people striving for this or that goal they have set for themselves in life.

8.

Pavlov's favorite painting was Vasnetsov's "Three Bogatyrs": the physiologist saw in Ilya, Dobrynya and Alyosha images of three temperaments.

9.

On the far side of the moon, next to the Jules Verne crater, is the Pavlov crater. And between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the asteroid (1007) Pavlovia is circling, also named after the physiologist.

10.

Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for a series of works on the physiology of the digestive tract in 1904, eight years after the death of its founder. But in the Nobel speech, the laureate said that their paths had already crossed.

Ten years earlier, Nobel had sent Pavlov and his colleague Marcellius Nenetsky a large sum to support their laboratories.

“Alfred Nobel showed a keen interest in physiological experiments and offered us several very instructive projects of experiments that touched upon the highest tasks of physiology, the question of aging and dying of organisms.” Thus, it can be considered that he received the Nobel Prize twice.

Such a person was hiding behind the big name and strict white beard of the academician.

In the design of the article, a frame from the movie "Heart of a Dog" was used.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, whose brief biography we will consider, is a Russian physiologist, psychologist, Nobel Prize winner. He was engaged in the processes of regulation of digestion, created the science of all this, as well as many other things related to his name, we will talk about in this article.

Origin and training in Ryazan

On September 26, 1849, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in the city of Ryazan. His brief biography would be incomplete if we did not say a few words about his family. Father Dmitrievich was a parish priest. Varvara Ivanovna, Ivan Petrovich's mother, ran the household. The photo below shows Pavlov's house in Ryazan, which is now a museum.

The future scientist began his studies at the Ryazan Theological School. After graduating in 1864, he entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary. Later, Ivan Petrovich recalled this period with warmth. He noted that he was lucky to learn from wonderful teachers. Ivan Pavlov got acquainted in the last year of the seminary with the book "Reflexes of the Brain" by I. M. Sechenov. It was she who determined his future fate.

Moving to St. Petersburg to continue education

In 1870, the future scientist decided to enter the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. True, Ivan Pavlov studied here for only 17 days. He decided to transfer to the natural department of another faculty, physical and mathematical. Ivan Petrovich studied with professors I. F. Zion, F. V. Ovsyannikov. He was especially interested in animal physiology. In addition, Ivan Petrovich devoted much time to the study of nervous regulation, being a true follower of Sechenov.

After graduating from the university, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov decided to continue his studies. His brief biography is marked by admission immediately to the third year of the Medical-Surgical Academy. In 1879, Pavlov graduated from this educational institution and began working in the Botkin clinic. Here Ivan Petrovich headed the laboratory of physiology.

Internship abroad, work at the Botkin Clinic and the Military Medical Academy

The period from 1884 to 1886 includes his internship in Germany and France, after which the scientist returns to work at the Botkin clinic. Pavlov in 1890 decide to make a professor of pharmacology and sent to the Military Medical Academy. After 6 years, the scientist is already heading the Department of Physiology here. He will leave it only in 1926.

An experiment with imaginary feeding

Simultaneously with this work, Ivan Petrovich studies the physiology of blood circulation, digestion, and higher nervous activity. He conducts in 1890 his famous experiment with imaginary feeding. The scientist establishes that the nervous system plays an important role in the processes of digestion. For example, the process of juice separation occurs in 2 phases. The first of them is neuro-reflex, followed by humoral-clinical.

Learning reflexes, well-deserved awards

After that, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov began to carefully investigate. His brief biography is supplemented by new achievements. He achieved significant results in the study of reflexes. In 1903, at the age of 54, Pavlov Ivan Petrovich spoke at the International Medical Congress held in Madrid with his report. The contribution to science of this scientist did not go unnoticed. For achievements in the study of digestion in the following year, 1904, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

The scientist in 1907 becomes a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Royal Society of London in 1915 presents him with the Copley medal.

Relation to the revolution

Pavlov called the October Revolution "a Bolshevik experiment." At first, he enthusiastically perceived the changes in life and wanted to see the completion of what he had begun. He was considered in the West the only free citizen in Russia. The authorities reacted favorably to the brilliant scientist. V. I. Lenin even signed in 1921 a special decree on the creation of conditions for the normal work and life of Pavlov and his family.

However, after a while, disappointment came. The mass expulsion abroad of prominent intellectuals, the arrests of friends and colleagues showed the inhumanity of this "experiment". More than once Ivan Petrovich spoke from positions that were unpleasant for the authorities. He shocked the party leadership with his speeches. Pavlov did not agree to "strengthen labor discipline" in the laboratory headed by him. He said that the scientific team should not be equated with a factory, and mental work should not be belittled. Ivan Petrovich began to receive appeals to the Council of People's Commissars demanding the release of those arrested who were familiar to him, as well as an end to terror, repression and persecution of the church in the country.

Difficulties faced by Pavlov

Despite the fact that Pavlov did not accept much of what was happening in the country, he always worked with all his might for the good of his homeland. Nothing could break his mighty spirit and will. During the Civil War, the scientist worked at the Military Medical Academy, where he taught physiology. It is known that the laboratory was not heated, so the experiments had to sit in a fur coat and hat. If there was no light, Pavlov operated with a torch (an assistant held it). Ivan Petrovich, even in the most hopeless years, supported his colleagues. The laboratory survived thanks to his efforts and did not stop its activities in the harsh 1920s.

So, Pavlov took the revolution as a whole negatively. He was in poverty during the years of the Civil War, so he repeatedly asked the Soviet authorities to let him out of the country. He was promised an improvement in his financial situation, but the authorities did very little in this direction. In the end, the creation of the Institute of Physiology in Koltushi was announced (in 1925). This institute was headed by Pavlov. He worked here until the end of his days.

The 15th World Congress of Physiologists was held in Leningrad in August 1935. Pavlov was elected president. All scientists unanimously bowed before Ivan Petrovich. This was a scientific triumph in recognition of the enormous significance of his work.

The last years of his life include Ivan Petrovich's trip to his homeland, to Ryazan. Here, too, he was received very warmly. Ivan Petrovich was given a solemn reception.

Death of Ivan Petrovich

Ivan Pavlov died in Leningrad on February 27, 1936. The cause of death was acute pneumonia. He left behind a lot of achievements, which are worth talking about separately.

The main achievements of the scientist

The works of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov on the physiology of digestion, which deserved the highest international recognition, served as an impetus for the development of a new direction in physiology. We are talking about the physiology of higher nervous activity. The scientist Pavlov Ivan Petrovich devoted about 35 years of his life to this direction. He is the creator of the method The study of the mental processes occurring in the body of animals, with the help of this method, led to the creation of the doctrine of the mechanisms of the brain and higher nervous activity. In 1913, to carry out experiments related to conditioned reflexes, a building with two towers was built, which were called the "Towers of Silence". Here, at first, three special chambers were equipped, and since 1917, five more were put into operation.

It should be noted one more discovery of Pavlov Ivan Petrovich. His merit is the development of the doctrine of what exist He also owns the doctrine of (a complex of reactions to certain stimuli) and other achievements.

Pavlov Ivan Petrovich, whose contribution to medicine can hardly be overestimated, in 1918 began to conduct research in a psychiatric hospital. On his initiative, in 1931, a clinical base was created at the department. From November 1931, IP Pavlov held scientific meetings in psychiatric and nervous clinics - the so-called "clinical environments".

These are the main achievements of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. This is a great scientist, whose name is useful to remember.

Ivan Pavlov is a famous Russian scientist, whose works are highly appreciated and recognized by the scientific world community. The scientist owns important discoveries in the field of physiology and psychology. Pavlov is the creator of the science of the higher nervous activity of man.

Ivan Petrovich was born in 1849, September 26, in Ryazan. This was the first child out of ten born in the Pavlov family. Mother Varvara Ivanovna (maiden name Uspenskaya) was brought up in a family of clergymen. Before marriage, she was a strong, cheerful girl. Childbirth, following one after another, adversely affected the health of the woman. She was not educated, but nature endowed her with intelligence, practicality and diligence.

The young mother brought up the children correctly, instilled qualities due to which they successfully realized themselves in the future. Peter Dmitrievich, Ivan's father, was a truthful and independent priest of peasant origin, he ruled the service in a poor parish. He often came into conflict with the management, loved life, did not get sick, willingly looked after the garden and vegetable garden.

The nobility and pastoral zeal of Peter Dmitrievich eventually made him the rector of the church in Ryazan. Father was for Ivan an example of perseverance in achieving goals and striving for excellence. He respected his father and listened to his opinion. On the instructions of his parents in 1860, the guy enters the theological school and takes the initial course of the seminary.

In early childhood, Ivan rarely got sick, grew up as a cheerful and strong boy, played with children and helped his parents with the housework. Father and mother instilled in children the habit of working, maintaining order in the house, and being neat. They worked hard themselves, and they demanded the same from their children. Ivan and his younger brothers and sisters carried water, chopped wood, stoked the stove and did other household chores.

The boy was taught literacy from the age of eight, but he went to school at 11. The reason for this was a severe bruise received when falling down the stairs. The boy lost his appetite, sleep, he began to lose weight and turn pale. Home treatment did not help. Things started to get better when the exhausted child was taken to the Trinity Monastery. The abbot of God's monastery, who was staying at the Pavlovs' house, became his guardian.

Health and vitality were restored thanks to gymnastic exercises, good food and clean air. The abbot was educated, well-read and led an ascetic life. The book donated by the guardian, Ivan learned and knew by heart. It was a volume of fables, which later became his reference book.

Seminary

The decision to enter the seminary in 1864 was made by Ivan under the influence of his spiritual mentor and parents. Here he studies natural sciences and other interesting subjects. Actively participates in discussions. Throughout his life, he remains an avid debater, fiercely fighting with the enemy, refuting any arguments of the opponent. In the seminary, Ivan becomes the best student and is additionally engaged in tutoring.

Young Ivan Pavlov in the seminary

He gets acquainted with the works of great Russian thinkers, imbued with their desire to fight for freedom and a better life. Over time, his preferences are concentrated on the natural sciences. Acquaintance with I. M. Sechenov's monograph "Reflexes of the Brain" played an important role in this. The realization comes that the career of a clergyman is not interesting to him. Begins to study the subjects necessary for admission to the university.

Physiology

In 1870 Pavlov moved to Petersburg. He enters the university, studies well, at first without a scholarship, as he had to transfer from one faculty to another. Later, a successful student is awarded an imperial scholarship. Physiology is his main hobby, and from the third year - the main priority. Under the influence of the scientist and experimenter I.F. Zion, the young man finally makes his choice and devotes himself to science.

In 1873, Pavlov began research work on the lungs of a frog. In co-authorship with one of the students, under the guidance of I.F. Tsiona, he writes a scientific work on how the nerves of the larynx affect blood circulation. Soon, together with the student M. M. Afanasyev, he studied the pancreas. Research work is awarded a gold medal.

Student Pavlov graduated from an educational institution a year later, in 1875, as he remained for a second course. Research work takes a lot of time and effort, so he fails his final exams. After graduation, Ivan is only 26 years old, he is full of ambition, he has excellent prospects.

Since 1876, Pavlov has been assisting Professor K. N. Ustimovich at the Medico-Surgical Academy and at the same time studying the physiology of blood circulation. The works of this period are highly appreciated by S. P. Botkin. The professor invites a young researcher to work in his laboratory. Here Pavlov studies the physiological characteristics of blood and digestion.

Ivan Petrovich worked in the laboratory of S.P. Botkin for 12 years. The biography of the scientist of this period was replenished with events and discoveries that brought world fame. It's time for a change.

It was not easy for a simple person to achieve this in pre-revolutionary Russia. After unsuccessful attempts, fate gives a chance. In the spring of 1890, Warsaw and Tomsk universities elected him a professor. And in 1891, the scientist was invited to the University of Experimental Medicine to organize and create a department of physiology.

Until the end of his life, Pavlov invariably led this structure. At the university, he conducts research on the physiology of the digestive glands, for which in 1904 he receives an award, which became the first Russian award in the field of medicine.

The coming to power of the Bolsheviks turned out to be a boon for the scientist. He appreciated his work. Favorable conditions conducive to fruitful work were created for the academician and all employees. Under the Soviet regime, the laboratory was modernized into the Physiological Institute. By the 80th anniversary of the scientist, an institute campus near Leningrad was opened, his works were published in the best publishing houses.

Clinics were opened at the institutes, modern equipment was purchased, and the staff was increased. Pavlov received funds from the budget and additional amounts for expenses, felt gratitude for such an attitude towards science and his own person.

A feature of Pavlov's methodology was that he saw the connection between physiology and mental processes. Works on the mechanisms of digestion became the starting point for the development of a new direction in science. Pavlov has been engaged in research in the field of physiology for more than 35 years. He owns the creation of a technique of conditioned reflexes.

Ivan Pavlov - the author of the project "Pavlov's Dog"

The experiment, called "Pavlov's dog", consisted in studying the animal's reflexes to external influences. During it, after the metronome signal, the dog was given food. After the sessions, the dog began to salivate without food. So the scientist derives the concepts of a reflex that is formed on the basis of experience.

In 1923, the first description of a twenty-year experiment on animals was published. In science, Pavlov made the most serious contribution to the knowledge of the functions of the brain. The results of research supported by the Soviet government were stunning.

Personal life

The talented young man meets his first love, the future teacher Serafima Karchevskaya, in the late seventies. Young people are united by common interests and ideals. In 1881 they got married. The family of Ivan and Serafima had two daughters and four sons.

The first years of family life turned out to be difficult: there was no own housing, there were not enough funds for the necessary things. The tragic events associated with the death of the first-born and another young child undermined the health of his wife. It was unnerving and frustrating. Encouraging and consoling, Seraphim brought her husband out of the most difficult melancholy.

In the future, the couple's personal life improved and did not prevent the young scientist from building a career. This was facilitated by the constant support of his wife. In scientific circles, Ivan Petrovich was respected, and his cordiality and enthusiasm attracted friends to him.

Death

From the photos taken during the periods of the scientist's life, a cheerful, attractive, lush-bearded man is looking at us. Ivan Petrovich had enviable health. The exception was colds, sometimes with complications in the form of pneumonia.

Pneumonia caused the death of the 87-year-old scientist. Pavlov died on February 27, 1936, his grave is located at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

Bibliography

Centrifugal nerves of the heart. Dissertation for the degree of doctor of medicine.
Twenty years of experience in the objective study of the higher nervous activity (behavior) of animals.
Lectures on the work of the cerebral hemispheres.
Physiology and pathology of higher nervous activity.
Recent reports on the physiology and pathology of higher nervous activity.
Complete collection of works.
Articles on the physiology of blood circulation.
Articles on the physiology of the nervous system.

Greetings to all readers who are not indifferent to psychology! Today we will talk about an outstanding scientist, a physician who devoted his life to the study of reflexes, made a huge contribution to the knowledge of the human nervous system, although he worked with dogs. Pavlov Ivan Petrovich is not in vain considered a representative of the largest modern school of physiology.

Life and scientific activity

Ivan Pavlov is a native of the city of Ryazan. Until the age of 21 he was engaged in theology, planned to continue his father's career (parish priest), but abruptly changed the direction of his activity, went to study at St. Petersburg University, where he began to study physiology and chemistry. If not for this turn in the fate of a remarkable scientist, we would not be able to get acquainted with his theory of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, and temperaments would continue to be distinguished by the fluid prevailing in the body, as Hippocrates bequeathed.

The interests of the young scientist were formed under the influence of prominent specialists: Karl Ludwig and Rudolf Heidenhain. He was seriously interested in the problems of blood pressure, and when he was 41 years old he became a real professor at the Imperial Medical Academy. These walls gave him the opportunity to work on the connection between digestion and salivation, as well as to conduct experiments on dogs. By the way, Pavlov was a wonderful surgeon, which helped him in setting up experiments.

It was in the course of research, where dogs were experimental, that Ivan Petrovich came to the theory of a conditioned reflex, and by 1930 he was able to transfer his knowledge to people suffering from psychosis. It is important to understand what he meant by a conditioned reflex. This is the reaction of the body, which occurs to the stimulus as a result of their repeated coincidence. Why did this discovery become so significant, and the very concept of "conditioned reflex" - the crowning achievement of Pavlov's scientific activity? Yes, because the learning process has become manageable and scientifically substantiated. And later his ideas became the basis for the development of behavioral psychology (or behaviorism).

The scientist lived in difficult times, his relations with the Soviet authorities were very uneven. After visiting America (1923), he intensified his criticism of the communist regime, began to openly oppose violence and arbitrariness of power. When in 1924 all students who had fathers-priests were expelled from his academy, he defiantly left his post as a professor. Pavlov died in Leningrad in 1936.

Conditioned Reflex Theory

The main work of Pavlov was the formation of conditioned reflexes with the help of associations. In fact, everything is ingeniously simple. You can see for yourself. When an unexpected sharp sound is heard, the person involuntarily shudders. This is his unconditioned reflex (automatic, innate) to an unconditioned stimulus. If we repeatedly encounter a situation where such a sharp sound occurs after a strong blow with the fist on the table, then it is quite logical that we will associate the sound (unconditioned stimulus) with the movement of the fist (already a conditioned stimulus), we will begin to shudder even before the fist has dropped on the table. This new reaction of the body will be called a conditioned reflex.

Experience with dogs

Initially, the scientist was engaged in the study of the digestive function of dogs. But observing how the salivary glands of animals work, I discovered an interesting fact. Saliva in dogs is secreted at the sight of an edible product. And this is an unconditioned reflex. But the salivation of Pavlov's dogs began already when an assistant in a white coat entered, carrying food for the experiments. The researcher rightly noted that the cause of the reflex was not the smell of food, but the appearance of a white coat (conditioned stimulus). He also successfully proved this through experiments.

Role for science

Of course, Pavlov became famous for his experiments with dogs, which were appreciated and recognized during his lifetime. It is remarkable that he was awarded the honorary title of "Elder Physiologists of the World", and this is a great honor for a scientist. Specialists also appreciate his enormous contribution to understanding the functioning of the human nervous system (after all, the concepts of “strong nervous system” and “weak nervous system” are also his achievement). It was the discoveries of the researcher that made it possible to find new ways to treat anxiety disorders (phobias, panic attacks).

We got acquainted with a brief biography of the scientist and the basic concepts of his theory. Interestingly, the knowledge that Pavlov gave us does not become obsolete over the years. This makes them even more valuable and meaningful. I hope that the information that I have tried to convey to you was clear enough even to non-specialists in the field of psychology. I will be glad to reposts and comments.

Until we meet again, with respect, Alexander Fadeev.

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