Arabia is the capital. Local authorities
|
|
|
|
brief information
The territory of modern Saudi Arabia in the Middle Ages was part of a huge empire - the Arab Caliphate. Until now, places of worship for Muslims have been preserved in Saudi Arabia. Now, thanks to its huge oil reserves, Saudi Arabia is one of the richest countries in the world. Many cities in this country are closed to foreigners. However, in Saudi Arabia there are many other interesting places for tourists, as well as beach resorts on the Red Sea coast.
Geography of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is located in Western Asia, on the Arabian Peninsula. In the north, Saudi Arabia borders on Iraq and Jordan, in the northeast - on Kuwait, in the southeast - on Yemen, in the northeast - on the UAE, Qatar and Bahrain. In the west, Saudi Arabia is washed by the waters of the warm Red Sea, and in the northeast it is bounded by the Persian Gulf. The total territory of this country is 2,149,000 sq. km, and the total length of the state border is 4,431 km.
Most of the territory of Saudi Arabia is occupied by semi-deserts and deserts. There are mountains in the southwest and west of the country. The highest peak of the country is Mount Sauda, whose height reaches 3,133 m.
There are practically no rivers and lakes in Saudi Arabia, but there are numerous oases.
Capital
The capital of Saudi Arabia is the city of Riyadh, which is now home to about 5 million people. People on the territory of modern Riyadh lived already 4 thousand years ago.
Official language
In Saudi Arabia, the official language is Arabic, belonging to the Semitic group of the Afroasian language family.
Religion
About 97% of the population of Saudi Arabia is Muslim. Of these, about 90% are Sunni Muslims belonging to the Wahhabis, and the rest are Shiite Muslims.
Government of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy with the King as head of state. Power is inherited. The king must observe the religious Muslim law "Sharia".
It is not surprising that there are no political parties in Saudi Arabia, because all power belongs to the King, who rules the country with the help of the Cabinet of Ministers.
Saudi Arabia consists of 13 provinces (mintaqats).
Climate and weather
The climate in Saudi Arabia is desert, with very high daytime temperatures and cool nights. Only in the southwestern province of Asir is the climate more temperate (monsoons from the Indian Ocean and mountains). The average annual air temperature is +25.3C. The highest average air temperature in Saudi Arabia is observed in July and August - +45C, and the lowest - in January and December (+3C). The average annual rainfall is 106.5 mm per year.
Sea in Saudi Arabia
In the west, Saudi Arabia is washed by the waters of the warm Red Sea (1,760 km), and in the northeast it is bounded by the Persian Gulf (560 km). The total coastline is 2,320 km.
culture
The entire culture of Saudi Arabia is permeated with Islam. The only non-religious holiday in this country is the Jinadriya folklore festival, during which camel racing takes place. All other holidays in Saudi Arabia are religious in nature - Ramadan, Hajj, Eid al-Fitr, etc.
During the Hajj, millions of pilgrims from around the world come to Mecca. Pilgrims visit iconic mosques, Mount Arafat and the Mina Valley.
Saudi Arabian Cuisine
Cuisine in Saudi Arabia is traditional for the Arab countries. Traditional food products are rice, halal meat, dairy products, fish.
Traditional dishes in Saudi Arabia: kebab skewers, shawarma, fried lamb meshui, stuffed peppers, dajaj (chicken stew in tomato sauce), haris (chicken casserole), duck with rice and vegetables , pies "sambusa" with fillings (meat, vegetables, cheese).
Various soups and broths, pilaf, vegetable salads are popular in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabians like to season all dishes with spices, olives, onions, garlic, cinnamon, honey.
The most popular sweets in Saudi Arabia are pistachio and raisin rice pudding, Turkish delight, baklava, honey donuts, and candied fruit.
Traditional soft drinks in Saudi Arabia are coffee (often with cardamom) and tea (usually with herbs).
Attractions
In Saudi Arabia, there are sacred places for Muslims and mosques. In this country there are ruins of ancient fortresses, forts, mosques and even Christian temples, as well as salt mines, rock tombs, palaces. Those. tourists have something to see in this country. The top ten attractions in Saudi Arabia, in our opinion, include the following:
- Al Quba Mosque near Medina
- Al-Masjid Mosque in Medina
- Musmak fortress in Riyadh
- Archaeological site of Al-Hijr
- Shada Palace in Abha
- Fort Qasr Marid in Domat el-Jandal
- Rock Tombs at Madain Salih
- Masjid-Oma Mosque in Domat El-Jandal
- Royal Museum in Riyadh
- Ancient fort in Al Hofuf
Cities and resorts
The largest cities in Saudi Arabia are Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, and, of course, Riyadh.
Most tourists come to Saudi Arabia during Ramadan to visit Mecca. However, in Saudi Arabia there are several excellent resorts on the Red Sea. The beaches in Saudi Arabia are long and sandy. By the way, the longest sandy beach in Saudi Arabia is located in the Half Moon Bay region near Al Khobar. Another popular local beach resort is Obir. Also, do not forget about Jeddah, the largest Saudi city on the Red Sea. In the coastal waters of the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia, scientists have counted more than 20 species of coral.
Souvenirs/Shopping
Tourists from Saudi Arabia usually bring handicrafts, jewelry, pearls, carpets, prayer rugs, traditional shoes of the inhabitants of this country, key chains and figurines in the form of Aladdin's lamp, silk, rosary beads, Arabic perfumes, hookahs, dried dates.
Office Hours
Banks:
Sat-Wed: 09:00-12:00
Some banks are open in the afternoon.
Official opening hours, including shops, from 10:00 to 15:00. However, most shops are open later. All shops, restaurants, etc. during the day they are closed four times for 30 minutes for prayer.
Visa
Decided to organize a holiday in Saudi Arabia? Looking for the best Saudi Arabia hotels, hot tours, resorts and last minute deals? Interested in the weather in Saudi Arabia, prices, the cost of a tour, do I need a visa to Saudi Arabia and would a detailed map be useful? Would you like to see what Saudi Arabia looks like in photos and videos? What are the excursions and attractions in Saudi Arabia? What are the stars and reviews of hotels in Saudi Arabia?
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia- the largest state on the Arabian Peninsula. It borders with Jordan in the north, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates in the east, Oman and Yemen in the south. It is washed by the Persian Gulf in the northeast and the Red Sea - in the west.
Saudi Arabia occupies almost 80% of the territory of the Arabian Peninsula and several coastal islands in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. In the west of the country, along the coast of the Red Sea, the Al-Hijaz mountain range stretches. In the southwest, the height of the mountains reaches 3000 meters. The Asir resort area is also located there, attracting tourists with its greenery and mild climate. The east is occupied mainly by deserts. The south and southeast of Saudi Arabia is almost completely occupied by the Rub al-Khali desert, through which the border with Yemen and Oman passes.
