Anatomical and physiological mechanisms of speech. The main sections of the speech apparatus: peripheral and central

Speech sounds are formed as a result of a certain work of the speech apparatus. The movements and positions of the speech organs necessary for the pronunciation of a sound are called the articulation of this sound (from lat. articulare- "to speak articulately"). The articulation of sound is based on the coordinated work of various parts of the speech apparatus.

The speech apparatus is a set of human organs necessary for the production of speech.

The lower floor of the speech apparatus consists of the respiratory organs: lungs, bronchi and trachea (windpipe). Here an air jet arises, which participates in the formation of vibrations that create sound, and transmits these vibrations to the external environment.

The middle floor of the speech apparatus is the larynx. It consists of cartilage, between which two muscular films are stretched - the vocal cords. During normal breathing, the vocal cords are relaxed and air flows freely through the larynx. The same position of the vocal cords when pronouncing deaf consonants. If the vocal cords are close and tense, then when air passes through a narrow gap between them, they tremble. So there is a voice involved in the formation of vowels and voiced consonants.

The upper floor of the speech apparatus is the organs located above the larynx. The pharynx adjoins the larynx directly. Its upper part is called the nasopharynx. The pharyngeal cavity passes into two cavities - oral and nasal, which are separated by the palate.

Pronunciation apparatus:

1 - hard palate; 2 - alveoli; 3 - upper lip; 4 - upper teeth; 5 - lower lip; b - lower teeth; 7 - front part of the tongue; 8 - the middle part of the tongue; 9 - back of the tongue; 10 - the root of the tongue; 11 - epiglottis; 12 - glottis; 13 - thyroid cartilage; 14 - cricoid cartilage; 15 - nasopharynx; 16 - soft palate; 17 - tongue; 18 - larynx; 19 - arytenoid cartilage; 20 - esophagus; 21 - trachea

The front, bony part of it is called the hard palate, the back, muscular part is called the soft palate. Together with the small uvula, the soft palate is called the velum of the palate. If the palatine curtain is raised, then air goes through the mouth. This is how oral sounds are formed. If the palatine curtain is down, then the air goes through the nose. This is how nasal sounds are formed.

The nasal cavity is a resonator that does not change in volume and shape. The oral cavity can change its shape and volume due to the movements of the lips, lower jaw, tongue. The pharynx changes shape and volume due to the movement of the body of the tongue back and forth.

The lower lip has more mobility. It can merge with the upper lip (as in the formation of [p], [b], [m]), approach it (as in the formation of English [w], known to Russian dialects), approach the upper teeth (as in the formation of [ c], [f]). Lips can be rounded and stretched into a tube (as in the formation of [y], [o]).

The most mobile organ of speech is the tongue. Allocate the tip of the tongue, the back, which faces the palate and is divided into the front, middle and back parts, and the root of the tongue, facing the back of the pharynx.

In the formation of sounds, some organs of the oral cavity play an active role - they perform the basic movements necessary to pronounce a given sound. Other organs are passive - they are motionless during the formation of a given sound and are the place where the active organ creates a bow or gap. So, the tongue is always active, and the teeth, the hard palate are always passive. The lips and the palate can play an active or passive role in the formation of sounds. So, with articulation [p], the lower lip is active, and the upper lip is passive, with articulation [y], both lips are active, and with articulation [a], both are passive.

Consonants

Vowels

Vowels are sounds that consist mainly of a voice tone. When pronouncing vowels, the position of the tongue, lips and soft palate is such that air passes through the oral cavity without encountering obstacles that can contribute to noise. Depending on the position of the language, German vowels are divided into front vowels (i, e, ä, ö, ü) and back vowels (a, o, u). Vowels are long and short (8 vowels make 16 vowels). Their duration is associated with the quality of the syllable they form. In this regard, there are open (ending in a vowel or consisting of one vowel) and closed syllables (ending in one or more consonants). A diphthong is a continuous pronunciation of two vowels in one syllable.

[ə]

[ί:] [ı]

[y]

[ε:] [ε]

[ø:] [œ]

[a]

[υ]

[ɔ]

[α:]

All phonological features of German vowels are represented schematically in the so-called quadrilateral of German vowels :

Consonants are called sounds, consisting of a voice and (or) noise, which is formed in the oral cavity, where the air stream meets various obstacles. Depending on the participation of the voice, German consonants are divided into deaf, voiced (explosive and fricative) and sonorous (sonorous). Affricates are understood as the continuous pronunciation of two consonants.

The key to correct pronunciation is the ability to properly manage your speech organs, i.e. speech apparatus .

The speech apparatus includes:

respiratory system (das Amungssystem)
larynx (der Kehlkopf)
resonator (das Ansatzrohr) -oral cavity during the formation of sounds

The respiratory system is made up of lungs (die Lungen), bronchi (die Bronchien) and trachea (die Luftrohre), otherwise the windpipe.

The work of the respiratory organs is the basis for pronouncing sounds. In the process of breathing exhaled air through the trachea enters the larynx, where its first transformation takes place.

The larynx is the upper part of the trachea and ends epiglottis(der Kehldeckel) which closes the windpipe during meals. However, for the process of speaking, the larynx is important in that it contains vocal cords (die Stimmbander).

The vocal cords are two elastic muscles that are attached to the cricoid cartilage by the arytenoid cartilages. Due to their mobility, the vocal cords either approach each other or move away from each other. The gap that arises between the vocal cords is the basis for the subsequent pronunciation of sounds. (photocopy). Exhaled air, passing through this gap, touches the edges of the vocal cords, causing them to vibrate. Thus, under the influence of these oscillatory movements, the air begins to “ring”.

From the larynx, the jet of exhaled air enters the resonator (das Ansatzrohr), where its final transformation into a particular sound takes place.

The resonator consists of three cavities: oral cavity (die Mundhöhle), pharynx (der Rachen) and nasal cavity (die Nasenhöhle).

In the oral cavity are the main articulatory organs:

Ø upper lip (die obere Lippe)

Ø lower lip (die untere Lippe)

Ø upper teeth (die oberen Zähne)

Ø lower teeth (die unteren Zähne)

Ø alveoli (die Alveolen)

Ø hard palate (der Hartgaumen)

Ø soft palate (der Weichgaumen)

Ø tongue (das Zäpfchen)

Ø tongue (die Zunge), which is conditionally divided into 4 parts - the tip of the tongue (die Zungenspitze), the front back of the tongue (die Vorderzunge), the middle back of the tongue (die Mittelzunge) and the back back of the tongue (die Hinterzunge).

The nasal cavity acts as a resonator in the formation of nasal sounds (m, n, ŋ). When they are pronounced, the back of the soft palate - palatine curtain (das Gaumensegel), descends, thereby closing the passage to the oral cavity for the air stream.

Rice. 1: Human speech apparatus

1 - hard palate; 2 - alveoli; 3 - upper lip; 4 - upper teeth; 5 - lower lip; 6 - lower teeth; 7 - front part of the tongue; 8 - the middle part of the tongue; 9 - back of the tongue; 10 - the root of the tongue; 11 - vocal cords; 12 - soft palate; 13 - tongue; 14 - larynx; 15 - trachea.

3. Articulatory base of the German language.

With a general, identical method of forming sounds, each language has its own characteristic articulation base. The articulatory base of a language is understood as a set of movements of the speech apparatus characteristic of a given language in the production of sounds.

Here are a few features characteristic of the articulatory base of the German language:

1. The German language is characterized by a stronger, in comparison with the Russian language, muscle tension of the speech apparatus when pronouncing all sounds.

2. The German language is characterized by the contact position of the tip of the tongue, i.e. when pronouncing all vowels and most consonants, the tip of the tongue touches the front lower teeth.

3. When pronouncing consonant sounds, the soft palate does not completely close the passage to the nasal cavity for the jet of exhaled air, which causes such a phenomenon as nasalization, those. sounds have a slightly nasal connotation (Name - to us).

4. German vowels are pronounced with a stable installation of the organs of speech in the oral cavity (to about ntr about l - k about ntr about lyate, K o ntr o lle-k o ntr o llieren).

5. Articulation of German sounds occurs with a more energetic movement of the lower jaw up and down, especially when pronouncing open sounds.

6. The German language has one sound, in the formation of which the tongue participates - [R].

7. German consonants are not opposed on the basis of "softness - hardness".

8. When pronouncing the nasal sound [ŋ], a tight closure of the back of the tongue and the soft palate is formed.

9. In Russian, when consonants are combined with front vowels, due to the rise of the front and middle back of the tongue to the hard palate, softening occurs, which is not typical for the German language (winter, silence - sie, Tisch).

4. The concept of phonemes, sounds, letters. German alphabet and phonetic transcription.

In order to understand what is the difference between such units as sound, letter and phoneme, it is necessary to determine what is the difference between speech and language.

Speech – specific. It displays objects, actions, sensations in a particular situation in the present, past and future.

Language – abstract. It is an abstract representation of reality.

At the same time, if language is the property of all speakers (it contains certain grammatical rules, words, sounds that any person can learn), then speech individual - each speaker uses a different vocabulary, uses grammatical structures individually, pronounces sounds differently.

So sound is a unit of speech, it is concrete, and phoneme is a unit of language that is an abstract representation of sound.

Def.3:A phoneme is the smallest unit of a language that is used to

folding and distinguishing significant units - words.

Phoneme functions:

ü semantic (significative)

house - volume, die Beeren - die Bären

ü perceptual - to be an object of perception.

In speech, under the influence of adjacent sounds, the same sound can be pronounced with some acoustic differences (water - water - water, Kiel - kühl - backen). However, these changes do not affect the meaning of the word, therefore they are considered only as variants of one sound. In the language, this change is called allophone .

Def.4:An allophone is a modification of a phoneme that is

the result of different pronunciation conditions.

Each language has a limited number of phonemes. Allophones of phonemes are written in letters.

Def.5: Letter - a graphic representation of sounds.

The German alphabet uses 26 pairs of Latin letters.(lowercase and uppercase); the umlauted letters ä, ö, ü and the ligature ß (escet) are not included in the alphabet. In alphabetical sorting, ä, ö, ü do not differ from respectively a, o, u, except for words that differ only in umlaut - in this case, the word with umlaut comes later; ß is equivalent to ss. However, when listing German letters, the signs ä, ö, ü are given not next to the corresponding “pure” letters, but at the end of the list.

A a a F f ef l l ale Q q ku (Ü ü) u-umlaut

(Ä ä) e (a-umlaut) G g ge M m Em R r er Vv fau

Bb bae H h Ha N n en S s es W w ve

c c ce I i and O o about (ß) escet X x X

D d de Jj iot (Ö ö) o-umlaut T t te Y y upsilon

e e uh Kk ka Pp pe U u at Zz cet

Until the beginning of the 20th century. the Gothic script was officially used (in particular, there was a special Gothic script). Letters in the generally accepted European style are first used unofficially from the 19th century, and after the victory of the November Revolution of 1918 they are introduced officially. Nazi attempts to bring back Gothic as an official success were not successful, and it is currently only used for decorative purposes.

However, the letter image does not always match the sounds (Schule, Chef, Show). Also, the same letter can represent several sounds (gehen, Tag, ruhig). Therefore, for an adequate acoustic display of a word, there is a phonetic transcription.

Def. 6: Phonetic transcription is a recording of speech using a phonetic alphabet based on the Latin alphabet..

In transcription, each sound corresponds to only one conventional sign.

The speech apparatus is a set of interacting human organs that are actively involved in the emergence of sounds and speech breathing, thereby forming speech. The speech apparatus includes the organs of hearing, articulation, respiration, and today we will take a closer look at the structure of the speech apparatus and the nature of human speech.

Sound formation

To date, the structure of the speech apparatus can be safely considered 100% studied. Thanks to this, we have the opportunity to learn how sound is born and what causes speech disorders.

Sounds are generated due to the contraction of the muscle tissues of the peripheral speech apparatus. Starting a conversation, a person automatically inhales air. From the lungs, the air flow enters the larynx, nerve impulses cause vibration and they, in turn, create sounds. Sounds add up to words. Words into sentences. And the proposals - in intimate conversations.

Speech, or, as it is also called, voice apparatus has two departments: central and peripheral (executive). The first consists of the brain and its cortex, subcortical nodes, pathways, stem nuclei and nerves. Peripheral, in turn, is represented by a set of executive organs of speech. It includes: bones, muscles, ligaments, cartilage and nerves. Thanks to the nerves, the listed organs receive tasks.

Central department

Like other manifestations of the nervous system, speech arises through reflexes, which, in turn, are associated with the brain. The most important parts of the brain responsible for speech reproduction are: the frontal parietal and occipital regions. For right-handers, this role is played by the right hemisphere, and for left-handers, the left hemisphere.

The frontal (lower) gyrus is responsible for the creation of oral speech. The convolutions located in the temporal zone perceive all sound stimuli, that is, they are responsible for hearing. The process of understanding the sounds heard occurs in the parietal region of the cerebral cortex. Well, the occipital part is responsible for the function of visual perception of written speech. If we consider in more detail the speech apparatus of the child, we can see that his occipital part is developing especially actively. Thanks to it, the child visually fixes the articulation of the elders, which leads to the development of his oral speech.

The brain interacts with the peripheral region through centripetal and centrifugal pathways. The latter send brain signals to the organs of the speech apparatus. Well, the first ones are responsible for delivering the response signal.

The peripheral speech apparatus consists of three more departments. Let's consider each of them.

respiratory department

We all know that breathing is the most important physiological process. The person breathes reflexively without thinking about it. The process of breathing is regulated by special centers of the nervous system. It consists of three stages, continuously following each other: inhalation, short pause, exhalation.

Speech is always formed on the exhale. Therefore, the air flow created by a person during a conversation performs articulatory and voice-forming functions at the same time. If this principle is violated in any way, speech is immediately distorted. That is why many speakers pay attention to speech breathing.

The respiratory organs of the speech apparatus are represented by the lungs, bronchi, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The diaphragm is an elastic muscle that, when relaxed, has the shape of a dome. When it, together with the intercostal muscles, contracts, the chest increases in volume and inspiration occurs. Accordingly, when it relaxes - exhale.

Voice department

We continue to consider the departments of the speech apparatus. So, the voice has three main characteristics: strength, timbre and pitch. The vibration of the vocal cords causes the air flow from the lungs to be converted into vibrations of small air particles. These pulsations, transmitted to the environment, create the sound of the voice.

Timbre can be called sound coloring. For all people, it is different and depends on the shape of the vibrator that creates vibrations of the ligaments.

Articulatory department

The speech articulatory apparatus is simply called sound-producing. It includes two groups of organs: active and passive.

active organs

As the name implies, these organs can be mobile and are directly involved in the formation of the voice. They are represented by the tongue, lips, soft palate and lower jaw. Since these organs are composed of muscle fibers, they are amenable to training.

When the organs of speech change their position, constrictions and locks appear in various parts of the sound-producing apparatus. This leads to the formation of a sound of one kind or another.

The soft palate and mandible can rise and fall. With this movement, they open or close the passage to the nasal cavity. The lower jaw is responsible for the formation of stressed vowels, namely the sounds: "A", "O", "U", "I", "S", "E".

The main organ of articulation is the tongue. Thanks to the abundance of muscles, he is extremely mobile. The tongue can: shorten and lengthen, become narrower and wider, be flat and arched.

Human lips, being a mobile formation, take an active part in the formation of words and sounds. Lips change their shape and size, providing the pronunciation of vowel sounds.

The soft palate, or, as it is also called, the palatine curtain, is a continuation of the hard palate and lies at the top of the oral cavity. It, like the lower jaw, can rise and fall, separating the pharynx from the nasopharynx. The soft palate originates behind the alveoli, near the upper teeth, and ends with a small tongue. When a person pronounces any sounds other than "M" and "H", the veil of palate rises. If for some reason it is lowered or motionless, the sound comes out "nasal". The voice is raspy. The reason for this is simple - when the palate is lowered, sound waves, along with air, enter the nasopharynx.

Passive Organs

The speech apparatus of a person, or rather its articulatory department, also includes immovable organs, which are the support for the mobile ones. These are teeth, nasal cavity, hard palate, alveoli, larynx and pharynx. Although these organs are passive, they have a huge impact on

Now that we know what the human voice apparatus consists of and how it works, let's look at the main problems that may affect it. Problems with the pronunciation of words, as a rule, arise from the lack of formation of the speech apparatus. When certain parts of the articulatory department become ill, this is reflected in the correct resonation and clarity of pronunciation of sounds. Therefore, it is important that the organs that are involved in the formation of speech are healthy and work in perfect harmony.

The speech apparatus can be disturbed for various reasons, since this is a rather complex mechanism of our body. However, among them there are problems that occur most often:

Defects in the structure of organs and tissues.
Incorrect use of the speech apparatus.
Disorders of the corresponding parts of the central nervous system.

If you have speech problems, do not put them on the back burner. And the reason here is not only that speech is the most important factor in the formation of human relations. Usually people who have impaired speech apparatus not only speak poorly, but also experience difficulties in breathing, chewing food and other processes. Therefore, by eliminating the lack of speech, you can get rid of a number of problems.

Preparation of speech organs for work

In order for speech to be beautiful and relaxed, it needs to be taken care of. This usually takes place in preparation for public performances, when any hesitation and mistake can cost reputation. Speech organs are prepared in work with the aim of activating (tuning) the main muscle fibers. Namely, the muscles that are involved in speech breathing, the resonators responsible for the sonority of the voice, and the active organs, on the shoulders of which the intelligible pronunciation of sounds lies.

The first thing to remember is that the human speech apparatus functions better with proper posture. This is a simple but important principle. To make speech clearer, you need to keep your head straight and your back straight. The shoulders should be relaxed and the shoulder blades should be slightly flattened. Now nothing prevents you from saying beautiful words. Getting used to the correct posture, you can not only take care of the clarity of speech, but also gain a more favorable appearance.

For those who, by the nature of their activities, speak a lot, it is important to relax the organs responsible for the quality of speech and restore their full working capacity. Relaxation of the speech apparatus is ensured by performing special exercises. It is recommended to do them immediately after a long conversation, when the vocal organs are very tired.

Relaxation posture

You may have already come across concepts such as posture and relaxation mask. These two exercises are aimed at muscle relaxation or, as they say, removal. In fact, they are nothing complicated. So, to assume a relaxation pose, you need to sit on a chair and bend forward slightly with your head bowed. In this case, the legs should stand with the whole foot and form a right angle with each other. They should also bend at right angles. This can be achieved by choosing the right chair. The arms hang down, with the forearms resting lightly on the thighs. Now you need to close your eyes and relax as much as possible.

To make rest and relaxation as complete as possible, you can do some forms of auto-training. At first glance it seems that this is a pose of a dejected person, but in fact it is quite effective for relaxing the whole body, including the speech apparatus.

Relaxation mask

This simple technique is also very important for speakers and those who, due to the specifics of their activities, talk a lot. There is also nothing complicated here. The essence of the exercise is the alternating tension of the various muscles of the face. You need to “put on” different “masks” on yourself: joy, surprise, longing, anger, and so on. Having done all this, you need to relax the muscles. It is not at all difficult to do this. Just say the sound "T" on a weak exhalation and leave the jaw in a free lowered position.

Relaxation is one of the elements of oral hygiene. In addition to it, this concept includes protection against colds and hypothermia, avoidance of mucosal irritants and speech training.

Conclusion

This is how interesting and complex our speech apparatus is. To fully enjoy one of the most important gifts of a person - the ability to communicate, you need to monitor the hygiene of the vocal apparatus and treat it with care.

Speech technique

Instead of a preface

Speech apparatus and its work

speech apparatus

- respiratory organs

- organs of speech are passive

- speech organs active

- brain

Organs of speech

Exercises to train the main organs of speech: lips, lower jaw, tongue, larynx

Lip training

Exercise 10 Ultimately, with an effort to collect the lips into a “proboscis” so that at the same time they have a minimum area. Then, just as actively, with an effort, stretch them to the sides, without exposing your teeth. Repeat this movement 10-15 times until a sensation of warmth appears in the muscles of the lips.

Exercise 11 Pull out your lips and squeeze them into a “proboscis”. Turn the proboscis to the right, left, up, down slowly, then make a circular motion with your lips in one direction, then in the other. Repeat the exercise 3-4 times.

Exercise 12 Starting position - the mouth is closed. Lift the upper lip to the gums, purse the lips, lower the lower lip to the gums, purse the lips. Repeat the exercise 5-6 times.

Exercise 13 Bare your teeth by raising the upper lip and lowering the lower. The teeth are clenched. Repeat the exercise 5-6 times.

Exercise 14 Starting position - the mouth is half open. Pull the upper lip over the upper teeth, then gently return it to its place; pull the lower lip over the lower teeth, then return to its original position. Perform 5-6 times.

Exercise 15 Perform the movements of the upper and lower lips from exercise 14 at the same time. Repeat the exercise 5-6 times.

lower jaw training

Exercise 16 Calmly, without tension, lower the lower jaw (open your mouth) by 2-3 fingers, while the lips should be in the shape of a vertical oval, the tongue lies flat on the bottom of the mouth, and the palatine curtain is pulled up as much as possible. After 2-3 seconds, calmly close your mouth. Repeat 5-6 times.

Tongue training

Exercise 17 The mouth is open for two fingers, the lower jaw is motionless. With the tip of the tongue, touch the hard palate, the inner side, first the left and then the right cheek, return the tongue to its original position.

Exercise 18 The mouth is half open. Try to touch the nose with the tip of the tongue, then the chin, return the tongue to its original position.

Exercise 19 The mouth is half open. With the tip of your protruding tongue, write the letters of the alphabet in the air, after each letter, return the tongue to its original position.

Exercise 20"Click". The tip of the tongue is firmly pressed against the alveoli, then with a push it breaks off and jumps closer to the soft palate. In this case, a click occurs, similar to the clatter of hooves. Repeat 8-10 times.

Larynx training

Exercise 21 With any volume, say alternately the sounds I - U (I-U-I-U-I-U) 10-15 times. Exercise develops the mobility of the larynx.

Voice- this is a sound formed in the larynx by the vibration of tense vocal cords close to each other under the pressure of exhaled air. The main qualities of any voice are strength, height, timbre. A well-trained voice is also characterized by such properties as euphony, flight, mobility and variety of tone.

The power of the voice- this is its loudness, depending on the activity of the respiratory and speech organs. A person should be able to vary the strength of the voice depending on the conditions of communication. Therefore, the ability to speak both loudly and quietly is equally necessary.

Voice pitch- this is his ability to tonal changes, that is, his range. An ordinary voice is characterized by a range of one and a half octaves, but in everyday speech a person most often uses only 3-4 notes. Expanding the range makes speech more expressive.

The timbre of the voice they call it a unique individual color, which is due to the structure of the speech apparatus, mainly the nature of the overtones formed in the resonators - lower (trachea, bronchi) and upper (oral cavity and nasal cavity). If we cannot arbitrarily control the lower resonators, then the use of the upper resonators can be improved.

Under euphony of voice the purity of its sound, the absence of unpleasant overtones (hoarseness, hoarseness, nasality, etc.) are understood. The concept of euphony includes, first of all, sonority. A voice sounds loud when it resonates at the front of the mouth. If the sound is formed near the soft palate, it turns out to be deaf and dull. The sonority of the voice also depends on the concentration of the sound (its concentration at the front teeth), on the direction of the sound, and also on the activity of the lips.

The euphony of the voice implies, in addition, the freedom of its sound, which is achieved by the free work of all organs of speech, the absence of tension, muscle clamps. This freedom comes at the cost of long practice. The euphony of the voice should not be equated with the euphony of speech.

euphony of speech- this is the absence in speech of a combination or frequent repetition of sounds that cut the ear. The euphony of speech implies the most perfect combination of sounds, convenient for pronunciation and pleasant for hearing. For example, it causes a cacophony (that is, it is assessed as bad-sounding) repetition within a phrase or phrase of whistling and hissing sounds without special stylistic purposes: "in our class there are many students who are conscientiously preparing for the upcoming exams, but there are also loafers"; stringing words with several consonants in a row: "there is a nobler look of all feelings"; it is not recommended to build phrases in such a way that a gaping vowel is obtained: "and in John." However, the problems of its euphony do not apply to the technique of speech.

Mobility of the voice- this is his ability to change without tension in strength, height, pace. These changes should not be involuntary; in an experienced speaker, the change in certain qualities of the voice always pursues a certain goal.

Under tone of voice imply an emotionally expressive coloring of the voice, contributing to the expression in the speech of the speaker of his feelings and intentions. The tone of speech can be kind, angry, enthusiastic, official, friendly, etc. It is created by means such as increasing or weakening the strength of the voice, pausing, speeding up or slowing down the tempo of speech.

Speech rate is not a direct property of the human voice itself, however, the ability to vary, if necessary, the speed of pronouncing words and phrases can also be attributed to those skills that should be improved by the discipline "Speech Technique".

Exercise 22. Read the texts, changing the strength of the voice depending on the content:

There was silence, silence, silence.
Suddenly, it was replaced by a roar of thunder!
And now it's raining softly - do you hear? -
Draped, dripped, dripped on the roof.
He's probably going to drum now.
Already drumming! Already drumming!

Say louder the word "thunder" -
The word rumbles like thunder!

I sit and listen without breathing
The rustle of rustling reeds.
The reeds whisper:
- Shea, shea, shea!
- What are you whispering softly, reeds?
Is it good to whisper like that?
And in response, rustling:
- Shaw, sho, sho!
- I don't want to talk to you!
I will sing over the river and dance
I won't even ask permission!
I will sleep at the very reeds!
The reeds whisper:
- Sha, sha, sha...
As if asking in a whisper:
- Don't dance!
What shy reeds!

Thunder rumbles - boom! Fuck!
Like destroying mountains.
Silence in fright - ah! -
Plugs ears.

Flow, flow, rain, rain! I want to grow, grow!
I am not sugar! I'm not a shortbread! I'm not afraid of damp!

I go forward (tirlim-bom-bom) -
And it's snowing (tirlim-bom-bom)
Even though we are completely, not at all on the road!
But only here (tirlim-bom-bom)
Say, from - (tirlim-bom-bom),
Tell me, why are your feet so cold?

Exercise 23 Pick up chants, noise makers, counting rhymes (folklore or literary), other poetic works that, in your opinion, can be used to train the power of the voice.

Working on the tone of speech

Exercise 38 Say the phrase "What is his profession" so as to express: admiration; sympathy; contempt; neglect; question; envy; question-request; astonishment.

Exercise 39 Read the text in accordance with the author's remarks:

Came?! I'm scared for you! - - -(with fear)
Blame yourself for everything! - - -(with fear)

Came?! Where is selfishness? - - - (with condemnation)
Behind him like a faithful dog everywhere! - - - (with condemnation)

Came!? So fool me! - - - (with contempt)
You're not a man, you're a jerk! - - - (with contempt)

Came?! That's it, friend! - - - (with malice)
You can't fool me all of a sudden! - - - (with malice)

Came! Know, so be it! - - - (happily)
We can't live without each other! - - - (happily)

Gone! .. Will he come or not? Mystery. - - -(with anxiety)
I treated him so badly! - - -(with anxiety)

Gone! The mountain has fallen off my shoulders! - - -(relief)
God bless these meetings! - - -(relief)

Exercise 40. Connect the replicas of the characters and the author's words:

replicas

"Sasha, stop being angry! Excuse me if I offended you..."

"And you're still kidding? And you still dare to ask?"

"I'm not angry with you at all. I swear."

"I'm not to blame for anything!"

"Yes-ah-ah, you can't cook porridge with you ..."

She drawled regretfully.

She said softly but decisively.

She screamed and even squealed, waving her arms.

Exercise 41. Determine the tone in which the father, stepmother, sisters, fairy, prince speak to Cinderella. Words for reference: kind, angry, enthusiastic, indifferent, rude, gentle, surprised, frightened, sad, official, friendly.

Exercise 42. Tell us about the student being late for the lecture on behalf of the professor who gave the lecture, the student himself, the janitor.

Exercise 43. Think of a speech situation in which one and the same event can be told on behalf of different characters. Pay attention to the tone of speech.

Exercise 44. Choose an excerpt from a work for children with direct speech of heroes. Analyze the tone in which the remarks should be read. What means in the test help to choose the right tone of speech?

Diction

Diction- this is the degree of distinctness in the pronunciation of sounds, syllables and words in speech. The clarity and purity of the sound of speech depend on the correct and active work of the articulatory apparatus.

Speech therapy is engaged in correcting such shortcomings in diction as burr, lisp, nasality. In the speech technique course, attention is paid to less pronounced, but nevertheless much more common shortcomings: fuzziness, indistinct pronunciation of vowels and consonants. Special exercises should help improve diction. However, success can only be achieved through systematic work.

In the "Speech Technique" section, each vowel and consonant sound is worked out in the following sequence:

Determine the features of sound articulation (you can refer to any textbook of the modern Russian language, to books on speech therapy);

Check the position of the organs of speech in front of the mirror when pronouncing this sound;

Work out the correct pronunciation of the sound: first mentally, then in a whisper, then loudly;

Work out the pronunciation of individual words with this sound, and then - texts;

If possible, you should refer to the recording of your voice in order to analyze possible shortcomings from the outside.

Tips for a beginner speaker

A good public speech should be, first of all, meaningful, purposeful.

A good public speech must be absolutely literate both in the field of pronunciation and in the field of grammatical expression of thought.

A good public speech is least of all like a recitation, its highest quality is a relaxed conversation (conversation) with the audience on an interesting burning topic.

A good public speech cannot be chaotic. It must be consistent and reasonable in all respects.

Mastering the art of speech, one must remember that one can learn not only the correct pronunciation, but also the correct, orderly thinking.

Perseverance, perseverance and patience - this is what a novice speaker needs first of all.

The topic of your speech must be interesting for you and for your listeners.

When preparing for a speech, read more than one article, but several, compare the points of view of various authors. Use, if necessary, dictionaries and reference books.

Make a clear and harmonious plan of your speech according to the scheme: introduction, main part, conclusion.

Do not try to show off your knowledge, avoid unnecessary details and evidence - take only the most essential for speech.

Avoid jumps and omissions, finish the thought to the end.

Take care of the outside of speech. Don't get carried away with gestures. Speak slowly.

Practice giving speeches on a variety of topics.

Be careful and careful in pronouncing the combinations AE, EE, OE, UE in personal forms of the verb.

Don't skip vowels.

Do not double or triple consonants.

Make sure that the consonants V and M, which are between vowels, are clearly audible; don't swallow them.

Pronounce the initial consonant clearly, especially when it is followed by another consonant.

Match the ends of words (do not swallow them), especially in adjectives ending in -GIY, -KIY, -KHIY, and in proper names with -KIY.

Don't compress words. Do not create meaningless and ridiculous combinations.

Listen carefully to the speech of the masters of the artistic word, actors of drama theaters and cinema, as well as to the speech of the announcers of the central radio and television.

Watch your pronunciation.

If possible, record your speech on a voice recorder. Listen to the recording several times, noting the flaws and errors in pronunciation.

Afterword

Our team was motivated to create the Speech Technique project by the desire to help everyone who wants to master correct and clear speech.

It is our deep conviction that correct and clear speech is even more self-confidence, the power of your voice and words.

However, correct speech is not possible without the Russian literary language, which serves as a single means of expressing thoughts and feelings, a means of communication between Russian-speaking people. It includes all the wealth of speech and visual means created by the people over the centuries. However, not everything that the national language has is selected into the vocabulary of the literary language.

Outside the literary language remain:

Some words and expressions characteristic of a particular dialect and incomprehensible to people living in places where this dialect is unknown;

Slang vocabulary - special words and expressions characteristic of various groups of the past (merchants, artisans, etc.);

The so-called argotic words and expressions inherent in the language of thieves, gamblers, cheaters and swindlers;

Swearing (obscene) words and expressions.

At the same time, the literary language is closely connected with the so-called vernacular - the everyday everyday vocabulary of the people, which has great figurative power and accuracy of definitions.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again that those who have "lame" diction or pronunciation will need a lot of time to bring their speech apparatus to a state where a diction or pronunciation error becomes impossible, and in this, we are absolutely sure, our project will help "Speech Technique".

Working on the project, we decided for ourselves that "beauty is in simplicity." Therefore, we did not use databases and other technologies that slow down page loading, but went along the classical path.

Our team expresses gratitude to all the authors whose books were used in writing a collection of tasks and exercises that contribute to the development of the necessary skills in the setting of breathing, voice, diction, called "Technics speech" (Technics speech), as well as thanks to all the authors who Their books are cited by the mentioned authors, to whom we have expressed our gratitude earlier.

All rights to the idea, design, texts and drawings of the Technics speech project belong to the team of authors of the named project. When reprinting materials, an active hyperlink to the source is required.

http://technics-speech.ru/

Speech technique

Speech technique- this is the skill of public speaking, business communication of people through language structures created on the basis of certain rules of oratory, associated with strength, height, euphony, flight, mobility, tone of voice and diction.

Probably everyone in childhood dreamed, listening to a clear and well-placed voice of a central television or radio announcer, to master the technique of speech and speak just like them. Unfortunately, for various reasons, it is not given to everyone to clearly and articulately convey their thoughts to others. Many do not notice this for themselves, someone does not attach importance to this, and only a few feel out of place.

Overcoming various deviations in the sound structure of speech is of great importance. Timely elimination of pronunciation shortcomings helps to prevent those huge difficulties that may arise due to speech defects.

It is impossible not to take into account the fact that pronunciation deficiencies, like other speech disorders, can often cause serious deviations in the development of the psyche, especially in children. Children who pronounce words incorrectly often avoid verbal communication with friends, do not participate in children's performances at matinees, and do not show activity. For adults, the mentioned shortcomings can serve as a kind of obstacle in moving up the career ladder.

Regular exercises according to the proposed method will help to cope or significantly reduce the discomfort of stuttering. Everything is very simple. Each person has developed the so-called inner speech, which is not pronounced aloud, but exists only in our brain and which we turn to ourselves. When we mentally talk to ourselves, we do not stutter. Inner speech, although it is silent, is not so different from external speech, sounding. Both are controlled by the same speech mechanisms.

It should be remembered that only with considerable perseverance and regular training can one achieve the desired goal and achieve positive results in rhetoric, diction and eloquence.

Instead of a preface

Meaningful and refined speech is not able to have the desired effect if it is dull in its form or mode of implementation. Therefore, representatives of those professions who constantly have to communicate with people, and even more so achieve their goals, should pay close attention to the technique of their speech and make efforts to improve the technique of speech.

Work to improve the level of speech culture is unthinkable without improving the speech apparatus. You can not speak to the audience, chewing the text, eating the beginning and end of words, replacing some sounds with others, or combining individual words into one meaningless combination. Such speech distorts the meaning of the statement and produces an unpleasant impression.

In preparing this collection, we have collected and summarized theoretical materials on the technique of speech, tasks and exercises that contribute to the development of the necessary skills. However, the expressiveness of speech can be achieved only as a result of systematic work aimed at both training and development of the organs of speech, and improving the properties of the voice.

Our collection consists of several sections, where the structure of the speech apparatus, the main properties of the voice are analyzed, techniques and exercises are given that contribute to the improvement of specific oral speech skills. It is addressed to everyone who sets a goal to improve their speech skills.

Speech apparatus and its work

speech apparatus is a set of human organs necessary for the production of speech. It includes several links:

- respiratory organs, since all speech sounds are formed only when exhaling. These are the lungs, bronchi, trachea, diaphragm, intercostal muscles. The lungs rest on the diaphragm, an elastic muscle that, when relaxed, has the shape of a dome. When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the chest increases and inhalation occurs, when they relax, exhalation;

- organs of speech are passive- These are motionless organs that serve as a fulcrum for active organs. These are teeth, alveoli, hard palate, pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx;

- speech organs active- These are movable organs that perform the main work necessary for the formation of sound. These include the tongue, lips, soft palate, small uvula, epiglottis, vocal cords. The vocal cords are two small bundles of muscles attached to the cartilage of the larynx and located almost horizontally across it. They are elastic, can be relaxed and tense, can be moved apart to different widths of the solution;

- brain, which coordinates the work of the organs of speech and subordinates the technique of pronunciation to the creative will of the speaker.

Organs of speech are shown in the following figure:

orthognathia(ortho- + Greek gnathos upper jaw) - a bite characterized by such a closing of the teeth, in which the upper front and side teeth cover the lower ones of the same name (a variant of the normal bite).

Nasopharynx- the upper part of the pharynx, located behind the nasal cavity, communicating with it through the choanae and conditionally limited from the oral part of the pharynx by a plane in which the hard palate lies. The nasal passage is the part of the nasal cavity located between the nasal conchas.

resonator cavities(in speech therapy, phoniatry, vocal pedagogy) - four pairs of paranasal sinuses: maxillary (maxillary), frontal (frontal), main and ethmoid; together with the nasal cavity, they act as a voice resonator.

palatine curtain(velum palatinum, palatum molle) - the posterior movable part of the palate, which is a muscular plate with a fibrous base, covered with a mucous membrane.

Violations (defects) of the articulatory apparatus

Any disturbances in the structure of A.A. of a congenital or early acquired (trauma) nature (under the age of 7 years) invariably entail difficulties in the formation and development of speech. Later acquired AA defects, as a rule, do not lead to severe speech pathology, but can significantly affect the quality and individual characteristics of oral speech.

Options for violations of the articulatory apparatus

Cleft- a congenital gap, or gap, in the palate. The minor fissure includes only the soft palate, although in severe cases it can expand into the hard palate, alveoli, and upper lip.

Cleft of the upper jaw(gnathoschisis) - an anomaly of development: splitting of the alveolar process of the upper jaw due to nonunion in the embryonic period of the maxillary and middle nasal processes. It causes speech disorders such as rhinolalia and voice (rhinophony).

cleft lip- (labium fissum; cheiloschisis; synonym: cleft lip, cleft lip, cheiloschisis) - developmental anomaly: the presence of a gap in the upper lip extending from its red border to the nose. With an isolated defect, there may be a violation or difficulty in articulating labial-tooth sounds.

Anterior open bite as a result of prognathia, progeny or absence/defects of anterior teeth.

Progenia(pro- + Greek genys lower jaw) - a bite defect in which the lower jaw protrudes forward (compared to the upper) as a result of its excessive development.

Prognathia(pro- + Greek gnathos upper jaw) - malocclusion in which the upper jaw protrudes forward due to excessive development of the upper jaw, or vice versa, with underdevelopment of the lower jaw. Bite - the relationship of the dentition of the upper and lower jaws when they are closed.

Anterior closed bite.
Level bite- Orthogeny (ortho- + Greek genys lower jaw) - bite, in which the upper and lower teeth are in the same frontal plane.
Diastema(diastema; Greek diastёma distance, gap) - an anomaly in the position of the teeth; excessively wide gap between the incisors of the upper jaw. Distinguish D. true (d. verus) - D. observed at the end of the eruption of all teeth and D. false (d. falsum) - D., observed with incomplete teething.
Other violations of the integrity of the dentition.
Short hyoid ligament (Language bridle short) - a congenital defect consisting in shortening of the lingual frenulum (hyoid ligament); with this defect, the movement of the tongue can be difficult. A common cause of impaired pronunciation of the sounds of the upper rise of the tongue.
Disturbances in the mobility of the tongue with paralysis and paralysis, as well as with its congenital excessive development (macroglossia - massive tongue) or underdevelopment (narrow - microglossia). Normally, the tongue performs all the movements necessary for the articulation of speech sounds: it easily simplifies, arches, rises to the upper alveoli, descends to the lower alveoli, makes circular movements (licking the upper and lower lips), folds into a tube and even turns into a vertical plane. On this ability of his, a diagnostic and corrective technology was constructed (“The Tale of a Merry Tongue”).
high and "Gothic" palate - arched palate (Gothic) - palate with an acute angle at the top; seen as a developmental anomaly.

Literature

Conceptual and terminological dictionary of a speech therapist / Ed. V. I. Seliverstov. - M.: Humanitarian publishing center VLADOS, 1997. - 400 p.
Pravdina O. V. Speech therapy. - M.: Enlightenment, 1973. - 272 p.
Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms: In 3 volumes / Ch. ed. B.V. Petrovsky. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia. - T. 2. - 1983. - p. 217, 218
Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms: In 3 volumes / Ch. ed. B.V. Petrovsky. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia. - T. 3. - 1984. - P.27.

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Rechber Rustu
Speech defect

See what the "Voice apparatus" is in other dictionaries:

VOICE DEVICE- (from lat. Apparatus - equipment). The set of organs involved in the formation of speech sounds during their pronunciation (phonation). R. a. can be divided into three groups based on the role of speech organs in the process of phonation: 1) organs that are ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

speech apparatus- Organs of the human body adapted for the production and perception of sound speech. In the broadest sense of the word, the speech apparatus is also the central nervous system, the hearing (and vision) organs necessary for the perception of sounds and correction ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

VOICE DEVICE- [from lat. apparatus] a system of organs involved in the formation of speech sounds and speech production in general. Distinguish the central and peripheral departments of R. and. (see Peripheral speech apparatus, Central speech apparatus) ...

speech apparatus- See organi vocali ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

speech apparatus- The totality of the organs of speech (lips, teeth, tongue, palate, small tongue, epiglottis, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm). see organs of speech ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

speech apparatus- a system of respiratory and chewing organs adapted in the process of human evolution for speech production. In R.'s system and. includes: diaphragm, lungs with intercostal muscles, bronchi, trachea, larynx with vocal folds, pharynx, tongue, lower ... ... Pedagogical speech science

VOICE DEVICE PERIPHERAL- the department of the speech apparatus, which in turn consists of three main departments: respiratory (lungs with a windpipe); voice-forming (larynx with vocal folds and a system of resonator cavities located above them); ... ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference

SPEECH DEVICE CENTRAL- the department of the speech apparatus, represented in the brain; consists of cortical centers, subcortical nodes, pathways and nuclei of the corresponding nerves, which provide the production of speech acts with the totality of their work ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference