English letters and their transcription. Plus running combinations of English letters

The sounds of English letters are 44 English phonemes, which are divided into two categories: consonants and vowels. Since sounds cannot be written down, graphemes (letters or combinations of letters) are used to convey sounds in writing.

English alphabet

There are 26 letters in English. The standard English alphabet starts with a and ends with z.

When classifying alphabetic characters, they distinguish:

• 5 pure vowels: a, e, i, o, u;
• 19 pure consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z;
• 2 semivowels: y, w.

Learning the English alphabet requires knowledge of both the symbol representing each letter and the phonetic sounds associated with that letter. Learning English phonetics is difficult. Only a small number of letters have no exceptions in the main sound.

In most cases, each letter has several phonemes. The letter B sometimes sounds like bat (bet) or does not sound, for example, in the words crumb (krum), dumb (dam). The letter C sounds like "k" for cat (ket) or "c" for ceiling (si:ling), or "tch" for church (tche:tch). And the list of exceptions is endless.

Vowel sounds

Vowels represent the main category of phonemes in English speech. There are 20 vowels in spoken English. This discrepancy (in relation to literal characters) underlies the complexity of writing in English.

Short	Long	diphthongs
a [æ]	A(ā)
e [ɛ]	E (ē)
i [ɪ]	I (ī)	[ɔɪ]
o [ɒ]	O(ō)	[ɪə]
u [ʌ]	U (ū)
		[ʊə]
		[əʊ]

For short and long vowels, additional vowels are used. For sounds a and e - when the vowel accompanies the sound r. For o, the options are varied.

Consonants

Deaf	Voiced	Other
p	b	c
t	d	h
k	g	j
f	v	l
s	z	m
		n
		q
		r
		w
		x
		y

alphabet order

Transcription and stress

Phonetic transcriptions tell about the pronunciation of words. In English dictionaries, this is a necessary condition, since the spelling does not say how the word is pronounced.

Phonetic transcriptions are written in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), in which each English sound is assigned its own symbol. For example, the IPA-based phonetic transcription of the word home is /hoʊm/, the transcription of come is /kʌm/, despite the fact that the spelling of the words is similar (both end in –ome), but are transcribed with differences.

Vowels	Consonants
ʌ	b
ɑ:	d
æ	f
e	g
ə	h
ɜ:ʳ	j
ɪ	k
i:	l
ɒ	m
ɔ:	n
ʊ	ŋ
u:	p
aɪ	r
aʊ	s
eɪ	ʃ
oʊ	t
ɔɪ	tʃ
eəʳ	θ
ɪəʳ	ð
ʊəʳ	v
	w
	z
	ʒ
	dʒ

The rules do not fully cover aspects of stress in English words. The language is characterized by the presence of exceptions, and the English themselves make mistakes, especially in polysyllabic words.

But obviously some basic rules still apply:

Prefixes in two-syllable words are not stressed, except in certain nouns or adjectives. Two-syllable nouns beginning with a prefix are studied individually.

English consonants

There are fewer consonants in the English alphabet than there are consonants. Therefore, to expand the alphabet, digraphs of the type "ch", "sh", "th" and "zh", and some letters and digraphs represent more than just one consonant. For example, the sound written "th" in this is transcribed as /ð/, and "th" in thin is /θ/.

English consonants are classified according to their combination of functions:

In addition, there is a function "silent alveolar stop", /t/ when the airflow mechanism is down.

According to the method of formation, consonants are divided into:

1. Approximants: j, w, r.
2. Nine fricative consonants: f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ,ʒ,h.
3. Lateral approximant: l.
4. Two affricative sounds: tʃ and dʒ.
5. Six explosive sounds: p, b, t, d, k, g.
6. Nasal consonants: m, n, ŋ.

The sound - [x] - a voiceless fricative - is non-standard for the English language. Although in some original words, such as ugh (ugh!), Is an additional marker of irritation. In writing, the fricative is represented as "gh".

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Features of English consonants

A consonant combination is a set of two or three consonant letters that retain their original sound when pronounced. Such sets occur either at the beginning or at the end of a word. For example, the word brave, in which both "b" and "r" are pronounced, is the initial combination. In the word bank "-nk" is the final combination.

Classification:

1. Initial combinations are classified into sets with "l", "r", and "s". In "l" the combination ends with "l". An example would be the letters "bl" in the word blind. Similarly, the final sound in "r" in combination with "r" when "br" and "cr", for example, in the words bridge, crane. On the contrary, in "s" it starts with s, "st" and "sn" - stap, snail.
2. The final combinations are grouped into sets with "s", "l" and "n": -st, -sk, -ld, -nd, -nk. Examples, first, desk, gold, sand, sink.

Digraphs

Consonant digraphs refer to a set of consonants that form one sound. Some digraphs are both at the beginning and at the end of the word - "sh", "ch" and "th". There are also strict initial and final digraphs - "kn-" and "-ck".

Examples of digraphs:

Ch-	-ch
Kn-	— ck
Ph-	-sh
Sh-	-ss
Th-	-th
wh-	-tch
Wr-

Features of digraphs:

Table of pronunciation of English consonants

b	b	bag, band, cab	bag, band, cab
d	d	dad, did, lady, odd [ɒd]	dead, did, lady, od
f	f, ph, sometimes gh	fable , fact , if [ɪf], off [ɒf], photo , glyph	fable, fact, if, of, foutow, glyph
g	g	give , flag	givew, flag
h	h	hold, ham	hold, ham
j	usually represented by y, but sometimes by other vowels	yellow, yes, young, neuron, cube	Yelow, ies, yang, n (b) yueron, k (b) yu: b - the sound j is similar to the vowel sound i:.
k	k, c, q, que, ck, sometimes ch	cat, kill, queen, skin, thick [θɪk], chaos	kat, kil, qui:n, sik, keyos
l	l	lane, clip, bell, milk, sould	lane, clip, bel, milk, sould - has two sound options: pure /l/ before a vowel, “darkened” /ɫ/ before a consonant or at the end of a word
m	m	man, them [ðem], moon	man, zem, mu:n
n	n	nest, sun	nest, san
ŋ	ng	ring, sing, finger [ŋ] is sometimes followed by the sound [g]. [ŋ] if "ng" is at the end of a word or a related word (sing, singer, thing), to "-ing", which translates verbs into participles or gerunds. [ŋg], if "ng" is not at the end of a word or in related words, also in comparative degrees (longer, longest).	/ring/, /sing/, /finge/
p	p	pen, spin, tip, happy	pen, spin, type, happy
r	r	rat, reply, rainbow,	rat, ripple, rainbow - movement of the tongue close to the alveolar ridge, but without touching it
s	s, sometimes c	see, city, pass, lesson	si:, pa: s, forest
ʃ	sh, si, ti, sometimes s	she [ʃi:], crash , sheep [ʃi:p], sure [ʃʊə], session , emotion [ɪməʊʃn], leash	shi:, crash, shi:p, shue, session, imashn, li:sh
t	t	taste, sting	test, sting
tʃ	ch, sometimes t	chair [ʧɛə], nature teach beach	t che e, ney t che, ti: t h, bi: t h
θ	th	thing [θɪŋ], teeth, Athens [æθɪnz[	t sing, ti: t s, et sinz - voiceless fricative
ð	th	this [ðɪs], mother	d sis, ma d ze - voiced fricative
v	v, sometimes f	voice, five, of [ɔv]	voice, five, ov
w	w, sometimes u	wet, window, queen	y in em, y in indeu, ku in i: n - [w] is similar to
z	z	zoo, lazy	zu: lazy
ʒ	g, si, z, sometimes s	genre [ʒɑːŋr], pleasure, beige, seizure, vision	genre e, plezhe, beizh, b:zhe, vision
dʒ	j, sometimes g, dg, d	gin [ʤɪn], joy [ʤɔɪ], edge	gin, joy, edge

English vowels

Each English vowel is pronounced in three ways:

1. like a long sound;
2. like a short sound;
3. as a neutral vowel (schwa).

In the English alphabet, there are 5 vowels, but sometimes y becomes a vowel and is pronounced like i, and w replaces u, for example, in the digraph ow.

Rules for reading vowels

Short vowels, which are characterized by a "short" sound, appear when there is one vowel in a word, either at the beginning of a word or between two consonants. For example, if, elk, hop, fan. A typical short vowel pattern is consonant+vowel+consonant (CHS).

Words are taught as families that represent groups of words with a common pattern, such as in the pattern "-ag" - bag, wag, tag or "-at" - cat, bat, hat.

Sound	Letter	Examples
[æ]	a	rag, sag, ram, jam, gap, sap mat
[ɛ]	e	hen, pen, wet, bet, let
[ɪ]	i	pig, wig, dig, pin, win, tin, tin, bit
[ɒ]	o	hop, pop, top, hot, pot, lot
[ʌ]	u	bug, lug, tug, hut, but, cut

Features of reading vowels:

Sound	Writing	Examples
A	ai, ay, a+consonant+e	name, mail, gray, ace
E	e, ee, ea, y, ie ,ei, i+consonant+e	he, deep, beast, dandy, thief, receive, elite
I	i, i+gn, igh, y, i+ld, i+nd	mine, sign, high, sky, wild, kind
O	o+consonant +e, oa, ow, o+ll, ld	tone, road, note, know, roll, bold
U	ew, ue, u+consonant+e	few, due, tune

The vowel sound in unstressed syllables is expressed by the abbreviated neutral sound ("schwa"), the phonemic symbol /ə/, especially if syllabic consonants are not used.

For example:

• a in about, around, approve, above [ə bʌv];
• e in accident, mother, taken, camera ;
• i c, family, lentil, officer pencil ;
• o in memory, common, freedom, purpose, London;
• u in supply, industry, suggest, difficult, succeed, minimum ;
• and even y in sibyl;
• schwa appears in function words: to, from, are.

Features of vowel sounds in English

Vowels are divided into monophthongs, diphthongs or triphthongs. A monophthong is when there is one vowel in a syllable, a diphthong is when there are two vowels in a syllable.

Let's take a closer look:

1. Monophthongs are pure and stable vowels., the acoustic characteristic (timbre) of which does not change during the time that they are pronounced.
2. A diphthong is a sound formed by the combination of two adjacent vowels in the same syllable. Technically, the tongue (or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves when a vowel is pronounced - the first position is stronger than the second. In the transcription of a diphthong, the first character is the starting point of the body of the language, the second character is the direction of movement. For example, you should know that in /aj/ the body of the tongue is in the lower center position represented by /a/ and immediately starts moving up and forward to the position for /i/.
3. Diphthongs are often formed when separate vowels work together in rapid conversation.. Usually (in the speaker's speech) the body of the tongue does not have time to get to the /i/ position. Therefore, the diphthong often ends closer to /ɪ/ or even to /e/. In the diphthong /aw/, the body of the tongue moves from the lower center position /a/, then moves up and back to the position /u/. Although single diphthongs are also distinguished, which are heard as separate vowel sounds (phonemes).
4. English also has triphthongs.(combinations of three adjacent vowels), including three sound types, for example, fire /fʌɪə/, flower /flaʊər/. But in any case, all diphthongs and triphthongs are formed from monophthongs.

Table of pronunciation of simple English vowels

All vowels are formed from only 12 monophthongs. Every word in English, regardless of spelling, is pronounced using some combination of these sounds.

The table shows examples of simple English vowels with Russian pronunciation:

[ɪ]	pit, kiss, busy	pete, kitty, beezy
[e]	egg, let, red	eg, years, red
[æ]	apple, travel, mad	apple, travel, mead
[ɒ]	not, rock, copy	music, rock, copy
[ʌ]	cup, son, money	cap, san, mani
[ʊ]	look, foot, could	bow, foot, cool
[ə]	away, away	hey, hey
	be, meet, read	bi:, mi:t, ri:d
[ɑ:]	arm, car, father	a:m, ka:, fa:dze
[ɔ:]	door, saw, pause	to:, from:, to: from
[ɜ:]	turn, girl, learn	cho:n, gyo:l, le:n
	blue, food, too	blu:, foo:d, tu:

Diphthong pronunciation table

	day, pain, rein	dei, pein, rein
	cow, know	kou, know
	wise, island	visa, island
	now, trout	naw, trout
[ɔɪ]	noise, coins	noiz, coin
[ɪə]	near, hear	nee, hie
[ɛə]	where, air	uh uh uh
[ʊə]	pure, tourist	p (b) yue, tu e rist

Learn the transcription of English words

Consider some features of English transcription:

There are a large number of videos online on the Internet to listen to the pronunciation of sounds, and you can also practice using exercises.

From Lesson 1 you will learn:

• how to pronounce english consonants p, t, k, h;
• how to pronounce english vowel [ɪ];
• how to read spelling ck.

Lesson one from the cycle "Author's English lessons for beginners or how to learn to read English on your own"

Consonants [p], [t], [k], [h], [f], [s], [ʃ], [ʧ], denoted by letters: p, t, k, h, f, s and letter combinations sh, ch,- strong and require special attention during pronunciation. We Russians, as already mentioned, pronounce these sounds completely wrong, and this is one of the main reasons for the Russian accent.

So remember the phrase « about pt[s/i]chkah and f[s/i]stashka h[s/i]tats”. All consonants in these words are STRONG, they must be pronounced, exhaling ENERGLY, and strong enough to force air out of the mouth. This phenomenon is called "aspiration" or "breathing".

Aspiration is a very important property of some English consonants.

How to pronounce consonants correctly?

- “p”, BUT open your lips vigorously, exhale strongly, the exhalation should be audible.

- “t”, BUT press the tip of the tongue to the tubercles above the upper teeth (alveoli) and, sharply tearing it off, exhale with force.

- “k”, BUT pronouncing this sound, exhale with force, the position of the tongue is the same as when pronouncing the Russian sound “k”.

[h]- this English sound is just an exhalation that is heard.

You can place a piece of paper at some distance from your mouth and, pronouncing words with these sounds, make the sheet tremble.

Listen to how to pronounce sounds correctly —

Remember transcription icons

p - [p], t - [t], k - [k], h - [h] (learn in this lesson)

f - [f], s - [s], sh - [ʃ], ch - [ʧ] (learn more)

Here is a funny video from the movie "My Fair Lady" in which Professor Higgins teaches correct pronunciation: Eliza learns to pronounce [h] correctly))

Since we are just starting to practice sounds, and at the same time learn to read in English, we will start with combinations of these three consonant sounds with the sound [i], you have to take some vowel, and [i] the least difficult.

How to pronounce the English vowel [i]?

Vowel sound [i] pronounced like the Russian "and" in the word "sew". Make a sound [i] briefly, uncomplicated. The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, do not raise the back of the tongue to the sky as much as when pronouncing the Russian "and", and do not lower it as low as when pronouncing "y". Feel the difference. English sound [i]- something between the Russian sounds "i" and "y". Listen to his pronunciation —>

Words for practicing the pronunciation of English sounds in combination with [i]:

pin, pill, tin, till, kin, kill, hill, him (inhalation at the beginning of a word)

Vowel i in these words it is in a closed syllable. Vowel [i] in a closed syllable it reads like [i].

Let's figure out how to divide a word into syllables.

Important! Light exhalation that is heard after makes something like a sound [h], that is, the word pin will sound like this:

Important! Do not soften consonants before [i]

What means " do not soften the consonant"? - To understand the meaning of this phrase, say the word: ardor. In this word, the sound "p" is hard. Now say the word "drank". In this word, the sound "p" is soft. In Russian, we automatically soften consonants before vowels i, e, u, i: P and l, p e l, l Yu k, p I th. Now try to pronounce the words "drank", "sang", "hatch", "five" in English. If you do not soften the consonant, then it will turn out approximately: “p s l", "p el", "lat k", "p a t".

Now you can already read the words below. Since they end in a consonant, they have a vowel i read by closed syllable rule - [i]. At the same time, consonant sounds n, m, b, l pronounce as appropriate Russian sounds. At the same time, remember the transcription icons:

• n [n] - "n"
• m [m] - "m"
• b [b] - "b"
• l [l] - "l"
  

Phonetic exercise for practicing the pronunciation of English sounds in combination with [i]:

An exercise 1. Read words with English soundsin conjunction with[i] . Don't forget to breathe.

1.ink, imp, bit, milk, lip, lick (aspiration at the end)

Your browser does not support the audio tag!

2.pit, tit, hit, kit, tip, hip, pip (aspiration at the beginning of a word and at the end)

Your browser does not support the audio tag!

3.pick , kick , picnic [`piknik], kilt (aspiration at the beginning of a word and at the end)

Your browser does not support the audio tag!

Translation of words from English - DOWNLOAD

Hi, friend! For a long time you and I did not make out the sounds of the English language. We decided to improve, because work on pronunciation is very important.

Why work on your pronunciation

Russian sound | n | It is formed like this: you bring the front of the tongue to the back of the teeth and gums, lowering the tip of the tongue down. So a barrier is formed, the air has nowhere to go - and it exits through the nose.

In the same position you pronounce the sound | d |, only there the air still breaks through the barrier and a noisy sound is obtained, similar to an exhaust. Therefore, a person with a runny nose has a word night can become a word daughter.

Now say the word night and feel where the tongue is located. This understanding will help you easily change the position to the one you need for the English sound.

The English sound is pronounced exactly according to the same principle: a barrier - the air comes out through the nose. But the language creates a barrier in another place - in the same place as for the English sound | d |. Do you remember exactly where? That's right, in the alveoli (tubercles behind the teeth).

Again say the word night, but now press the tip of the tongue to the most convex part of the alveoli at a right angle. Happened?

Learning the correct pronunciation of even such a seemingly Russian-like sound is necessary not just because of tediousness or perfectionism. In a good way, in order to speak English, you must “rebuild” the entire articulatory apparatus, and practicing each, even simple, sound will help in pronouncing others, more complex ones.

Second difference: because of the different position of the tongue when you speak English | n |, a stream of air passes through the nose more freely. Therefore, the English sound becomes more sonorous and prolonged - as if "more vowel".

Due to this strong sonority, English | n | in some cases it is syllable-forming, almost like a vowel. This happens in some words, when | | n | stands after sounds | t,d,s,z,g |, as in the word shouldn't(we pronounce it like "shudEnt").

Third difference: I repeat about it from article to article. English consonants don't soften before vowels like ours | and |. Therefore, in Russian ninja sound | n | soft, and in English ninja- solid.

Got it? Now let's practice.

English words with sound | n |

We put the speech apparatus in the right position - the tip of the tongue is at a right angle to the alveoli, the air passes through the nose, the sound is more sonorous - and we begin the training. Don't forget that in words like need the sound will still be solid.

never |ˈnev.ər|

nature |ˈneɪ.tʃər|

native |ˈneɪ.tɪv|

nappy |ˈnæp.i|

novel |ˈnɒv.əl|

navel|ˈneɪ.vəl|

noble |ˈnəʊ.bəl|

nomad |ˈnəʊ.mæd|

narrow |ˈnær.əʊ|

Patter with English sound | n |

Let's complicate the task with tongue twisters. For convenience, the desired sound is highlighted in bold.

• N aughty N a n cy has be n t the kn itting n eadles a n d kn otted N a nn y's kn itting.
• N i n ety n ice n estlings n Estle i n n i n e n ests, n i n e n ice n estlings n estled i n n i n ety n ests.
• N a nn y N a n cy n ever n aps at n eyes at her n i n eteen, n a nn y N elly n id- n ods at n eyes at her n i n ety.

Sound | ŋ | in English: characteristic

Pronounced in words song, long, England. With this sound it is already more difficult: it has no analogue in Russian. To get started, watch the video where | n | and | ŋ |. And then we'll figure out where the different sounds come from.

Let's start with the fact that sound | ŋ | never happens at the beginning of a word - only in the middle or end. The sound does not have "its own" letter. It is denoted by the letter N, but only when it comes before the letters | k | or | g | - bank, king. Note that in some words the sounds | g | – | k | not pronounced (so ng), and in some they are pronounced (E n gland). Therefore, it is better to look at the transcription of each word.

This time we will compare the sound not with the Russian version, but with the English one | n |, which they just learned to pronounce.

First explanation: sound | ŋ | - also nasal. Differences between sounds | n | and | ŋ | are located at the site of the barrier. When pronouncing a sound | n | the tongue rests on the alveoli. When pronouncing | ŋ | the tongue rests against the base of the lower teeth, the soft palate is lowered and air passes through the nasal cavity.

Second explanation: to make it clearer, compare | ŋ | with Russian sound | g | or with its almost complete English counterpart - sound | g | (Yes, this is the rare case when our sounds are almost identical).

So, first make a sound | g |, for example, say "woof-woof" in honor of the coming year of the dog. To create this sound, the air broke through the barrier in your vocal apparatus, and a noisy sound came out. Now try to say the sound | g |, but do not break the barrier, but let the air out through the nose. So you get the sound | ŋ |.

Third explanation: if all the same sound | ŋ | If it doesn’t work, then I’ll share another life hack. Start pronouncing the Russian sound | m | and gradually open your mouth, but without removing your tongue from the base of your lower teeth. Happened?

And the last hack: try taking a deep breath through your nose with your mouth open. Now, keeping this way of speech organs, give a voice, exhaling air through the nose. Again, you should get the right sound.

Well, did you manage to figure it out? Then let's hone the skill in words.

English words with sound | ŋ |

strong |strɒŋ|

spring |sprɪŋ|

morning |ˈmɔː.nɪŋ|

evening |ˈiːv.nɪŋ|

England |ˈɪŋ.ɡlənd|

kingdom |ˈkɪŋ.dəm|

anger |ˈæŋ.ɡər|

thanks |θæŋks|

angle |ˈæŋ.ɡəl|

Patter with English sound | ŋ |

• U n cle Fra n k, bei n g an a n gry-hu n ks, is di ng-do ng looki ng amo ng his belo ng i ng s for a di n ky-ba n k of ha n kypa n ky, including ri ng s,ba n gles, ha ng ers, a n klets, and earri ng s.
• There is nothing ng like listeni ng to birds si ng i ng spri ng so ng s.
• The E n glish ki ng is goi ng to co n Quer Hu n gary, The Hu n garian ki ng is goi ng to co n quer E n gland.

And the last exercise

To fix the result, I propose to say a pair of words with sounds | n | and | ŋ |. Remember everything you learned today. Go!

sin|sin| – sing |siŋ|
thin |θɪn| – thing |θɪŋ|
gone |ɡɒn| – gong |ɡɒŋ|
ran |ræn| – rang |ræŋ|
kin|kin| –king |kiŋ|
win|win| – wing |wiŋ|
tin |tɪn| – ting |tɪŋ|
fan |fæn| –fang |fæŋ|
ton|tʌn| –tongue |tʌŋ|
ban |bæn| – bang |bæŋ|

Happened? Congratulations! Now it remains to learn the correct pronunciation of these sounds during fluent speech. The only way is practice, practice, practice. So we suggest that you save our article and periodically repeat the workshop.

See you!

We had 12 sounds left. So, now there are only 10 left. We will analyze them in the following articles. We do not say goodbye!

The [au] sound is a diphthong. Its core is pronounced in the same way as the first element of the sound [ ai ], and then the tongue moves back and up in the direction of the sound [ u ]. The second element must be very weak. This sound should not be replaced by the Russian sound combination "ay", where both elements are pronounced equally distinctly and the lips are significantly rounded.

This is how [ au ] sounds in English words:

On theletter sound [ au ] is transmitted: - letter combination ou: house, noun, cloud, about. - letter combination aboutw: town, how, owl, brown, drown, down. - exception: country [kʌntri], cousin [kʌzn].

Sound [h]

The [h] sound occurs only before vowels and sounds like a light exhalation. The tongue at the moment of pronouncing [ h ] assumes a position for the production of the subsequent vowel. Replacing the English sound [ h ] with the Russian "x" does not affect the meaning of the words, but gives the speech a strong Russian accent.

This is how [ h ] sounds in English words:

On theletter sound [ h ] is transmitted by the letter hh: hot, help, how, home, he, hay, high.

Side blast

If the sound [ l ] is pronounced with explosive alveolar consonants preceding it [ t, d ], then a sound similar to an explosion is heard. This happens because the tip of the tongue forms a complete barrier with the alveoli, and air passes along the sides of the tongue. The combination [ t, d ] + [ l ] is pronounced together. You should not tear off the tip of the tongue from the alveoli and allow a vowel overtone between them.

Sounds [ʃ, ʒ]

When pronouncing [ʃ, ʒ], the tip of the tongue is raised to the alveoli, but does not touch them. The sound [ ʃ ] is voiceless, so it is pronounced distinctly, especially at the end of words. The sound [ʒ] is voiced. [ ʃ, ʒ ] resembles Russian combinations in the words: "to sew, to live."

This is how [ʃ] sounds in English words:

On theletter sound [ ʃ ] is transmitted: - letter combination sh: ship, shelf, shut, fish, finish. This sound also sounds in suffixes tion, sian: vacation, Russian.

The [ʒ] sound has no letter match. It is pronounced only in suffixes: sure, sion: pleasure, measure, vision.