Airports in Saudi Arabia
Dammam King Fahd International Airport
Dhahran International Airport
Jeddah King Abdulaziz International Airport
Medina Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport
Riyadh King Khalid International Airport
Saudi Arabia hotels 1 - 5 stars
Saudi Arabia weather
The climate in the north is subtropical, in the south - tropical, sharply continental, dry. Summer is very hot, winter is warm. The average temperature in July in Riyadh ranges from 26°С to 42°С, in January - from 8°С to 21°С, the absolute maximum is 48°С, in the south of the country up to 54°С. In the mountains in winter, sub-zero temperatures and snow are sometimes observed.
The average annual rainfall is about 70–100 mm (maximum in the central regions in spring, in the north in winter, in the south in summer); in the mountains up to 400 mm per year. In the desert of Rub al-Khali and some other areas, in some years it does not rain at all.
Deserts are characterized by seasonal winds. Hot and dry southerly winds Samum and Khamsin in spring and early summer often cause sandstorms, while the northern winter wind Shemal brings cooling.
Saudi Arabian language
Official language: Arabic
In everyday life, the Arabian dialect of Arabic (ammiya) is used, which is closest to the literary Arabic language, which developed from the classical language (el-fusha).
Currency of Saudi Arabia
International name: SA
Saudi riyal is equal to 20 kersh (kurush) and 100 halal. In circulation are banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 Saudi riyals, as well as coins of 1 riyal (100 halal), 50, 25, 10, and 5 halal. In circulation there are still coins of 10, 5, 2 and 1 kurush.
Foreign currency can be exchanged at commercial banks, change machines, shops and numerous private money changers.
Credit cards are accepted for payment in all major shopping centers, hotels and transport. ATMs can be found near banks and large shopping centers.
Cashing traveler's checks is difficult - most banks and private money changers either don't cash them at all, or only service checks from local bank account holders. In this case, you will definitely need the original receipt for the purchase of the check and an identity card.
Customs restrictions
The transit of foreign currency is free. Foreign currency is prohibited both to import and export.
The transit of alcohol is prohibited, the transit of drugs is strictly prohibited. It is forbidden to import: books in Hebrew, goods marked with Israel, video products (especially pornography), some magazines, weapons, drugs.
When buying antiques and handicrafts, take a check to show when you check out.
Mains voltage
Tips
The service charge surcharge is set at 15% for Deluxe and First-class hotels and 10% for all others. In many establishments in the interior of the country, tips are not required, but in the capital and other large cities, you can leave waiters up to 10% of the bill.
Purchases
Shops often do not have a well-defined opening hours, but are usually open from Saturday to Thursday from 09.00 to 13.00 and from 16.30 to 20.00 (during Ramadan - from 20.00 to 01.00). The day off in all institutions is Friday ("al-Juma"), when the inhabitants of the country attend traditional sermons and prayers in mosques.
Prices almost everywhere, except for large supermarkets, are negotiable, you can bargain almost everywhere.
Office Hours
Banks for the most part do not have a clearly defined work schedule, but most of them are open from Saturday to Wednesday from 08.00 to 12.00-12.30 and from 17.00 to 19.00-20.00, on Thursdays from 08.00-09.00 to 12.00-12.30. Change machines, located everywhere, usually work for an hour or two longer.
Photo and video shooting
The Saudi government has lifted the ban on photographing in public places, but permission is still required to take pictures of private property, government and military installations, infrastructure or individuals.
Restrictions
For theft, smuggling, drug and alcohol use, homosexuality, premeditated murder and other serious crimes, the punishments are quite harsh - from chopping off limbs to decapitation.
Foreigners are not prohibited by law from dressing outside of Islamic traditions, but both women and men are encouraged to dress modestly when entering the country. In any case, a short skirt or shorts, bare arms above the elbow (even for men) and women's uncovered headscarves can cause complaints from representatives of the religious police.
Country code: +966
First level geographic domain name:.sa
Emergency Phones
Police - 999.
Ambulance - 997.
Fire department - 998.
The hotline of the anti-drug service is 995.
Traffic police - 993.
The official name is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Al Mamlaka al Arabiya as Saudiyya, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Located in southwest Asia, it occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula. The area is 2240 thousand km2, the population is 23.51 million people. (2002). The official language is Arabic. The capital is the city of Riyadh (over 2.77 million people, with suburbs 4.76 million people). Public holiday - Day of the Proclamation of the Kingdom - September 23 (since 1932). The monetary unit is the Saudi rial (equal to 100 halals).
Member of OPEC (since 1960), UN (since 1971), GCC (since 1981), Arab League, etc.
Landmarks of Saudi Arabia
Geography of Saudi Arabia
It is located between 34° and 56° east longitude and 16° and 32° north latitude. In the east it is washed by the Persian Gulf, in the west and southwest - by the Red Sea. The Red Sea is located between the coasts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, stretched from northwest to southeast. In the northern part of the sea there is an artificial Suez Canal, connecting with the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba (off the coast of Saudi Arabia), separated by the Sinai Peninsula. The sandy, in some places rocky shores of the Red Sea are weakly indented throughout and bordered by coral reefs with coral bays. There are few islands, but south of 17 ° north latitude they form numerous groups, one of the largest is the Farasan Islands belonging to Saudi Arabia.
Surface currents are seasonal. In the southern part of the sea, from November to March, the current is directed north-northwest along the coast of the Arabian Peninsula. To the north, this current weakens, meeting with the opposite one, which runs along the coast of Africa. From June to September, there are southern and southeastern currents in the Red Sea. The tides are mostly semi-diurnal. In the northern part of the sea, winds sometimes reach storm strength. The Persian Gulf has shallow depths (average - 42 m), the currents form a cycle counterclockwise. In the Strait of Hormuz, which connects the Persian Gulf with Oman, the direction of the current changes seasonally: in summer from the ocean to the Persian Gulf, in winter - vice versa.
Saudi Arabia borders in the north with Jordan and Iraq, in the northwest - with Kuwait, Bahrain (marine border), Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. The southern borders with Oman and Yemen are not defined.
More than 1/2 of the territory of Saudi Arabia in the southeast is occupied by the Rub al-Khali desert, or the Great Sandy Desert, with an area of approx. 650 thousand km2. In the north of the country is part of the Syrian Desert, and the Nefud Desert, covering an area of approx. 57 thousand km2, extends further to the south. In the center of the country there is a plateau crossed by several small rivers that dry up during the dry season. In the south-west of the country there are small mountain ranges and its highest point - Mount Jabal Saud (3133 m). Narrow coastal plains lie along the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
The bowels of Saudi Arabia are rich in the most important types of raw materials - oil, natural gas, iron, copper, gold and other non-ferrous metals, there are deposits of rock salt, uranium, etc. In terms of oil reserves, the country ranks first in the world - 25.2%, or 35.8 billion tons. Natural gas reserves 5400 billion m3. Minerals, except for oil and gas, are still poorly studied and are mined in extremely small quantities.
The soils in Saudi Arabia are mostly sandy and stony, gray soils are found in the northern part of Arabia, and red, red-brown soils are found in the south. The most fertile lands are located on the shores of the Red Sea.
The climate is hot, dry, mostly tropical, in the north - subtropical. Average temperatures in July are above +30°С, in January +10-20°C. Precipitation approx. 100 mm per year, in the mountains up to 400 mm. January temperature in Riyadh is +8-21°С, in Jeddah +26-37°С. The July temperature in Riyadh is +26-42°C, and in Jeddah - +26-37°C. However, in the mountains in winter there are sub-zero temperatures and snow.
There are no permanent natural reservoirs on the territory of the country, except for small pools in oases, sometimes temporary lakes form after rains. There are significant reserves of groundwater.
The flora of the inner regions is extremely poor, there are desert grasses, thorny shrubs, in fertile areas - thickets of tamarisk, acacia, in oases - date palms. The fauna is represented by antelopes, foxes, gazelles, hyenas, ostriches, panthers, wild cats, wolves, mountain goats, rabbits, and Indian badgers. Among the birds stand out bustard, dove, quail. From predatory - eagles, falcons. The sea is rich in fish.
population of saudi arabia
In a total population of approx. 23% are non-citizens of the kingdom (2002).
The average annual growth rate of the indigenous population is 3.27% (2002). In 1974 - 92 the population grew from 6.72 to 16.95 million people. The population in the 15-24 age group is growing especially fast.
Birth rate 37.25‰, mortality 5.86‰, infant mortality 49.59 people. per 1000 newborns, average life expectancy is 68.4 years, incl. men 66.7, women 70.2 (2002).
Sex and age structure of the population (2002): 0-14 years - 42.4% (men 5.09 million people, women 4.88 million); 15-64 years old - 54.8% (7.49 million men, 5.40 million women); 65 years and older - 2.8% (men 362.8 thousand people, women 289.8 thousand). Urban population 85.7% (2000). 78% of the population aged 15 and over is literate (84.2% of men and 69.5% of women) (2002).
Ethnic composition: Arabs - 90%, Afro-Asians - 10%. Indigenous Saudis stand out, whose ancestors lived in the country for centuries - approx. 82%, Yemenis and other Arabs who arrived in the country after the 1950s during the oil boom - ca. 13%, nomadic Berbers, whose numbers are declining. Languages: Arabic, European languages are also used.
The state religion is Islam. Almost all Muslims are Sunnis. Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam, founded by the Prophet Muhammad. The whole life of the country is subject to strict laws and rules that have a thousand-year history. Men and women are not allowed to drink alcoholic beverages. The breeding of pigs and the consumption of pork is prohibited. Mecca is the cradle of Islam and the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, there is the main shrine of the Muslim world - the ancient sanctuary of the Kaaba. The second religious center is Medina, where the prophet is buried. Among the duties of a Muslim is fasting during Ramadan, the 9th month of the Muslim calendar (from late February to late March), when Muslims abstain from food and drink, avoid spectacles and other pleasures until sunset. One of the pillars of Islam is the hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, which must be done at least once in a lifetime. Mecca attracts millions of pilgrims from all over the world.
History of Saudi Arabia
In the 1st millennium BC. On the coast of the Red Sea, the Minyan kingdom arose with its capital in Karna (modern Khoyda in Yemen). On the east coast was Dilmun, which was considered a political and cultural federation on the shores of the Persian Gulf. For almost 1,500 years, no important events took place on the territory of modern Saudi Arabia. In 570 AD Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca, and the teachings of Islam literally turned the whole history of Saudi Arabia upside down. Muhammad's followers, known as caliphs (caliphs), conquered almost the entire Middle East.
The Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula were aware of many technical and construction achievements. In agriculture already in the 5th-6th centuries. an iron plow was used, iron ore was mined and metal was smelted, already in the pre-Islamic era, the Arabs created their original script - the Sabaean script in South Arabia and later, in the 5th century. - Nabataean writing, on the basis of which modern Arabic writing developed.
With the advent of the caliphate, whose capital was first in Damascus and later in Baghdad, the role of the prophet's homeland became less and less significant.
In 1269, almost the entire territory of modern Saudi Arabia was under the rule of Egypt. In 1517, power passed to the rulers of the Ottoman Empire. All R. 18th century The state of Nejd was founded, which was independent of the Ottoman Empire. In 1824 Riyadh became the capital of the state. In 1865, a civil war broke out in the country, and the weakened country was divided among neighboring states. In 1902, Abdelaziz ibn Saud captured Riyadh, and by 1906 his troops controlled almost all of Najd. He achieved the recognition of the state by the Turkish Sultan. Based on the Wahhabi doctrine, Ibn Saud continued the unification of the country under his rule, and by 1926 he was able to practically complete this process. The USSR was the first to establish normal diplomatic relations with the new state in February 1926. In 1927, Ibn Saud achieved recognition by Great Britain of the sovereignty of his state. In 1932 he gave the country the name Saudi Arabia. After that, the penetration of foreign, primarily American, capital into the country, connected with the exploration and development of oil, increased. After the death of ibn Saud in 1953, his son Saud ibn-Abdelaziz became king, who continued to strengthen the position of the country, taking into account the position of the League of Arab States on pan-Arab issues. In 1958, the need for a more modern policy led to the transfer of the powers of the prime minister to the king's brother Emir Faisal, who expanded the capitalist transformations in the economy. November 7, 1962 was passed a law abolishing slavery.
In August 1965, a 40-year dispute between Saudi Arabia and Jordan over the border was resolved. Since 1966, an agreement was signed with Kuwait on the division into equal parts of the neutral zone on the border of the two countries. Saudi Arabia has acknowledged Jordan's claim to the port city of Aqaba. In 1967 - 1st floor. 1970s Saudi Arabia took an active part in defending the interests of the Arab countries, began to provide large financial assistance to Egypt, Syria, Jordan. The increase in the role of the country was facilitated by the multiple expansion of oil production and export. In 1975, an agreement was signed with Iraq on the equal division of the neutral zone on the border between the countries.
In October 1973, Saudi Arabia imposed an oil embargo on the United States and the Netherlands. Since the 1970s the kingdom began to play an increasingly important role in OPEC. March 25, 1975 Faisal, who became king in November 1964, died in an assassination attempt. In 1975 - 82, Khaled was the king of SA, and Emir Fahd was the prime minister. With the active participation of Fahd, state building and economic modernization of the country began at an accelerated pace. Under the influence of the threat factor in the region from Iran and the Marxist regime in Yemen, Saudi Arabia initiated the strengthening of the armed forces of the monarchies of the Arabian Peninsula and encouraged the strengthening of the American military presence. The Kingdom took an active part in the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991. In March 2001, Saudi Arabia signed a final agreement with Qatar to settle the border dispute between the two countries and a demarcation line was drawn.
State structure and political system of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is an absolute theocratic monarchy with a cabinet of ministers. Saudi Arabia is an Islamic state, the role of the Constitution of the country is performed by the Koran, which defines ethical values and gives instructions. In 1992, the Basic Nizam on Power was adopted - an act regulating the system of government.
Administrative division of the country: 13 administrative regions (provinces, or emirates), within which 103 smaller territorial units have been allocated since 1994.
The largest cities: Riyadh, Jeddah (over 2 million people, with suburbs 3.2 million), Dammam (482 thousand people), Mecca (966 thousand people, with suburbs 1.33 million), Medina (608 thousand people) (2000 estimate).
Principles of public administration: the basis of the legislative system is Sharia - an Islamic code of laws based on the Koran and Sunnahs. The king and the council of ministers operate within the framework of Islamic law. Acts of state come into force by decrees of the king. In public administration, the principles of deliberation (shura), ensuring consensus, equality of all before the law, the source of which is Sharia norms, are applied.
The supreme body of legislative power is the king and the Advisory Council, appointed by the king for 4 years, consisting of 90 members from different strata of society. Council recommendations are submitted directly to the king.
The highest body of executive power is the Council of Ministers (appointed by the king). This body combines executive and legislative functions, develops proposals in the field of domestic and foreign policy.
The king is the head of state, the head of the highest body of legislative power, the head of the highest body of executive power.
The composition of the Advisory Council and the Council of Ministers is appointed by the King. The Advisory Board has a chairman and is half renewed in composition for a new term. The question of the possible introduction of an elected representative body is currently being worked out.
King Abdelaziz ibn Saud, who fought for the unification of the kingdom for 31 years and managed to achieve this by establishing an independent state, which he ruled until 1953, is considered, first of all, King Abdelaziz ibn Saud. He made a great contribution to the formation of statehood. King Fahd ibn Abdelaziz ibn Saud played an important role in the successful implementation of programs for the economic modernization of the country and the use of its potential. Even before accession to the throne, he was the first Minister of Education of the country, developed a plan for reforms in education, during his reign he ensured the constant development of a long-term program of economic reforms and the rise of the authority of Saudi Arabia in the international arena. On November 24, King Fahd assumed the title of "Keeper of the Two Holy Mosques" (the mosques of Mecca and Medina).
In the administrative units of the country, power is exercised by the emir of the province, whose appointment is approved by the king, taking into account the opinion of the inhabitants. Under the emir, there is a council with an advisory vote, including the heads of government agencies in the region and at least 10 citizens. The administrative divisions within the provinces are also headed by emirs, who are responsible to the provincial emir.
There are no political parties in Saudi Arabia. Among the leading organizations of the business community are the Saudi Association of Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Riyadh (which unites the country's major entrepreneurs), several dozens of chambers of commerce in the country. The Supreme Economic Council has recently been established with the participation of representatives of the state and business circles.
The activities of trade unions are not provided for by law. Among other public organizations, the structures involved in the dissemination of Islamic values are of great importance, primarily the League for the Promotion of Virtue and the Condemnation of Vice. There are more than 114 charitable organizations and more than 150 cooperatives operating in the country. The Saudi Red Crescent Organization has 139 branches throughout the country. Its activities are supported by the state. A system of cultural societies, literary and sports clubs, scout camps has been created. There are 30 sports federations. Clan, tribe, family are the traditional foundations of Saudi society. There are more than 100 tribes in the country, which in the recent past settled in cities in one quarter. They undergo certain changes under the influence of the modern way of life. A group of Muslim clerics and theologians is considered to be an influential social stratum. The strengthening of modern social strata continues: entrepreneurs, workers, intellectuals.
The domestic policy of Saudi Arabia is based on following the Islamic faith in all spheres of life, the government's concern for stability in the country and the well-being of its citizens, the comprehensive development of the education system, social services, and healthcare.
Foreign policy includes the following principles: Islamic and Arab solidarity, the country's desire to act from a peaceful position in resolving all regional and international conflicts, the active role of Saudi Arabia in international affairs, good neighborly relations with all countries, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.
The armed forces consist of the army and the National Guard. The paramilitaries include the forces of the Ministry of the Interior. In 1997, the armed forces of Saudi Arabia numbered 105.5 thousand people, incl. 70 thousand in the Ground Forces, 13.5 thousand in the Navy, 18 thousand in the Air Force and 4 thousand in the Air Defense Forces. The total strength of the National Guard was approx. 77 thousand people (1999). In service with the Air Force (in 2003) there are 294 combat aircraft, not counting transport aircraft, etc. The ground forces are equipped with French and American tanks (1055 units), armored personnel carriers, and Hawk missiles. The air defense troops are equipped with the Patriot and Krotal systems and interceptor fighters. The fleet has several dozen large ships and boats for various purposes, 400 boats are at the disposal of the Coast Guard.
Saudi Arabia has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established with the USSR in February 1926. In April 1938 diplomatic relations were frozen. Restored at the level of ambassadors in September 1990).
Economy of Saudi Arabia
The economic development of modern Saudi Arabia is characterized by a high proportion of the oil industry, with a gradual expansion of production in related industries and a number of manufacturing industries.
Saudi Arabia's GDP, calculated at purchasing power parity, was $241 billion. GDP per capita $10,600 (2001). Real GDP growth 1.6% (2001). Share of Saudi Arabia in the world economy (share of GDP) at current prices approx. 0.4% (1998). The country produces almost 28% of the total GDP of the Arab countries. In 1997, Saudi Arabia provided 13.9% of world oil production and 2% of gas. Inflation 1.7% (2001).
Number of employed 7.18 million people (1999). Most of those employed in the economy, approx. 56% is represented by immigrants.
Sectoral structure of the economy in terms of contribution to GDP (2000): agriculture 7%, industry 48%, services 45%. The extractive industry in 2000 accounted for 37.1%, the manufacturing industry - approx. 10%, Structure of GDP by employment: services 63%, industry 25%, agriculture 12% (1999). According to 1999 data, the largest number of employed people is 2.217 million people. - was in the field of finance and real estate, 1.037 million people. - in trade, restaurant and hotel business, 1.020 million people. - in construction. The rest were employed in other sectors of the service sector and in industry, incl. OK. 600 thousand people - in processing.
Many of the well-known large Saudi companies have grown out of traditional family business groups. The industrialization of Saudi Arabia was carried out with the leading role of the state, so the economy is still dominated by companies and corporations with a high share of state capital, private capital is present in them on shares with state capital. There are companies with foreign capital participation. Saudi National Bank Al-Rajhi Banking and Investment Corporation grew in the 1970s and 80s. from the oldest money-changing office of the Al-Rajhi family, which owns 44% of the bank's shares. National Industrialization Co. and National Agricultural Development Co. are the first large companies in the country, respectively, industrial and agricultural development, created with a predominance of private capital. Saudi ARAMCO State Oil Company and PETROMIN State Holding Company for Oil and Mineral Resources, with its system of subsidiaries in various fields of the oil industry from oil production to the production of oils, gasoline, etc., includes 14 large companies and is the basis of the entire industry structure. Some of these companies have foreign equity participation (McDermott, Mobile Oil Investment). A similar structure exists in petrochemistry and heavy industry, the central place being occupied by the holding company SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corp.), established in 1976, 70% of whose capital is owned by the state. The role of private capital in this sector of the economy is higher. Among the large companies are "Kemya", "Sharq", "Ibn Sina", "Hadid", "Sadaf", "Yanpet". In other sectors of the economy, Arabian Cement Co. (cement production), Saudi Metal Industries (steel fittings), Az-Zamil Group (real estate, marketing), etc. There are various banks and insurance companies in the country.
The main industry is oil and gas, which provides the production of the most significant share of Saudi Arabia's GDP. It is controlled by the state through state authorized organizations and companies. To con. 1980s The government completed the buyout of all foreign shares in the oil company Saudi Aramco. In the 1960s and 70s. in the country there was a rapid increase in oil production: from 62 million tons in 1969 to 412 million in 1974. This coincided with the outbreak of the world energy crisis in 1973 after the Arab-Israeli war. In 1977, Saudi oil exports generated $36.5 billion in revenue. In the 1980s oil prices have declined, but the oil and gas industry continues to generate significant revenues (ca. 40 billion US dollars per year), amounting to ca. 90% of the country's income from exports. Oil development is carried out in state-owned fields. It is extracted from 30 major deposits and exported through a system of pipelines, oil storage facilities and ports on the coast of the country. In 2000, 441.4 million tons of oil and 49.8 million m3 of gas were produced. Saudi Arabia plays an important role in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In 2001, the country's quota in OPEC production was more than 7.54 million barrels. oil per day.
In the field of gas utilization, the largest project was the construction in 1975-80 of a unified system for collecting and processing associated gas, through which gas is exported and supplied to petrochemical enterprises. Production volume - 17.2 million tons of liquefied gas (1998). In the field of oil refining, there are 5 largest oil refineries in Yanbu, Rabah, Jeddah, Riyadh and Ras Tannur. The latter processes more than 300 thousand tons. Most of the production is fuel oil and diesel fuel. The production of automobile and aviation gasoline, fuel for jet engines has been launched.
Large SABIC-controlled facilities located in the industrial centers of Al Jubail, Yanbu and Jeddah carry out petrochemical and metallurgical production. In 1990-96, the volume of production increased from 13 to 22.8 million tons. 12.3 million tons of petrochemical products, 4.2 million tons of fertilizers, 2.8 million tons of metals, 2.3 million tons of plastics were sold on the market. By 1997, the volume of SABIC production reached 23.7 million tons, and by 2000 it was planned to increase production capacity to 30 million tons. Among the petrochemical products are ethylene, urea, methanol, ammonia, polyethylene, ethylene glycol, etc.
The mining industry is underdeveloped. In the beginning. 1997 State-owned mining company established. Gold deposits are currently being developed northeast of Jeddah. In 1998, approx. 5 tons of gold, 13.84 tons of silver. Salt and gypsum are being developed.
From the beginning 1970s In Saudi Arabia, the building materials industry developed rapidly due to the construction boom. The basis of the industry is the production of cement, which increased from 9648 thousand tons in 1979 to 15 776 thousand in 1998. Glass production is developed.
The metallurgical industry is represented by the production of reinforcing steel, steel rod, and some types of shaped steel. Several enterprises have been built.
In 1977, the plant of the Saudi-German truck assembly company began to produce products. There is a small shipyard in Dammam that manufactures oil barges.
Important industries are seawater desalination and energy. The first desalination plant was built in Jeddah in 1970. Now water is supplied from the coast to the central cities. In 1970-95, the capacity of desalination plants increased from 5 to 512 million US gallons of water per year. Approx. 6000 cities and towns across the country. In 1998, electricity generation was 19,753 MW; in 1999, production capacity reached 23,438 MW. In the next two decades, an annual increase in electricity demand of 4.5% is expected. It will be necessary to increase its production to approx. 59,000 MW.
The light, food and pharmaceutical industries are developing rapidly. Light industry is mainly represented by handicraft-type enterprises. The country has more than 2.5 thousand enterprises for the production of food products, tobacco products, 3500 carpet, textile, clothing and footwear, more than 2474 woodworking, 170 printing houses. The government encourages the development of manufacturing enterprises with private capital. As a result of the issuance of licenses in the 1990s. the most priority were the creation of production of petrochemical goods and plastics, metalworking and mechanical workshops, the production of paper products and printing products, food, ceramics, glass and building materials, textiles, clothing and leather products, woodworking.
The share of agriculture in the country's GDP in 1970 was only 1.3%. During 1970-93, the production of basic foodstuffs increased from 1.79 million to 7 million tons. Saudi Arabia is completely devoid of permanent watercourses. The lands suitable for cultivation occupy less than 2% of the territory. Despite this, agriculture in Saudi Arabia, subsidized by the government and using modern technology and machinery, has become a dynamic industry. Long-term hydrological surveys, begun in 1965, have identified significant water resources suitable for agricultural use. In addition to deep wells throughout the country, Saudi Arabia's agriculture and water industry uses more than 200 reservoirs with a total volume of 450 million m3. Only the agricultural project in Al-Khas, completed in 1977, made it possible to irrigate 12,000 hectares and provide employment for 50,000 people. Other major irrigation projects include the Wadi Jizan project on the Red Sea coast (8,000 ha) and the Abha project in the Asira Mountains to the southwest. In 1998, the government announced a new $294 million agricultural development project. 1990s increased to 3 million hectares, the country began to export food products, food imports decreased from 83 to 65%. According to the export of wheat SA in the 2nd half. 1990s ranked 6th in the world. More than 2 million tons of wheat, more than 2 million tons of vegetables are produced, approx. 580 thousand tons of fruits (1999). Barley, corn, millet, coffee, alfalfa and rice are also grown.
Animal husbandry is developing, represented by the breeding of camels, sheep, goats, donkeys and horses. An important industry is fishing and fish processing. In 1999, approx. 52 thousand tons of fish. Fish and shrimps are exported.
The length of railways is 1392 km, 724 km have two tracks (2001). In 2000, 853.8 thousand passengers and 1.8 million tons of cargo were transported by rail. Road transport has more than 5.1 million vehicles, of which 2.286 million are trucks. Length of roads - 146,524 km, incl. 44,104 km of paved roads. In the 1990s completed the construction of the Trans-Arabian Highway. Pipeline transport includes 6,400 km of pipelines for pumping oil, 150 km for pumping oil products and 2,200 km of gas pipelines, incl. for liquefied gas. Maritime transport has 274 vessels with a total gross tonnage of 1.41 million tons, of which 71 large vessels have a capacity of over 1000 tons. 1000 t, including 30 tankers (including for the transport of chemicals), cargo ships and refrigerators, there are also 9 passenger ships (2002). 90% of goods are delivered to the country by sea. The fleet transported 88.46 million tons of cargo in 1999. The largest ports are Jeddah, Yanbu, Jizan on the Red Sea coast, a number of other ports are expanding. Dammam is the 2nd largest trading port and the country's largest port in the Persian Gulf. Another major port in the Gulf is Jubail. The largest oil port is Ras Tanura, through which up to 90% of oil is exported. There are 25 commercial airports in the kingdom. The largest international airports are King Abdelaziz in Jeddah (the halls can simultaneously accommodate 80 thousand pilgrims, cargo turnover is about 150 thousand tons per year), the airport. King Fahd in Dammam (12 million passengers per year), airports in Riyadh (15 million passengers per year) and Dhahran. Others are airports in Haile, Bisha and Badan. Saudi Arabia is the largest airline in the Middle East. In 1998, 11.8 million passengers were carried.
In Saudi Arabia, the communications system has 3.23 million fixed telephone lines and more than 2.52 million mobile phone users, approx. 570 thousand Internet users (2001). 117 TV channels are broadcast. The country is actively involved in the creation of a pan-Arab satellite communications. There are several national TV and radio channels and approx. 200 newspapers and other periodicals, incl. 13 daily.
Trade is a traditional area of economic activity in Saudi Arabia. Imports are mainly industrial and consumer goods. To encourage national industry, a 20% duty is imposed on goods that compete with locally produced goods. The import of alcohol, drugs, weapons, and religious literature into the country is strictly regulated. Other sectors of the service sector are related to real estate, financial transactions, in which the activities of foreigners are limited.
Until recently, the development of tourism was mainly associated with the service of pilgrims coming to Mecca. Their annual number is approx. 1 million people In con. 1990s the decision was made to make foreign tourism the most important branch of the service sector. In 2000, approx. $14.4 billion. There were 200 hotels in the country.
Modern economic policy is characterized by the participation of the state in the main sectors of the economy and the limitation of the presence of foreign capital. However, with con. 1990s a course is being pursued to simultaneously expand the activity of national private capital, privatization, and stimulate foreign investment. The extraction of oil and gas remains in the hands of the state. Social policy includes the provision of social guarantees for the population, support and subsidies for youth and families. At the current stage, this is combined with the stimulation of training and retraining of national personnel for work in industry and the private sector of the economy.
The country's monetary system is characterized by the provision of the national currency with the help of foreign exchange earnings from oil exports, and a liberal currency regime. The Monetary Agency controls the circulation of money and the banking system. The independent activity of foreign bank capital is not allowed until now. In a number of joint banks with foreign capital, the controlling stake is national. There are 11 commercial banks and special development banks, as well as funds for financial assistance to Arab countries. Banks operate according to the Islamic system, do not charge or pay a fixed percentage.
The state budget of the country is formed by 75% at the expense of oil export revenues. Taxes to con. 1990s were absent, except for the religious one. In 1995, indirect taxes were estimated at 1,300 million Saudi. rials (less than 0.3% of GDP). A corporate income tax and personal income tax are currently being introduced. The introduction of a value added tax, etc. is being considered. The largest budget expenditure items are: defense and security - 36.7%, human resource development - 24.6%, public administration - 17.4%, health care - approx. 9% (2001). Budget revenues 42 billion US dollars, expenditures - 54 billion (2002). There is significant domestic debt. External debt is estimated at $23.8 billion (2001). Gross investment - 16.3% of GDP (2000).
The standard of living of the population of the country is relatively high. Average wage in industry $7,863.43 per year (2000).
The country's trade balance is active. The value of exports is 66.9 billion US dollars, imports are 29.7 billion US dollars. The main export item is oil and oil products (90%). Main export partners: USA (17.4%), Japan (17.3%), South Korea (11.7%), Singapore (5.3%), India. Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, automobiles, textiles are imported. Main import partners: USA (21.1%), Japan (9.45%), Germany (7.4%), UK (7.3%) (2000).
Science and culture of Saudi Arabia
Great attention is paid to education. In con. 1990s education expenses - St. 18% of the budget, the number of schools at all levels exceeded 21,000. In 1999/2000, the number of students in all forms of education was approx. 4.4 million people, and teachers - more than 350 thousand. Education for girls is managed by a special supervisory board, they were approx. 46% of students in ser. 1990s Education is free and open to all citizens, although not compulsory. The university system includes the Islamic University of Medina, the University of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. King Fahd in Dhahran, University. King Abdelaziz in Jeddah, University. King Faisal (having branches in Dammam and El Hofuf), University. Imam Mohammed ibn Saud in Riyadh, Umm el-Kura University in Mecca and the University. King Saud in Riyadh. There are also 83 institutes. A special department is in charge of schools for sick children. In the scientific and technical town. King Abdelaziz conducted research in the field of geodesy, energy, ecology.
Saudi Arabia is a country with ancient cultural traditions. Many architectural monuments embody Arabic and Islamic fine arts. These are old castles, forts and other monuments in all parts of the country. Among the 12 main museums are the National Museum of Archeology and Folk Heritage, the Al-Masmak Fort Museum in Riyadh. The Saudi Society for Culture and the Arts, with chapters in many cities, organizes art exhibitions and festivals. The art center near Abha hosts exhibitions of local and regional artisans, a library and a theatre. The system of literary clubs and libraries is widely developed. Saudi literature is represented by a wide range of ancient and modern works, poetry (odes, satire and lyrics, religious and social themes) and prose (short story), journalism. Interesting creative festivals. The National Cultural Heritage Festival in Jenadriya, north of Riyadh, brings together local and foreign scholars in the humanities, it involves representatives from all regions of the country, it covers fine arts, folk dances, painting, literature, poetry. The famous camel races are held.
The cultural life is influenced by the Islamic religion. The state has established 210 Islamic cultural centers around the world to explain Islamic culture. Local customs include restraint of behavior, one should not talk to women, except for service personnel. Muslims pray 5 times a day, take off their shoes at the entrance to the mosque. Non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, whose population dates back to the second millennium BC (it was then that the indigenous Arab tribes occupied the entire Arabian Peninsula), is today the main member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. The state ranks second in the world in the extraction and export of oil and oil products. In addition, referring to Mecca and Medina - the main holy cities of Islam - Saudi Arabia is called the Land of the Two Holy Mosques. It is the rich deposits of black gold and the penetration of religion into many areas of life that distinguish the kingdom.
General information about Saudi Arabia
The state from which Islam spread occupies about 80% of the territory of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country is occupied by desert areas, foothills and mountains of medium height, so that less than 1% of the land is suitable for cultivation. The Arabian Peninsula is one of the few places on Earth where the air temperature constantly exceeds 50 degrees in summer.
The capital of Saudi Arabia is Riyadh. Other major cities are Jeddah, Mecca, Medina, Em Dammam, Al Hofuf. There are 27 settlements with a population of more than 100 thousand people, and four cities with a population of one million. The capital of Saudi Arabia is traditionally not only the administrative, but also the political, scientific, educational and business center of the country. Religious and cultural centers, shrines of the state - Mecca and Medina.
The official symbols are the flag of Saudi Arabia, the coat of arms and the anthem. The flag is a green cloth with a sword, symbolizing the victories of the founder of the state, and an inscription - the Muslim creed (shahada). Interestingly, the flag of Saudi Arabia is never flown at half mast for mourning. Also, the image cannot be applied to clothes and souvenirs, since the shahada is considered sacred to Muslims.
The king of Saudi Arabia, who today rules the state, is a direct descendant of the first king, Abdulaziz. The power of Salman ibn Abdul-Aziz Al Saud of the Saudi dynasty is actually limited only by Sharia law. Important government decisions are made by the king in consultation with a group of religious leaders and other respected members of Saudi society.
Current demographic situation
The population of Saudi Arabia as of 2014 was 27.3 million people. About 30% of them are visitors, while the indigenous population are Saudi Arabs. After a brief stabilization of demographic indicators in 2000 at around 20 million people, the population of Saudi Arabia began to grow again. In general, there are no sharp jumps in population in the dynamics of the population of the kingdom.
Other relevant demographics for Saudi Arabia are as follows:
- birth rate - 18.8 per 1000 people;
- mortality - 3.3 per 1000 people;
- total fertility rate - 2.2 children per woman;
- natural population growth - 15.1;
- migration growth of the population - 5.1 per 1000 people.
Density of inhabitants and nature of settlement
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers an area of 2,149,610 square kilometers. By territory, the state is the 12th in the world and the first among the countries of the Arabian Peninsula. These data, as well as a rough estimate of the population for 2015, allow us to calculate the population density. The figure is 12 people per square kilometer.
Most of the people of Saudi Arabia are concentrated in cities. Firstly, the relief and climate of the Arabian Peninsula make it possible to comfortably exist only within the oases around which the largest cities of the state were once formed. Secondly, a significant proportion of the urban population is due to the structure of the economy, where agriculture takes a very small part, due to the meager percentage of land suitable for growing plants and livestock.
The urbanization rate in the kingdom is 82.3% and the corresponding rate is 2.4% per annum. More than five million people live in the capital of Saudi Arabia. The total population of the remaining three million-plus cities is another six million Saudis. Thus, in the four largest cities of the kingdom, eleven million people out of 31.5 (estimated for 2015), which is approximately 35% of the country's inhabitants, live.
Religious affiliation of the population
Saudi Arabia, whose population is highly religious, is officially an Islamic state. Islam as the state religion is enshrined in the first article of the Basic Law of the State. Muslims are 92.8% of the population of Saudi Arabia. By the way, non-Islamic tourists are banned from entering Mecca and Medina.
Christianity is the second most followed religion in the kingdom. The number of Christians is about 1.2 million, the majority of whom are foreigners. Quite often, cases of harassment of adherents of other religions (non-Muslims) are recorded in the country - Saudi Arabia is in sixth place among the states where the rights of Christians are most often harassed.
Atheism in the kingdom is considered a grave sin and is equated with terrorism, so it is impossible to estimate the exact number of unbelievers in the country. The American Institute of Public Opinion, based on polls, cites the following data: 5% of Saudis are convinced atheists, about 19% call themselves unbelievers. Profile publications publish smaller numbers, indicating only 0.7% in the column "atheists and non-believers".
Sex and age structure of the population
Saudi Arabia, whose population is mostly of working age, is characterized by a progressive (or growing) type of sex and age pyramid. This is better seen in a simplified scheme, where only three categories of citizens are distinguished: children and adolescents (up to the full age of 14), the working-age population (from 15 to 65 years old) and the elderly (over 65 years old).
The working-age population is about 22 million people, which is 67.6% of the total number of Saudis. There are 9.6 million or 29.4% of children and adolescents in the state, only 3% fall to the share of elderly people, this group is 0.9 million people. In general, the dependent part of the citizens (children and pensioners who are supported by the adult population) has 32.4% of Saudis. Such indicators form a not particularly significant social burden on society.
Saudi Arabia, whose population traditionally oppresses the fair sex, is distinguished by an almost equal gender structure of the population. The country has 55% men and 45% women.
Women's rights in Saudi Arabia
Women's rights are severely restricted in a country like Saudi Arabia. The population is deeply religious, so it follows all religious norms. Thus, women are prohibited from driving a car, voting, using public transport without being accompanied by a husband or male relative, or communicating with men (with the exception of relatives and a husband). The fair sex is required to wear long dark robes, and in some regions only the eyes are allowed to be left open.
The quality of education for women in Saudi Arabia is worse than for men. In addition, female students receive smaller scholarships than their male counterparts. And in general, the fair sex does not have the right to study, work or travel outside the country, unless their husband or close male relative has allowed them to do so. Even for rape in Saudi Arabia, a woman can be punished, not a criminal. In this case, the victim is charged with “provocation to rape” or violation of the dress code.
Saudi Arabia, whose population gives the main prerogative to men, adheres to the principles of sexual segregation. So, for example, houses have separate entrances for women and men, restaurants are divided into several zones (women's, men's and family), celebrations are held with separation, and studies for students of different sexes are held at different times so that boys and girls do not intersect .
The King of Saudi Arabia has repeatedly announced the imminent empowerment of women with certain rights. For example, he said that he would allow the fair sex to drive as soon as the Saudi society was ready for this step. Of course, it will take a long time to wait for equal rights for women and men in Saudi society (and this simply contradicts the norms of Islam), but there are already some indulgences for the fair sex.
The literacy rate of the inhabitants of the kingdom
Saudi Arabia, whose population is fairly literate (94.4% of citizens over the age of 15 can read and write), has different literacy rates for women and men. Thus, 97% of men and 91% of women can read and write, which is associated with the traditional oppression of the rights of the fair sex. However, among young people (from 15 to 24 years old), literacy rates are approximately equal: in Saudi Arabia, 99.4% and 99.3% of literate young people and girls, respectively.
Culture in Saudi Arabia
The culture of the kingdom is closely connected with the state religion. Muslims are forbidden to consume pork and alcohol, so mass festivities are practically excluded. In addition, cinemas and theaters are banned in the country, but such establishments exist in areas populated mainly by foreigners. Home video viewing is very common in Saudi Arabia, and Western films are largely uncensored.
The structure of the state economy
The country has 25% of the world's oil reserves, which determines the basis of the economy of a state like Saudi Arabia. Oil provides almost all export earnings (90%). In the last thirty years, industry, transport, and trade have also developed, while the share of agriculture in the economy is very small.
The currency of Saudi Arabia is the Saudi rial. The exchange rate of the monetary unit is pegged to the US dollar at a ratio of 3.75 to 1. In conclusion, information for tourists on how the currency of Saudi Arabia is converted in terms of the currencies of other countries: 100 rials is 1,500 rubles, 25 euros, 26.6 dollars United States of America.
The largest state of the Arabian Peninsula is Saudi Arabia. By type of device - this is a kingdom. The country shares its borders in the north with Kuwait, Iraq and Jordan, in the east with the United Arab Emirates and Qatar, in the southeast with Oman and in the south with Yemen. Water borders run along the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. It should be noted that the country is not characterized by a clearly defined territory.
Saudi Arabia is often associated with mosques, the main ones being in Mecca and Medina. These are the shrines of Islam.
The main wealth of the country is a huge number of oil fields. The export of black gold has become a dominant position in the economy of the state. This industry accounts for 75% of the total gross domestic product.
Saudi Arabia is inhabited by 28.68 million inhabitants, of which 90% are Arabs, the rest are Asians and East Africans. Islam became the predominant religion. In the country, it is recognized as the state form of religion. Popularization of other creeds is prohibited here. Visiting foreigners, non-Muslims, are not allowed to visit the main shrines. The observance of traditions is monitored by the local religious police service - muttawa.
The official language is Arabic and the currency is the Saudi Riyal. It is equal to 100 halals. The exchange rate is approximately 1 euro to 4.75 rials.
Saudi Arabia - capital and major cities
The capital of Saudi Arabia is Riyadh. Its population is 4.87 million people. This is a huge city, whose name means "place of trees and gardens." There is really a lot of greenery here.
Previously, nomadic Arabs lived in these territories. But by the 18th a Wahhabi center had formed. Neighboring lands were united around it. So there was a state with the capital Riyadh.
The city's population began to grow rapidly after the 1950s. Oil revenues have turned this place into a modern, developed metropolis with luxurious buildings. There are a lot of skyscrapers here, and the development and implementation of grandiose projects is considered the norm of life in the capital city.
The tallest building in the capital, and indeed in the whole country, is the building of Burj al-Mamlaka. Now the construction of a huge subway has begun here, which will be the second after the subway in Mecca.
A feature of Saudi Arabia is the concentration of the bulk of the population in cities. In addition to the capital, the cities of Jeddah, Mecca, Medina, Dammam, Khaftji and others are characterized by a large number.
Saudi Arabia - holidays and tours
In the first place among the types of tourism in this country are visits for the purpose of worshiping shrines. Pilgrims have become the main source of income from the tourism business. Millions of believers come to the "country of two mosques" every year.
In addition to religious tourism, Saudi Arabia attracts with the opportunity to get acquainted with the magnificent cultural values that have been preserved and come down to us through many centuries.
Traditional is a beach holiday on the coast of the sea and the bay. The hot sun all year round gives tourists the opportunity to soak up the golden sand and splash in the warm waters.
Visiting businessmen also make up a significant part of the country's guests. Conclusion of business contracts with local firms is an excellent opportunity for business development.
Saudi Arabia - Attractions
Guests of the country are recommended to visit the Museum of Riyadh. Free admission is open here. There are expositions that acquaint tourists with the culture and traditions of Saudi Arabia. Here they get special access to view other historical monuments of the country.
In the city of Diraya there are interesting excavations of mosques and palaces.
The city of Jeddah, located on the Red Sea, is the main port of the country. It is also the most powerful industrial center of the state. It was nicknamed "the city of statues and markets". The magnificent fountain 312 meters high has become the main attraction.
There are 140 mosques in the country, and each of them is a cultural and national value. They are unique in their external outlines, so they are all unique.
Mecca and Medina are the spiritual capitals of Islam. Millions of believers gather here for the Hajj, access is strictly prohibited to representatives of other faiths.
Saudi Arabia - weather (climate)
The main part of the country's territory is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts. Accordingly, the climate here is arid and hot. On the Arabian Peninsula, summer temperatures are constantly at around +50 degrees. Snow falls only in mountainous areas, but not every year.
The coldest winter month is January. At this time, the average temperature is approximately +15 degrees in mountainous areas, and +30 in deserts. But at night, a sharp cooling can occur even in the desert, then the thermometer will stop near 0 degrees. This is due to the physical characteristics of sand, which is able to instantly give off the heat received during the day.
There are very few rainfalls. For the year their number is only 100mm. Rains are possible only at the end of the winter period or in early spring.
Weather in Saudi Arabia now:
Saudi Arabia - Cuisine
The cuisine of this country was formed under the influence of historical features, as well as natural and climatic conditions. Here, as in all Arab countries, traditions are sacredly honored. Foods used for cooking are common to all Muslims. Even minor differences, which are due to ethnic diversity, mainly relate to minor aspects of cooking: the addition of spices or seafood.
Muslims do not eat pork at all. Therefore, beef, fish, poultry and eggs are prepared here. A favorite food is fried meat cooked on coals or in a frying pan with the addition of a large amount of vegetable oil.
The traditional dish is meat on a spit (“kultra”). Most often it is a lamb or a bird. The shish kebab here is called "tika". Shawarma ("shvarma") is often prepared. And "kebab" - marinated beef or lamb shish kebab, does not leave indifferent any gourmet. Moreover, there are about a hundred options for cooking kebab, and each of them is a work of culinary art.
In general, meat is very popular here. It is prepared whole carcasses, pieces or chopped. Plov (“maklube”) is one of the favorite dishes of local cuisine.
Eggplants, peppers, zucchini are served with meat from vegetables. Meat soups are popular. They are cooked very thick, and the main ingredient is beans.
The preparation of various varieties of poultry is widespread. It is stewed with the addition of tomato paste or sauce. There are many different recipes for duck, turkey, chicken, quail. They are stuffed with rice or vegetables, baked or grilled.
Rice is the main side dish. It is also mandatory to have a salad of fresh green vegetables on the dining table.
Oriental cuisine cannot do without spices. Onions, garlic, spices are the components that give each dish a taste and aroma.
Oriental sweets (dessert) are known to all. Lukum, halva, candied fruit - these delicacies are loved not only by the local population, but also by sweet tooth all over the world.
Coffee has become a traditional drink for conversation. It is prepared in a special way and consumed in miniature cups. Since the local drink is very strong, it is better for tourists who are not used to it to limit their use.
Saudi Arabia - interesting facts
In Saudi Arabia, the norms of behavior are completely different from Western traditions.
Foreign mercenaries are treated with disdain here. People who work for hire are treated as slaves. It is permissible to involve them in the most difficult and dirty types of work. Even assault is allowed. The owner will not be convicted if he physically punishes a negligent performer who came from another state.
Polygamy is the norm here. Marriage with minor children is as natural as ordinary marriage. There is no age limit for marriage in this state. The fate of the daughter is decided by her parents, regardless of her personal desires. The Prophet Muhammad himself was engaged to a 6-year-old girl, Aisha. Therefore, Muslims have someone to take a similar example from.
A woman in Saudi Arabia has absolutely no rights. Domestic violence is common. It is extremely difficult to prove the fact of beating by a husband, therefore, most often such conflicts are ignored by the authorities, even if a woman writes a statement with a complaint.
saudi arabia visa application
A visa is required to travel to Saudi Arabia. The types of visas are as follows:
working,
student,
transit,
business,
guestbook,
Group (for pilgrims).
Any tour is organized by an accredited company. There are no tourist visas for this country.
The following documents should be submitted to the Visa Application Centre:
Foreign passport and civil passport,
Questionnaire (filled out in English and Russian),
Photo,
Tickets, including hotel reservations,
For women - a copy of the marriage certificate or proof of relationship with the man accompanying her on the trip.
The visa fee is $56.
Saudi Arabia - Embassy
In Moscow, the Embassy of Saudi Arabia is located on 3rd Neapolimovsky lane, building 3. Tel.: (+7 095) 245-3491.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground