Apresyan Yud Lexical Semantics 1974. Bibliography
Yuri Derenik Apresyan
Doctor of Philology, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor in the specialty "General Linguistics"Chief Researcher
637-25-87 (working)
juri.apresjangmail.com
1948 - 1953 - First Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages
1953 - 1956 - postgraduate study at the same place
1954 - 1960 - teacher at the same place
1960 - 1972 - M.Sc. with. IRYA AS USSR
1972 - 1985 - head. sector of the Informelectro Institute
1985 - 1989 - Mr. n. with. IPPI AS USSR
1989 - 1994 - head. lab. Computational Linguistics IPTP RAS
1994 - present temp. - Mr. n. with. there
1990 - 1994 - Mr. n. with. Institute
1994 - September 2013 - Head of the Department of Theoretical Semantics of the Institute
2013 - present temp. - Mr. n. with. Institute
1958 Ph.D. thesis
1982 - "Best book of the year" award by the Tankenvkiado publishing house for the dictionary "Russian verb - Hungarian verb. Control and compatibility" (Budapest, together with E. Pall)
1984 - doctoral dissertation
1991 - professor
1992 - Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1993 - A. Humboldt Prize (Germany)
1999 - Honorary Professor of Moscow State University
2004 - Gold medal of Vladimir Dahl RAS
2005 - doctor honoris causa of Sofia University named after St. Kliment Ohridsky with an honorary "Blue Ribbon" (Bulgaria)
2008 - foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
2012 - doctor honoris causa of Warsaw University (Poland)
About 30 invited reports at international forums
Member of the International Lexicographic Association "Euralex", North American Lexicographic Society, Commission for the Study of the Grammar Structure of Slavic Languages, Editorial Board of the journals "Issues of Linguistics" and "Russian Language in Scientific Coverage", Commission on the Grammar Structure of Slavic Languages under the International Committee of Slavists, Commission on aspectology of Slavic languages at the International Committee of Slavists.
Teaching activity: Moscow State University. Lomonosov - senior students, graduate students, teachers; seminar on the integral description of the language and system lexicography. He read semester lecture courses in Australia (1990), Austria (1993, 1999), USA (1991), Germany (1994), as well as lecture courses in various countries of Europe, USA, Asia and the CIS.
Publications
Monographs
1. Ideas and methods of modern structural linguistics (brief essay). Moscow: Education, 1966, 301 p.
Translation into Polish. lang.: J. D. Apresjan. Koncepcje i metody współczesnej lingwistyki strukturalnej (Zarys problematyki). Przełołżyl Zygmunt Saloni. Warszawa, Państwowy Inst. Wydawniczy, 1971. 397 s.
translation on it. lang.: Ideen und Methoden der modernen strukturellen Linguistik. Kurzer Abris. Ubertr. von Brigitte Haltof and Elisabeth Mai. Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1971. 303 S.
2nd ed., München, Hueber, 1972.
Translation into Hungarian. lang.: A modern strukturalis nyelveszet elmélete es modszerei. Per. Lengyel Zsolt. Budapest: Gondolat, 1971. 322 p.
English translation in: Principles and Methods of Contemporary Structural Linguistics. Transl. by Dina B. Crockett. The Hague: Mouton, 1973. 349 p.
French translation lang.: Elements sur les idees et les methodes de la linguistique structurale contemporaine. Trad. J.P. Wrangel. Paris; bruxelles; Montreal: Dunod, 1973. 374 p.
Spanish translation lang.: La linguistica estructural sovietica. Trad. M. Izquierdo Rojo, J. Luque Durán. Madrid, AKAL, 1975. 296 p.
Ideas y métodos de la lingüística estructural contemporanea. Trad. Giannina Bertarelli. La Habana: Ed. de ciencias sociales, 1985. 303 p.
Transfer to port. lang.: Ideias e metodos da lingüistica estrutural contemporanea. Trad. de Lucy Seki. São Paulo: Cultrix, UNICAMP. 1980. 297 p.
Translation into Japanese. There are no bibliographic data.
2. Experimental study of the semantics of the Russian verb. M.: Nauka, 1967, 251 p.
Translation into Polish. lang. (fragments): Przedmiot i metody współczesnej semantyki językoznawczej; tl. H. Kurlowska, w: Językoznawstwo strukturalne, red. H. Kurlowska, A. Weinsberg, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1979, 243-267; Język semantyczny jako przedmiot semantyki, tł. J. Bralczyk, w: Semiotyka dziś i wczoraj, red. J. Pelc, Wrocław 1991, 373-377.
3. Lexical semantics (synonymous language means). M.: Nauka, 1974, 367 p. Second revised edition: Yu. D. Apresyan. Selected works. T. I. M., School "Languages of Russian Culture", 1995.
Translation into Polish. lang.: J. D. Apresjan. Semantyka leksykalna. Synonymiczne środki języka. Przeł. Zofia Kozlowska and Andrzej Markowski. Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1980. 469 p.
Translation into English: Ju. D. Apresjan. Lexical Semantics. A Guide to Russian Vocabulary. Translated by Alexander Lehrman, Nathan and Ludmila Longan, Alexander Eulenberg. Ann-Arbor, Karoma Publishers, 1992, 633 s.
Polish translation of the second revised edition: Jurij D. Apresjan. Semantyka leksykalna. Synonymiczne środki języka. Przeł. Zofia Kozlowska and Andrzej Markowski. Drugie wydanie polskie przygotowały Zofia Kozłowska i Elżbieta Janus. Wroclaw - Warszawa - Krakow: Ossolineum, 2000.
4. Types of information for the surface-semantic component of the "Meaning Û Text" model. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach. Sonderband 1. Wien, 1980, 119 p.
English translation lang. section 1 ch. 3 ("The structure of interpretations"): On the structure of explications: Some illustrations from Russian. Translated by Anna Wierzbicka. Journal of Pragmatics. 1986, 10/5. 535-541.
5. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin, A. V. Lazursky, N. V. Pertsov, V. Z. Sannikov, L. L. Tsinman). Linguistic support of the ETAP-2 system. M.: Nauka, 1989, 295 p.
6. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin, A. V. Lazursky, L. G. Mityushin, V. Z. Sannikov, L. L. Tsinman). Linguistic processor for complex information systems. M.: Nauka, 1992, 256 p.
7. (Yu. D. Apresyan, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, I. B. Levontina, E. V. Uryson). New explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. Avenue. M., 1995, 558 p.
8. Integral description of the language and systemic lexicography // Selected Works. T. II. M., school "Languages of Russian culture", 1995, 766 p.
9. Systematic Lexicography. Oxford University Press, 2000, XVIII pp., 304 p. 2008 reissue
10. (Yu. D. Apresyan, V. Yu. Apresyan, E. E. Babaeva, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, B. L. Iomdin, T. V. Krylova, I. B. Levontina, A. V. Sannikov , E. V. Uryson). Language picture of the world and systemic lexicography // M., School "Languages of Slavic cultures", 2006, 910 p.
11. Studies in semantics and lexicography. Volume 1. Paradigmatics // M., School "Languages of Slavic Cultures", 2009. 46 pp.
12. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin, V. Z. Sannikov). Theoretical problems of Russian syntax: the interaction of grammar and vocabulary // M., "Languages of Slavic cultures", 2010. 25.5 pp.
13. (Yu. D. Apresyan, V. Yu. Apresyan, E. E. Babaeva, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, I. V. Galaktionova, M. Ya. Glovinskaya, B. L. Iomdin, T. V. Krylova , I. B. Levontina, A. V. Ptentsova, A. V. Sannikov, E. V. Uryson). Prospect of the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language. M., "Languages of Slavic cultures", 2010. 117 conventional units. oven l. Actually published in March 2011. Co-author and Managing Editor. Author's share - about 20 conventional units. oven l.
14. Integral description of the language and systemic lexicography // Extracts from the monograph of the same name translated into Chinese. Peking University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-7-301-18660-2/H 2778. 338 pp.
15. Jurij D. Apresjan. Z warsztatu leksykografa. Warszawa, 2012, 140 stron (From the lexicographer's laboratory. Translations.).
Dictionaries
1. (N. N. Amosova, Yu. D. Apresyan, I. R. Galperin, etc.) Large English-Russian Dictionary. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972. T. I, 822 pp., T. II, 863 pp.
Same, ed. 2. M.: Russian language, 1977.
Same, ed. 3. M.: Russian language, 1979.
2. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. R. Galperin, A. V. Petrova, etc.) Supplement to the Great English-Russian Dictionary. M.: Russian language, 1980, 431 p.
3. (N. N. Amosova, Yu. D. Apresyan, I. R. Galperin, etc.) Large English-Russian Dictionary. Ed. 4, corrected and supplemented. M.: Russian language, 1987.
4. (Yu. D. Apresyan, V. V. Botyakova, T. E. Latysheva, etc.) English-Russian synonymic dictionary. M.: Russian language, 1979, 543 p.
Same, ed. 2, stereotypical. M., Russian language, 1988.
Same, ed. 3, stereotypical. M., Russian language, 1998.
Same, ed. 4, stereotypical. M., Russian language, 1999.
Same, ed. 5, stereotypical. M., Russian language, 2000.
5. (Yu. D. Apresyan, E. Pall.) Russian verb - Hungarian verb. Management and compatibility. Budapest: Tankyonvkiado, 1982. Vol. 1, 834 pp., Vol. 2, 835 pp.
6. (I. A. Melchuk, A. K. Zholkovsky, Yu. D. Apresyan, et al.). Explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the modern Russian language. Experiences of semantic-syntactic description of Russian vocabulary. Wien, 1984, 992 pp.
7. (Yu. D. Apresyan, E. M. Mednikova, A. V. Petrova, etc.) A new large English-Russian dictionary. Moscow: Russian Language, 1993-1994. T. I, 832 pp., T. II, 828 pp., T. III, 824 pp.
Same, ed. 2, stereotypical. M., Russian Language, 1997.
Same, ed. 3, stereotypical. M., Russian Language, 1998.
Same, ed. 4, stereotypical. M., Russian Language, 1999.
Same, ed. 5, stereotypical. M., Russian Language, 2000.
Same, ed. 6, stereotypical. M., Russian language, 2001.
Same, ed. 7, stereotypical. M., Russian language, 2002.
Same, ed. 8, stereotypical. M., Russian language, 2003.
Same, ed. 9, stereotypical. M., Russian language, 2004
CD-rom versions 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005
8. (Yu. D. Apresyan, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, I. B. Levontina, E. V. Uryson) A new explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. Under the general supervision of Academician Yu. D. Apresyan. First edition. M., School "Languages of Russian Culture", 1997, 511 p.
Same, ed. 2, stereotypical. M., School "Languages of Russian Culture", 1999.
9. (Yu. D. Apresyan, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, T. V. Krylova, I. B. Levontina, E. V. Uryson, etc.) A new explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. Under the general supervision of Academician Yu. D. Apresyan. Second issue. M., School "Languages of Russian Culture", 2000, 487 p.
10. (Yu.D. Apresyan, V.Yu. Apresyan, O.Yu. Boguslavskaya, T.V. Krylova, I.B. Levontina, E.V. Uryson, etc.) A new explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Under the general supervision of Academician Yu. D. Apresyan. Third edition. M., School "Languages of Slavic Culture", 2003, 557 p.
11. New explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. Under the general guidance of Academician Yu.D. Apresyan. Authors: V.Yu. Apresyan, Yu.D. Apresyan, O.Yu. Boguslavskaya, T.V. Krylova, I.B. Levontina, E.V. Uryson and others.
M., School "Languages of Slavic Culture", 2004, LXIX, 1417 p.
12. Active dictionary of the Russian language. M., LRC Publishing House, 2014, vol. 1, A-B, 403 pp., vol. 2, C-D, 736 pp. (together with V. Yu. Apresyan, E. E. Babaeva, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, I. V. Galaktionova, M. G. Glovinskaya, B. I. Iomdin, T. V. Krylova, I. B. Levontina , A. A. Lopukhtnoy, A. V. Ptentsova, A. V. Sannikov, E. V. Uryson; co-author and executive editor).
13. Active dictionary of the Russian language. M., Publishing house "Nestor-History", 2017 v. 3, D-Z, 768 p. (together with V. Yu. Apresyan, E. E. Babaeva, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, I. V. Galaktionova, M. G. Glovinskaya, B. I. Iomdin, T. V. Krylova, I. B. Levontina , A. A. Lopukhtnoy, A. V. Ptentsova, A. V. Sannikov, E. V. Uryson; co-author and supervisor).
Articles
1. Phraseological synonyms of the "verb + noun" type in modern English. Abstract Cand. Diss., M., 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages, 1956, 15 p.
2. To the question of the meaning of phraseological units. // Foreign languages at school, 1957, No. 6, 12-22.
3. Phraseological synonyms in modern English (type "verb + noun"). // Scientific notes of the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages, 1957, v. XV, 241-284.
4. The problem of a synonym. // Questions of linguistics, 1957, No. 6, 84-88.
5. About Webster's dictionary of synonyms. // Scientific reports of higher education. Philological Sciences, 1959, No. 3, 159-164.
6. Structural semantics of S. Ulman. // Questions of linguistics, 1959, No. 2, 139-145.
7. Using structural methods to compile a dictionary of semantic fields. // VI Plenary meeting of the commission on modern issues of lexicology and semasiology October 19-21, 1960 Abstracts. M., 1960, 26-31.
8. What is structural linguistics? // Foreign languages at school, 1961, No. 3, 82-96.
9. On the concepts and methods of structural lexicology. // Interuniversity Conference on the Application of Structural and Statistical Methods for Studying the Vocabulary of a Language, November 21-25, 1961. Abstracts. M., 1961, 9-12.
10. Distributive analysis of meanings and structural semantic fields. // Lexicographic collection, 1962, No. 5, 52-72.
French translation lang: Analyze distributionnelle des significations et champs semantiques structures. Langages, mars 1966. 44-74
11. On the concepts and methods of structural lexicology (based on the Russian language). // Problems of structural linguistics. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962, 141-162.
12. Chronicle note about the conference on the transformational method. // Questions of linguistics, 1962, No. 2B 138-141.
13. On the issue of structural lexicology. // Questions of linguistics, 1962, No. 3, 38-47.
14. The method of direct constituents and the transformational method in structural linguistics. // Russian language in the national school, 1962, No. 4, 77-86.
15. Modern methods of studying meanings and some problems of structural linguistics. // Problems of structural linguistics. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963, 102-149.
16. Classification of verbs by meaning and control. // VII International Methodological Seminar for Teachers of the Russian Language in Higher Educational Institutions of Socialist Countries // Abstracts and Plans of Reports. M., 1964.
17. Some functions in the model of constructing lexical classes. // Scientific conference "Problems of language formalization". Abstracts of reports. M., 1964.
18. About strong and weak management (experience of quantitative analysis). // Questions of linguistics, 1964, No. 3, 32-49.
19. Experience in describing the meanings of verbs according to their syntactic features (types of control). // Questions of linguistics, 1965, No. 5, 51-66.
20. The concept of a linguistic model. // Russian language at school, 1966, No. 2, 3-14.
21. Algorithm for constructing classes from distance matrices. // Machine translation and applied linguistics, 1966, no. 9:3-18.
22. (Yu. D. Apresyan, K. I. Babitsky.) Works of LMP MGPIIA on semantics. // Computational Linguistics, 1966, No 5, 1-18.
Translation into Hungarian: Jurij D. Apreszjan – Konsztantyin Babickij. A GFL munkái a szemantika területen. // A Moszkvai szemantikai iskola. Papp Ferenc (szerk.). Budapest, Corvina, 2001, 33-53.
23. Evolution of the concept of "linguistic semantics". // Proceedings of the All-Union Conference on General Linguistics "Main Problems of Language Evolution", September 9-16, 1966, 35-39 // Abstracts. Part I. Samarkand, 1966.
24. Development by analogy in syntax and "grammar of the dictionary". // Materials of the All-Union Conference on General Linguistics "Main Problems of Language Evolution; September 9-16, 1966 // Abstracts. Part II. Samarkand, 1966.
25. Some results of the distributive-transformational study of the semantics of the Russian verb. // Materials of the VII International Methodological Seminar of Teachers of the Russian Language in the Countries of Socialism. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1967, 47-94.
26. Syntactic conditionality of meanings. // Russian language in the national school, 1967, No. 6, 3-15.
27. About the experimental explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. // Questions of linguistics, 1968, No. 5, 34-49.
28. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky, I. A. Melchuk.) On the system of semantic synthesis. III. Dictionary entries. // Scientific and technical information. Series 2. 1968, No. 11, 8-21.
29. Syntax and semantics in the syntactic description. // Units of different levels of grammatical structure and their interaction. M., Nauka, 1969, 32-36.
30. Interpretation of lexical meanings as a problem of theoretical semantics. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1969, No. 1, 39-57.
Translation into Polish. lang. Definiowanie znaczeń leksykalnych jako zagadnienie semantyki teoretycznej. Tl. J. Faryno // Semantyka i slownik. Praca zbiorowa, red. A. Wierzbicka. Wrocław, Ossolineum, 1972, 39-57.
31. Synonymy and synonyms. // Questions of linguistics, 1969, No. 4, 75-91.
English translation lang. // Synonyms and Synonyms. In: Trends in Soviet Theoretical Linguistics. Ed. by F. Kiefer. Foundations of Language. Supplementary Series, Vol. 18. Dordrecht-Holland, Boston, 1973. 173-199.
32. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky, I. A. Melchuk.) On one way of studying the compatibility of words // Russian language in the national school, 1969, No. 6, 61-71.
Translation into Hungarian. lang. // A nyelvtudomany ma. Szepe Gyrgy, ed. Budapest: Gondolat, 1973, 327-342.
33. About the language for describing the meanings of words. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1969, No. 5, 415-428.
34. (Ju. D. Apresjan, A. K. Zholkovsky and I. A. Mel "čuk.) Semantics and Lexicography: Towards a New Type of Unilingual Dictionary. / Studies in Syntax and Semantics. Ed. by F. Kiefer. Dordrecht-Holland, 1969. 1-33.
Translation into Polish. lang. Próba objaśniająco-kombinatorycznego słownika języka rossyjskiego, przeł. J. Faryno // Semantyka i slownik. Praca zbiorowa, red. A. Wierzbicka. Wrocław, Ossolineum, 1972, 79-93.
35. Conversives as a means of synonymous transformation of linguistic information. // Problems of applied linguistics. Interuniversity conference. December 16-19, 1969 Abstracts of reports. Part 1. M., Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Maurice Thorez, 1969, 16-22.
36. Lexical synonyms. // Actual problems of lexicology. Linguistic conference. Abstracts of reports. Novosibirsk, 1969, pp. 174-179.
37 Syntax et Semantique. / Languages, 1969, No. 15, p. 57-66.
38. Description of semantics through syntax. // Sign, Language, Culture. The Hague: Mouton, 1970, 195-215.
English translation lang.: A description of semantics by means of syntax. In: Linguistics. An International Review. 96. The Hague: Mouton. 1973. 5-32.
39. (Yu. D. Apresyan, T. A. Apresyan.) On the study of semantic connections of the word. // Foreign languages at school, 1970, No. 2? 32-43.
40. Synonymy and conversions. // Russian language in the national school, 1970, No. 6, 8-17.
English translation lang.:
41. (Yu. D. Apresyan, T. A. Apresyan.) On the form of representation of semantic connections of a word. // Foreign languages at school, 1970, No. 6, 15-29.
42. About free and phraseological semantic connections within a word, phrase and word-formation type // Questions of Phraseology. III. Proceedings of the Samarkand State University named after. Navoi. Issue. 178. Samarkand, 1970, 14-28.
43. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky, I. A. Melchuk.) 8 dictionary entries of the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 2. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1970, 31 p.
44. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky, I. A. Melchuk.) 11 dictionary entries of the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 4. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1970, 50 p.
45. Experience in the theory of antonyms. // Structural-mathematical methods of language modeling. All-Union Scientific Conference. Abstracts of reports and communications. Part 1. Kyiv, 1970. 8-10.
46. On the theory of equivalent transformations. // Informational issues of semiotics, linguistics and automatic translation. Issue. 1. M.: VINITI, 1971, 3-15.
47. On some debatable questions of the theory of semantics (reply to N. Yu. Shvedova). // Questions of linguistics, 1971, No. 1, 23-36.
48. Semantic transformations and syntagmatic filters. // Machine translation and applied linguistics. 1971, no. 14:3-42.
49. About some Polish works on linguistic semantics. Machine translation and applied linguistics. 1971, no. 14:23-36.
50. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky, I. A. Melchuk.) 16 dictionary entries of the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 8. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1971, 48 p.
51. Regular polysemy. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1971, No. 6, 509-523.
English translation lang. //Regular polysemy. Linguistics, 1974, No 142. 5-32.
Translation into Hungarian: Jurij D. Apreszjan. Rendszeres polisemia. // A GFL munkái a szemantika területen. // A Moszkvai szemantikai iskola. Papp Ferenc (szerk.). Budapest, Corvina, 2001, 55-76.
52. On one rule for adding values. // Problems of structural linguistics 1971. M.: Nauka, 1972, 439-458.
English translation lang. // Concerning one rule in the amalgamation of lexical meanings. Linguistics, 185. 1977. 5-25.
53. Modern linguistic semantics. III. Issues of semantic analysis. // Russian language in the national school, 1972, No. 2, 2-14.
54. Modern linguistic semantics. IV. Synonymous means of language and paraphrasing rules. // Russian language in the national school, 1972, No. 3, 19-27.
55. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. A. Gonchar, A. K. Zholkovsky, etc.) 19 dictionary entries of the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 26. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1972, 48 p.
56. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky, I. A. Melchuk.) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 1. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 28. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1972, 25-34.
57. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky, I. A. Melchuk.) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 2. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 29. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1972, 32 p.
58. Suppletive word formation in Russian // Actual problems of Russian word formation. Materials of the republican scientific conference (September 12-15, 1972). Samarkand, 1972, 29-36.
59. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky, I. A. Melchuk.) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 4. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 35. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1973, 55s.
60. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. A. Melchuk, N. V. Pertsov, et al.) Materials for an explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 6.// PGEPL preliminary publications. Issue. 38. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1973, 43 p.
61. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. A. Gonchar, A. K. Zholkovsky, etc.) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 7. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 42. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1973, 7-41.
62. (Ju. D. Apresjan, A. K. Zholkovsky and I. A. Mel "čuk.) Materials for an Explanatory-Combinatory Dictionary of Modern Russian. // Trends in Soviet Theoretical Linguistics. Ed. by F. Kiefer. Foundations of Language. Supplementary Series , Vol 18. Dordrecht-Holland, Boston, 1973. 411-438.
63. Lexical antonyms and transformations with them. // Problems of structural linguistics 1972. M., Nauka, 1973, 326-348.
Translation into Polish. lang. // Antonimy leksykalne i przekształcenia wyrażeń antonymicznych. Tl. E. Janus. Tekst i język. Problemy semanticism. Praca zbiorowa, red. M. R. Mayenowa. Wroclaw, Warszawa, Krakow, Gdańsk: Ossolineum, 1974, 177-199.
64. To the construction of a language for describing the syntactic properties of a word. // Problems of structural linguistics 1972. M.: Nauka, 1973, 279-325.
65. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. A. Melchuk). Russian language in research on automatic translation. Review of works on the modern Russian literary language for 1966-1969. Materials for discussion. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M., 1973, 70 p.
66. Meaning and shade of meaning. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1974, No. 4, 320-330.
67. (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. K. Zholkovsky.) Structural semantics. Cybernetic Encyclopedia. Kyiv, 1974.
68. Phenomena of neutralization in the field of lexical semantics. // Filologické studie V, Vĕnováno prof. dr. L. V. Kopeckému, DrSc., k osmdesátym narozeninám. Praha, Universita Karlova, 1974, 99-111.
69. Terms and non-terms from a semiotic point of view. // Meeting dedicated to the problem of term definitions in dictionaries. Abstracts of reports. L.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974, 25-27.
70. Theoretical semantics and practical lexicography // Abstracts of the interuniversity conference "Optimal methods of teaching the language and the theory of the Russian language". Part 1. M., 1974, 18-21.
71. Lexical conversives in Russian. // Linguistica Silesiana, Katowice, Universitet Śląski, 1975, volume 1, 71-99.
72. Die semantische Sprache als Mittel der Erklärung lexikalischer Bedeutungen. // Theoretische Linguistik in Osteuropa. Originalbeiträge und Erstübersetzungen. Herausg. von Girke W. und Jachnow H. // Tübingen, 1976, 22-48.
73. Language anomaly and logical contradiction. / Text. Jezyk. Poetyka. Zbior studio. red. M. R. Mayenowa, Wroclaw, Krakow, Gdańsk: Ossolineum, 1978, 127-151.
74. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. L. Iomdin, N. V. Pertsov.) Objects and means of the model of the surface syntax of the Russian language. // International Review of Slavic Linguistics, 1978, vol. 3, 249-312.
Reprinted in: Macedonian jazik, 1978.
75. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin, etc.) Linguistic support in the third generation automatic translation system. // M.: Council on the complex problem "Cybernetics" at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1978, 47c.
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77. Difficulties in building a formal model of the language. // Questions of Philosophy, No. 4, 1979, 81-84.
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78. English synonyms and synonymic dictionary. // English-Russian synonymic dictionary. M.: Russian language, 1979, 500-543.
79. Types of information for the surface-semantic component of the "Meaning - Text" model (abstracts). // Semantics of natural and artificial languages in specialized systems. L .: Publishing house of Leningrad State University, 1979, 10-12.
80. Non-trivial semantic features and rules for choosing values. // Perception of language meaning. Kaliningrad: Publishing House of the Kaliningrad University, 1980, 27-49.
81. Principles of semantic description of language units. // Semantics and representation of knowledge. Works on artificial intelligence. II. Scientific Notes of Tartu State University. 519. Tartu, 1980, 3-24.
82. On the surface-semantic component in the model "Meaning - Text". // Logical and semantic issues of artificial intelligence. Works on artificial intelligence. III. Scientific Notes of Tartu State University, No. 551. Tartu, 1980, 5-27.
83. Toward a formal model of semantics: rules for the interaction of meanings. // Knowledge representation and modeling of understanding processes. Novosibirsk, 1980, 48-65.
84. Linguistic support in modern text processing systems. // Interactive systems. Reports and abstracts of reports and messages of the third school-seminar. Tbilisi, Metsniereba, 1980.
85. Linguistic problems of formal semantic analysis of the sentence. // Structure of the text 81. M.: Institute of Slavic and Balkan studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M., 1981, 16-20
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86. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin, etc.) Linguistic support in the automatic translation system ETAP-1. // Development of a formal natural language model. Novosibirsk, 1981, 3-28.
87. Semantic Amalgamation Rules for Russian Verbs. / The Slavic verb. An Anthology Presented to Hans Christian Sörensen. Copenhagen, 1981, 7-13.
88. On the system of machine translation of scientific and technical texts. // Actual problems of theory and practice of translation of scientific and technical literature. Eagle, 1981, 105-106.
89. (Yu. D. Apresyan, E. V. Getselevich, L. P. Krysin, etc.) Explanatory-combinatorial dictionary as a component of semantic text analysis. // Seminar of the project "Dialogue": Abstracts. Tartu, 1982.
90. On the possibility of defining linguistic concepts. // Russian Linguistics, Vol. 6, 1982, 175-196.
91. (Yu. D. Apresyan, O. S. Kulagina.) Problems in the development of machine translation systems. // Topical issues of practical implementation of automatic translation systems. Part 1. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982, 5-23.
92. Explanatory-combinatorial dictionary in the formal model of the language and the resolution of polysemy. // Topical issues of practical implementation of automatic translation systems. Part 2. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982, 108-128.
93. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin, et al.) Types of lexicographic information in an explanatory-combinatorial dictionary. // Topical issues of practical implementation of automatic translation systems. Part 2. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982, 129-187.
94. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. L. Tsinman.) On the ideology of the ETAP-2 system. // Formal presentation of linguistic information. Novosibirsk, 1982, 3-19.
95. (Yu. D. Apresyan, E. Pall.) Lexicographical issues of description of verb control and compatibility. // Russian verb - Hungarian verb. Management and compatibility. T. 1. Budapest: Tankyonvkiado, 1982, 37-66.
96. On the structure of the meanings of language units. // Text i zdanie. Zbior studio. red. T. Dobrzyńska, E. Janus. Wrocław and Ossolineum, 1983, 313-339.
97. Syntactic means of expressing possessiveness. // The category of possessiveness in Slavic languages. M.: Institute of Slavic and Balkan studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1983, 4-9.
98. Lexical semantics (synonymous language means). Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philology. M., 1983, 37 p.
99. Toward a model of surface semantics: types of rules. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. School-seminar "Telavi-1983". Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1983, 159-162.
100. Syntactic signs of attributive constructions with a mandatory dependent attribute. // Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Band 11, 25-59.
101. Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. IV. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 159. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1983, 42 p.
102. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin et al.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. V. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 160. M., Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1983, 67 p.
103. Syntactic signs for type constructions The letter didn't come.// Compatibility of Russian words as a linguistic and methodological problem (materials for the teacher). M., Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin, 1983, 13-19.
104. (Yu. D. Apresyan, E. V. Getselevich, L. P. Krysin et al.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. II. French morphology. French combinatorial dictionary. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 154. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1984, 55 p.
105. Semantics. // Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist. M.: Pedagogy, 1984, 259-261.
106. Semantic rules. // Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist. Moscow: Pedagogy, 1984, 261-265.
107. Experimental, applied and theoretical linguistics. // Types of language communities and methods of their study. III All-Union Conference on Theoretical Questions of Linguistics. Abstracts of reports. Moscow: Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Scientific Council "Theory of Soviet Linguistics". 1984.
108. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. III. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 155. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1984, 59 p.
109. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin et al.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. 1. General characteristics of the system. // Theory and models of knowledge. (Theory and practice of creating artificial intelligence systems.) Proceedings on artificial intelligence. Scientific Notes of Tartu State University. Tartu, 1985. 20-39.
110. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, E. V. Getselevich, L. L. Iomdin.) Linguistic support of the ETAP-1 French-Russian automatic translation system. VI. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 166. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1985, 48 p.
111. (Yu. D. Apresyan, E. V. Getselevich, L. L. Iomdin et al.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. MSHSH. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 167. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1985, 31 p.
112. Principles for describing the meanings of grammes. // Typology of structures with predicate actants. L.: Nauka, 1985, 61-65.
113. Personal sphere of the speaker and naive model of the world. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. School-seminar "Kutaisi-1985". Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1985, 263-268.
114. Experimental, applied and theoretical linguistics: feedback. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. School-seminar "Kutaisi-1985". Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1985, 268-275.
115. Syntactic signs of lexemes. // Russian Linguistics. 1985 Vol. 9, no. 2-3, 289-317.
116. Some consequences of a unified language model for machine funds. // Machine fund of the Russian language. Ideas and judgments. M., Nauka, 1986. 90-108.
117. Integral description of the language and explanatory dictionary. // Questions of linguistics, 1986, No. 2, 57-70.
118. Performatives in grammar and vocabulary. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1986, No. 3, 208-223.
119. Some considerations about deixis in connection with the concept of a naive model of the world. // Teorija textu. Zbior studio. red. T. Dobrzynska. Wrocław, Ossolineum, 1986, 83-98.
120. Types of syntactic absence in Russian. // Problems of sentence semantics: expressed and unexpressed sense. Abstracts of the regional scientific conference. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical Institute, 1986, 111-114.
121. The concept of the subject of action and features of its expression in Russian, English and French. // Abstracts of the All-Union Conference "Functional-typological problems of grammar. Vologda, 1986, 12-14.
122. Deixis in vocabulary and grammar and a naive model of the world. // Semiotics and informatics, vol. 28. 1986, 5-33.
123. Syntactic information for an explanatory dictionary. // Linguistische Arbeitsberichte. Leipzig: Karl-Marx Uniwersität, 1986, no. 54-55, 88-116.
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124. Syntactic features in the language model (based on one class of attributive constructions). // Applied aspects of linguistic theory. (Series “Issues of Cybernetics”). M.: Scientific Council on the complex problem "Cybernetics" at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1987. 47-80.
125. Linguistic modeling and lexicography: syntactic information for an explanatory dictionary. // Interaction of languages at different levels and scientific and technical translation. Abstracts of reports and reports of the regional scientific-practical conference. Eagle: House of Technology WTO, 1987. 103-107.
126. Pragmatics and lexicography: pragmatic information for an explanatory dictionary. // Propositional predicates in the logical and linguistic aspect. Abstracts of the workshop. M .: Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1987, 6-10.
127. Linguistic anomalies as growth points for new phenomena. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. All-Union School-Seminar “Borjomi-1988”. Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1988, 263-270.
128. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin, et al.) Linguistic processor for the Russian language: state of the art. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. All-Union School-Seminar "Borjomi-1988". Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1988, 271-276.
129. Instant verbs and performatives in Russian. // Russian Studies Today. Language: system and its functioning. Moscow: Nauka, 1988, 57-78.
130. Pragmatic information for an explanatory dictionary. // Pragmatics and problems of intensionality. Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Problem group "Logical analysis of language". Moscow: Nauka, 1988, 7-44.
131. Types of communicative information for an explanatory dictionary. // Language: system and functioning. Moscow: Nauka, 1988, 10-22.
132. Explanatory dictionary of a new type as the basis of a series of dictionaries // Current state and development trends of Russian lexicography. Moscow: Russian language, 1988, 14-16.
133. Morphological information for the explanatory dictionary. // Dictionary categories. M., Nauka, 1988, 31-53.
134. Tautological and contradictory anomalies. // Logical analysis of the language. Problems of intensional and pragmatic contexts. M.: Nauka, 1989, 186-193.
135. About the works of I. E. Anichkov on idioms. // Questions of linguistics, 1989, No. 6, 104-119.
136. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. L. Iomdin.) Type constructions nowhere to sleep Keywords: syntax, semantics, lexicography. // Semiotics and informatics, vol. 29., 1989, 34-92.
137. Directly constituting the method. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
138. Transformational method. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
139. Distributive analysis. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
140. Language anomalies. Types and functions. // Res Philologica. M.-L.: Nauka, 1990. 50-71.
141. Formal model of language and representation of lexicographic knowledge. // Questions of linguistics, No. 6, 1990, 123-139.
142. Types of lexicographic information about the signifier of a lexeme. // Typology and grammar. M., 1990, 91-108.
143. Dictionary fixation of the syntactic properties of lexemes: the interaction of the dictionary and grammar. // Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, band 25-26, 1990, 31-51.
144. Lexicographic portrait of a verb log off.// Questions of cybernetics. The language of logic and the logic of language. M., 1990, 70-96.
145. (Ju. Apresjan, I. A. Mel "čuk). Computer implementation of a linguistic model and the problem of its psychological reality. // Folia Linguistica XXIV/3-4, 1990, 431-446.
146. Types of information for the explanatory dictionary of controls and compatibility (on the example of the verb be) // Actual problems of developing a new academic dictionary of the Russian language (abstracts). Leningrad, LOIA, 1990, 3-6.
146a. The Dictionary in an Integrated Linguistic Description // Budalex Proceedings. Papers from the Euralex Third International Congress. Budapest, 4-9 September 1988. Budapest, 1990. This publication must be found, no collection, no reprints.
147. The concept of a new dictionary of Russian synonyms. // Russian language and modernity. Problems and prospects for the development of Russian studies. M., 1991, 5-28.
148. About the integral dictionary of the Russian language. // Semiotics and informatics, vol. 32, 1991, 3-15.
149. Dictionary entry of the verb DRAW. // Semiotics and informatics, vol. 32, 1991, 34-41.
150. Russian continuous construction: the limits of its formal description. // "Words are Physicians for an Ailing Mind". Verlag Otto Sagner. Munich, 1991, 25-36.
151. About the new dictionary of Russian synonyms. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, a series of literature and language, No. 1, 1992, 18-39.
152. Lexicographic portraits (on the example of the verb be). // Scientific and technical information, series 2, no. 3, 1992, 20-33.
153. (Yu. D. Apresyan, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, IB Levontina, EV Uryson) Samples of dictionary entries of the new dictionary of synonyms. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, a series of literature and language, No. 2, 1992, 66-80.
154. (Ju. D. Apresjan, I. M. Boguslawskij, L. L. Iomdin et al.). The Linguistics of a machine translation system. // Meta, no. 1, 1992, 97-112.
155. How to understand V. Nabokov's "Gift". // In Honor of Professor Victor Levin. Russian Philology and History. Jerusalem: Praedicta, 1992, 346-362.
156. Dictionary in a Unified Linguistic Description. // 1992 Seoul International Conference on Linguistics. The Linguistic society of Korea, 1992, 78 - 81.
157. A Bidirectional Machine Translation System Based on the Meaning-Text Model of Language // 1992 Seoul International Conference on Linguistics. The Linguistic society of Korea, 1992, 167-176.
158. Systemic Lexicography. // Euralex "92 Proceedings I-II. Tampere 1992, part I, 3-16.
159. Experimental, applied and theoretical linguistics: feedback. // Wiener Slawistischer Almanach. Sonderband 33, Wien, 1992, 5 - 27.
160. Igor Melchuk: touches to the portrait // Le mot, les mots, les bons mots. Word, Words, Witty Words. Montreal: Les presses de l "Université de Montreal, 1992, 9-14.
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161. Serdit ""to anger" and its Synonyms: towards a New Type of Synonym Dictionary // Le mot, les mots, les bons mots. Word, Words, Witty Words. Montréal: Les presses de l "Université de Montréal, 1992 , 149-167.
162. Lexicographic Portraits and Lexicographic Types. In: Linguistique et slavistique. Mélanges offerts à Paul Garde. Paris, 1992, 360-376.
163. Connotations as part of the pragmatics of the word (lexicographic aspect). // Russian language. The problem of grammatical semantics and evaluative factors in language. M., Nauka, 1992, 45-64.
164. Nabokov's "Gift": Poetic Technique and Theme. // Typytextow. Zbior studio. red. T. Dobrzyńska, IBL, Warszawa, 1992, 81-107.
165. (Ju. D. Apresjan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin et al.) Le Système de traduction automatique “ETAP” // P. Bouillon et A. Clas (eds.), Etudes et recherches en traduction automatique. Les presses de l "Université de Montréal, 1993, 377-391.
166. (V. Yu. Apresyan, Yu. D. Apresyan). Metaphor in the lexicographic representation of emotions. // Questions of linguistics, 1993, No. 3, 27 - 35.
167. Lexicographic concept of the New Large English-Russian Dictionary // Yu. D. Apresyan, E. M. Mednikova, A. V. Petrova et al. New Large English-Russian Dictionary. M., Russian language, 1993, vol. 1, 6 - 17.
168. Synonymy of mental predicates: group think// Logical analysis of the language. mental actions. M., Nauka, 1993, 7 - 22.
169. Jezykoznawstwo teoretyczne, modele formalne języka i leksykografia systemowa // O definicjach i definiowaniu. red. J. Bartminski, R. Tokarski. Lublin, UMCS, 1993, 9-33.
170. Naiwny obraz świata a leksykografia // Etnolingwistyka 6. Lublin, 1994, no. 6, 5-12.
171. Sources of a new dictionary of Russian synonyms. // Russian Studies Today. M., Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994, No. 1, 82-102.
172. About the language of interpretations and semantic primitives. // IRAN, SLYA, No. 4, 1994, 27-40.
173. Preface. // N. Abramov. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. M., 1994, "Russian Dictionaries", 3-6.
174. New dictionary of synonyms: concept and types of information // Yu. D. Apresyan, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, I. B. Levontina, E. V. Uryson. New explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. Avenue. M., 1995, 7-118.
175. Theoretical Linguistics, Formal Models of Language and Systemic Lexicography // Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Seoul, 1995, 3-30.
176. The image of a person according to language: an attempt at a systematic description // VYa, No. 1, 1995, 37-67.
177. The modernity of the classics. // VYa, No. 1, 1995, 34-36.
178. Interpretation of redundant aspectual paradigms in the explanatory dictionary. // The language and verse of Russia. UCLA Slavic Studies. new series. In honor of Dean S. Worth on his sixty-fifth birthday. M., "Eastern Literature", 1995, 31-41.
179. The novel "Gift" in space by V. Nabokov // Izv. AN, ser. lit. and yaz., No. 3, 1995, 3-18 and No. 4, 1995, 6-23.
180. The problem of factivity: know and its synonyms // VYa, No. 4, 1995, 43-63.
181. Theoretical linguistics and lexicography: towards a formal description of vocabulary // Theoretical linguistics and lexicography: experiments on systemic description of vocabulary M., 1995, 3-10.
182. The Semantics of Hope in Russian: a Group of Synonyms // Panorama der Lexikalischen Semantik. Thematische Festschrift aus Anlass des 60. Geburstags von Horst Geckeler. Herausgegeben von Ulrich Hoinkes. Tübingen, Gunter Narr Verlag, 1995, 41-55.
183. Want and its synonyms: notes on words. // Philological collection. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of VV Vinogradov. M., 1995, 16-33.
184. (Yu. D. Apresyan, M. Ya. Glovinskaya). Anniversary notes about non-anniversary words: to scold and its synonyms // Moscow linguistic journal. Volume 2., M., 1996, 11-26.
185. Value and cherish in the dictionary of synonyms. // Russian Studies. Slavistics. Indo-European studies. To the sixtieth birthday of A. A. Zaliznyak. M., 1996, 436-450.
186. About the explanatory dictionary of controls and compatibility of the Russian verb // Dictionary, grammar, text. M., 1996, 13-43.
187. Enseignement du lexique assisté par ordinateur. In: Lexicomatique et dictionnairiques. IVes Journées scientifiques du réseau thématique “Lexicologie, Terminologie, Traduction”. Lyon, France, 28, 29, 30 September 1995. Montréal, 1996, 1-10.
188. Fundamentals of systemic lexicography and an explanatory dictionary // Division for Linguistics and Literary Science, XXI 2, Skopjeb 1996, 83-103. Reprinted under the title "Principles of systemic lexicography and explanatory dictionary" in the collection dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov. Moscow, 1999, 634-650; see No. 205.
189. Preface to the New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms // New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. First edition. M., 1997, V-VI.
190. Dictionary entry of the dictionary of synonyms // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. First edition. M., 1997, VII-XV.
191. Linguistic terminology of the dictionary of synonyms // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. First edition. M., 1997, XVI-XXXIV.
192. Lexicographic interpretation of the form: non-trivial cases. // Proceedings of the Aspectological Seminar of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. Volume 2. M., 1997, 7-20.
193. To what extent a formal definition of synonymy is possible // XIV Conference of Scandinavian Slavists. Program and theses. Helsinki, 1997, 1-3.
194. To what extent can the concept of synonymy be formalized? // Shape of the word. Collection of articles in memory of Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev. M., 1997, 9-21.
195. El propósito de las definiciones en la Escuela Semantica de Moscú // Problemas de lexicología y lexicografía. Juan de Dios Luque Duran, Antonio Pamies Bertran (eds.). Granada, 1997, 1-8.
196. Lexicografia sistemica // Problemas de lexicologia y lexicografia. Juan de Dios Luque Duran, Antonio Pamies Bertran (eds.). Granada, 1997, 89-115.
197. Some difficulties in describing polysemantic words (on the example of the verb choose - choose). // Russian language in its functioning. Abstracts of reports of the international conference. M., 1998, 1-7.
198. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. L. Tsinman) Paraphrasing on a computer // Semiotics and Informatics, 1998, no. 36, 177-202.
199. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. L. Tsinman) Computer implementation of the paraphrasing model // Proceedings of the Dialog'98 International Seminar on Computational Linguistics and Its Applications. In two volumes. Edited by A. S. Narinyani. Kazan, 1998, vol. 2, 752-757.
200. To look like and seem: notes on words // Language: variability and constancy. M., 1998, 283-296.
201. System lexicography and a new explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms // Nyelv, stílus, irodalom. Köszöntö könyv Peter Mihály 70. Születesnapjara. Budapest, 1998, 20-37.
202. Lexical meaning and management: lexicographic aspect // Jazykovĕdné aktuality. Informativní zpravodaj českých jazykovĕdců. Roc. XXXV - 1998. Zvláštní čislo. Prague, 1998, 15-28.
203. Causatives or converses? // Typology. Grammar. Semantics. To the 65th anniversary of Viktor Samuilovich Khrakovsky. St. Petersburg, 1998, 273-281.
204. Unsteady opinion: seem 1 and its synonyms // ΠΟΛΥΤΡΟΠΟΝ. To the 70th anniversary of Vladimir Nikolaevich Toporov. M., 1998, 276-293.
205. Domestic theoretical semantics at the end of the twentieth century // Izv. AN, ser. lit. i yaz., No. 4, 1999, 39-53.
206. Principles of system lexicography and explanatory dictionary // Poetics. History of literature. Linguistics. Collection for the 70th anniversary of Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov. Moscow, 1999, 634-650.
207. The main mental predicates of the state in the Russian language // Slavic studies. Collection for the anniversary of S. M. Tolstoy. M., 1999, 44-57.
208. In memory of Roland Lvovich Dobrushin // Roland Lvovich Dobrushin. To the 70th anniversary of his birth, 19-22.
209. Linguistic Theory and Systematic Lexicography // Anzeiger für Slawische Philologie. Band XXVI. Graz, 1999, 21-36.
210. Interpretive verbs - group make mistakes// W zwierciadle języka i culture. red. J. Adamowski, S. Niebrzegowska. Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin, 1999, 309 – 332.
211. Semantic motivation of non-semantic properties of lexemes // Die grammatischen Korrelationen, Institut für Slawistik der Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, 1999, 81-96.
212. Preface to the New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. Ed. Second, corrected // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Second issue. M., 2000, V-VII.
213. Dictionary entry of the dictionary of synonyms // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Ed. Second, corrected // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Second issue. M., 2000, VIII-XVII.
214. Linguistic terminology of the dictionary of synonyms // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Ed. Second, corrected // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Second issue. M., 2000, XVIII-XLV.
215. Preface to the English edition // Juri Apresjan. Systematic Lexicography. Oxford, 2000, XI-XVIII.
216. Polysemy and synonymy of a word be in love// Etnolingwistyka. Problemy języka i culture. 12. Lublin, 2000, 77-95.
217. A look at Ernu Pall from Russia. // Studio Slavica Hung, No. 5, 2000, 405-408.
218. Immortality according to Nabokov // Russian language today. M., 2000, 491-506.
220. verb force: semantic class, synonymy, ambiguity // Life of language. Collection of articles for the 80th anniversary of Mikhail Viktorovich Panov. M., 2001, 13-27.
221. System-forming meanings ‘know’ and ‘count’ in Russian // Russian language in scientific coverage, No. 1, 2001, 5-26.
222. Synonymy of group predicates wait // Word. Anniversary collection, devoted to the 70th anniversary of the prof. Irina Chervenkova. Sofia, 2001, 16-32.
223. Meaning and use // VYa, No. 4, 2001, 3-22.
224. "Russian syntax in scientific coverage" in the context of modern linguistics // A. M. Peshkovsky. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. Edition 8th. Languages of Slavic culture, M., 2001, III - XXXIII.
225. Delight and delight: similarities and differences // Traditional and new in Russian grammar. Collection of articles in memory of V. A. Beloshapkova. Publishing house "Indrik", M., 2001, 94-106.
226. From meanings to non-semantic properties of lexemes: knowledge and opinion // Russian language: crossing borders. Dubna, 2001, 7-18.
227. On the lexical functions of the REAL-FACT family // Nie bez znaczenia ... Prace ofiarowane Profesorowi Zygmuntowi Saloniemu z okazii jubileuszu 15000 dni praci naukowej. Białystok, 2001, 23-40.
228. Punishment in the language picture of the world // Studies on the Syntax and Semantics of Slavonic Languages. Papers in Honor of Andrzej Bogusławski on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday. Edited by Viktor S. Chrakovskij, Maciej Grochowski and Gerd Hentschel. Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia 9, Oldenburg, 2001, 11-30.
229. In memory of Konstantin Iosifovich Babitsky // Russian language in scientific coverage, No. 2, 2001, 6-11.
230. About one regularity of the structure of semantic systems // Problems of semantic analysis of vocabulary. Abstracts of reports of the international conference. M., 2002, 6-9.
231. Interaction of vocabulary and grammar: lexicographic aspect // Russian language in scientific coverage, 2002, no. 3, 10-29.
232. Principles of Systematic Lexicography // Lexicography and Natural Language Processing. A Festschrift in Honor of B.T.S. Atkins. Marie-Hélène Corréard (ed), Euralex 2002, 91-104. Reprinted in: Practical Lexicography. A Reader. Edited by Thierry Fontenelle. Oxford University Press, 2008, 51-60.
233. (Ju. D. Apresjan, I. M. Boguslavsky, L. L. Iomdin, L. L. Tsinman). Lexical Functions in NLP: Possible Uses. In: Computational Linguistics for the New Millennium: Divergence or Synergy? Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 21-22 July 2000. Manfred Klenner / Henriëtte Visser (eds.) Frankfurt am Main, 2002, pp. 55-72.
234. New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: progress and results // Bulletin of the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Fund, 2002, 3, pp. 87-99.
235. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. L. Tsinman) Formal model of paraphrasing sentences for text processing systems in natural languages // Russian language in scientific coverage, 2002, no. 2 (4), ss. 102-146.
237. 1. On one regularity of the structure of semantic systems // Problems of semantic analysis of vocabulary. Abstracts of reports of the international conference. Fifth Shmelev readings, February 23-25, 2002. M., 2002, 6-9.
238. Systematic vocabulary: semantic paradigms and semantic alternations // Etudes linguistiques romano-slaves offertes à Stanisław Karolak. Oficyna Wydawnicza “Edukacja”, Cracovie, 2003, pp. 35-47.
239. Fundamental classification of predicates and systemic lexicography // Grammatical categories: hierarchies, connections, interaction. Materials of the international scientific conference. St. Petersburg, 2003, ss. 7-21.
240. (Apresjan Ju., Boguslavsky I., Iomdin L., Lazursky A., Sannikov V., Sizov V., Tsinman L.) ETAP-3 Linguistic Processor: a Full-Fledged NLP Implementation of the Meaning-Text Theory / / Proceedings 2003 Meaning-Text Theory. First International Conference on Meaning-Text Theory. Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, Juin 16-18, 2003, 279-288.
241. Actionality and stativity as hidden meanings (hunting for render) // Secret meanings. Collection of articles in honor of N. D. Arutyunova. Editor-in-chief Yu. D. Apresyan. M., 2004, 13-33.
242. On the semantic non-emptiness and motivation of the lexical functions of verbs // Problems of Russian lexicography. Abstracts of the International Conference Sixth Shmelev Readings. February 24-26, 2004 M., 2004, 4-10.
243. On the semantic non-emptiness and motivation of verbal lexical functions // VYa, 2004, No. 4, 3-18.
244. Principles of organization of the center and periphery in vocabulary and grammar // Typological justifications in grammar. To the 70th anniversary of Professor V. S. Khrakovsky. M., 2004, 20-35.
245. Interpretive verbs: semantic structure and properties // Russian language in scientific coverage, 2004, No. 7, 5-22.
246. (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. L. Iomdin, A. V. Sannikov, V. G. Sizov). Semantic Markup in a Deeply Annotated Russian Corpus // Proceedings of the International Conference "Corpus Linguistics - 2004". St. Petersburg, Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2004, p. 41–54.
247. Preface // New explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. M., 2004, VIII - XI. Reprinted in the book Theory and History of Slavic Lexicography. Scientific materials for the XIV Congress of Slavists”, M., 2008, 309-313 under the title “New Explanatory Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language”. Preface to the second edition", 309-313.
248. The structure of the dictionary entry of the dictionary // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. 2nd ed., corrected and enlarged. M., 2004, XII – XXI. Reprinted in the book Theory and History of Slavic Lexicography. Scientific materials for the XIV Congress of Slavists”, M., 2008, 313-330; reprinted in the book "Slavic Lexicography". International collective monograph. Rep. ed. M.I. Chernyshev. M.: Publishing Center "Azbukovnik", 2013, 445-470.
249. Linguistic terminology of the dictionary of synonyms // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. M., 2004, XXII-LII.
250. About the Moscow Semantic School // VYa, 2005, No. 1, 3-30.
251. Prolegomena to Systemic Lexicography // East-West Encounter: Second International Conference on Meaning Û Text Theory. Moscow, 2005, 20-29.
252. Rules for the interaction of meanings and a dictionary // Russian language in scientific coverage, 2005, No. 9, 7-45.
253. Two principles and two concepts of systemic lexicography // Language. Personality. Text. Collection of articles for the 70th anniversary of T. M. Nikolaeva. M., Languages of Slavic culture, 2005, 267-284.
254. Theoretical linguistics and practical lexicography: posing the question // Proceedings of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences. 2005. M., "Nauka", 2005, 23-39.
255. (Yu. D. Apresyan, I. M. Boguslavsky, B. L. Iomdin, L. L. Iomdin, A. V. Sannikov, V. Z. Sannikov, V. G. Sizov, L. L. Tsinman ). Syntactically and semantically annotated corpus of the Russian language: current state and prospects // National corpus of the Russian language: 2003-2005. Results and prospects. M., 2005. S. 193-214.
256. About semantic rules // Bulgarian Russian Studies, 2005, No. 3-4, 3-14.
257. Theoretical linguistics and practical lexicography // Bulgarian rech, Godina XI / 2005, book 3, 5-20.
258. Verb control revisited // Od fonemu do tekstu. Prace dedykowane Profesorowi Romanowi Laskowskiemu. Pod redakcją I. Bobrowskiego i Krystyny Kowalik. Krakow, 2006, pp. 41-63.
259. Correspondence types of semantic and syntactic actants // Problems of typology and general linguistics. International conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor A. A. Kholodovich. Materials. St. Petersburg, 2006, pp. 15-27.
260. Interpretation of aspect in the dictionary: rules, trends, lexicalization // Verbal aspect and lexicography. Semantics and structure of the Slavic form IV. Volkmar Lehmann (ed.). Verlag Otto Sagner, München, 2006, 23-35.
261. About the active dictionary of the Russian language // Russian language today. 4. Problems of the language norm. Rep. editor L.P. Krysin. M., 2006, 29-47.
262. About the Moscow Semantic School // Russian language in China, 2006, No. 4, 13-18 (in Chinese).
263. Apresjan Jury D., Igor M. Boguslavsky, Leonid L. Iomdin and Leonid L. Tsinman. Lexical Functions in Actual NLP-Applications. In Leo Wanner (ed.) Selected Lexical and Grammatical Issues in the Meaning–Text Theory. In honor of Igor Mel"čuk. John Benjamins, Studies in Language Companion Series 84. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 2007, 199-230.
264. Semantic foundations of verbal control // Slavistic collection No. 71-71 Matice Serbian, Department of Literature and Language. Novi Sad, 2007, 49-62.
265. Ju.D. Apresjan, M. Ja. Glovinskaja. Two Projects: English ECD and Russian Production Dictionary. In: Kim Gerdes, Tilmann Reuther, Leo Wanner (eds.). Meaning – Text Theory 2007. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Meaning-Text Theory. Klagenfurt, May 20-24, 2007. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Sonderband 69, München-Wien 2007, 25-40.
266. View and vocabulary // Language in motion. To the 70th anniversary of L.P. Krysin. Moscow, Languages of Slavic Culture, 2007, 30-41.
267. Lexical functions in the service of computational linguistics // Applied Linguistics and Linguistic Technologies MEGALING-2006. Collection of scientific works. Kiev, 2007, 7-20.
268. Three-level management theory: lexicographic aspect // Typology of language and theory of grammar. Proceedings of the international conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Solomon Davidovich Katsnelson. November 27-30, 2007 St. Petersburg, 2007, 17-21.
269. Theoretical foundations of active lexicography // Russian language in the CIS and Baltic countries. M., Nauka, 2007, 375-385. Reprinted in the book Theory and History of Slavic Lexicography. Scientific materials for the XIV Congress of Slavists”, M., 2008, 331-339; reprinted in the book "Slavic Lexicography". International collective monograph. Rep. ed. M.I. Chernyshev. M.: Publishing Center "Azbukovnik", 2013, 471-481.
270. (Yu. D. Apresyan, P. V. Dyachenko, A. V. Lazursky, L. L. Tsinman). About the computer textbook of the vocabulary of the Russian language // Russian language in scientific coverage, No. 2 (14), 2007, 48-112.
271. About the project of the active dictionary (AS) of the Russian language // Computer linguistics and intellectual technologies. Based on the materials of the annual international conference "Dialogue". Periodical, issue 7 (14). M., 2008, 23-31.
272. Entre vérité et mensonge // Questions de linguistique slave. Etudes offertes à Marguerite Guiraud-Weber. Reunies par Robert Roudet et Charles Zaremba. Aix-en-Provence, 2008, 17-24.
273. From truth to lies in the space of language // Logical analysis of language. Between lies and fantasy. Rep. ed. Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.D. Arutyunov. M., 2008, 23-45.
274. Speech at the evening dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the birth of Yu.S. Martemyanova // Bulletin of the Russian State University for the Humanities. Series "Linguistics". M., 2008, 195-198.
275. Model "Meaning Û Text" at the present stage: theory and applications // Phonetics and non-phonetics. To the 70th anniversary of Sandro V. Kodzasov. M., Languages of Slavic cultures, 2008, 87-103.
276. About the project of the active dictionary (AS) of the Russian language // Megaling'2008. Horizons of applied linguistics and linguistic technologies. Reports of the international scientific conference. September 22-28, 2008, Ukraine, Crimea, Partenit, 195-196.
277. On the semantic motivation of lexical collocate functions // VYa, 2008, no. 5, 3-33.
278. English explanatory-combinatorial dictionary. I. Lexical functions // Dynamic models: Word. Offer. Text. M., 2008, 20-58.
279. The Theory of Lexical Functions: an Update // David Beck, Kim Gerdes, Jasmina Milićević and Alain Polguère (eds.). Fourth International Conference on Meaning and Text Theory. Montreal, 2009, pp. 1-14. ISBN 978-2-9811149-0-7.
280. Types of lexicographic information about the view in the active dictionary (AS) // Type / aspect typology: problems, searches, solutions. Abstracts of the II International Scientific Conference September 22-26, 2009 Simferopol - Gaspra, 2009, 12-15.
281. About the project of the active dictionary of the Russian language // Bulletin of the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Fund, 2009, 3 (56), 118-130.
282. (Jury D. Apresjan, Igor M. Boguslavsky, Leonid L. Iomdin, Leonid L. Cinman, Svetlana P. Timoshenko). Semantic Paraphrasing for Information Retrieval and Extraction //
Flexible Query Answering Systems. 8th International Conference “FQAS 2009”. Roskilde, 2009. P. 512-523. ISSN 0302-9743. ISBN 3-642-04956-7.
283. Semantic foundations of verbal control: lexicographic aspect // Problems of grammar and typology. Collection of articles in memory of Vladimir Petrovich Nedyalkov. M., Znak, 27-36.
284. Multi-actant nouns of type S0 // Grammar and vocabulary in Slovenian jezizima. Collection of soot. Novi Sad - Beograd, 2010, 11-14.
285. On a New Approach to Collocate Lexical Functions // Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Lexis and Grammar. Belgrade, 2010, 13-14.
286. Principles of lexicographic description of polysemantic words // Studies in Linguistics and Semiotics. Collection of articles for the anniversary of Vyach. Sun. Ivanova. M., 2010, 214-230; 612 p. ISBN 978-5-9551-0438-6.
287. Theoretical foundations of the active dictionary of the Russian language (report at the general meeting of the Russian Academy of Sciences on 12/19/2007) // Scientific sessions of the general meeting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2002-2009. M., Nauka, 2010, 413-420.
288. Introduction // Prospectus of the active dictionary of the Russian language. Authors: V.Yu. Apresyan, Yu.D. Apresyan, E.E. Babaeva, O.Yu. Boguslavskaya, I.V. Galaktionova, M.Ya. Glovinskaya, B.L. Iomdin, T.V. Krylova, I.B. Levontina, A.V. Ptentsova, A.V. Sannikov, E.V. Uryson. Rep. ed. Yu.D. Apresyan. Moscow, 2010, 17-54.
289. Instructions for compiling dictionary entries of the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language // Prospectus of the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language. Authors: V.Yu. Apresyan, Yu.D. Apresyan, E.E. Babaeva, O.Yu. Boguslavskaya, I.V. Galaktionova, M.Ya. Glovinskaya, B.L. Iomdin, T.V. Krylova, I.B. Levontina, A.V. Ptentsova, A.V. Sannikov, E.V. Uryson. Rep. ed. Yu.D. Apresyan. Moscow, 2010, 55-153.
290. Toward a new version of the theory of lexical functions (LF) // International conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the St. Petersburg typological school. Materials and theses of reports. St. Petersburg, 2011, 21-26.
291. About the work of Anna Vezhbitskaya // Anna Vezhbitskaya. Semantic universals and basic concepts. M., Languages of Slavic cultures, 2011, 10-14.
292. View in the active dictionary of the Russian language // Verb view: grammatical meaning and context. III Conference of the Commission on Aspectology of the International Committee of Slavists / Verbal Aspect: Grammatical Meaning and Context. Third Conference of the International Commission on Aspectology of the International Committee of Slavists. Abstracts / Abstracts. Padova, 30 settembre – 4 ottobre 2011, pp. 6-11.
293. Grammar in the dictionary and vocabulary in the grammar. Grammaticalization and Lexicalization in Slavic Languages // Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, November 11-13, 2011, pp. 7-15.
294. Multi-actant predicates // Grammar and vocabulary in Slovenian Jezicim. Novi Sad - Beograd, 2011, 13-31.
295. Towards an Active (Production) Dictionary of Russian. In: Irina Podtergera (Hg.) Schnittpunkt Slavistik. Ost and West im wissenschaftlichen Dialog. Festgabe für Helmut Keipert zum 70. Geburtstag. Teil 3: Vom Wort zum Text. V&R unipress, Bonn, University Press, 2012, 11-29 pp.
296. Foreword. Meanings, Texts, and Other Exciting Things. In: A Festschrift to Commemorate the 80th Anniversary of Professor Igor Alexandrovic Mel'čuk. Edited by Ju. Apresjan, I. Boguslavsky, M.-C. L'Homme, L. Iomdin, J. Milićević, A. Polguère, L. Wanner. Languages of Slavic Culture. Moscow, 2012. Pp. 9-11.
297. Preface. // Meanings, texts and other exciting stories. Collection of articles in honor of the 80th anniversary of Igor Alexandrovich Melchuk. Edited by Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L. Vanner, L.L. Iomdina, J. Milicevic, M.-K. L'Homm, A. Polger. Languages of Slavic Culture, Moscow, 2012. Cc. 12-14.
298. Grammar of the verb in the active dictionary (AS) of the Russian language. // Meanings, texts and other exciting stories. Collection of articles in honor of the 80th anniversary of Igor Alexandrovich Melchuk. Edited by Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L. Vanner, L.L. Iomdina, J. Milicevic, M.-K. L'Homm, A. Polger. Languages of Slavic Culture, Moscow, 2012. Cc. 42-59.
299. Grammatical categories of the verb in the active dictionary // From meaning to form, from form to meaning. Collection of articles in honor of the 80th anniversary of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander Vladimirovich Bondarko. "Languages of Slavic cultures", M., 2012, 15-31.
300. About the project of the active dictionary of the Russian language // Lexicography. Language. Speech. Collection of articles in memory of Anna Lipovskaya. Compiled by: Yu.D. Apresyan, I.V. Chervenkova, I.V. Kosmarskaya, A. Tosheva, N. Deleva. University Press. St. Clement of Ohrid. Sofia, 2013, 13-28.
301. Run and run: dictionary entries of the "Active Dictionary of the Russian Language" // Bulletin of the Russian State Humanitarian University. Series Linguistics/MLZH. 2013. No. 8 (109). Page 46-74.
ISBN 1998-6769. The magazine has 248 pages in total.
302. Grammar in the dictionary // XV INTERNATIONAL Z'EZD SLAVISTAN. Theses of the daklad. Volume 1. Movaznaўstva. Minsk: Belarus. Navuka, 2013; 274-279. ISBN 978-985-08-1594-1.
303. Dictionary entry of the verb BE: corrected and supplemented edition // Slavica Svetlanica. Language and picture of the world. To the anniversary of Svetlana Mikhailovna Tolstoy. M., "Indröyik", 2013; 9-30. ISBN 978-5-91674-274-9.
304. Grammar of the Russian verb in the dictionary // Southern Slavonic philologist LXIX. The main official Predrag Piper. Beograd, 2013, pp. 49-73
305. About the active dictionary of the Russian language. // Active Dictionary of the Russian Language, vol. 1, M., LRC Publishing House, 2014, p. 5 - 36.
306. Interaction of vocabulary and grammar. On the example of the verb TO SEE // Meeting of the Commission for the study of grammatical structures of the Slavic languages of the International Committee of Slavists. Ljubljana, September 4-6, 2014. ISBN 978-961-237-658-1. Ljubljana, 2014, pp. 15-17.
307. Grammar in the dictionary and dictionary in the grammar. // Grammaticalization and Lexicalization in the Slavic Languages. Die Welt der Slaven. Sammelbände × COLLECTIONS. Herausgegeben von Peter Rehder (München) und Igor Smirnov (Konstanz). Band 55. Verlag Otto Sagner. Munich-Berlin-Washington/D.C. 2014, pp. 263-276.
308. Verb SEE: Lexicographic description // R. Benacchio (ed.): Verbal form: grammatical meaning and context / Die Welt der Slaven. Sammelbände × COLLECTIONS. Band 56. Verlag Otto Sagner. Munich-Berlin-Washington/D.C. 2015, pp. 33-55.
309. Semantics in the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language // Report at the IV Conference "Russian Language: Constructional and Lexico-Semantic Approaches". St. Petersburg, April 16-18, 2015
310. Two words about the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language // Electronic journal in honor of the 80th anniversary of A.A. Zalizniak. M., 2015.
311. Syntactic information for the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language // LingVaria. Pόłrocznik wydziału polonistiki Universytetu Jagiellońskiego. Rock X (2015), Numer specialny. Page 13-26.
312. About the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language. // Lexicology and lexicography in a light attack. Collection of scientific radov. ISBN 978-86-82873-56-3. Beograd, 2016; pp. 13-77.
313. Verb KNOW in the Active Dictionary of the Russian Language // SLAVIA. Časopis pro slovanskou filologii. Ročník 86, sešit 2-3, Prague 2017, p. 186-207.
314. Information about the management of a lexeme in Active dictionary of the Russian language// Prace filologiczne. Rocznik wydziału polonistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego poświęcony językoznawstwu. Tom LXX (2017). Warszawa, 2017. ISSN 0138-0567.
315. Lexicographic project "Active dictionary of the Russian language" // Metafora - tekst - dyskurs. Colloquia Mayenoviana. Redakcja Crzegorz Grochowski, Jan Kordys, Jacek Leociak, Maria Prussak. Warszawa, 2017, ss 109–136.
316. Knowledge und Understanding in English: their Interrelations // O języku dla Anny Wierzbickiej // O języku dla Anny Wierzbickiej. Warszawa: Wydział Polonistyki UW & Bel Studio, ss. 23-53.
The total number of published works is 338, including 15 monographs, 12 dictionaries, 273 articles and 38 abstracts. 109 works, including 5 monographs, published in foreign editions (originals, reprints and translations).
Scientific interests
semantics, syntax, structural linguistics, formal language models, machine translation, theoretical lexicography, dictionaries
SEMANTIC VALENCES OF A WORD
Syntactic properties of interest for theoretical semantics and lexicography words a - these are, first of all, its active semantic valences, i.e. those word valences that attach syntactically dependent words to it and each of which corresponds to a variable in the interpretation of its meaning. Speaking less formally, one can notice that semantic valences follow directly from the lexical meaning of a word, characterize it as a specific lexical unit that is different from others.<…>
Let us explain the concept of semantic valences by analyzing the situation of rent. A leases C means, in the first approximation, that for some remuneration D, person A acquires from another person B the right to operate real estate C during time T. Therefore, the following “participants”, or semantic actants, are essential for a lease situation: the one who rents), the first object of the lease (what is rented), the counterparty (the one from whom they rent), the second object (what they rent for - payment) and the term (how much they rent). These actants are sufficient and necessary, that is, they completely determine precisely the situation of rent; any change in their composition or number would lead to its transformation into some other situation. For example, the elimination of the idea of a term, while
1 storage of all other elements, transforms the lease into related, but not identical, purchase and sale situations; the elimination of the idea of the first object gives, with the necessary modifications, the situation of the loan; if the term and the second object are excluded, then a situation of transmission is obtained, etc. Valences that are attached to the verb rent the names of the five listed actants, and will be semantic for this word: they follow directly from its lexical meaning.
On the other hand, nothing in the lease situation requires an indication of why, where, when, for what purpose it was carried out, although in principle word forms with causal, local, temporal and target meanings to the verb rent fully compatible: to rent hunting grounds because of lack of land, to rent a garden plot near Moscow last summer, to rent a club for holding a meeting. In these and similar combinations, therefore, non-semantic valences of the verb are realized rent, and its purely grammatical ability to subjugate other forms, which is no more characteristic of it than for any other word with the meaning of action, that is, characteristic of it not as a lexeme, but as a representative of a certain grammatical class.<…>
… From what has been said, it follows that the syntactic zone of a dictionary entry should be devoted to the description of the semantic valences of the word: they are not numerous, and therefore they can be described directly in the dictionary entry; they can be expressed idiomatically, and therefore they need to be described precisely with this word.<…>
The meanings of the subject, object, chapter, counterparty, content, addressee, recipient are always part of the meaning of the corresponding predicate word; the meanings of a starting point, an end point, an instrument and a means are more often the content of a semantic valency than a purely grammatical dependence; all other meanings are more often the content of a purely grammatical dependence than of a semantic valence.<…>
Yu.D. Apresyan lexical synonyms
DEFINITION OF LEXICAL SYNONYMS
We can talk about two main approaches to the definition of synonyms: purely semantic and operational-semantic.
Within the framework of the first approach, synonyms are defined as words that have the same lexical meaning, but differ in its shades. There are many terminological variants of this definition, differing only in the concepts of which area - linguistics, logic or psychology - are preferred.<…>.
An attempt to combine the natural idea of synonymy as a semantic identity with the idea of synonyms as words that can differ from each other in meaning has led to the concept of neutralizing the semantic differences of synonyms in strictly defined positions, given by semantic, lexical, syntactic and other features. It was proposed to consider synonyms only words similar in meaning, the differences between which are able to neutralize<…>.
We note two common features of most of these definitions.
Firstly, they cannot be recognized as completely accurate, since the comparison of meanings is not based on any formal procedure, and the concept of the shade of meaning does not have a sufficiently clear content. If we want to give an effective definition of synonyms, based on the possibility of a formal comparison of their meanings, we need to have at our disposal an exhaustive description of the meanings of the words of a given language (an explanatory dictionary), carried out in compliance with a number of conditions 1 . They can be, for example, the conditions that we impose on the metalanguage of description, the logical structure of interpretations, and the syntactic structure of the interpreted expression.
Secondly, in most definitions, the emphasis is not on the general semantic properties of synonyms, but on the differences between them. Words that completely coincide in meaning are increasingly considered as lexical doublets, variants, etc., and words that certainly differ in meaning are beginning to be considered genuine synonyms. Indicative in this regard is the following statement from the article by A.B. Shapiro: “... the general opinion agreed that words of different sound composition, completely coinciding in their meaning, are not synonyms. ... Synonyms are words ... containing certain differences in their generally similar meanings.
The consistent development of such views has given rise to the concept, by virtue of which synonymy is a relative concept. The degree of synonymy can even be zero for language units that do not have common semantic components.
The point of view, by virtue of which “only semantic identity (and not proximity of meanings ...) allows us to consider words as synonyms,” finds much fewer supporters. Meanwhile, it not only reflects the linguistic reality, namely the fact of the presence in the natural language of a sufficiently large number of words with completely coinciding lexical meanings, but also returns the term to its original content.
In the future, we will talk about exact synonyms, if the interpretations of two words completely coincide, and about inexact synonyms, or quasi-synonyms, if they have a large common part. Already here it should be emphasized that the division of synonyms into exact and inexact does not mean at all that only exact synonyms are the true subject of the theory of lexical synonymy. It's just that the theory of semantic transformations requires a clear distinction between the two when they are fixed in the dictionary, because otherwise it will not be possible to show their different relationship to the paraphrase system.
The usual definition of synonyms as words with coinciding or similar meanings is not based on a strict theory of interpretation and therefore does not in itself provide a formal establishment of the fact of synonymy-non-synonymy of two expressions. This has always been recognized as a serious shortcoming of the theory of lexical synonyms, and even the earliest searches for a reliable operational basis for establishing the fact that two words are synonymous led to the formulation of an essentially distributive criterion for the synonymy of the interchangeability of synonyms in the same context without a (noticeable) difference in meaning, although with possible stylistic and other differences.
The criterion of interchangeability is known in two versions - strong and weak. A strong criterion of interchangeability, namely the principle of interchangeability in any context, was operated at one time by S. Ullman, who defined synonyms as words "identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context" 2 . Very soon, however, he became convinced that not a single pair of words that are usually included in the category of synonyms 3 satisfies the condition he formulated. This led him to the conclusion that any study of synonyms, not limited to questions of their origin and distribution in the dictionary, is impressionistic (Ulman 1953); in our opinion, it would be more natural to conclude that the criterion of synonymy chosen by the researcher is too cruel.
More realistic and attractive seemed to many researchers a weak distributive criterion of synonymy - the condition of partial interchangeability of synonyms in some contexts or types of contexts. In this regard, the ideas of J. Lyons deserve attention. J. Lyons proposes to distinguish a) complete - incomplete synonymy (identity - partial similarity of the semantic and emotional-expressive properties of synonyms); b) global - local synonymy (interchangeability in any contexts, interchangeability in some contexts). The result is the following classification of synonyms: 1) complete, global; 2) complete, local; 3) incomplete, global; 4) incomplete, local. An interesting property of this classification is that it embodies the idea of independence of coincidence - the mismatch of words in meaning, on the one hand, and their ability to be interchangeable in the same contexts, on the other. True, this idea was not carried out radically enough; at least partial interchangeability is considered a mandatory property of synonyms.
A more sober assessment of the role of interchangeability for lexical synonyms can be obtained if we turn to the concept of a lexical parameter put forward by A.K. Zholkovsky and I.A. Melchuk. A lexical parameter is a typical meaning that is expressed by different means for different words. The lexical correlates of a given parameter may turn out to be synonyms that are in a strictly or almost complementary distribution; cf. Make an impression), but influence). Thus, the recognition of the idea of a lexical parameter entails the rejection of the principle of (even partial) interchangeability as a mandatory property of any synonyms.
It must be said that practical lexicographers have long understood its limitations. Gak, in the preface to the Webster Dictionary of English Synonyms, it says: “... interchangeability is not the final criterion (synonymy. Yu. A.), because it gets in the way of idiomatic usage" (Webster 1968: 25a; first edition 1951). In this regard, the compilers of the Webster Dictionary put forward another operational criterion for synonymy, the ability to interpret synonyms in the same or almost the same way: “The only satisfactory criterion for synonyms is their coincidence in denotation. This coincidence is rarely so complete that the meanings of the words are absolutely identical, but it is always clear enough that the definition of two or more words that are synonyms can be carried to some point in the same terms. True, the point to which the general interpretation must be brought is not strictly established; in particular, the "full definitions" given at the beginning of each dictionary entry of the Webster Dictionary of Synonyms are in most cases so broad that not only those words that the authors consider synonyms, but also those that they interpret as " similar” (thematically related); however, the very principle of comparing interpretations seems to be eminently reasonable.
Let us summarize the ideas that will guide us in what follows. In the set of words that are usually recognized as synonyms, one should distinguish between lexical synonyms in the narrow sense of the word and quasi-synonyms: they behave differently with respect to the paraphrase system. Both must be defined in purely semantic terms; in all natural languages, due to the idiomatic nature of lexical compatibility, the possibility of complete or partial interchangeability does not follow directly from the fact of identity or similarity of lexical meanings. The definition of synonyms must allow for effective verification of the fact of synonymy; one of the possible operational procedures of this kind is the comparison of interpretations, provided that the interpretations are made in compliance with a number of formal requirements.
LEXICAL SYNONYMS: ANALYSIS AND DEFINITION
We have already formulated the first condition of lexical synonymy: synonyms in the narrow sense of the word must have the same interpretation in the dictionary, i.e. be translated into the same expression of the semantic language.
However, this condition alone is not enough to recognize two lexical units as synonyms. In a certain sense, pairs of verbs have the same lexical meaning. build and build, enter and accommodate and the like in phrases Workers are building a house - A house is being built by workers, Three liters are included in the bottle. The bottle holds three liters. Indeed, the sentences within each pair are situationally equivalent to each other; it is further obvious that all coinciding words of each pair of sentences (workers, house, bottle etc.) are used with the same meaning; it follows from this that the words by which the sentences under consideration differ from each other (build - build, enter - contain), at least denotatively, are also equivalent. This is also evidenced by the fact that the forms of the passive voice are never interpreted independently in dictionaries: their meaning is revealed by the label “suffering.” and a reference to the active form of the corresponding verb. Meanwhile, it would never occur to anyone to qualify build - build and similar pairs of words as lexical synonyms.
The difference between a couple build - build on the one hand, and a couple construct, build the other, can be described in two ways. First of all, build and construct have the same "role" structure, and build and build - different: at build and construct the first valency is subjective, and the second is objective, and build, on the contrary, the first valency is objective, and the second is subjective. In order to exclude build and build up from the number of lexical synonyms, it is enough to introduce a condition into the definition, due to which the role structures of synonyms must coincide. This definition will work if we accept two rather natural conventions about the description of role structures of predicates of the type be more - to be less - yield), on the one hand, and predicates like buy - sell (remove- hand over), with another.<…>
The difference between type pairs build - construct on the one hand, and in pairs like build - build on the other hand, they can be described as differences not in the role, but in the actant structure of predicates: build and construct places (valencies) with the same number are occupied by the names of the same actants (real participants in the situation), and build and build up places with the same number are occupied by the names of different actors:
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build, construct |
build up |
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As we can see, build is in the first place BUT, and on the second - AT, and at build, on the contrary, in the first place is AT, and on the second - BUT. From this point of view, the third condition of synonymy can be formulated as a condition for the coincidence of the actant structures of two words (or other lexical units).
The desired effect - the exclusion of syntactic derivatives from the number of lexical synonyms - is achieved by introducing into the definition of the latter a condition, by virtue of which they must belong to the same part of speech. Then pairs like costs– as soon as (As soon as he enters– As soon as he enters), one - only (And I will tell him about it alone– I'll only tell him about it) should be treated as suppletive derivatives.
So, to recognize two words (or syntactically indecomposable phraseological units) BUT and AT lexical synonyms is necessary and sufficient, (1) that they have a completely identical interpretation, i.e. translated into the same expression of the semantic language, (2) so that they have the same number of active semantic valences, and such that valences with the same number have the same roles (or add the names of the same actants to the predicate), ( 3) that they belong to the same (deep) part of speech.
Note that this definition does not require synonyms to coincide or even partially similar in their compatibility or constructions in which they are used, as well as the coincidence of their stylistic properties.<…>
SOURCES OF LEXICAL SYNONYMY
Every literary language is characterized by a tendency to overcome the non-functional difference of units” (Panov 1966), which grows stronger as it normalizes. It is usually noted that this is one of the main differences between the literary language and dialects, which are typical of an abundance of semantically undifferentiated ways of expressing one and the same thought. It should be added to the scrap that even within the literary language itself, especially if vernacular is included in it, different layers of vocabulary react differently to this trend. First of all, it subordinates to its influence the stable, i.e. long existing in the language (original or completely assimilated), stylistically neutral highly common derivational simple or simplified (non-derivative) units in their basic meanings. The processes of semantic differentiation constantly occurring in this layer of vocabulary lead to the fact that quasi-synonymy acquires a dominant role, and exact synonymy is reduced. The following rather rare examples can give an idea of the exact synonymy of such units: throw - throw, mature - sing (fruit); booger – insect, octopus - octopus; identical - identical; everywhere - everywhere, in a hurry - in a hurry, barely - a little (dawn broke).<…>
The desire of the language to update its lexical means, leading to the emergence of exact synonyms, is most fully and clearly manifested in the sphere of expressive vocabulary. Examples are blurt out - blurt out (something utterly utter), roll in - slap (reprimand to someone); junk - baggies, empty talker - windbag - empty talk - empty talker; headless - brainless; a grain - a drop (not a grain of talent), a little bit – a drop (of pity). It is curious that it is in the sphere of expressive vocabulary that one of the most interesting semantic processes, the process of synonymic analogy, otherwise called synonymic derivation, or synonymic irradiation, manifests itself with the greatest force.
<…>The synonymic analogy in the sphere of expressive vocabulary is so strong that at times it acquires the status of a productive process; G. Stern considered it a semantic law.
Due to their expressive marking, they easily enter into synonymous relations and phraseological units, cf. sit back - beat the buckets, point someone. to the mind (to the mind) - to teach smb. mind-mind; in full spirit - in all shoulder blades - from all legs - what is the spirit (to run); not all at home - there are not enough screws in the head.
The development of figurative and phraseologically related meanings in a word - another process that generates semantically accurate synonymy. This is facilitated primarily by the very mechanism of metaphorical transfer, because one of the most common ways of metaphorizing meaning is to remove its differentiating semantic components, for example, The clock is running away<уходят>for five minutes; cf. straight - not synonymous - verb meanings run away - leave.
The synonymization of figurative and phraseologically related meanings is also facilitated by the circumstance (closely related to the mechanism of metaphorization just considered) that, on the whole, they are poorer in semantic content than direct meanings (cf. pop up 1 "floating up, appear on the surface of the liquid"; resurface 2 (resurfaced dark machinations) "discover yourself", exit 1 from A going, stop being in A", get out 2 from under A(e.g. power) ="cease to be object A"). This is especially true for phraseologically related meanings, which represent the final stage in the development of figurative meanings.
Finally, we note that both figurative and phraseologically related meanings are limited by the constructive conditions of implementation much more strictly than free ones (cf. leave the room, get out from under the shed, go to the square, go to the hall, go to the river, go beyond the outskirts, go out to have lunch etc., but only get out of control) it also hampers the possibilities of semantic differentiation of synonymizing meanings.
The synonymy of figurative meanings can be illustrated by the following examples: fall out- to stand out (the day fell<выдался>splendid), rush- fly (down the street), clothe- overlay (The clouds have covered<обложили>sky); the science - lesson (for me for life); close- ambulance (separation); where- where (to equal you with him).
The following examples give an idea of the synonymy of phraseologically related meanings: rush - hit (Hop rushes<ударяет>in the head), inflate - inflate (prices), bear - endure (losses); put on - done (gaiety); shamelessly - shamelessly (to lie).
Inaccessible to the regulatory impact of the processes of semantic differentiation are also many word-formation processes that lead to the emergence in the language of the so-called single-root, or single-root, synonyms. In the Russian language, verb vocabulary is the richest in single-root synonyms, and most readily and most regularly they are formed with the help of prefixes from the stems of verbs, denoting a change in the spatial position or state of an object or subject: overthrow - overthrow (autocracy), boil - boil (potatoes), shut up - shut up - shut up. A common morphological variety of this type is represented by the pairs "non-prefixed verb" - "prefixed verb", cf. boil - boil (potatoes), multiply - multiply (five by two), peel - peel (oranges).
Anotherthe regular type of word-building synonymy is represented by prefixed verbs with synonymous or quasi-synonymous stems, cf. raise - uplift - toss up (dust on the road), lie in wait - lie in wait, snuggle - squat, make your way - penetrate (frost, fear), accompany - accompany (Fever accompanies the disease. Success accompanies each of his performances).
Much less regular is the semantically very heterogeneous morphological type "irreflexive - reflexive verb", cf. burn - burn (nettle), bite - bite (dog); squint (eyes at smb.) - squint (with eyes at smb.), turn yellow - turn yellow; cf. also isolated pairs of synonyms grab grab (information), woo (neighbor's daughter) - woo (to neighbor's daughter) .
For nouns, adjectives and adverbs, single-root synonyms arise mainly due to the synonymy of derivational suffixes or the variance of the stems, less often due to prefixation or (in word formation) the synonymy of the stems, and are even less regular; cf. disease - disease, well done - well done, uniform - uniform; prickly - prickly, tiny - tiny; everywhere - everywhere.
The question of the status of such units (synonyms or morphological variants of words?) has long been and still remains debatable. From our point of view, it is reasonable to see variants of a word in cases where it is possible to formulate a fairly simple and general rule for the use of one or another variant. In cases not described by simple and general rules (namely, all the examples considered above are such), it is natural to see not variants of a word, but different, but exactly synonymous words.
We conclude this list of sources of semantically accurate synonymy with borrowings. Those of them that have come into the language recently, or are on the periphery of the dictionary, or are prone to terminology, often turn out to be exact synonyms for words already in it (original or borrowed); cf. accusative - accusative,monotheism - monotheism, polygamy - polygamy.<…>
COMPATIBILITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYNONYMS
<…>In addition to the types of compatibility, lexical synonyms can differ from each other in terms of the degree of compatibility of compatibility. In each of the three types, it is possible 1) complete coincidence of compatibility (a rare case and not considered in detail in the future), 2) inclusion of compatibility, 3) intersection of compatibility, and 4) complete mismatch of compatibility. In total there are, therefore, 3 x 4 = 12 types of elementary differences between lexical synonyms.
It goes without saying that in a given pair or in a series of synonyms, several elementary differences can be presented at once. There is, however, no need to particularly consider possible combinations of elementary differences; they can easily be calculated on the basis of existing definitions.
The problem of their interchangeability is closely related to the question of compatibility differences between exact synonyms. From the remarks made above about the types and degrees of compatibility differences between lexical synonyms, it follows that interchangeability is a frequent, but not obligatory, property of them. Word substitution rule X its exact (meaningfully) synonym At in a given non-metalinguistic text T with a dictionary V, in which for X- a and At-a describes all types of compatibility WITH, formulated very simply: X can be replaced by At, if for any type of compatibility there is C T(X) C V (Y) (i.e. if the compatibility of X-a in this text is the same or equal to the compatibility of Y-a, as it is described in the dictionary) 1 . Obviously, in the case of a complete mismatch of at least one type of compatibility X and At are fundamentally irreplaceable.
It is essential, however, to note that under certain conditions interchanges are possible even in the case of an additional distribution of synonyms. It is obvious, for example, that with a complete divergence of the morpho-syntactic properties of synonyms, they can still be used one instead of the other, if, when replacing a word with its synonym, the construction is simultaneously changed. More subtle is the case of an additional distribution of synonyms with respect to lexical compatibility. Here interchanges are possible when the word BUT used in combination with its lexical parameter: when replacing BUT to a synonymous word AT the lexical expression of this parameter should be changed simultaneously (cf. below synonyms Availability and I will awardmaction in combination with the Loc parameter). Here, in essence, two words are replaced at once by their synonyms.
Let's move on to a more detailed consideration of elementary compatibility differences.
The complete coincidence of semantic and morpho-syntactic compatibility is characteristic of the synonymy of free direct meanings and can be illustrated by pairs throw - throw, similar - similar, everywhere - everywhere. Complete coincidence of lexical compatibility, characterizing mainly the synonymy of phraseologically related meanings, – the phenomenon is incomparably rarer, since the rules of lexical compatibility, at least in the case of a synchronous description of a language, are largely unmotivated. One of the few examples is adjectives. shameless, shameless and unscrupulous, which, in a high degree, are combined with nouns lies, deceit, lies and corresponding names of the figure (liar, deceiver, liar).
As for the inclusion of compatibility and, in particular, the intersection and complete mismatch of compatibility, they usually occur in the case of synonymy of figurative, expressive or phraseologically related meanings.
Most often, such values are the values of initiation, finiteness, causation, liquidation, high degree, full degree, and some others, i.e. values corresponding to lexical parameters, as well as terminological values.
In the examples below, M i (X) and D i (X) are used to denote the deep places of the predicate and their surface implementations, respectively; G(X) - is the word on which X depends; so, record M 1 (increase)= "value" means that the first deep place with the verb increase can be implemented by a noun with a magnitude value, for example, Temperature<вес, скорость >increases.
ENABLE COMPATIBILITY
M 2 (achieve)= "value" (exact or inaccurate), M 2 (to reach) ="exact value": achieve or reach 10%, 40 meters, but achieve(not *reach) human height(about wheat) house height(about a tree), G (varnished) ="shoes" or "furniture", G (varnished)= "shoes": lacquered or patent leather shoes, sandals, shoes, but varnished(not * lacquered) sideboard, table, chair, cabinet.
2. Lexical compatibility. G (basis/foundation) = to be, to serve (basis) or to be, to lie, to have (at the base) or put (in the base); G (base, foundation) = to be, to serve: to be, to serve as the basis, foundation or base, foundation of the hypothesis, but underlie, underlie, at the base of a hypothesis(not * lie in the base, in the foundation of the hypothesis), put facts in the basis, at the base of the hypothesis(not * put the facts in the base, in the foundation of the hypothesis). It can be assumed that the words the basis and base in phraseologically related phrases, they are more freely controlled by prepositions.
D2 (to be accepted) = for S vin or infinitive, D 2 (take on) = for S wine : accepted or get to work, to the case, to the picture, but start cutting bread (take up cutting bread either wrong or synonymous oblige to cut bread, those. implements another value take). G (only)= noun or verb, G (only)= noun: Only or We owe all this to Peter alone, He only held on or only by the power of the spirit, but Theoretical physicists only think, and practical physicists only experiment(not * Theoretical physicists only think...).
Special mention deserves the case when one of the synonyms is fixed in a negative, interrogative, exclamatory or other modal construction, while the other synonym has greater syntactic (or, perhaps, semantic) freedom. These are pairs of synonyms understand - understand, appear - take (="begin to be with someone.") understand - understand cf. You understand a lot or you understand it!, you don't understand anything about it or you don’t understand / where did they come from or money was taken from him, he could not understand or understand what is required of him, if wrong *0n everything makes sense(necessary: He understands everything), * He took the money(necessary: At he got money) etc.
CROSSING COMPATIBILITY
1. Semantic compatibility. M 2 (to be accepted)= "activity" or "typical object as a symbol of work activity", M 2 (take) ="work activity", "typical object as symbol of work activity" or "typical tool as symbol of work activity": accepted or get to work<за учение, за чтение, за дело>; accepted or take a picture(object of painting), for the book(object of reading or writing), for the letter(object of writing); but accepted(not *take) laugh(non-work activity) and take(not * taken) for oars<за иглу, за оружие, за перо, за руль> (tool as a symbol of work activity). Note the incorrectness of phrases like *falls into deep sleep<лю6ить, отдыхать>: they are not about activity (cf. started or began to forget<отдыхать>). Also important is the non-transformability start running<хохотать> * start running<за хохот> with transformability accept, read (work) start reading<за работу >.
2. Lexical compatibility. M 2 (hide) = influence, trust, help, resistance, service or action, M 2 (produce) = action or attack, impression, search, investigation, experiment: Drops bound or performed their action but not *make an impression *make an impact G (full) ="property" or an orphan, G (round) = orphan or fool: complete or round Orphan, but complete(not * round) impossibility<праздность, свобода, темнота, тишина> and round(not *full) fool.
TOTAL MISMATCH COMPATIBILITY
1. Semantic compatibility. M 1 (G( in the whole support))\u003d "living creature", M 2 (G ( on theall couples))= "vehicle": Horse<6егун>rushing at full speed(not? on all pairs) but Vessel<состав, поезд >rushing at full speed(not? at full speed). Similar but less severe restrictions apply to other revolutions with the value of the full speed degree, cf. in all shoulder blades(mostly about human running), at full<на всем>galloping(mainly about an animal or a rider).
2. Lexical compatibility. Loc (presence) = at, loc (presence) = in: When present or In the presence of gases, an explosion cannot be made, but not vice versa.
3. Morpho-syntactic compatibility. D 1 ( get sick) \u003d S in, D 1 (ill) \u003d S dates: Father is unwell, but Father is unwell.
QUASISYNONYMS
Above we have indicated three features of lexical synonyms; quasi-synonyms differ from exact synonyms in the first feature (their interpretations have a large - in the terminological sense - common part, but do not completely coincide) and do not differ in the second and third features.
With such an understanding of quasi-synonyms, they include not only the so-called ideographic synonyms, but also those semantic types of words that are called “analogues” in the dictionaries of Webster 1968, Robert 1967 and some others. We admit that in a more detailed study of the problems of quasi-synonymy than ours, it would be useful to separate these two categories, considering as quasi-synonyms in the proper sense of the word only such lexical units, the semantic differences between which are neutralizable in a number of positions.
Two main types of quasi-synonymous differences - genus-species (inclusion of meanings, cf. hurt - hurt) and species-species (intersection of values, cf. burn - ache - whine - cut - hurt - drill - drill - shoot). For all its triviality, this statement is not redundant, since different semantic types of quasi-synonyms form classes of different internal structures and manifest themselves differently with respect to neutralization. Genera-species differences usually turn out to be neutralized; neutralization of species differences, theoretically quite possible, in practice turns out to be a rather rare phenomenon.<…>
NEUTRALIZATION OF SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES
Species-generic quasi-synonyms can participate in implicative transformations; in addition, theoretically, both semantic types of quasi-synonymy can participate in equivalent transformations, provided that their semantic differences are neutralized.
The main and most interesting content of the linguistic theory of neutralization is the formal description of the positions (conditions) in which it occurs. It is precisely this aspect of neutralization that will occupy us in the future.
As we have already noted, neutralization in most cases concerns genus-species differences. It can occur either by crossing out part of the meaning of the species quasi-synonym ( BUT = "XYZ" B ="XY", and "Z" - a component neutralized in the context of T), or by enriching the meaning of the generic quasi-synonym ( BUT = "XYZ" B ="XY", and "Z" is the component to be attached to the value AT in the context of T).
The first possibility is most often (but not exclusively) realized in the case of a disjunctive organization of the meaning of a specific quasi-synonym: BUT= "XY or Z".
Dig "to loosen with a tool...", dig "to loosen with a tool or organ ..." (normal fox digs(not *digs!) a hole). Consequently, the conditions for substitution arise when the action is performed by a tool, cf. dig or dig with a spade<лопатой>deep hole.<…>
Another type of logical organization of meaning that can be neutralized by crossing out one of the semantic components is meanings with probable but not mandatory semantic components. those. components preceded in interpretation by the quantifiers "usually", "often", etc.
Adjective brave more than brave, implies an active, initiative figure: usually boldly(better than bravely) attack, a bravely defend. This value element brave is also clearly visible in figurative meanings of the type brave explorer(it is forbidden *brave explorer), brave(cf. bold) thought, bold posture, bold manners(“challenging public taste”), etc. However, in many situations that apparently do not have common semantic features, this element of meaning brave is not implemented, and interchangeability becomes possible: He was brave and knew well those sharp moments of the battle, when the commander needed to joke with death for the decisive move.(A.N. Tolstoy, MAC).
Let's move on to the second possibility of neutralizing quasi-synonymous differences. Let be AT= "XY", BUT= "XY i Z", where i is the index of some syntactic connection. Differences between BUT and AT neutralized, if by the way AT it is possible to attach another word with the value "Z" using the i-th syntactic link. In this case, it is easy to conclude that neutralization is played out in sections of the text that are longer than one word.
Let us turn to examples and consider first quasi-synonyms with a conjunctive organization of meaning (i - coordinative connection). AT= "XY", A ="XY and Z"; in most cases, the component "Z" junctively attached to "XY" has the form of a sentence containing the formulation of a certain requirement for the actants of the denoted BUT situations.
Store X "accumulate X in excess of the consumption quantum for consumption at a later time", cf. stock up on food for the road, stock up for a neighbor of firewood; stock up on x "store X, and X is for itself", cf. stock up on food for the trip<дровами на зиму>. AT meaning stockpile there is no indication of a potential consumer of the stocked product: stockpile possible both for oneself and for others, and stock up only for myself. Therefore, the condition for neutralization is the use with the verb stockpile element (for example, a reflexive pronoun) explicitly identifying the consumer with the subject of the action, cf. He stocked up a carload of firewood for the winter = He stocked up a carload of firewood for the winter.
AT In the case of a conjunctive organization of meaning, another, less trivial situation of neutralization is theoretically conceivable. Let be B ="HU", A="XY and Z"; if the "Z" value is expressed in the text and in addition to BUT and attached to BUT junctively, then the corresponding piece of text will, according to the rules for removing the tautology, the following form: "XY and Z" (value BUT) + "and Z" = "XY and Z and Z" = "XY and Z" If in place BUT in the text is B ="XY", then exactly the same interpretation is obtained for the corresponding part of the text: "XY" + "and Z" "XY and Z"
Any means "indefinite each" (more precisely, "one, but whatever"); everyone, in contrast, it can be attached to the name of both an indefinite and a definite actant, cf. 10 people came; everyone(but not *everyone!) had a weapon with him. In the situation of “introducing a new subject of speech”, when the subject of speech cannot be determined by the very nature of things, conditions of neutralization arise, cf. Everyone or Every person has the right to work and rest. <…>
Printed according to the book. Apresyan Yu.D. Selected works. T.1. Lexical semantics. Synonymous means of language. M., 1995. pp.216-248.
Material from the Encyclopedia of the Khayazg Foundation
Major Publications
Books
- Ideas and methods of modern structural linguistics (brief essay). M.: Enlightenment, 1966
- Translation into Polish. lang.: J.D. Apresjan. Koncepcje i metody wspo "lczesnej lingwistyki strukturalnej (Zarys problematyki). Przelozyl Zygmunt Saloni. Warszawa, Pan" stwowy Inst. Wydawniczy, 1971
- (German translation: Ideen und Methoden der modernen strukturellen Linguistik. Kurzer Abriss. Ubertr. von Brigitte Haltof und Elisabeth Mai. Munchen, Hueber, 1971; 2nd ed., 1972
- Translation into Hungarian. lang.: A modern strukturalis nyelveszet elme "lete e" s mo "dszerei. Budapest: Gondolat, 1971
- English translation in: Principles and Methods of Contemporary Structural Linguistics. Transl. by Dina B. Crockett. The Hague: Mouton, 1973
- French translation in: Elements sur les idees et les methodes de la linguistique structurale contemporaine. Paris; bruxelles; Montreal: Dunod, 1973
- Spanish translation lang.: La linguistica estructural sovietica. M. Izquierdo Rojo, J. Luque Duran. Madrid, AKAL, 1975
- Ideas y metodos de la linguistica estructural contempora "nea. La Habana: Ed. de ciencias sociales, 1985
- Transfer to port. lang.: Ideas e metodes da linguistica estructural contemporanea. Trad. de Lucy Seki. Sao Paulo: Cultrix, UNICAMP. 1980
- Experimental study of the semantics of the Russian verb. Moscow: Nauka, 1967
- Lexical semantics (synonymous language means). M.: Nauka, 1974, 367 p. Second revised edition: Yu.D. Apresyan. Selected works. T. I. M., "Languages of Russian culture", 1995
- Translation into Polish. lang.: J.D. Apresjan. Semantyka leksykalna. Synonymiczne srodki jezyka. Przel. Zofia Kozlowska and Andrzej Markowski. Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1980
- English translation: Ju.D.Apresjan. Lexical Semantics. A Guide to Russian Vocabulary. Ann-Arbor, Karoma Publishers, 1992
- Types of information for the surface-semantic component of the model "Meaning U Text". Wiener Slawistischer Almanach. Sonderband 1. Wien, 1980
- English translation lang. section 1 ch. 3 ("The structure of interpretations"): On the structure of explications: Some illustrations from Russian. Journal of Pragmatics. 1986
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin and others) Linguistic support of the ETAP-2 system. Moscow: Nauka, 1989
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin, etc.) Linguistic processor for complex information systems. Moscow: Nauka, 1992
- (Yu.D.Apresyan, O.Yu.Boguslavskaya, I.B.Levontina, E.V.Uryson). New explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. Avenue. M., 1995
- Integral description of the language and systemic lexicography // Selected Works. T. II. M., "Languages of Russian culture", 1995
Dictionaries
- (N.N.Amosova, Yu.D.Apresyan, I.R.Galperin and others) Big English-Russian Dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972. Vol. 1 - 2
- Same, ed. 2. M.: Russian language, 1977
- Same, ed. 3. 1979
- Same, ed. 4, corrected and supplemented. 1987
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, V.V. Botyakova, T.E. Latysheva, etc.) English-Russian synonymic dictionary. M.: Russian language, 1979
- Same, ed. 2, stereotypical. 1988
- Same, ed. 3, stereotypical. 1998
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.R. Galperin, A.V. Petrova and others) Supplement to the Great English-Russian Dictionary. M.: Russian language, 1980
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, E. Pall.) Russian verb - Hungarian verb. Management and compatibility. Vol. 1 - 2. Budapest: Tankyonvkiado, 1982
- (I.A. Melchuk, A.K. Zholkovsky, Yu.D. Apresyan, etc.). Explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the modern Russian language. Experiences of semantic-syntactic description of Russian vocabulary. Vienna, 1984
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, E.M. Mednikova, A.V. Petrova, etc.) A new large English-Russian dictionary. Moscow: Russian Language, 1993, vol. I-II; M.: Russian language, 1994, vol. III
- Same, ed. 2, stereotypical. M., 1997
- Same, ed. 3, stereotypical. M., 1998
- Same, ed. 4, stereotypical. M., 1999.
- CD-rom versions (Multilex) 1996, 1997 and 1998
- New explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. First edition. M., 1997
Articles
- To the question of the meaning of phraseological units. // Foreign languages at school, 1957, No. 6.
- Phraseological synonyms in modern English (type "verb + noun"). // Scientific notes of the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages, 1957, v. XV.
- Synonym problem. // Questions of linguistics, 1957, No. 6.
- About Webster's dictionary of synonyms. // Scientific reports of higher education. Philological Sciences, 1959, No. 3.
- Structural semantics of S. Ulman. // Questions of linguistics, 1959, No. 2.
- Using structural methods to compile a dictionary of semantic fields. // VI Plenary meeting of the commission on modern issues of lexicology and semasiology October 19-21, 1960 Abstracts. M., 1960.
- What is structural linguistics? // Foreign languages at school, 1961, No. 3.
- On the concepts and methods of structural lexicology. // Interuniversity Conference on the Application of Structural and Statistical Methods for Studying the Vocabulary of a Language, November 21-25, 1961. Abstracts. M., 1961.
- Distributive analysis of meanings and structural semantic fields. // Lexicographic collection, 1962, No. 5.
- French translation lang: Analyze distributionnelle des significations et champs semantiques structures. Langages, mars 1966. 44-74
- On the concepts and methods of structural lexicology (based on the Russian language). // Problems of structural linguistics. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962.
- Chronicle note about the conference on the transformational method. // Questions of linguistics, 1962, No. 2.
- To the question of structural lexicology. // Questions of linguistics, 1962, No. 3.
- Method of direct constituents and transformational method in structural linguistics. // Russian language in the national school, 1962, No. 4.
- Modern methods of studying meanings and some problems of structural linguistics. // Problems of structural linguistics. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963.
- Classification of verbs by meaning and control. // VII International Methodological Seminar for Teachers of the Russian Language in Higher Educational Institutions of Socialist Countries // Abstracts and Plans of Reports. M., 1964.
- Some functions in the model of constructing lexical classes. // Scientific conference "Problems of language formalization". Abstracts of reports. M., 1964.
- About strong and weak management (the experience of quantitative analysis). // Questions of linguistics, 1964, No. 3.
- Experience in describing the meanings of verbs by their syntactic features (types of control). // Questions of linguistics, 1965, No. 5.
- The concept of a linguistic model. // Russian language at school, 1966, No. 2.
- Algorithm for constructing classes from distance matrices. // Machine translation and applied linguistics, 1966, no. nine.
- (Yu.D.Apresyan, K.I.Babitsky.) Works of LMP MGPIIA on semantics. // Computational Linguistics, 1966, No 5.
- The evolution of the concept of "linguistic semantics". // Proceedings of the All-Union Conference on General Linguistics "Main Problems of Language Evolution", September 9-16, 1966 // Abstracts. Part I. Samarkand, 1966.
- Development by analogy in syntax and "grammar vocabulary". // Materials of the All-Union Conference on General Linguistics "Main Problems of Language Evolution", September 9-16, 1966// Abstracts. Part II. Samarkand, 1966.
- Some results of the distributive-transformational study of the semantics of the Russian verb. // Materials of the VII International Methodological Seminar of Teachers of the Russian Language in the Countries of Socialism. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1967.
- Syntactic conditionality of meanings. // Russian language in the national school, 1967, No. 6.
- On the experimental explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. // Questions of linguistics, 1968, No. 5.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky, I.A. Melchuk.) On the system of semantic synthesis. III. Dictionary entries. // Scientific and technical information. Series 2. 1968, No. 11.
- Syntax and semantics in the syntactic description. // Units of different levels of grammatical structure and their interaction. M.// Science, 1969.
- Interpretation of lexical meanings as a problem of theoretical semantics. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1969, No. 1.
- Synonymy and synonyms. // Questions of linguistics, 1969, No. 4.
- English translation lang.// Synonymy and Synonyms. Trends in Soviet Theoretical Linguistics. Ed. by F.Kiefer. Foundations of Language. Supplementary Series, Vol. 18. Dordrecht-Holland, Boston, 1973. 173-199.
- Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky, I.A. Melchuk.) On one way of studying the compatibility of words // Russian language in the national school, 1969, No. 6
- Translation into Hungarian. lang.// A nyelvtudoma "ny ma. Szep" e Gyorgy, ed. Budapest: Gondolat, 1973, pp. 327-342.
- About the language for describing the meanings of words. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1969, No. 5.
- (Ju.D.Apresjan, A.K.Zholkovsky and I.A.Mel "cuk.) Semantics and Lexicography: Towards a New Type of Unilingual Dictionary. / Studies in Syntax and Semantics. Ed. by F.Kiefer. Dordrecht-Holland, 1969. 1- 33.
- Translation into Polish. lang.// Semantyka i slownik. Ossolineum, 1972.
- Conversives as a means of synonymous transformation of linguistic information. // Problems of applied linguistics. Interuniversity conference. December 16-19, 1969 Abstracts of reports. Part 1. M., 1969.
- Lexical synonyms. // Actual problems of lexicology. Linguistic conference. Abstracts of reports. Novosibirsk, 1969.
- Syntaxe et Se "mantique. / Languages, 1969, No. 15, p. 57-66.
- Description of semantics through syntax. // Sign, Language, Culture. The Hague: Mouton, 1970.
- English translation lang.// A description of semantics by means of syntax. Linguistics. An International Review. 96. The Hague: Mouton. 1973. 5-32.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, T.A. Apresyan.) On the study of semantic connections of the word. // Foreign languages at school, 1970, No. 2.
- Synonymy and conversions. // Russian language in the national school, 1970, No. 6. (translated into English).
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, T.A. Apresyan.) On the form of presentation of semantic connections of the word. // Foreign languages at school, 1970, No. 6.
- On free and phraseological semantic connections within a word, word-combination and word-formation type // Questions of Phraseology. III. Proceedings of the Samarkand State University named after. Navoi. Issue. 178. Samarkand, 1970.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky, I.A. Melchuk.) 8 dictionary entries of the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 2. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1970.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky, I.A. Melchuk.) 11 dictionary entries of the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 4. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1970.
- Experience of the theory of antonyms. // Structural-mathematical methods of language modeling. All-Union Scientific Conference. Abstracts of reports and communications. Part 1. Kyiv, 1970. 8-10.
- On the theory of equivalent transformations. // Informational issues of semiotics, linguistics and automatic translation. Issue. 1. M.: VINITI, 1971.
- About some debatable questions of the theory of semantics (answer to N.Yu. Shvedova). // Questions of linguistics, 1971, No. 1.
- Semantic transformations and syntagmatic filters. // Machine translation and applied linguistics. 1971, no. fourteen.
- About some Polish works on linguistic semantics. Machine translation and applied linguistics. 1971, no. fourteen.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky, I.A. Melchuk.) 16 dictionary entries of the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 8. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1970.
- On regular polysemy. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1971, No. 6.
- English translation lang. //Regular polysemy. Linguistics, 1974, No 142. 5-32.
- About one rule for adding values. // Problems of structural linguistics 1971. M.: Nauka, 1972.
- English translation lang.// Concerning one rule in the amalgamation of lexical meanings. Linguistics, 185. 1977. 5-25.
- Modern linguistic semantics. III. Issues of semantic analysis. // Russian language in the national school, 1972, No. 3.
- Modern linguistic semantics. IV. Synonymous means of language and paraphrasing rules. // Russian language in the national school, 1972, No. 3.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, L.A. Gonchar, A.K. Zholkovsky and others) 19 dictionary entries of the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 26. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. *(Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky, I.A. Melchuk.) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 1. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 28. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1972.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky, I.A. Melchuk.) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 2. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 29. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1972.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky, I.A. Melchuk.) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 4. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 35. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1973.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.A. Melchuk, N.V. Pertsov, etc.) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 6.// PGEPL preliminary publications. Issue. 38. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1973.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, L.A. Gonchar, A.K. Zholkovsky and others) Materials for the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary of the Russian language. - 7. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 42. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1973.
- (Ju.D.Apresjan, A.K.Zholkovsky and I.A.Mel "cuk.) Materials for an Explanatory-Combinatory Dictionary of Modern Russian. // Trends in Soviet Theoretical Linguistics. Ed. by F.Kiefer. Foundations of Language. Supplementary Series, Vol 18. Dordrecht-Holland, Boston, 1973. 411-438.
- Lexical antonyms and transformations with them. // Problems of structural linguistics 1972. M.// Science,
- Translation into Polish. lang.// Antonimy leksykalne i przeksztalcenia wyrazen antonymicznych. Text i jezyk. Problemy semanticism. Praca zbiorowa pod red. Marii Renaty Mayenowej. Wroclaw, Warszawa, Krako "w, Gdansk: Ossolineum, 1974. 177-199.
- To the construction of a language for describing the syntactic properties of a word. // Problems of structural linguistics 1972. M.: Nauka, 1973.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.A. Melchuk). Russian language in research on automatic translation. Review of works on the modern Russian literary language for 1966-1969. Materials for discussion. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M., 1973.
- Meaning and connotation of meaning. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1974, No. 4.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, A.K. Zholkovsky.) Structural semantics. Cybernetic Encyclopedia. Kyiv, 1974.
- Phenomena of neutralization in the field of lexical semantics. // Filologicke "studie V, Venova" no prof. dr. L.V. Kopecke "mu, Dr. Sc., k osmdesa" tym narozeninam ". Praha, 1974.
- Terms and non-terms from a semiotic point of view. // Meeting dedicated to the problem of term definitions in dictionaries. Abstracts of reports. L.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974.
- Lexical converses in Russian. // Linguistica Silesiana, Katowice, 1975, volume 1.
- Die semantische Sprache als Mittel der Erkla rung lexikalischer Bedeutungen./ Theoretische Linguistik in Osteuropa. Original beitra ge und Erstubersetzungen . Herausg. von Girke W. und Jachnow H. // Tubingen, 1976, S. 22-48.
- Linguistic anomaly and logical contradiction. / Text. Jezyk. Poetyka. Wroclaw, Krako "w, Gdansk: Ossolineum, 1978.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, L.L. Iomdin, N.V. Pertsov.) Objects and means of the model of the surface syntax of the Russian language. // International Review of Slavic Linguistics, 1978, vol.3.
- Reprinted in: Macedonian jazik, 1978.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin, etc.) Linguistic support in the third generation automatic translation system. // M.: Council on the complex problem "Cybernetics; Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1978.
- On the concept of verbal control. / Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, 1979, Bd 3.
- Difficulties in constructing a formal model of the language. // Questions of Philosophy, No. 4, 1979.
- Reprinted in: Cybernetics. Unlimited possibilities and possible limitations. Development prospects. Moscow: Nauka, 1981.
- English synonyms and a synonymic dictionary. // English-Russian synonymic dictionary. M.: Russian language, 1979.
- Types of information for the surface-semantic component of the "Meaning - Text" model (abstracts). // Semantics of natural and artificial languages in specialized systems. L .: Publishing house of Leningrad State University, 1979.
- Przedmiot i metody wspolczesnej semantyki jezykoznawczej // Jezykoznawstwo strukturalne. Pan'stwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 1979.
- Non-trivial semantic features and rules for choosing values. // Perception of language meaning. Kaliningrad: Publishing House of the Kaliningrad University, 1980.
- Principles of semantic description of language units. // Semantics and representation of knowledge. Works on artificial intelligence. II. Scientific Notes of Tartu State University. 519. Tartu, *On the surface-semantic component in the "Meaning - Text" model. // Logical and semantic issues of artificial intelligence. Works on artificial intelligence. III. Scientific Notes of Tartu State University. Tartu, 1980.
- Toward a formal model of semantics: rules for the interaction of meanings. // Knowledge representation and modeling of understanding processes. Novosibirsk, 1980.
- Linguistic support in modern text information processing systems. // Interactive systems. Reports and abstracts of reports and messages of the third school-seminar. Tbilisi, Metsniereba, 1980.
- Linguistic problems of formal semantic analysis of a sentence. // Structure of the text 81. M.: Institute of Slavic and Balkan studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M., 1981.
- Reprinted with abbreviations. in: Seminar of the project "Dialogue". Abstracts of reports. Tartu, 1982.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin and others) Linguistic support in the automatic translation system ETAP-1. // Development of a formal natural language model. Novosibirsk, 1981.
- Semantic Amalgamation Rules for Russian Verbs. / The Slavic verb. An Anthology Presented to Hans Christian Sorensen. Copenhagen, 1981. 7-13.
- On the system of machine translation of scientific and technical texts. // Actual problems of theory and practice of translation of scientific and technical literature. Eagle, 1981.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, E.V. Getselevich, L.P. Krysin, etc.) Explanatory-combinatorial dictionary as a component of semantic text analysis. // Seminar of the project "Dialogue": Abstracts. Tartu, 1982.
- On the possibility of defining linguistic concepts. // Russian Linguistics, Vol. 6, 1982.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, O.S. Kulagina.) Problems of developing machine translation systems. // Topical issues of practical implementation of automatic translation systems. Part 1. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982.
- Explanatory-combinatorial dictionary in the formal language model and disambiguation resolution. // Topical issues of practical implementation of automatic translation systems. Part 2. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982. 108-128.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin, etc.) Types of lexicographic information in the explanatory-combinatorial dictionary. // Topical issues of practical implementation of automatic translation systems. Part 2. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982. 129-187.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, LL Tsinman.) About the ideology of the ETAP-2 system. // Formal presentation of linguistic information. Novosibirsk, 1982.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, E. Pall.) Lexicographical issues of description of verb control and compatibility. // Russian verb - Hungarian verb. Management and compatibility. T. 1. Budapest: Tankyonvkiado, 1982.
- On the structure of the meanings of linguistic units. // Text i zdanie. Warszawa: Ossolineum, 1983.
- Syntactic means of expressing possessiveness. // The category of possessiveness in Slavic languages. M.: Institute of Slavonic and Balkan Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1983.
- Lexical semantics (synonymous language means). Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philology. M., 1983.
- Toward a model of surface semantics: types of rules. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. School-seminar "Telavi-1983". Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1983.
- Syntactic signs of attributive constructions with a mandatory dependent attribute. // Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Bd. 11. S. 25-59.
- Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. IV. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 159. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1983.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin, etc.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. V. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 160. M.// Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1983.
- Syntactic signs for constructions of the Letter type did not come. // Compatibility of Russian words as a linguistic and methodological problem (materials for the teacher). M., Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin, 1983. 13-19.
- (Yu.D.Apresyan, E.V.Getselevich, L.P.Krysin, etc.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. II. French morphology. French combinatorial dictionary. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 154. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1984.
- Semantics. // Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist. Moscow: Pedagogy, 1984.
- semantic rules. // Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist. Moscow: Pedagogy, 1984.
- Experimental, applied and theoretical linguistics. // Types of language communities and methods of their study. III All-Union Conference on Theoretical Questions of Linguistics. Abstracts of reports. Moscow: Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Scientific Council "Theory of Soviet Linguistics". 1984.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. III. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 155. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1984.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin, etc.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. 1. General characteristics of the system. // Theory and models of knowledge. (Theory and practice of creating artificial intelligence systems.) Proceedings on artificial intelligence. Scientific Notes of Tartu State University. Tartu, 1985. 20-39.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, E.V. Getselevich, L.L. Iomdin.) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. VI. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 166. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1985.
- (Yu.D.Apresyan, E.V.Getselevich, L.L.Iomdin and others) Linguistic support of the French-Russian automatic translation system ETAP-1. MSHSH. French parsing. // Preliminary publications of PGEPL. Issue. 167. M.: Institute of the Russian language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1985.
- Principles for describing the meanings of grammes. // Typology of structures with predicate actants. L.: Nauka, 1985. 61-65.
- The personal sphere of the speaker and the naive model of the world. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. School-seminar "Kutaisi-1985". Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1985.
- Experimental, Applied and Theoretical Linguistics: Feedback. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. School-seminar "Kutaisi-1985". Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1985.
- Syntactic signs of lexemes. // Russian Linguistics. 1985 Vol. 9, no. 2-3. 289-317.
- Some consequences of the unified language model for machine funds. // Machine fund of the Russian language. Ideas and judgments. M., Nauka, 1986. 90-108.
- Integral description of the language and explanatory dictionary. // Questions of linguistics, 1986, No. 2. 57-70.
- Performatives in grammar and vocabulary. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Literature and Language Series, 1986, No. 3. 208-223.
- Some considerations about deixis in connection with the concept of a naive model of the world. // Teorija textu. Warszawa: Ossolineum, 1986. 83-98.
- Types of syntactic absence in Russian. // Problems of sentence semantics: expressed and unexpressed sense. Abstracts of the regional scientific conference. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical Institute, 1986. 111-114.
- The concept of the subject of action and the features of its expression in Russian, English and French. // Abstracts of the All-Union Conference "Functional-typological problems of grammar; Vologda, 1986.
- Deixis in vocabulary and grammar and a naive model of the world. // Semiotics and informatics, vol. 28. 1986. 5-33.
- Syntactic information for the explanatory dictionary. // Linguistische Arbeitsberichte. Leipzig: Karl-Marx Uniwersita t, 1986, No. 54-55. 88-116.
- Syntactic features in the language model (based on one class of attributive constructions). // Applied aspects of linguistic theory. (Series “Issues of Cybernetics”). M.: Scientific Council on the complex problem "Cybernetics" at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1987. 44-77.
- Linguistic modeling and lexicography: syntactic information for an explanatory dictionary. // Interaction of languages at different levels and scientific and technical translation. Abstracts of reports and reports of the regional scientific-practical conference. Eagle: House of Technology WTO, 1987. 103-107.
- Pragmatics and lexicography: pragmatic information for an explanatory dictionary. // Propositional predicates in the logical and linguistic aspect. Abstracts of the workshop. M.: Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1987.
- Linguistic anomalies as growth points for new phenomena. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. All-Union School-Seminar "Borjomi-1988";. Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1988.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, I.M. Boguslavsky, L.L. Iomdin, etc.) Linguistic processor for the Russian language: state of the art. // Semiotic aspects of intellectual activity formalization. All-Union School-Seminar "Borjomi-1988". Abstracts of reports and communications. M., 1988.
- Instant verbs and performatives in Russian. // Russian Studies Today. Language: system and its functioning. M.: Nauka, 1988. 57-78.
- Pragmatic information for the explanatory dictionary. // Pragmatics and problems of intensionality. Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Problem group "Logical analysis of language". M.: Nauka, 1988, p. 7-44.
- Types of communicative information for an explanatory dictionary. // Language: system and functioning. Moscow: Nauka, 1988.
- Explanatory dictionary of a new type as the basis for a series of dictionaries // Current state and development trends of domestic lexicography. M.: Russian language, 1988.
- Morphological information for the explanatory dictionary. // Dictionary categories. M., Nauka, 1988, p. 31-53.
- Tautological and contradictory anomalies. // Logical analysis of the language. Problems of intensional and pragmatic contexts. Moscow: Nauka, 1989.
- About the works of I.E. Anichkov on idioms. // Questions of linguistics, 1989, No. 6. 104-119.
- (Yu.D.Apresyan, L.L.Iomdin.) No-sleep type constructions: syntax, semantics, lexicography. // Semiotics and informatics, vol. 29., 1989.
- Directly constituting the method. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
- transformational method. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
- Distributive analysis. // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
- Language anomalies. Types and functions. // Res Philologica. M.-L.: Nauka, 1990.
- Formal language model and representation of lexicographic knowledge. // Questions of linguistics, No. 6, 1990.
- Types of lexicographic information about the lexeme signifier. // Typology and grammar. M., 1990.
- Dictionary fixation of the syntactic properties of lexemes: the interaction of the dictionary and grammar. // Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, band 25-26, 1990.
- Lexicographic portrait of the verb to get out. // Questions of cybernetics. The language of logic and the logic of language. M., 1990.
- (Ju. Apresjan, I.A. Mel "cuk). Computer implementation of a linguistic model and the problem of its psychological reality. // Folia Linguistica XXIV / 3-4, 1990.
- The concept of a new dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. // Russian language and modernity. Problems and prospects for the development of Russian studies. M., 1991.
- On the integral dictionary of the Russian language. // Semiotics and informatics, vol. 32, 1991.
- Dictionary entry of the verb DRAW. // Semiotics and informatics, vol. 32, 1991.
- Russian continuous construction: the limits of its formal description. // "Words are Physicians for an Ailing Mind". Verlag Otto Sagner. Munich, 1991.
- About the new dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, a series of literature and language, No. 1, 1992.
- Lexicographic portraits (on the example of the verb to be). // Scientific and technical information, series 2, no. 3, 1992, ss. 20-33.
- (Yu.D.Apresyan, O.Yu.Boguslavskaya, I.B.Levontina, E.V.Uryson) Samples of dictionary entries of the new dictionary of synonyms. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, a series of literature and language, No. 2, 1992.
- (Ju. D. Apresjan, I. M. Boguslawskij, L. L. Iomdin et al.). The Linguistics of a machine translation system. // Meta, no. 1, 1992.
- How to understand V.Nabokov's "Gift". // In Honor of Professor Victor Levin. Russian Philology and History. Jerusalem: Praedicta, 1992, p. 346-362.
- Dictionary in a Unified Linguistic Description. // 1992 Seoul International Conference on Linguistics. The Linguistic society of Korea, 1992, pp. 78 - 81.
- A Bidirectional Machine Translation System Based on the Meaning-Text Model of Language // 1992 Seoul International Conference on Linguistics. The Linguistic society of Korea, 1992, pp. 167-176.
- Systematic Lexicography. // Euralex "92 Proceedings I-II. Tampere 1992, part I, pp. 3-16.
- Experimental, applied and theoretical linguistics: feedback. // Wiener Slawistischer Almanach. Sonderband 33, Wien, 1992, ss. 5 - 27.
- Igor Melchuk: touches to the portrait // Le mot, les mots, les bons mots. Word, Words, Witty Words. Montreal: Les presses de l "Universite de Montreal, 1992, pp. 9-14. [Eng. trans. Igor Mel" cuk: Brushstrokes for a Portrait. There, ss. 1-7.
- Serdit" "to anger" and its Synonyms: towards a New Type of Synonym Dictionary // Le mot, les mots, les bons mots. Word, Words, Witty Words. Montreal: Les presses de l "Universite de Montreal, 1992, pp . 149-167.
- Lexicographic Portraits and Lexicographic Types. In: Linguistique et slavistique. Melanges offerts a PAUL GARDE. Paris, 1992, p. 360 - 376.
- Connotations as part of the pragmatics of the word (lexicographic aspect). // Russian language. The problem of grammatical semantics and evaluative factors in language. M., Nauka, 1992, ss. 45-64.
- Connotation as part of the pragmatics of the word // Apresyan Yu. D. Selected Works. Volume II. Integral description and system lexicography. M., 1995.
- "Gift" of Nabokov: poetic technique and theme. // Typytextow. Zbior studiow. IBL, Warszawa, 1992, ss. 81-107.
- (Ju.D.Apresjan, I.M.Boguslavsky, L.L.Iomdin et al.) Systeme de traduction automatique ETAP // P.Bouillon et A.Clas (eds.), Etudes et recherches en traduction automatique. Sillery et Montreal, Presse de l "Universite de Quebec, 1992.
- (V.Yu. Apresyan, Yu.D. Apresyan). Metaphor in the lexicographic interpretation of emotions. // Questions of linguistics, 1993, No. 3, ss. 27 - 35.
- Lexicographic concept of the New large English-Russian dictionary // Yu.D. Apresyan, E.M. Mednikova, A.V. Petrova et al. New large English-Russian dictionary. M., Russian language, 1993, v. 1, ss. 6 - 17.
- Synonymy of mental predicates: counting group // Logical analysis of language. mental actions. M., Nauka, 1993, ss. 7 - 22.
- Jezykoznawstwo teoretyczne, modele formalne jezyka i leksykografia systemowa // O definicjach i definiowaniu. Lublin, 1993.
- Naiwny obraz swiata a leksykografia // Etnolingwistyka 6. Lublin, 1994.
- Sources of a new dictionary of Russian synonyms. // Russian Studies Today. M., Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994, ss. 82-102.
- On the language of interpretations and semantic primitives. // IRAN, SLYA, No. 4, 1994.
- New dictionary of synonyms: concept and types of information // Yu.D.Apresyan, O.Yu.Boguslavskaya, I.B.Levontina, E.V.Uryson. New explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms. Avenue. M., 1995.
- Theoretical Linguistics, Formal Models of Language and Systemic Lexicography // Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Seoul, 1995, pp. 3-30.
- The image of a person according to the language: an attempt at a systematic description // Problems of linguistics. 1995. No. 1. S. 37-67.
- The modernity of the classic. // VYa, No. 1, 1995.
- Interpretation of redundant aspectual paradigms in the explanatory dictionary. // The language and verse of Russia. UCLA Slavic Studies. new series. In honor of Dean S. Worth on his sixty-fifth birthday. M., "Eastern Literature", 1995.
- The novel "The Gift" in space by V. Nabokov // Izv. AN, ser. lit. and yaz., No. 3, 4, 1995.
- The problem of factivity: to know and its synonyms // VYa, No. 4, 1995.
- Preface // Theoretical Linguistics and Lexicography: Toward a Formal Description of Vocabulary. M., 1995.
- The Semantics of Hope in Russian: a Group of Synonyms // Panorama der Lexikalischen Semantik. Thematische Festschrift aus Anlass des 60. Geburstags von Horst Geckeler. Herausgegeben von Ulrich Hoinkes. Tu bingen, Gunter Narr Verlag, 1995.
- Want and its synonyms: notes on words. // Philological collection. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of VV Vinogradov. M., 1995.
- (Yu.D. Apresyan, M.Ya. Glovinskaya). Anniversary notes on non-anniversary words: scold and its synonyms // Moscow Linguistic Journal. Volume 2., M., 1996, ss. 11-26.
- Appreciate and cherish in the dictionary of synonyms. // Russian Studies. Slavistics. Indo-European studies. To the sixtieth birthday of A. A. Zaliznyak. M., 1996.
- On the explanatory dictionary of controls and compatibility of the Russian verb // Dictionary, grammar, text. M., 1996.
- Enseignement du lexique assiste par ordinateur. In: Lexicomatique et dictionnairiques. IVes Journees scientifiques du reseau thematique “Lexicologie, Terminologie, Traduction”. Lyon, France, 28, 29, 30 September 1995. Montreal, 1996.
- Preface to the New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms // New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. First edition. M., 1997.
- Dictionary entry of the dictionary of synonyms // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. First edition. M., 1997.
- Linguistic terminology of the dictionary of synonyms // New explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. First edition. M., 1997.
- Lexicographic interpretation of the species: non-trivial cases. // Proceedings of the Aspectological Seminar of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. Volume 2. M., 1997.
- To what extent a formal definition of synonymy is possible // XIV Conference of Scandinavian Slavists. Program and theses. Helsinki, 1997.
- To what extent can the concept of synonymy be formalized? // Shape of the word. Collection of articles in memory of Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev. M., 1997.
- El propo sito de las definiciones en la Escuela Semantica de Moscu // Problemas de lexicologia y lexicografi a. Juan de Dios Luque Duran, Antonio Pamies Bertran (eds.). Granada, 1997.
- Lexicografi a siste mica // Problemas de lexicologia y lexicografi a. Juan de Dios Luque Duran, Antonio Pamies Bertran (eds.). Granada, 1997.
- Some difficulties in describing polysemantic words (on the example of the verb choose - choose). // Russian language in its functioning. Abstracts of reports of the international conference. M., 1998.
- Paraphrasing on a computer (with L. L. Tsinman) // Semiotics and Informatics, 1998, no. 36.
- Computer implementation of the paraphrasing model (with L. L. Tsinman) // Proceedings of the International Seminar Dialog'98 on Computational Linguistics and its Applications. In two volumes. Edited by A. S. Narinyani. Kazan, 1998, v. 2, ss. 752-757.
- Look and seem: notes on words // Language: variability and constancy. M., 1998.
- System lexicography and a new explanatory dictionary of Russian synonyms // Nyelv, stilus, irodalom. Koszonto konyv Peter Mihaly 70. Szuletesnapjara. Budapest, 1998.
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- Causatives or Conversions? // Typology. Grammar. Semantics. To the 65th anniversary of Viktor Samuilovich Khrakovsky. St. Petersburg, 1998.
- Domestic theoretical semantics at the end of the twentieth century // Izv. AN, ser. lit. i yaz., No. 4, 1999.
- Principles of systemic lexicography and explanatory dictionary // Poetics. History of literature. Linguistics. Collection for the 70th anniversary of Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov. Moscow, 1999.
- The main mental predicates of the state in the Russian language // Slavic etudes. Collection for the anniversary of S. M. Tolstoy. M., 1999.
- Remembering Roland Lvovich // Ronald Lvovich Dobrushin. To the 70th anniversary of his birth. M., 1999, pp. 19-22.
Yuri Derenikovich Apresyan (February 2, 1930, Moscow) is a Russian linguist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992), foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, professor (1991), Doctor of Philology.
Works in the field of lexical semantics, syntax, Russian and English lexicography, history of linguistics, machine translation, etc. One of the developers of the theory "Meaning ↔ Text", head of the Moscow Semantic School. Compiler of a number of dictionaries of a new type of Russian (and also English) language.
Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1953) with a degree in English and postgraduate studies at the same institute (1956); defended his thesis (1958) "Phraseological synonyms in modern English".
He taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1954-1960), worked at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1960-1972), from where he was fired "as he had not passed recertification" for political reasons (speeches in defense of Sinyavsky and Daniel, K. I. Babitsky and others. dissidents). After that, he worked at the branch institute "Informelectro" (1972-1985), where he was in charge of the automatic translation group.
The defense of his doctoral dissertation (based on the 1974 book "Lexical Semantics") could - also for political reasons - take place only in 1984 in Minsk; The authorities also tried to prevent the publication of this book. Since 1985, the scientist has been working at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he was in charge of the Laboratory of Computational Linguistics (1989-1994).
Since 1990, Yu. D. Apresyan's main place of work has again become the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he is in charge of the sector of theoretical semantics (since 1994). In the 1990s he lectured in Russia (Moscow State University), Australia, USA, Germany. In 1992 he was elected a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
For many years he has directed the well-known seminar "Theoretical Semantics", which has become one of the main centers of linguistic life in Moscow.
Books (9)
Active dictionary of the Russian language. Volume 1. A-B
The active dictionary of the Russian language was developed based on the most important achievements of Russian and European lexicography and taking into account the results of modern theoretical linguistics in all areas important for lexicography. The dictionary aims to report such a volume of information about each word included in it in each of the meanings fixed in the dictionary, which is necessary not only for understanding this word in an arbitrary context, but also for its correct use in the speakers' own speech.
Active dictionary of the Russian language. Volume 2. V-D
The active dictionary contains complete information about the following properties of a word: a) its grammatical forms; b) his specific prosody in those rare cases when such specificity takes place; c) its meanings in the form of detailed analytical interpretations; d) regular modifications of lexical meanings and meanings of grammatical forms in certain contextual conditions; e) management and management options in the given lexical meaning, if they are possible; f) syntactic constructions specific for the word in the given meaning; g) lexical-semantic compatibility of a word in a given meaning; h) pragmatic conditions of its use; i) its "lexical world" (synonyms, analogues, antonyms, derivatives and other words semantically related to it). Each such dictionary entry is provided with extensive illustrations from the National Corpus of the Russian Language.
The proposed dictionary is addressed to the widest audience, professionally or practically dealing with the Russian language, from school teachers, editors, translators to an ordinary native speaker who wants to speak Russian correctly.
Selected works. Volume I. Lexical semantics. Synonymous means language
The monograph proposes elements of a semantic language to describe the meaning of natural language words.
On this basis, a description of the synonymic means of the language (word formation, regular polysemy, synonyms, converses, antonyms, etc.) is made and the rules of deep syntactic transformations are formulated. The results obtained can also be used in the work on automatic text synthesis.
Selected works. Volume II. Integral description of language and system lexicography
The second volume discusses lexicographic problems that arise in the framework of the theory of integral linguistic description.
The types of lexicographic information for the explanatory dictionary and the explanatory dictionary of synonyms, as well as the basic principles and concepts of system lexicography are considered in detail. Several works published in the book are devoted to formal models of language and structural poetics.
New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms
The Dictionary publishes 354 synonymic rows representing the main categories of the anthropocentric vocabulary of the Russian language and - occasionally - some other layers of vocabulary.
The new explanatory dictionary of synonyms is an active type dictionary, consistent with a certain grammatical description of the Russian language, implementing the principles of systemic lexicography and focused on reflecting the linguistic, or “naive”, picture of the world.
The focus on detailed linguistic portrayal is combined in it with the focus on a uniform description of lexemes belonging to the same lexicographic type. The Dictionary consistently reflects semantic, referential, pragmatic, connotative, communicative, syntactic, compatibility, morphological and prosodic similarities and differences between synonyms, as well as conditions for neutralizing differences.
The image of a person according to language: an attempt at a systematic description
The article first considers the general idea of a “naive” or linguistic picture of the world (Section 2). Then, a reconstruction of the image of a person as its most important fragment is proposed (Section 3) and a more detailed analysis of one of the eight human systems, namely, his emotional system, is given (Section 4). In the last, fifth section, an outline of a general scheme for characterizing a person as the basis of systemic lexicography is given. Using this material, we are trying to demonstrate the connection between the provisions of linguistic theory and the principles of describing lexicographic types in explanatory and synonymous dictionaries.
Prospectus of the active dictionary of the Russian language
Authors: V. Yu. Apresyan, Yu. D. Apresyan, E. E. Babaeva, O. Yu. Boguslavskaya, I. V. Galaktionova, M. Ya. Glovinskaya, B. L. Iomdin, T. V. Krylova, I. B. Levontina, A. V. Ptentsova, A. V. Sannikov, E. V. Uryson; Reviewers: V. Z. Demyankov, L. P. Krysin.
The monograph consists of four main parts - introduction, instructions, sample entries and a glossary. The Introduction provides an analysis of the most interesting active dictionaries in the world lexicography; the principles on which the active dictionary of the Russian language will be based are considered; a review of four areas of linguistic theory - semantics, syntax, lexico-semantic combinatorics and the theory of lexicalized prosody - the results of which are taken into account when developing it; possible ways of its use are outlined.
The Instructions for Compiling Dictionary Entries consider the types of lexicographic information reported in the dictionary entries, the ways of its representation in different zones and a number of classes of lexemes with partially coinciding semantic, syntactic, combinatory, prosodic and other properties (lexicographic types) that are subject to uniform (systematic) ) description in the dictionary.
The third part of the monograph contains 400 samples of dictionary entries. Each of the 11 blocks of dictionary entries contains from one to three lexicographic types. Each of these blocks is preceded by a short theoretical introduction, in which specific problems of describing a given lexicographic type are discussed. The fourth part of the monograph contains a dictionary of the active dictionary of the Russian language (about 12,000 units).
Hidden meanings. Word. Text. Culture. Collection of articles in honor of N.D. Arutyunova
Collection of articles “Secret Meanings: The Word. Text. Culture” was prepared in honor of Corr. RAS Nina Davidovna Arutyunova, whose many years of scientific and organizational activity contributed to the emergence of a whole area of modern linguistics, known as the "logical analysis of language". The subject of the collection reflects the wide range of interests of N. D. Arutyunova. The central problems of the collection are the problems of lexical and grammatical semantics of various languages and the ethnic specificity of language pictures of the world.
The collection consists of three large sections: I) Types of linguistic meanings; 2) Text; 3) Cultural concepts and languages of culture. The first section includes works on lexical and grammatical semantics (mainly of the Russian language), the second section - works on the structure and communicative organization of the text, the third section - studies of cultural concepts (including in a historical perspective), as well as works analyzing religious and philosophical discourse of different eras and traditions.
More than 70 authors from Russia, the USA, Australia, France, Italy, Germany and other countries participate in the collection, including such world-famous researchers as Andrzej Boguslavsky, Anna Vezhbitska, G. von Wright, A. A. Zaliznyak, Vyach. Sun. Ivanov, I.A. Melchuk, Yu.S. Stepanov, V.N. Toporov and others.
Language picture of the world and systemic lexicography
The monograph is a theoretical summary of the lexicographic research carried out by the authors during the development of the New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. It consists of nine parts.
The first part outlines the basic principles and concepts of the Moscow Semantic School of Integral Description of Language and Systemic Lexicography - the orientation towards the reconstruction of the language picture of the world, the principle of integrality, the concept of a lexeme and its integral lexicographic representation, the concept of lexicographic type.
The remaining parts of the monograph present more specific studies of various sections of the dictionary. They reconstruct certain fragments of the language picture of the world and describe the lexicographic types serving them. This is how the description of target and concessive words, vocabulary of etiquette and ethics, adjectives and verbs with the meaning of intellectual abilities and actions of a person, adjectives of size and others is made.
In the last part of the monograph, the principles and concepts developed in synchronic semantics are used to solve a number of key problems in the field of diachronic semantics.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground