Alisher Navoi: biography of an outstanding figure. Alisher Navoi - biography, information, personal life
Alisher Navoi (Uzb. Alisher Navoiy; Uyg. Alshir Nava "i / ئەلشىر ناۋائى; Persian علیشیر نوایی;) (Nizamaddin Mir Alisher). Born February 9, 1441 in Herat - died January 3, 1501. Central Asian poet Sufi direction, statesman of the Timurid Khorasan.
He created the main works under the pseudonym Navoi (melodic) in the literary Chagatai language, on the development of which he had a noticeable influence; under the pseudonym Fani (mortal) he wrote in Farsi. His work gave a powerful impetus to the development of literature in the Turkic languages, especially Chagatai and the traditions of literature in the Uzbek and Uighur languages that adopted it.
The ethnicity of Navoi is the subject of discussion: according to some sources - Uzbek, according to others - Uyghur or Barlas.
Alisher Navoi's mentor and friend Abdurakhman Jami (1414-1492), emphasizing his Turkic origin, wrote: "Although he was a Turk, and I was a Persian, both of us were close to each other."
According to Mohammed Khaidar Dulati (1499-1551), Alisher Navoi was descended from the Uighur bakhshis. According to A.A. Semenov, Alisher Navoi came from the Uighur bakhshi, i.e. secretaries and clerks of the Uyghurs, who, according to tradition and under the Timurids, wrote some official papers in the Uyghur language. There is also a version that he came from the Turkicized Mongolian tribe of the Barlas.
Nizamaddin Mir Alisher was born in the family of Giyasaddin Kichkin, an official in the Timurid state, whose house was visited by prominent figures of philosophical thought and art of that time.
Uncle Mir Alisher - Abu Said - was a poet; the second uncle - Muhammad Ali - was known as a musician and calligrapher. From a young age, Alisher was brought up with the children of Timurid families; he was especially friendly with Sultan Hussein, later the head of the Khorasan state, also a poet, patron of the arts.
Navoi studied in Herat (together with the future ruler of Khorasan Hussein Baiqara, with whom he maintained friendly relations for life), Mashhad and Samarkand.
Name: Alisher Navoi (Nizomiddin Mir Alisher)
Age: 59 years old
Activity: poet, philosopher, public figure and statesman
Family status: not married
Alisher Navoi: biography
Alisher Navoi is a great Turkic poet, thinker, public and statesman of the 16th century. He left a mark in history as an outstanding writer who wrote in Persian (Farsi) and Turkic languages. Thanks to the Turkic-speaking creativity, Navoi is considered the ancestor of the literature of many Central Asian peoples. For example, in Uzbekistan Navoi is the founder of the national literary language.
Childhood and youth
Nizomiddin Mir Alisher was born on February 9, 1441 in Herat. In those days, Herat was the capital of Khorasan (now the territory of modern Uzbekistan and Iran) - a province within Maverannahr, a state created by Amir Timur.
There are still scholarly discussions about the origin of Alisher Navoi. Two versions are considered disputable: according to the first, he is a descendant of the Uyghur bakhshi (narrators), according to the second, his belonging goes back to the Mongol tribe of the Barlas, of which Timur himself came.
Hence the privileged position of his father - Giyasiddin Kichkin, who served as an official at the court of the Timurids, was an enlightened man, from an educated dynasty. One of Alisher's uncles was a poet, the other was a musician and calligrapher.
Being the son of a courtier, the boy grew up in the palace of the ruler of Khorasan, where he became friends with Prince Hussein Baiqara, the grandson of Omar Sheikh, the second son of Timur. Later, friends studied together at the Herat Madrasah, where both showed a love for the humanities, in particular poetry and literature.
Sources write that already at the age of 15 Alisher wrote magnificent poems. One of the teachers of Navoi was the famous Persian poet-mystic, Sufi Jami. In 1466-1469, the talented young man studied at the madrasas of Mashhad and Samarkand, the capital of the Timurid state, learned philosophy, logic, mathematics and other sciences. Then he returned to his native Herat at the call of his childhood friend Hussein Baykara, who by that time had occupied the throne of Khorasan.
State activity
Sultan Hussein brought his beloved friend closer to him by appointing him vizier and bestowing the title of emir in 1472. Baikara appreciated the talent and abilities of Navoi, whom he now wanted to put at the service of the state. Alisher supported the ruler in many reforms, but his support was most clearly manifested in the heyday of the cultural life of Herat. In this, Baykara was in solidarity with Navoi, he himself wrote poetry under the pseudonym Husaini and encouraged the activities of scientists and creative people.
It was during the Navoi era that a community of poets (Navoi, Jami), historians (Mirkhond, Khondamir), musicians, calligraphers, artists (Kamaliddin Behzod) and others was organized in Herat.
Under Navoi, more than 20 mosques, 10 khanakas (a abode for Sufis), 20 reservoirs, 16 bridges, dams, and mausoleums were built in Khorasan. There are many restorations of old buildings. So, among the merits of Navoi is the restoration of the Herat Cathedral Mosque of the 13th century. Intensive construction entails the flourishing of architecture, buildings are decorated with ligature by the best calligraphers of that time.
The vizier develops crafts: weaving, carpet weaving, pottery and jewelry. Herat has become a flourishing cultural and craft center of the East. A number of objects, according to historians, the vizier built at his own expense and performed many charitable acts for the poor: he distributed clothes, arranged dinners for the needy.
There are many contradictions in the biography of Navoi. So, for example, certain events in his life are interpreted differently. So, there is information that, unable to withstand the burden of state affairs, the official resigns and devotes himself exclusively to creativity. Other sources say that, having resigned, Navoi still remains a loyal subject of the Sultan at court and continues to help him in governing the country.
Bust of Alisher Navoi It is also known that Alisher Navoi was appointed governor of the Astrabad region of Khorasan in 1487. However, a number of experts interpret this as a reference to a remote province on the basis of cooling between the ruler and his faithful vizier. Others, on the contrary, present this decision in the light of the Sultan's special trust in his childhood friend.
One way or another, in 1488 the poet finally retired from public affairs and settled in Herat to nurture his literary talent.
Creation
The poet's work is known in two languages - Turkic under the pseudonym Navoi (which means "melodious", from the word navo - "music") and Persian under the name Fani (which means "mortal"). During his life, Navoi wrote over 3,000 ghazals (lyrical poems), which were later combined into special collections - sofas.
The most famous work of Navoi is "Khamsa", or "Pyateritsa" - a collection of 5 poems, written by the author as a tribute to the work of the classic of Persian poetry Nizami Ganjavi, who created his "Pyateritsa" in the 12th century.
Navoi's Hamsa includes the poems Confusion of the Righteous, Leyli and Majnun, Farhad and Shirin, Seven Planets, Iskander's Wall, written at different times. The poet wrote the first work of the cycle in 1483, it can be called socio-philosophical. Navoi describes the events taking place in the state: the arbitrariness of the nobility, feudal wars, the oppression of the poor, and also gives a moral assessment to this.
Quotes and aphorisms of Alisher NavoiIn 1484, the author wrote the romantic poems "Leyli and Majnun" and "Farhad and Shirin", using the motifs of folk tales. In these works, the poet sings not only the feelings of lovers, but also the problems of religion, social inequality, and the poor. Also during this period, the poem "Seven Planets" was written, in which, in an allegorical form, the author criticizes individual representatives of the ruling Timurid clan.
And, finally, the fifth poem was "Iskander's Wall" about the life of the famous commander and conqueror of Central Asia, known in the East as Iskander Zulkarnayn. The end of the 80s - the beginning of the 90s were marked by work on historical works. Navoi writes "History of the rulers of Ajam", "History of Iranian kings" and "History of prophets and sages" about the famous figures of the East. The poet also creates a biography of his teacher Jami - "Five of the Confused" (1492).
As a result of his biography, Navoi compiles the “Treasury of Thought” sofa, which contains four cycles: “Miracles of Childhood”, “Rarity of Youth”, “Wonders of Middle Ages” and “Edification of Old Age”. This work, which collected over 2,600 gazelles, is considered a vivid example of Navoi's lyrics, which gave rise to many popular expressions, quotations and aphorisms. Navoi's statements are striking in their beauty, poetry and figurativeness.
“The heavens are enveloped in fire, that torch is not lightning,
And the flame of your clear eyes - the sun cannot be compared with it.
And how straw burns without a trace from lightning,
I am incinerated by love, my soul smokes.
No less capacious is the work of Navoi in Farsi. 3 collections of poems in Persian are known: "Six Necessities", "Four Seasons of the Year" and "Fani's Divan". The last works of Navoi were the poems "The Language of Birds" (1499), a philosophical and allegorical work, and the treatise "Beloved of Hearts" (1500), praising the ideal, from the point of view of the poet, ruler.
Personal life
Alisher Navoi belonged to the Naqshbandi Sufi order, was a pious person and voluntarily accepted austerity - he was not married, did not know the joy of having children. As the Timurid poet and ruler Zahireddin Babur said about him in the epic poem "Baburname":
“Without a son, without a daughter, without a wife, he passed his way beautifully in the world, alone and light.”
There is, however, one legend about the poet's personal life, which says that in their youth, Alisher Navoi and Hussein Baykara fell in love with the same girl - Guli. The noble Navoi could not hurt his friend and persuaded the beauty to become Hussein's wife. It is believed that the poet carried his love for Guli through his whole life.
In his own poems, the poet condemns loneliness and even wrote wonderful lines:
"Who has chosen his own fate in loneliness -
Not a man: he robbed his fate.
He is alone with people, all his days are bitter:
Has anyone heard the clapping of a single hand?
Alisher Navoi's contemporaries called him a difficult character, quick-tempered and even arrogant.
“He was a man of a high degree of subtle intelligence and excellent education,” characterizes Alisher Babur, “and demanded that all people behave in the same way, and therefore it was difficult for him to get along with them.”
Portraits of the poet, according to historians, convey the essence of the writer's character.
Death
Alisher Navoi died on January 3, 1501 in Herat, weakened from a long illness. Before his death, he moved away from worldly fuss and lived as a hermit in a cell near the mausoleum of his Sufi teacher.
The man left, leaving behind a rich literary heritage: about 30 works - poems, poems, treatises. His works have been translated into dozens of languages of the world, and his books and manuscripts are stored in the largest libraries in the world.
Monuments to the poet have been erected in Tashkent, Moscow, Baku, Shanghai, Washington and other cities of the world. In 1991, on the occasion of the 550th anniversary of the poet, a ruble coin was issued with the image of Alisher Navoi.
Quotes
The hand, crushing coal layers, becomes black,
The soul, being friends with the evil people, becomes dirty.
To give everything away, depriving oneself, is generosity beyond measure,
To do the same, only silently, is an example of courage.
Two worlds to reconcile in ourselves, O friend, we are not given:
You grab two boats over the sides - you drown anyway.
The blind man who sought eternity among worldly cares,
A fool who sought fidelity among human hearts.
Bibliography
- 1483 - "Farhad and Shirin"
- 1483 - "Leyla and Majnun"
- 1483 - "Seven Planets"
- 1485 - "Wall of Iskander"
- 1488 - "History of the rulers of Ajam"
- 1498 - "Treasury of Thoughts"
- 1499 - "The language of the birds"
- 1500 - "Beloved of Hearts"
In 1441, on February 9, in the capital of the Khorasan state, Herat, a boy was born in the family of the dignitary padishah Giyasiddin Kichkine, who was named Alisher (his poetic pseudonym "Navoi", which means "melodious", he took later). Herat has long been famous for its cultural traditions; under the descendants of Timur, in the XV century, the culture of the city reached its peak. The builders of the city and its wonderful library enjoyed special fame. The Navoi family, close to the court, was one of the most cultured in Herat. The uncle of the future poet, Abu Said, wrote good poetry, and another uncle, Muhammad Ali, was famous as an outstanding musician and calligrapher. From a young age, Alisher was brought up with the children of Timurid families; he was especially friendly with Sultan Hussein, later the head of the Khorasan state, also a poet, patron of the arts.
Alisher studied in Herat, Mashhad and Samarkand. Among his teachers was Jami himself, a remarkable Persian-Tajik poet. In 1469 Navoi returned from Samarkand to Herat, on the day when his friend Sultan Hussein took the throne of his ancestors. Soon he was appointed to the high state position of the keeper of the seal, then the vizier and received the title of emir. In 1476 the poet resigned, nevertheless, remaining "close to his majesty." Navoi could not completely move away from state affairs. He headed power either in the city of Astrabad (which was almost an exile), or in Herat itself. The poet died in 1501.
Historical sources report that Alisher Navoi was a generous patron of sciences and arts. With his support, such outstanding historians as Mirkhond, Khondamir, Vasifi, Davlyatshah Samarkandi, artist Behzad, architect Kavash-edin, many poets, musicians, calligraphers worked. But Alisher himself was not only a poet and statesman, but also a musician, artist, architect, historian and philosopher. “Navoi, like his Western contemporaries such as Leonardo da Vinci, appears before us as a comprehensively developed and integral personality, uniting science and art, philosophical theory and social practice in his universalism” (V.M. Zhirmunsky).
Alisher Navoi was brought up on Arabic and especially Farsi-language poetry of that brilliant period of its development, which gave the world Nizami, Amir Khusro, Firdowsi, Unsuri, Saadi, and finally, his teacher Jami. Navoi began as a Persian poet, quickly mastering the technique and imagery of classical Persian poetry. But he lived at a time of disintegration of the old cultural zones and the formation of new national cultures. As N. I. Konrad wrote, “this great poet, poet-thinker, as he is rightly called, belonging to a vast, ethnically diverse world, became a classic of Uzbek poetry, the founder of Uzbek literature. He was taken out of the widest sphere and brought into a narrow one. A poet whose heroes are anyone: Farhad is a Chinese, Shapur is a Persian, Shirin is an Armenian, Qais is an Arab, Iskandar is a Greek, this poet turned out to be a poet of the Uzbek people.” This was the trend of cultural development, and Navoi caught this trend and responded to it. He perfectly understood the great significance of his literary reform and spoke about it himself. First in verse:
I am not Khosrov, not the wise Nizami,
Not the sheikh of today's poets - Jami.
But in my humility I will say:
I walk in their glorious paths.
May Nizami victorious mind
Conquered Berd, Ganja and Rum;
Let such a language be given to Khosrov,
That he conquered all Hindustan;
Let Jami sing all over Iran, -
In Arabia, Jami beats the timpani, -
But the Turks of all tribes, any country,
All the Turks are conquered by me alone...
Wherever there is a Turk, under the banner of Turkic words
He is always willing to volunteer.
And this story of grief and separation,
Illustration: Portrait of Alisher Navoi Miniature of Muhammad Muzakhhib (XV century) Passions of spiritual and high torments, In spite of all my own hardships, I set out in the Turkic language.
(Translated by L. Penkovsky)
He expressed the same idea in his late days in prose, in his remarkable treatise “The Dispute of Two Languages” (1499): “The richness of the Turkic language is proved by many facts. Talented poets coming out of the people's environment should not reveal their abilities in the Persian language. If they can create in both languages, then it is still very desirable that they write more poetry in their own language. And further: “It seems to me that I affirmed the great truth before the worthy people of the Turkic people, and they, having learned the true power of their speech and its expressions, the excellent qualities of their language and its words, got rid of the scornful attacks on their language and speech by the constituents poems in Persian. All the poetic activity of Alisher Navoi was aimed at protecting and glorifying the native language and literature.
Navoi's humanistic universalism was reflected in the vastness and diversity of his creative heritage. His lyrical poems - gazelles - are collected in a large composite sofa "Treasury of Thought", which breaks down into four cycles: "Miracles of Childhood", "Rarity of Youth", "Wonders of Middle Age" and "Last Advice of Old Age"; this is also joined by poems of more complex forms, created on the basis of a ghazal, - mukhammas, musaddas, mestozads, as well as kyty, rubai and tuyugs dating back to Turkic folk art. Navoi wrote his "Five" - "Khamsa", which includes "Confusion of the Righteous", "Farhad and Shirin", "Leyli and Majnun", "Seven Planets", "Wall of Iskandar". He also wrote a philosophical poem "The Language of Birds" in imitation of the book of the famous poet Attar. Alisher Navoi’s Peru, in addition, owns the literary work “Collections of the Refined”, the work on poetics “The Weight of Dimensions”, the mentioned work on linguistics “The Dispute of Two Languages”, historical works “The History of the Kings of Ajam”, “The History of Prophets and Scholars”, as well as philosophical treatises, biographies of a number of his contemporaries, and much more.
As a lyric poet, Navoi was a student of the Persian classics. He did not try to modify or destroy the conventional forms of the ghazal. On the contrary, he showed the inexhaustible poetic possibilities contained in this capacious lyrical form with its obligatory themes - love (glorifying the extraordinary beauty of the beloved, lamenting her coldness, suffering in separation from her) and, one might say, "Bacchic" (glorifying the joys of drinking wine). , a friendly conversation over a cup of wine, a doxology to the butler) and with no less obligatory conditional language, exceptionally rich in tropes.
Navoi's lyrical poems are not dateable, and they barely catch the responses to the events of the poet's life known to us. Eventfulness is not typical of his gazelles at all. The composite sofa “Treasury of Thoughts” unfolds as a lyrical confession of a poet who sensitively captures the rich range of his experiences, spiritualized, as was the case with Dante and Petrarch, but in a special Sufi manner, characteristic of the advanced poetry of the Middle East. Navoi's poetry is metaphorical. All of it is a continuous injection of metaphors, in which the poet was unusually bold, inventive and accurate. Generous metaphor revealed to the reader all the colors, sounds, smells, forms of the world, all manifestations of life that are joyful in their basis. Some metaphors and comparisons of Navoi do not go beyond the established poetic tradition, others are fresh and original. A man who feels nature subtly, Navoi filled his poetry with images of it. Here is the fresh green of the meadows, and the alluring coolness of the forest, and the sultry blue of the sky, and the cold whiteness of the mountain snows, here are birds, animals, all kinds of flowers and herbs, and at the same time the twinkling of stars in the black, overturned bowl of the night sky.
The feeling of love is interpreted by the poet as high, inspiring, ennobling, but at the same time subjugating a person to himself, burning him to the ground.
This obsession with love is characteristic of Navoi, and thoughts about the inevitability of the earthly end do not give rise to a pessimistic attitude towards the world in the poet: “So accept the inevitability of leaving the world, Navoi, // Bring love and tenderness out of the worldly dead end.” He interprets love as an all-consuming feeling that fills a person's life with great content and meaning. The optimistic, world-accepting pathos of Navoi's lyrics is also expressed in verses to the butler.
Navoi's lyrics, with all their artistic virtuosity, are addressed to the people. The poet has poems condemning the wrong rulers and marked by genuine love for ordinary people. However, the very life of Navoi, an aristocrat, a man of refined, refined culture, but keenly listening to the needs of the people, speaks of the folk roots of his humanism. Navoi himself confessed in his declining years: “From my means, I took for my life only what a simple person needed - I was content with a dressing gown that protected me in heat and cold, and unassuming food. The rest I spent on communication with the people, on the food of ministers and households. And what remained in excess of the cost of food and the performance of various duties, I represented for charitable causes.
The all-consuming power of feeling, lofty aspirations, deep wisdom marked the positive heroes of the five great poems of Navoi. Developing the centuries-old poetic traditions of the "Fives" by Nizami, Amir Khusro and Jami, the poet created a deeply original epic cycle, filling traditional plots with new ideological and artistic content.
In the poems of A. Navoi, questions of morality, love and friendship, philosophy, science, art, and government are important for his time.
"Confusion of the Righteous" (1483) is a philosophical and didactic poem. Political issues occupy a large place in it. The poet sharply criticizes unjust and cruel rulers. His ideal is a peculiar version of an enlightened monarchy in an oriental way, the head of which surrounds himself with wise, educated and disinterested advisers. Navoi opposes the high moral ideals of magnanimity, generosity, kindness, fidelity in friendship and love, modesty and honesty to the cunning and selfishness of contemporary dignitaries and rulers of Navoi. Navoi's poem is a hymn to the "bright sky of knowledge", opposed to the "darkness of the night of ignorance". Navoi, admiring the ascetics of science, glorifies active, energetic people striving for a clear, generally useful goal, and not reclusive scientists. Humanistic tendencies are visible in the poet's thoughts about the equality of all in the face of fate. The poet glorifies life, spring, blessed nature, in unity with which the guarantee of human happiness. Navoi is a figure and thinker of the era of the rise of the culture of Central Asia. The poem "Confusion of the Righteous" is imbued with the humane idea of justice, faith in the triumph of good. These humane ideas are in tune with the Renaissance ideas of the West.
There are many legends about the world-famous poet, whose name is Alisher Navoi. His biography is full of various myths, but we will try to dispel them and bring some clarity to his life story.
Homeland of the great poet
Navoi was born in the ancient city of Herat (modern Afghanistan) in 1441, at birth he was named Nizamiddin Mir Alisher. Historians have not yet come to an exact opinion regarding his nationality: some consider him a barlas or a chagatai, others consider him an Uzbek or a Uighur. However, we can definitely say that by origin he belongs to the Turkic peoples. This is evidenced, in addition to the poems of his close friend Abdurakhman Jami (which say "even though I was a Persian, and he was a Turk, we were best friends"), his personal works, where he wrote that his native people are Turkic. In Soviet times, Alisher Navoi was interpreted precisely as an Uzbek poet and thinker.
The poet's family
The poet's family was very wealthy, his father was a well-known official at the Timurid court, and his own uncle was a poet. For this reason, since childhood, Alisher Navoi (whose biography is closely connected with public administration) wrote poems on a variety of topics. From 1466 to 1469, the young poet lived and studied in Samarkand, taught for some time in a madrasah and supported every beginning poet or scientist in every possible way.
Alisher Navoi: biography
The great figure belonged to the Sufi order of believers (Naqshbandi), who refused worldly life (faniness - the frailty of being) and therefore never started a family. Like any member of the sacred order, Alisher Navoi (whose poems also describe this circumstance, for example, "Lisun ut-tayir") believed that there is only one love - for Allah, so he was not interested in women and marriage.
The great poet grew up and was brought up in the same courtyard with the children of the Timurid clans. With Hussein Baykara (who later became the ruler of the Khorasan state), Navoi had the closest friendly relations that lasted all his life. And the reason that Alisher Navoi (his biography changed dramatically as a result of this decision) returned from Samarkand to his native Herat was the coronation of his friend Hussein. In 1469, upon the return of the poet, the ruler Hussein Baiqara appointed him the chief Keeper of the Seal of the Khorasan state.
Throughout his life, Alisher Navoi, whose poems are still relevant today, served the state, wrote many-sided poetic works, and also provided material assistance to all poets, writers, artists and musicians. In the history of Central Asia, he is remembered as the main initiator of the construction of numerous madrasahs, hospitals and even libraries.
Works by Alisher Navoi
The great poet and thinker wrote most of his works in the Chagatai language, taking the pseudonym Alisher Navoi (in Uzbek it means "melodious, melodious"). He wrote his first poem at the age of 15. The poet had a great influence on the development of the literary language, made an invaluable contribution to improving the structure of the Chagatai dialect, and later the Uzbek language.
The cultural heritage of the poet contains more than 3,000 works in various genre compositions. Perhaps one of the most famous works of the poet is "Five", which contains 5 dastans. "Leyli and Majnun", "Farhad and Shirin", "Confusion of the Righteous" are the most widely read poems by Alisher Navoi.
Alisher Navoi: poems in Russian
Many of the poet's works written in Farsi and Chagatai were translated into Russian. One of the most famous poems - "Two frisky gazelles .." - was translated by the Soviet poet. Despite the fact that Alisher Navoi denied love and other feelings for women, he still wrote very sensual poems. Among them - "On that night of my sadness, a sigh of the whole world could nullify ...", "My soul always screams, as soon as it is offended by evil ...", "How smoke flows from hopeless sighs, look! .." other.
In addition to lyrical poems, the poet also created historical treatises in which he described the life of legendary cultural figures. For example, "The Five of the Humble" was dedicated to his teacher and colleague Abdurakhman Jami.
At the end of his creative activity, Alisher Navoi wrote two philosophical poems describing his ideas about the ideal structure of the state. One poem - "Language of Birds", or, as it is called, "Parliament of Birds: Semurg" - is the pinnacle of his work, this allegorical treatise ridicules all ignorant rulers who do not know the principles of the state. All the works of Alisher Navoi are full of meaning and are devoted to a variety of topics, ranging from love to politics and improving the social life of ordinary peasants.
Political activity
It can be noted that Alisher Navoi had liberal views on many things. For example, he always opposed medieval despotic laws, openly condemned officials who took bribes, and also tried to protect the interests of the poor class. In 1472, Navoi received the title of emir (becoming the vizier of the state), he used his powers to improve the lives of poor people. Despite his friendship with the ruler and other noble officials, Alisher Navoi was still exiled by the ruler of the Khorasan state, Baiqara, to another region for his frank speeches against embezzlers and bribe takers. In Astrabad, he continued his plans to improve the social and public life of the people.
Alisher Navoi made a huge contribution not only to the development of the state system, he had a significant impact on the improvement of the Uzbek language. His works are known in many eastern countries (Uzbekistan, Iran, Turkey and other countries of Central Asia). The great poet died in his homeland, in Herat, in 1501.
Navoi (Navoi Nizamaddin Mir Alisher)- the most famous Uzbek poet, statesman, thinker. It is known that he was a native of Herat, where in 1441 he was born into the family of Giyasaddin Kichkin, who held an official post in the Timurid state. Navoi's father's house served as a meeting place for people directly related to the world of art and philosophy. Among their relatives there were many creative people. So, Muhammad Ali, who was Navoi's uncle, gained fame as a calligrapher and musician, Abu Said, also an uncle, hastily studied poetry.
Navoi himself became a famous poet at the age of 15. His works were written in Farsi and Turkic, and he was equally excellent at versification in these languages. He happened to study in three madrassahs located in Herat, Mashhad and Samarkand. One of Navoi's teachers was a man who later became his colleague and friend - Jami. Fate brought him together with Hussein Baiqara, the future ruler of Khorasan; they studied together in Herat. From a young age, Alisher Navoi was brought up side by side with the children of noble families. His friendly relations with the heir to the throne, which began in childhood, were carried through his whole life.
During the years 1456-1469. Navoi lived in Samarkand, where he studied at a madrasah. When his childhood friend Hussein came to power, Navoi returned to his homeland. In 1469, he became under him the keeper of the seal (this was an official position), and in 1472 - the vizier, received the title of emir. While in this post, Navoi did a lot to ensure that new hostels, madrasahs, hospitals, bridges and roads appeared in Herat. So, he himself supervised the construction of libraries, khanakas, hospitals, etc. on the Injil Canal. Many people of art found in him a kind patron who helped morally and financially. Thinkers could also count on his support. Under him, a whole circle of enlightened, scientific, creative people was formed.
Being a humanist by conviction, an opponent of arbitrariness and despotism, Navoi stood up for the unjustly offended, defended ordinary people before the Sultan. He also fought with embezzlers, bribe-takers and amassed a lot of ill-wishers. Nevertheless, after resigning in 1476, he remained among those close to the Sultan; childhood friend still trusted him with various important matters.
In 1487, the poet was sent to the distant province of Astrabad, which he was to rule. It was an honorary exile, where Navoi went through the efforts of opponents who managed to cool down his relations with the Sultan. Seeing that the hopes for restoring the unity of the state torn by civil strife, for changes in the political situation, Navoi decides to leave the service and devote himself to creativity, do not come true. So he did, returning in 1488 to his native Herat. He was a great poet in his homeland and died in 1501.
Navoi left behind a rich legacy. The peak of his creative biography was the writing of the so-called. "Pyateritsy", which was a tradition for Eastern poets. During the years 1483-1485. he published the poems "Confusion of the Righteous", "Farhad and Shirin", "Leyli and Majnun", "Iskander's Wall", "Seven Planets", composed in continuation of the traditions of Nizami's work. He left behind Navoi and works of a philosophical and journalistic nature, linguistic and historical treatises. His literary work played a significant role in the development of Turkish national literatures. Handwritten works of Navoi are the property of the world's largest libraries in such countries as Iran, Turkey, England, Russia. His poems have been repeatedly translated into various languages. Linguists showed such an ardent interest in his poetry and in his bright personality that navigational studies appeared as a separate area of scientific research.
Biography from Wikipedia
Alisher Navoi(Uzb. Alisher Navoiy; Uyg. Alshir Nava "and / ئەلشىر ناۋائى; Persian علیشیر نوایی;) (Nizamaddin Mir Alisher) (February 9, 1441, Herat - January 3, 1501, ibid.) - Turkic philosopher statesman of Timurid Khorasan.
He created the main works under the pseudonym Navoi (melodic) in the literary Chagatai language, on the development of which he had a noticeable influence; under the pseudonym Fani (mortal) he wrote in Persian. His work gave a powerful impetus to the development of literature in the Turkic languages, especially Chagatai and the traditions of literature in the Uzbek and Uighur languages that adopted it.
In a number of Soviet and Russian historiography, Alisher Navoi is defined as an Uzbek poet, thinker and statesman. According to some Soviet and foreign scientists, he is a Uighur.
Artworks
The creative heritage of Alisher Navoi is huge and multifaceted: it includes about 30 major works - collections of poems (sofas), poems (dastans), philosophical and scientific treatises. Using the centuries-old cultural traditions of the Muslim peoples of Central Asia and the Middle East, Alisher Navoi creates completely original works.
Lyrics
"Treasury of Thoughts" - a page of Alisher Navoi's collection of poetry. Manuscript from the Library of Suleiman the Magnificent
The lyrical legacy of the poet is enormous. 3150 of his works in the ghazal genre are known, included in divans in Chagatai and Farsi.
"Treasury of Thoughts"- a poetic code compiled by the poet himself in 1498-1499 according to the chronological principle and includes four sofas corresponding to the four periods of the poet's life: Curiosities of Childhood, Curiosities of Youth, Curiosities of Middle Ages, Edification of Old Age. The poems belong to different lyrical genres, among which the ghazals are especially numerous (more than 2600). The sofas also contain poems of other genres - mukhammas, musaddas, mestozadas, kyty, rubai and tuyugs dating back to Turkic folk art.
Lyrical poems are difficult to date, since responses to the facts of the poet's life known to us are caught quite rarely in them, and eventfulness is not characteristic of them at all. "The Treasury of Thoughts" is a lyrical confession of the poet, conveying the whole gamut of his experiences. Along with the external love plane, there is a higher one in them - spiritualized in a Sufi way and using traditional images of sensual lyrics in a metaphorical key. At the same time, Navoi's original metaphors are intertwined with traditional ones, drawn by him from the rich tradition of oriental poetry.
Love for Navoi is a simultaneously high, spiritual and exquisitely erotic, earthly feeling that subjugates a person to itself and deprives him of his freedom. And, at the same time, this does not give rise to pessimism in the poet, since Navoi understands love suffering as the basis of spiritual rebirth.
Navoi considered the development of the literary Chagatai language (Turks) as one of his main tasks. It was in the poet's lyrics that the Turkic verse reached the pinnacle of artistic expression: his gazelles amaze with filigree finishing of details, virtuoso compliance with formal rules, semantic play, freshness of images, allegories and metaphors. Thanks to the lyrics of Navoi, Farsi is losing the status of the only literary language. Once Babur in the book "Babur-name" said about the language of Navoi:
Babur: “Alisherbek was an incomparable person, since poetry has been composed in the Turkic language, no one else has composed them so much and so well”
The poet also composed the so-called "Sofa Fani"- a collection of lyrical poems in Farsi.
Forty Hadiths (Arbaeen Kirk Hadith)- a product of a different type. These are 40 quatrains in the Turkic language, written on the themes of the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. The basis of the work was Jami's work of the same name in Farsi (in essence, Navoi's work is a free translation).
Navoi collected his qasidas in Persian in two collections - "Six Necessities" ("Sittai Zaruriya") and "Four seasons of the year" ("Fusuli arbaa").
"Five"
The pinnacle of Navoi's creativity is the famous "Five", which includes five epic poems: didactic "Confusion of the Righteous" (1483) and plot heroic (dastans) "Leyli and Majnun" (1484), "Farhad and Shirin" (1484), "Seven Planets" (1484), "Wall Iskander" (1485).
"Five" is an "answer" (nazira) to the "Five" by Nizami Ganjavi and the Indo-Persian poet Amir Khosrov Dehlavi (wrote in Farsi). Navoi reproduces the plots of their works, some formal features, but often gives a different interpretation of the subject and plot situations, a new interpretation of events and images.
"Confusion of the Righteous"- the first poem of the cycle, a work of didactic and philosophical persuasion. It develops the motifs of Nizami's poem "Treasury of Secrets". It consists of 64 chapters, which deal with issues of religion, morality and ethics. The poem denounces feudal strife, the cruelty of state nobles, the arbitrariness of the beks, the hypocrisy of the sheikhs. The poet passionately affirms the ideals of justice.
"Layli and Majnun"- a poem based on the plot of a medieval Arabic legend (also developed by Nizami Ganjavi, Amir Khosrov, Jami) about the sad love of the young poet Qais for the beautiful Leyli. The piercing emotionality of the conflict and the refined poetic language of the poem made it widely popular with the Eastern reader. The poem had a great influence on the literature of the East and Uzbek folklore.
"Farhad and Shirin"- a heroic-romantic poem based on an old story about the love of the hero Farhad for the Armenian beauty Shirin, which is claimed by the Persian Shah Khosrov. The plot was developed by Nizami Ganjavi, but Navoi's poem is different in that the author refocused his attention from Shah Khosrov to the hero Farhad, making him an ideal epic hero. This was possible due to the fact that Alisher Navoi used the techniques of folklore poetics and the traditions of folk tales (dastans).
"Seven Planets"- a poem that unites seven fairy-tale short stories in a common frame. In an allegorical form, the poem criticizes the entourage of Alisher Navoi, the rulers (Timurids), Sultan Hussein and his courtiers.
"Wall of Iskander"- the last poem of the cycle, written on a common semi-fantastic story about the life of an ideal just ruler-sage Iskander (Alexander the Great is known under this name in the East).
Philological treatises
The authors of the 15th century believed that the Turkic language was rude for poetry. Alisher Navoi refutes this opinion in the treatise "Judgment about two languages"(1499). It substantiates the cultural and artistic significance of the Chagatai language (Turks). Navoi writes:
The richness of the Turkic language is proved by many facts. Talented poets coming out of the people's environment should not reveal their abilities in the Persian language. If they can create in both languages, then it is still very desirable that they write more poetry in their own language. And further: “It seems to me that I affirmed the great truth before the worthy people of the Turkic people, and they, having learned the true power of their speech and its expressions, the excellent qualities of their language and its words, got rid of the scornful attacks on their language and speech by the constituents poetry in Persian.
Questions of the theory of literature and versification are raised in the treatise "Size scales". The theoretical provisions and the very work of Alisher Navoi had a huge impact both on the development of Uzbek and Uighur literature in the Chagatai language, and on the development of other Turkic-language literatures (Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Tatar).
Historical writings
Alisher Navoi is the author of biographical and historical books: "Five of the Confused"(1492) dedicated to Jami; anthology "Collection of the Refined"(1491-1492) contains brief characteristics of writers - contemporaries of Navoi; "History of Iranian Kings" and "History of Prophets and Wise Men", contains information about the legendary and historical figures of the East, about Zoroastrian and Koranic mythology.
Later writings about the state
At the end of his life, Alisher Navoi writes an allegorical poem "Language of Birds"(“Parliament of Birds” or “Simurgh”) (1499) and a philosophical and allegorical treatise "Beloved of Hearts"(1500), dedicated to the best arrangement of society. The book reveals the influence of the writings of Yusuf Balasaguni and Gulistan by Saadi. The book condemns cruel, ignorant and immoral rulers and affirms the idea of centralizing power in the hands of a just enlightened ruler. All his life, Alisher Navoi combined literary deeds with political ones. Being a man of high position, he made a significant contribution to the improvement of the socio-economic life of the country; patronage of science, art, and literature; always tried to establish peace and harmony.
Posthumous recognition
- highly appreciated the work of Navoi and even tried to enter into correspondence with him.
- Suleiman the Magnificent highly appreciated the work of Navoi and had in his library manuscripts with his works “Treasury of thoughts”, “Pyateritsa” and “Dispute of two languages”.
- In honor of the 500th anniversary of Alisher Navoi in 1942, postage stamps were printed in the Soviet Union.
- The works of Alisher Navoi were included in the curricula of all schools and madrasas in Central Asia in the 16th - early 20th centuries.
- In 1941, the Uzbek writer Musa Tashmukhamedov wrote the novel Alisher Navoi.
- In 1947, the film "Alisher Navoi" was shot at the Tashkent film studio.
- In 1966, the 525th anniversary of Alisher Navoi was celebrated in the Uzbek SSR and in connection with this, a delegation of scientists from the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, led by academician I.M. Muminov, visited Herat, where materials related to A. Navoi were collected and it was proposed to create a museum of A. Navoi.
- In the 1980s, a 10-serial video film "Alisher Navoi" was filmed in Uzbekistan.
- A city in Uzbekistan and a region (Navoi region) are named after Navoi.
- In 1970, a vessel bearing the name of Alisher Navoi joined the Far Eastern Shipping Company.
- The name was given to the Namangan Regional Uzbek Theater of Musical Drama and Comedy.
- Tashkent has the Alisher Navoi Bolshoi Theater, Alisher Navoi Avenue, Alisher Navoi metro station. In the walls of the hall of the metro station there are panels from the plots of "Khamsa" of Navoi and a bas-relief of Navoi.
- The National Library of Uzbekistan is named after Alisher Navoi
- State Museum of Literature named after Alisher Navoi of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
- In the USSR, the name was given to the State Museum of the History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan.
- Samarkand State University named after Alisher Navoi
- A crater on Mercury is named after Navoi.
- There are several monuments to Alisher Navoi in the world: in Moscow, Navoi, Osh, Tashkent, Samarkand, Baku, Tokyo. There are plans to erect a monument to the poet in Washington.
- One of the streets leading to the mountains in Alma-Ata is named after the poet. Also, one of the avenues in Kyiv and streets in Dushanbe, Baku and Ashgabat are named after the poet.
- The former Telman street, city park and secondary school in the city of Osh are named after Navoi.
- In 1991, on the occasion of the 550th anniversary of the poet, a Soviet commemorative ruble was issued with the image of Alisher Navoi.
- In April 2007, a conference "Alisher Navoi and his influence on the cultural development of the peoples of Central Asia" was held in Washington.
- A bas-relief in honor of Alisher Navoi was installed in the city of Mazar-i-Sharif in Northern Afghanistan.
- Since 2009, annual cultural events in honor of Alisher Navoi have been held in the Astrakhan region.
Gallery
Alisher Navoi. Works in 10 volumes. - Tashkent: "Fan", 1968-1970. - T. 1-10. - 3095 p.About Alisher Navoi
- Abdullaev V. Navoi in Samarkand. - Samarkand, 1941.
- Bertels E. E. Navoi. Creative biography experience. - M. - L., 1948.
- Bertels E. E. Fav. works. Navoi and Jami. - M., 1965.
- Pulyavin A. A. Genius in the hearts, 1978.
- Boldyrev A.N. Persian translations of “Majalis an-Nafais” by Navoi // Uchenye zapiski Leningrad State University. - L., 1952. - Ser. 128. - Issue. 3.
- Zahidov V. World of ideas and images of Alisher Navoi. - Tashkent, 1961.
- Svidina E. D. Alisher Navoi. Bio-Bibliography (1917-1966). - Tashkent, 1968.
- Khayitmetov A. Creative method of Navoi. - Tashkent, 1965.
Information material "young reader's corner"
Doctor who are far to destroy
Where to buy sulfuric acid?